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Pino LE, Lima JE, Vicente MH, de Sá AFL, Pérez-Alfocea F, Albacete A, Costa JL, Werner T, Schmülling T, Freschi L, Figueira A, Zsögön A, Peres LEP. Increased branching independent of strigolactone in cytokinin oxidase 2-overexpressing tomato is mediated by reduced auxin transport. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:12. [PMID: 37789497 PMCID: PMC10514996 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato production is influenced by shoot branching, which is controlled by different hormones. Here we produced tomato plants overexpressing the cytokinin-deactivating gene CYTOKININ OXYDASE 2 (CKX2). CKX2-overexpressing (CKX2-OE) plants showed an excessive growth of axillary shoots, the opposite phenotype expected for plants with reduced cytokinin content, as evidenced by LC-MS analysis and ARR5-GUS staining. The TCP transcription factor SlBRC1b was downregulated in the axillary buds of CKX2-OE and its excessive branching was dependent on a functional version of the GRAS-family gene LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (LS). Grafting experiments indicated that increased branching in CKX2-OE plants is unlikely to be mediated by root-derived signals. Crossing CKX2-OE plants with transgenic antisense plants for the strigolactone biosynthesis gene CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE (CCD7-AS) produced an additive phenotype, indicating independent effects of cytokinin and strigolactones on increased branching. On the other hand, CKX2-OE plants showed reduced polar auxin transport and their bud outgrowth was reduced when combined with auxin mutants. Accordingly, CKX2-OE basal buds did not respond to auxin applied in the decapitated apex. Our results suggest that tomato shoot branching depends on a fine-tuning of different hormonal balances and that perturbations in the auxin status could compensate for the reduced cytokinin levels in CKX2-OE plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Ellen Pino
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joni E Lima
- Botany Department, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Vicente
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ariadne F L de Sá
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Univ. Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Plant Sciences Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
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Curtin S, Qi Y, Peres LEP, Fernie AR, Zsögön A. Pathways to de novo domestication of crop wild relatives. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1746-1756. [PMID: 34850221 PMCID: PMC8968405 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Growing knowledge about crop domestication, combined with increasingly powerful gene-editing toolkits, sets the stage for the continual domestication of crop wild relatives and other lesser-known plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Curtin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
- Center for Plant Precision Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Yiping Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Jiang X, Lubini G, Hernandes-Lopes J, Rijnsburger K, Veltkamp V, de Maagd RA, Angenent GC, Bemer M. FRUITFULL-like genes regulate flowering time and inflorescence architecture in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1002-1019. [PMID: 34893888 PMCID: PMC8894982 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering and the inflorescence architecture are critical for the reproductive success of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but the gene regulatory networks underlying these traits have not been fully explored. Here, we show that the tomato FRUITFULL-like (FUL-like) genes FUL2 and MADS-BOX PROTEIN 20 (MBP20) promote the vegetative-to-reproductive transition and repress inflorescence branching by inducing floral meristem (FM) maturation. FUL1 fulfils a less prominent role and appears to depend on FUL2 and MBP20 for its upregulation in the inflorescence- and floral meristems. MBP10, the fourth tomato FUL-like gene, has probably lost its function. The tomato FUL-like proteins cannot homodimerize in in vitro assays, but heterodimerize with various other MADS-domain proteins, potentially forming distinct complexes in the transition meristem and FM. Transcriptome analysis of the primary shoot meristems revealed various interesting downstream targets, including four repressors of cytokinin signaling that are upregulated during the floral transition in ful1 ful2 mbp10 mbp20 mutants. FUL2 and MBP20 can also bind in vitro to the upstream regions of these genes, thereby probably directly stimulating cell division in the meristem upon the transition to flowering. The control of inflorescence branching does not occur via the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases (CKXs) but may be regulated by repression of transcription factors such as TOMATO MADS-box gene 3 (TM3) and APETALA 2b (AP2b).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Greice Lubini
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
- PPG-Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - José Hernandes-Lopes
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kim Rijnsburger
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Veltkamp
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Li S, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Wang J, Sun J, Yang X, Huang S, Zhang Z. Deletion of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, CsSMR1, leads to dwarf and determinate growth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:915-927. [PMID: 34841478 PMCID: PMC8942921 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-04006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A 7.9 kb deletion which contains a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor leads to determinate growth and dwarf phenotype in cucumber. Plant architecture is a composite character which are mainly defined by shoot branching, internode elongation and shoot determinacy. Ideal architecture tends to increase the yield of plants, just like the case of "Green Revolution" increased by the application of semi-dwarf cereal crop varieties in 1960s. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable cultivated worldwide, and suitable architecture varieties were selected for different production systems. In this study, we obtained a novel dwarf mutant with strikingly shortened plant height and determinate growth habit. By bulked segregant analysis and map-based cloning, we delimited the dw2 locus to a 56.4 kb region which contain five genes. Among all the variations between WT and dw2 within the 56.4 kb region, a 7.9 kb deletion which resulted in complete deletion of CsaV3_5G035790 in dw2 was co-segregated with the dwarf phenotype. Haplotype analysis and gene expression analysis suggest that CsaV3_5G035790 encoding a cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (CsSMR1) be the candidate gene responsible for the dwarf phenotype in dw2. RNA-seq analysis shows that several kinesin-like proteins, cyclins and reported organ size regulators are expressed differentially between WT and dw2, which may account for the reduced organ size in dwarf plants. Additionally, the down-regulation of CsSTM and CsWOX9 in dw2 resulted in premature termination of shoot apical meristem development, which eventually reduces the internode number and plant height. Identification and characterization of the CsSMR1 provide a new insight into cucumber architecture modification to be applied to mechanized production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jinjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xueyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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The Genetic and Hormonal Inducers of Continuous Flowering in Orchids: An Emerging View. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040657. [PMID: 35203310 PMCID: PMC8870070 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchids are the flowers of magnetic beauty. Vivid and attractive flowers with magnificent shapes make them the king of the floriculture industry. However, the long-awaited flowering is a drawback to their market success, and therefore, flowering time regulation is the key to studies about orchid flower development. Although there are some rare orchids with a continuous flowering pattern, the molecular regulatory mechanisms are yet to be elucidated to find applicable solutions to other orchid species. Multiple regulatory pathways, such as photoperiod, vernalization, circadian clock, temperature and hormonal pathways are thought to signalize flower timing using a group of floral integrators. This mini review, thus, organizes the current knowledge of floral time regulators to suggest future perspectives on the continuous flowering mechanism that may help to plan functional studies to induce flowering revolution in precious orchid species.
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Gong H, Rehman F, Ma Y, A B, Zeng S, Yang T, Huang J, Li Z, Wu D, Wang Y. Germplasm Resources and Strategy for Genetic Breeding of Lycium Species: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:802936. [PMID: 35222468 PMCID: PMC8874141 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.802936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lycium species (goji), belonging to Solanaceae, are widely spread in the arid to semiarid environments of Eurasia, Africa, North and South America, among which most species have affinal drug and diet functions, resulting in their potential to be a superior healthy food. However, compared with other crop species, scientific research on breeding Lycium species lags behind. This review systematically introduces the present germplasm resources, cytological examination and molecular-assisted breeding progress in Lycium species. Introduction of the distribution of Lycium species around the world could facilitate germplasm collection for breeding. Karyotypes of different species could provide a feasibility analysis of fertility between species. The introduction of mapping technology has discussed strategies for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in Lycium species according to different kinds of traits. Moreover, to extend the number of traits and standardize the protocols of trait detection, we also provide 1,145 potential traits (275 agronomic and 870 metabolic) in different organs based on different reference studies on Lycium, tomato and other Solanaceae species. Finally, perspectives on goji breeding research are discussed and concluded. This review will provide breeders with new insights into breeding Lycium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Gong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fazal Rehman
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biao A
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshun Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Agricultural Comprehensive Development Center in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Périlleux C, Huerga-Fernández S. Reflections on the Triptych of Meristems That Build Flowering Branches in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:798502. [PMID: 35211138 PMCID: PMC8861353 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.798502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Branching is an important component determining crop yield. In tomato, the sympodial pattern of shoot and inflorescence branching is initiated at floral transition and involves the precise regulation of three very close meristems: (i) the shoot apical meristem (SAM) that undergoes the first transition to flower meristem (FM) fate, (ii) the inflorescence sympodial meristem (SIM) that emerges on its flank and remains transiently indeterminate to continue flower initiation, and (iii) the shoot sympodial meristem (SYM), which is initiated at the axil of the youngest leaf primordium and takes over shoot growth before forming itself the next inflorescence. The proper fate of each type of meristems involves the spatiotemporal regulation of FM genes, since they all eventually terminate in a flower, but also the transient repression of other fates since conversions are observed in different mutants. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge about the genetic determinants of meristem fate in tomato and share the reflections that led us to identify sepal and flower abscission zone initiation as a critical stage of FM development that affects the branching of the inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Périlleux
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Research Unit InBioS—PhytoSYSTEMS, Institute of Botany B22 Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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58
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Rehman F, Gong H, Bao Y, Zeng S, Huang H, Wang Y. CRISPR gene editing of major domestication traits accelerating breeding for Solanaceae crops improvement. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:157-173. [PMID: 35032250 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Domestication traits particularly fruit size and plant architecture and flowering are critical in transforming a progenitor's wild stature into a super improved plant. The latest advancements in the CRISPR system, as well as its rapid adoption, are speeding up plant breeding. Solanaceae has a varied range of important crops, with a few model crops, such as tomato and, more recently, groundcherry, serving as a foundation for developing molecular techniques, genome editing tools, and establishing standards for other crops. Domestication traits in agricultural plants are quantified and widely adopted under modern plant breeding to improve small-fruited and bushy crop species like goji berry. The molecular mechanisms of the FW2.2, FW3.2, FW11.3, FAS/CLV3, LC/WUS, SP, SP5G, and CRISPR genome editing technology have been described in detail here. Furthermore, special focus has been placed on CRISPR gene editing achievements for revolutionizing Solanaceae breeding and changing the overall crop landscape. This review seeks to provide a thorough overview of the CRISPR technique's ongoing advancements, particularly in Solanaceae, in terms of domesticated features, future prospects, and regulatory risks. We believe that this vigorous discussion will lead to a broader understanding of CRISPR gene editing as a tool for achieving key breeding goals in other Solanaceae minor crops with significant industrial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Rehman
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Haiguang Gong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yufei Bao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- GNNU-SCBG Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- GNNU-SCBG Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Abstract
Above-ground plant architecture is dictated to a large extent by the fates and growth rates of aerial plant meristems. Shoot apical meristem gives rise to the fundamental plant form by generating new leaves. However, the fates of axillary meristems located in leaf axils have a great influence on plant architecture and affect the harvest index, yield potential and cultural practices. Improving plant architecture by breeding facilitates denser plantations, better resource use efficiency and even mechanical harvesting. Knowledge of the genetic mechanisms regulating plant architecture is needed for precision breeding, especially for determining feasible breeding targets. Fortunately, research in many crop species has demonstrated that a relatively small number of genes has a large effect on axillary meristem fates. In this review, we select a number of important horticultural and agricultural plant species as examples of how changes in plant architecture affect the cultivation practices of the species. We focus specifically on the determination of the axillary meristem fate and review how plant architecture may change even drastically because of altered axillary meristem fate. We also explain what is known about the genetic and environmental control of plant architecture in these species, and how further changes in plant architectural traits could benefit the horticultural sector.
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Dou J, Yang H, Sun D, Yang S, Sun S, Zhao S, Lu X, Zhu H, Liu D, Ma C, Liu W, Yang L. The branchless gene Clbl in watermelon encoding a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 protein regulates the number of lateral branches. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:65-79. [PMID: 34562124 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A SNP mutation in Clbl gene encoding TERMINAL FLOWER 1 protein is responsible for watermelon branchless. Lateral branching is one of the most important traits, which directly determines plant architecture and crop productivity. Commercial watermelon has the characteristics of multiple lateral branches, and it is time-consuming and labor-costing to manually remove the lateral branches in traditional watermelon cultivation. In our present study, a lateral branchless trait was identified in watermelon material WCZ, and genetic analysis revealed that it was controlled by a single recessive gene, which named as Clbl (Citrullus lanatus branchless). A bulked segregant sequencing (BSA-seq) and linkage analysis was conducted to primarily map Clbl on watermelon chromosome 4. Next-generation sequencing-aided marker discovery and a large mapping population consisting of 1406 F2 plants were used to further map Clbl locus into a 9011-bp candidate region, which harbored only one candidate gene Cla018392 encoding a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 protein. Sequence comparison of Cla018392 between two parental lines revealed that there was a SNP detected from C to A in the coding region in the branchless inbred line WCZ, which resulted in a mutation from alanine (GCA) to glutamate (GAA) at the fourth exon. A dCAPS marker was developed from the SNP locus, which was co-segregated with the branchless phenotype in both BC1 and F2 population, and it was further validated in 152 natural watermelon accessions. qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization showed that the expression level of Cla018392 was significantly reduced in the axillary bud and apical bud in branchless line WCZ. Ectopic expression of ClTFL1 in Arabidopsis showed an increased number of lateral branches. The results of this study will be helpful for better understanding the molecular mechanism of lateral branch development in watermelon and for the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for new branchless watermelon cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Dou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongling Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shouru Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Changsheng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Dong Y, Lin X, Kapoor A, Gu Y, Xu H, Major P, Tang D. Insights of RKIP-Derived Suppression of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246388. [PMID: 34945007 PMCID: PMC8699807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite an intensive research effort in the past few decades, prostate cancer (PC) remains a top cause of cancer death in men, particularly in the developed world. The major cause of fatality is the progression of local prostate cancer to metastasis disease. Treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) is generally ineffective. Based on the discovery of mPC relying on androgen for growth, many patients with mPC show an initial response to the standard of care: androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, lethal castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) commonly develop. It is widely accepted that intervention of metastatic progression of PC is a critical point of intervention to reduce PC death. Accumulative evidence reveals a role of RKIP in suppression of PC progression towards mPC. We will review current evidence and discuss the potential utilization of RKIP in preventing mPC progression. Abstract Prostate cancer (PC) is a major cause of cancer death in men. The disease has a great disparity in prognosis. Although low grade PCs with Gleason scores ≤ 6 are indolent, high-risk PCs are likely to relapse and metastasize. The standard of care for metastatic PC (mPC) remains androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Resistance commonly occurs in the form of castration resistant PC (CRPC). Despite decades of research efforts, CRPC remains lethal. Understanding of mechanisms underpinning metastatic progression represents the overarching challenge in PC research. This progression is regulated by complex mechanisms, including those regulating PC cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Among this PC metastatic network lies an intriguing suppressor of PC metastasis: the Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP). Clinically, the RKIP protein is downregulated in PC, and showed further reduction in mPC. In xenograft mouse models for PC, RKIP inhibits metastasis. In vitro, RKIP reduces PC cell invasion and sensitizes PC cells to therapeutic treatments. Mechanistically, RKIP suppresses Raf-MEK-ERK activation and EMT, and modulates extracellular matrix. In return, Snail, NFκB, and the polycomb protein EZH2 contribute to inhibition of RKIP expression. In this review, we will thoroughly analyze RKIP’s tumor suppression actions in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Hui Xu
- The Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of the Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Pierre Major
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-522-1155 (ext. 35168)
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Liu H, Huang X, Ma B, Zhang T, Sang N, Zhuo L, Zhu J. Components and Functional Diversification of Florigen Activation Complexes in Cotton. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1542-1555. [PMID: 34245289 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In shoot apex cells of rice, a hexameric florigen activation complex (FAC), comprising flowering locus T (FT), 14-3-3 and the basic leucine zipper transcription factor FD, activates downstream target genes and regulates several developmental transitions, including flowering. The allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) contains only one FT locus in both of the A- and D-subgenomes. However, there is limited information regarding cotton FACs. Here, we identified a 14-3-3 protein that interacts strongly with GhFT in the cytoplasm and the nuclei, and five FD homoeologous gene pairs were characterized. In vivo, all five GhFD proteins interacted with Gh14-3-3 and GhFT in the nucleus. GhFT, 14-3-3 and all the GhFDs interacted in the nucleus as well, suggesting that they formed a ternary complex. Virus-induced silencing of GhFD1, -2 and -4 in cotton delayed flowering and inhibited the expression of floral meristem identity genes. Silencing GhFD3 strongly decreased lateral root formation, suggesting a function in lateral root development. GhFD overexpression in Arabidopsis and transcriptional activation assays suggested that FACs containing GhFD1 and GhFD2 function mainly in promoting flowering with partial functional redundancy. Moreover, GhFD3 was specifically expressed in lateral root meristems and dominantly activated the transcription of auxin response factor genes, such as ARF19. Thus, the diverse functions of FACs may depend on the recruited GhFD. Creating targeted genetic mutations in the florigen system using Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated proteins (Cas) genome editing may fine-tune flowering and improve plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Xianzhong Huang
- Center for Crop Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Bin Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Na Sang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Lu Zhuo
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Zuo X, Xiang W, Zhang L, Gao C, An N, Xing L, Ma J, Zhao C, Zhang D. Identification of apple TFL1-interacting proteins uncovers an expanded flowering network. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2325-2340. [PMID: 34392388 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MdTFL1, a floral repressor, forms protein complexes with several proteins and could compete with MdFT1 to regulate reproductive development in apple. Floral transition is a key developmental stage in the annual growth cycle of perennial fruit trees that directly determines the fruit development in the subsequent stage. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)/TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) family is known to play a vital regulatory role in plant growth and flowering. In apple, the two TFL1-like genes (MdTFL1-1 and MdTFL1-2) function as floral inhibitors; however, their mechanism of action is still largely unclear. This study aimed to functionally validate MdTFL1 and probe into its mechanism of action in apple. MdTFL1-1 and MdTFL1-2 were expressed mainly in stem and apical buds of vegetative shoots, with little expression in flower buds and young fruit. Expression of MdTFL1-1 and MdTFL1-2 rapidly decreased during floral induction. On the other hand, transgenic Arabidopsis, which ectopically expressed MdTFL1-1 or MdTFL1-2, flowered later than wild-type plants; demonstrating their in planta capability to function redundantly as flower repressors. Furthermore, we identified hundreds of novel interaction proteins of the two apple MdTFL1 proteins using yeast two-hybrid screens. Independent experiments for several proteins confirmed the yeast two-hybrid interactions. Among them, the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-Y subunit C (MdNF-YC2) functions as a promoter of flowering in Arabidopsis by activating LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) expression. MdFT1 showed a similar interaction pattern as MdTFL1, implying a possible antagonistic action in the regulation of flowering. These newly identified TFL1-interacting proteins (TIPs) not only expand the floral regulatory network, but may also introduce new roles for TFL1 in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cai Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na An
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Libo Xing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Yang Y, Yang H, Tan Y, Zhao T, Xu X, Li J, Jiang J. Comparative Genome Analysis of Genes Regulating Compound Inflorescences in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212548. [PMID: 34830429 PMCID: PMC8623504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflorescences are the main factor affecting fruit yield. The quantity and quality of inflorescences are closely related to fruit quality and yield. The presence of compound inflorescences in cherry tomatoes is well established, and it has been discovered by chance that compound racemes also exist in tomatoes. To explore the formation of compound inflorescences in tomato, transcriptome sequencing was performed on Moneymaker (MM) and Compound Inflorescence (CI) plants. In-florescences were collected in three periods (early, middle and late) in three replicates, for a total of 18 samples. Data analysis showed that the DEGs were most enriched in metabolic pathways and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. The DEGs were also enriched in the cell cycle pathway, photosynthesis pathway, carbon metabolism pathway and circadian rhythm pathway. We found that the FALSIFLORA (FA), COMPOUND INFLORESCENCE (S) and ANANTHA (AN) genes were involved in compound inflorescence development, not only revealing novel genes but also providing a rich theoretical basis for compound inflorescence development.
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Wang X, Zhou P, Huang R, Zhang J, Ouyang X. A Daylength Recognition Model of Photoperiodic Flowering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:778515. [PMID: 34868180 PMCID: PMC8638659 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The photoperiodic flowering pathway is crucial for plant development to synchronize internal signaling events and external seasons. One hundred years after photoperiodic flowering was discovered, the underlying core signaling network has been elucidated in model plants such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), and soybean (Glycine max). Here, we review the progress made in the photoperiodic flowering area and summarize previously accepted photoperiodic flowering models. We then introduce a new model based on daylength recognition by florigen. By determining the expression levels of the florigen gene, this model can assess the mechanism of daylength sensing and crop latitude adaptation. Future applications of this model under the constraints of global climate change are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhao Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Gaarslev N, Swinnen G, Soyk S. Meristem transitions and plant architecture-learning from domestication for crop breeding. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1045-1056. [PMID: 34734278 PMCID: PMC8566237 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic networks that regulate meristem transitions were recurrent targets of selection during crop domestication and allow fine-tuning of plant architecture for improved crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gaarslev
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwen Swinnen
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Soyk
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Author for communication:
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Gaston A, Potier A, Alonso M, Sabbadini S, Delmas F, Tenreira T, Cochetel N, Labadie M, Prévost P, Folta KM, Mezzetti B, Hernould M, Rothan C, Denoyes B. The FveFT2 florigen/FveTFL1 antiflorigen balance is critical for the control of seasonal flowering in strawberry while FveFT3 modulates axillary meristem fate and yield. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:372-387. [PMID: 34131919 PMCID: PMC8519138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture is central in determining crop yield. In the short-day species strawberry, a crop vegetatively propagated by daughter-plants produced by stolons, fruit yield is further dependent on the trade-off between sexual reproduction (fruits) and asexual reproduction (daughter-plants). Both are largely dependent on meristem identity, which establishes the development of branches, stolons and inflorescences. Floral initiation and plant architecture are modulated by the balance between two related proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). We explored in woodland strawberry the role of the uncharacterised FveFT2 and FveFT3 genes and of the floral repressor FveTFL1 through gene expression analyses, grafting and genetic transformation (overexpression and gene editing). We demonstrate the unusual properties of these genes. FveFT2 is a nonphotoperiodic florigen permitting short-day (SD) flowering and FveTFL1 is the long-hypothesised long-day systemic antiflorigen that contributes, together with FveFT2, to the photoperiodic regulation of flowering. We additionally show that FveFT3 is not a florigen but promotes plant branching when overexpressed, that is likely to be through changing axillary meristem fate, therefore resulting in a 3.5-fold increase in fruit yield at the expense of stolons. We show that our findings can be translated into improvement of cultivated strawberry in which FveFT2 overexpression significantly accelerates flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amèlia Gaston
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Aline Potier
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Marie Alonso
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Silvia Sabbadini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesMarche Polytechnic UniversityAncona60131Italy
| | - Frédéric Delmas
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Tracey Tenreira
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Noé Cochetel
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Marc Labadie
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Pierre Prévost
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Kevin M. Folta
- Horticultural Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Bruno Mezzetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental SciencesMarche Polytechnic UniversityAncona60131Italy
| | - Michel Hernould
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
| | - Béatrice Denoyes
- Biologie du Fruit et PathologieUMR 1332Université BordeauxINRAEVillenave d’OrnonF‐33140France
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Li X, Fang C, Yang Y, Lv T, Su T, Chen L, Nan H, Li S, Zhao X, Lu S, Dong L, Cheng Q, Tang Y, Xu M, Abe J, Hou X, Weller JL, Kong F, Liu B. Overcoming the genetic compensation response of soybean florigens to improve adaptation and yield at low latitudes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3755-3767.e4. [PMID: 34270946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The classical soybean (Glycine max) trait long juvenile (LJ) is essentially a reduction in sensitivity to short-day (SD) conditions for induction and completion of flowering, and has been introduced into soybean cultivars to improve yield in tropical environments. However, only one locus, J, is known to confer LJ in low-latitude varieties. Here, we defined two quantitative trait loci contributing to the LJ trait, LJ16.1 and LJ16.2, and identified them as the florigen (FT) homologs FT2a and FT5a, respectively. The two selected florigen variations both delay flowering time under SD conditions by repressing the floral meristem identity gene GmAPETALA1. Single mutants have a relatively subtle effect on flowering time and displayed a substantial genetic compensation response, but this was absent in ft2a ft5a double mutants, which showed an enhanced LJ phenotype that translated to higher yields under SD conditions. A survey of sequence diversity suggests that FT2a and FT5a variants have diverse origins and have played distinct roles as soybean spread to lower latitudes. Our results show that integration of variants in the florigen genes offers a strategy for customizing flowering time to adjust adaptation and improve crop productivity in tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- Root Biology Center, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tianxiao Lv
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Su
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shichen Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meilan Xu
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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López H, Schmitz G, Thoma R, Theres K. Super determinant1A, a RAWULdomain-containing protein, modulates axillary meristem formation and compound leaf development in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2412-2430. [PMID: 34009392 PMCID: PMC8364250 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching and complex leaf development relies on the establishment of boundaries that precedes the formation of axillary meristems (AMs) and leaflets. The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) super determinant mutant is compromised in both processes, due to a mutation in Sde1A. Sde1A encodes a protein with a RAWUL domain, which is also present in Polycomb Group Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) RING finger proteins and WD Repeat Domain 48 proteins. Genetic analysis revealed that Sde1A and Bmi1A cooperate, whereas Bmi1C antagonizes both activities, indicating the existence of functionally opposing PRC1 complexes that interact with Sde1A. Sde1A is expressed at early stages of boundary development in a small group of cells in the center of the leaf-axil boundary, but its activity is required for meristem formation at later stages. This suggests that Sde1A and Bmi1A promote AM formation and complex leaf development by safeguarding a pool of cells in the developing boundary zones. Genetic and protein interaction analyses showed that Sde1A and Lateral suppressor (Ls) are components of the same genetic pathway. In contrast to ls, sde1a mutants are not compromised in inflorescence branching, suggesting that Sde1A is a potential target for breeding tomato cultivars with reduced side-shoot formation during vegetative development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán López
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Gregor Schmitz
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Rahere Thoma
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - Klaus Theres
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne D-50931, Germany
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Ye J, Wang X, Wang W, Yu H, Ai G, Li C, Sun P, Wang X, Li H, Ouyang B, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Han H, Giovannoni JJ, Fei Z, Ye Z. Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic architecture of 27 agronomic traits in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2078-2092. [PMID: 34618111 PMCID: PMC8331143 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a highly valuable fruit crop, and yield is one of the most important agronomic traits. However, the genetic architecture underlying tomato yield-related traits has not been fully addressed. Based on ∼4.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained from 605 diverse accessions, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide association study for 27 agronomic traits in tomato. A total of 239 significant associations corresponding to 129 loci, harboring many previously reported and additional genes related to vegetative and reproductive development, were identified, and these loci explained an average of ∼8.8% of the phenotypic variance. A total of 51 loci associated with 25 traits have been under selection during tomato domestication and improvement. Furthermore, a candidate gene, Sl-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER15, that encodes an aluminum-activated malate transporter was functionally characterized and shown to act as a pivotal regulator of leaf stomata formation, thereby affecting photosynthesis and drought resistance. This study provides valuable information for tomato genetic research and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guo Ai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pengya Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianyu Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Heyou Han
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Author for communication:
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Sheng Y, Hao Z, Peng Y, Liu S, Hu L, Shen Y, Shi J, Chen J. Morphological, phenological, and transcriptional analyses provide insight into the diverse flowering traits of a mutant of the relic woody plant Liriodendron chinense. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:174. [PMID: 34333549 PMCID: PMC8325688 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is crucial to plant reproduction and controlled by multiple factors. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of flowering in perennial plants are still largely unknown. Here, we first report a super long blooming 1 (slb1) mutant of the relict tree Liriodendron chinense possessing a prolonged blooming period of more than 5 months, in contrast to the 1 month blooming period in the wild type (WT). Phenotypic characterization showed that earlier maturation of lateral shoots was caused by accelerated axillary bud fate, leading to the phenotype of continuous flowering in slb1 mutants. The transcriptional activity of genes related to hormone signaling (auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone), nutrient availability, and oxidative stress relief further indicated active outgrowth of lateral buds in slb1 mutants. Interestingly, we discovered a unique FT splicing variant with intron retention specific to slb1 mutants, representing a potential causal mutation in the slb1 mutants. Surprisingly, most slb1 inbred offspring flowered precociously with shorter juvenility (~4 months) than that (usually 8-10 years) required in WT plants, indicating heritable variation underlying continuous flowering in slb1 mutants. This study reports an example of a perennial tree mutant that flowers continuously, providing a rare resource for both breeding and genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Peng
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongbao Shen
- Southern Tree Seed Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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72
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Advances in Genomics Approaches Shed Light on Crop Domestication. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081571. [PMID: 34451616 PMCID: PMC8401213 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crop domestication occurred ~10,000–12,000 years ago when humans shifted from a hunter–gatherer to an agrarian society. Crops were domesticated by selecting the traits in wild plant species that were suitable for human use. Research is crucial to elucidate the mechanisms and processes involved in modern crop improvement and breeding. Recent advances in genomics have revolutionized our understanding of crop domestication. In this review, we summarized cutting-edge crop domestication research by presenting its (1) methodologies, (2) current status, (3) applications, and (4) perspectives. Advanced genomics approaches have clarified crop domestication processes and mechanisms, and supported crop improvement.
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Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Jiang J, Li J, Xu X, Yang H. Transcriptome Analysis of Flower Development and Mining of Genes Related to Flowering Time in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158128. [PMID: 34360893 PMCID: PMC8347202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a morphogenetic process in which angiosperms shift from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Flowering time has a strong influence on fruit growth, which is closely related to productivity. Therefore, research on crop flowering time is particularly important. To better understand the flowering period of the tomato, we performed transcriptome sequencing of early flower buds and flowers during the extension period in the later-flowering “Moneymaker” material and the earlier-flowering “20965” homozygous inbred line, and we analyzed the obtained data. At least 43.92 million clean reads were obtained from 12 datasets, and the similarity with the tomato internal reference genome was 92.86–94.57%. Based on gene expression and background annotations, 49 candidate genes related to flowering time and flower development were initially screened, among which the greatest number belong to the photoperiod pathway. According to the expression pattern of candidate genes, the cause of early flowering of “20965” is predicted. The modes of action of the differentially expressed genes were classified, and the results show that they are closely related to hormone regulation and participated in a variety of life activities in crops. The candidate genes we screened and the analysis of their expression patterns provide a basis for future functional verification, helping to explore the molecular mechanism of tomato flowering time more comprehensively.
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Maren N, Zhao F, Aryal R, Touchell D, Liu W, Ranney T, Ashrafi H. Reproductive developmental transcriptome analysis of Tripidium ravennae (Poaceae). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:483. [PMID: 34182921 PMCID: PMC8237498 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripidium ravennae is a cold-hardy, diploid species in the sugarcane complex (Poaceae subtribe Saccharinae) with considerable potential as a genetic resource for developing improved bioenergy and ornamental grasses. An improved understanding of the genetic regulation of reproductive processes (e.g., floral induction, inflorescence development, and seed development) will enable future applications of precision breeding and gene editing of floral and seed development. In particular, the ability to silence reproductive processes would allow for developing seedless forms of valuable but potentially invasive plants. The objective of this research was to characterize the gene expression environment of reproductive development in T. ravennae. RESULTS During the early phases of inflorescence development, multiple key canonical floral integrators and pathways were identified. Annotations of type II subfamily of MADS-box transcription factors, in particular, were over-represented in the GO enrichment analyses and tests for differential expression (FDR p-value < 0.05). The differential expression of floral integrators observed in the early phases of inflorescence development diminished prior to inflorescence determinacy regulation. Differential expression analysis did not identify many unique genes at mid-inflorescence development stages, though typical biological processes involved in plant growth and development expressed abundantly. The increase in inflorescence determinacy regulatory elements and putative homeotic floral development unigenes at mid-inflorescence development coincided with the expression of multiple meiosis annotations and multicellular organism developmental processes. Analysis of seed development identified multiple unigenes involved in oxidative-reductive processes. CONCLUSION Reproduction in grasses is a dynamic system involving the sequential coordination of complex gene regulatory networks and developmental processes. This research identified differentially expressed transcripts associated with floral induction, inflorescence development, and seed development in T. ravennae. These results provide insights into the molecular regulation of reproductive development and provide a foundation for future investigations and analyses, including genome annotation, functional genomics characterization, gene family evolutionary studies, comparative genomics, and precision breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Maren
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7609, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609, USA.
| | - Fangzhou Zhao
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7609, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609, USA
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rishi Aryal
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7609, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609, USA
| | - Darren Touchell
- Mountain Crop Improvement Lab, Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC, 28759-3423, USA
| | - Wusheng Liu
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7609, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609, USA
| | - Thomas Ranney
- Mountain Crop Improvement Lab, Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Drive, Mills River, NC, 28759-3423, USA
| | - Hamid Ashrafi
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7609, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7609, USA.
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Natural variation and artificial selection of photoperiodic flowering genes and their applications in crop adaptation. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:156-169. [PMID: 36304754 PMCID: PMC9590489 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flowering links vegetative growth and reproductive growth and involves the coordination of local environmental cues and plant genetic information. Appropriate timing of floral initiation and maturation in both wild and cultivated plants is important to their fitness and productivity in a given growth environment. The domestication of plants into crops, and later crop expansion and improvement, has often involved selection for early flowering. In this review, we analyze the basic rules for photoperiodic adaptation in several economically important and/or well-researched crop species. The ancestors of rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are short-day plants whose photosensitivity was reduced or lost during domestication and expansion to high-latitude areas. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are long-day crops whose photosensitivity is influenced by both latitude and vernalization type. Here, we summarize recent studies about where these crops were domesticated, how they adapted to photoperiodic conditions as their growing area expanded from domestication locations to modern cultivating regions, and how allelic variants of photoperiodic flowering genes were selected during this process. A deeper understanding of photoperiodic flowering in each crop will enable better molecular design and breeding of high-yielding cultivars suited to particular local environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0.
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Zhang F, Wang Y, Irish VF. CENTRORADIALIS maintains shoot meristem indeterminacy by antagonizing THORN IDENTITY1 in Citrus. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2237-2242.e4. [PMID: 33761317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Differential regulation of stem cell activity in shoot meristems contributes to the wide variation in shoot architecture.1-3 In most Citrus species, a thorn meristem and a dormant axillary meristem co-localize at each leaf base, offset from each other in a spiral phyllotactic pattern. We recently identified THORN IDENTITY1 (TI1) and THORN IDENTITY2 (TI2), encoding TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factors, as necessary for the termination of meristem proliferation and concomitant thorn production in Citrus.4 However, how the dormant axillary meristem at the same leaf axil maintains stem cell activity is still unknown. The phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP)-type transcription factors CENTRORADIALIS (CEN) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) maintain inflorescence meristem indeterminacy in many plant species by antagonizing floral meristem identity regulators.5-9 Here, we show that, in Citrus, Citrus CEN (CsCEN) maintains vegetative axillary meristem indeterminacy by antagonizing TI1. CsCEN is expressed in the axillary meristem, but not in the thorn meristem. Disruption of CsCEN function results in termination of the stem cell activity and conversion of dormant axillary meristems into thorns, although ectopic overexpression of CsCEN represses TI1 expression and converts thorns into dormant buds, a phenotype similar to the ti1 mutant. We further show that CsCEN interacts with Citrus FD (CsFD) to repress TI1 expression. CsCEN activity depends on the function of TI1 and TI2, as mutations in TI1 and TI2 rescue the cscen mutant phenotype. We suggest that the antagonistic roles of CsCEN and TI1 define the pattern of axillary meristem determinacy, which shapes vegetative Citrus tree shoot architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yewei Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 260 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kumar R, Sharma V, Suresh S, Ramrao DP, Veershetty A, Kumar S, Priscilla K, Hangargi B, Narasanna R, Pandey MK, Naik GR, Thomas S, Kumar A. Understanding Omics Driven Plant Improvement and de novo Crop Domestication: Some Examples. Front Genet 2021; 12:637141. [PMID: 33889179 PMCID: PMC8055929 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.637141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current era, one of biggest challenges is to shorten the breeding cycle for rapid generation of a new crop variety having high yield capacity, disease resistance, high nutrient content, etc. Advances in the "-omics" technology have revolutionized the discovery of genes and bio-molecules with remarkable precision, resulting in significant development of plant-focused metabolic databases and resources. Metabolomics has been widely used in several model plants and crop species to examine metabolic drift and changes in metabolic composition during various developmental stages and in response to stimuli. Over the last few decades, these efforts have resulted in a significantly improved understanding of the metabolic pathways of plants through identification of several unknown intermediates. This has assisted in developing several new metabolically engineered important crops with desirable agronomic traits, and has facilitated the de novo domestication of new crops for sustainable agriculture and food security. In this review, we discuss how "omics" technologies, particularly metabolomics, has enhanced our understanding of important traits and allowed speedy domestication of novel crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Vinay Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Suresh
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | | | - Akash Veershetty
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Sharan Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Kagolla Priscilla
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | | | - Rahul Narasanna
- Department of Life Science, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sherinmol Thomas
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Anirudh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
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Gasparini K, Moreira JDR, Peres LEP, Zsögön A. De novo domestication of wild species to create crops with increased resilience and nutritional value. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102006. [PMID: 33556879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Creating crops with resistance to drought, soil salinity and insect damage, that simultaneously have higher nutritional quality, is challenging to conventional breeding due to the complex and diffuse genetic basis of those traits. Recent advances in gene editing technology, such as base editors and prime-editing, coupled with a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of domestication delivered by the analysis of crop 'pangenomes', open the exciting prospect of creating novel crops via manipulation of domestication-related genes in wild species. A de novo domestication platform may allow rapid and precise conversion of crop wild relatives into crops, while retaining many of the valuable resilience and nutritional traits left behind during domestication and breeding. Using the Solanaceae family as case in point, we discuss how such a knowledge-driven pipeline could be exploited to contribute to food security over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Gasparini
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
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Sang N, Liu H, Ma B, Huang X, Zhuo L, Sun Y. Roles of the 14-3-3 gene family in cotton flowering. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:162. [PMID: 33789593 PMCID: PMC8015177 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, 14-3-3 proteins, also called GENERAL REGULATORY FACTORs (GRFs), encoded by a large multigene family, are involved in protein-protein interactions and play crucial roles in various physiological processes. No genome-wide analysis of the GRF gene family has been performed in cotton, and their functions in flowering are largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, 17, 17, 31, and 17 GRF genes were identified in Gossypium herbaceum, G. arboreum, G. hirsutum, and G. raimondii, respectively, by genome-wide analyses and were designated as GheGRFs, GaGRFs, GhGRFs, and GrGRFs, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that these proteins were divided into ε and non-ε groups. Gene structural, motif composition, synteny, and duplicated gene analyses of the identified GRF genes provided insights into the evolution of this family in cotton. GhGRF genes exhibited diverse expression patterns in different tissues. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that the GhGRFs interacted with the cotton FLOWERING LOCUS T homologue GhFT in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while they interacted with the basic leucine zipper transcription factor GhFD only in the nucleus. Virus-induced gene silencing in G. hirsutum and transgenic studies in Arabidopsis demonstrated that GhGRF3/6/9/15 repressed flowering and that GhGRF14 promoted flowering. CONCLUSIONS Here, 82 GRF genes were identified in cotton, and their gene and protein features, classification, evolution, and expression patterns were comprehensively and systematically investigated. The GhGRF3/6/9/15 interacted with GhFT and GhFD to form florigen activation complexs that inhibited flowering. However, GhGRF14 interacted with GhFT and GhFD to form florigen activation complex that promoted flowering. The results provide a foundation for further studies on the regulatory mechanisms of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 China
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Hui Liu
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Bin Ma
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Xianzhong Huang
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 China
- Center for Crop Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 China
| | - Lu Zhuo
- Special Plant Genomics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000 China
| | - Yuqiang Sun
- Plant Genomics & Molecular Improvement of Colored Fiber Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310016 Zhejiang China
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Zhu Y, Klasfeld S, Wagner D. Molecular regulation of plant developmental transitions and plant architecture via PEPB family proteins: an update on mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2301-2311. [PMID: 33449083 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the experiments by Garner and Allard that showed that plants measure the duration of the night and day (the photoperiod) to time flowering. This discovery led to the identification of Flowering Locus T (FT) in Arabidopsis and Heading Date 3a (Hd3a) in rice as a mobile signal that promotes flowering in tissues distal to the site of cue perception. FT/Hd3a belong to the family of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs). Collectively, these proteins control plant developmental transitions and plant architecture. Several excellent recent reviews have focused on the roles of PEBPs in diverse plant species; here we will primarily highlight recent advances that enhance our understanding of the mechanism of action of PEBPs and discuss critical open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samantha Klasfeld
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Dong L, Lu Y, Liu S. Genome-wide member identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of PEBP gene family in wheat and its progenitors. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10483. [PMID: 33362967 PMCID: PMC7747686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) family comprises ancient proteins found throughout the biosphere that play an important role in plant growth and development, flowering, seed development and dormancy. However, not all PEBP genes have been identified or analyzed in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its progenitors. In this study, we identified the PEBP genes in common wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum urartu and Aegilops tauschii by searching whole genome sequences, and characterized these genes by phylogenetic and transcriptome analyses. A total of 76, 38, 16 and 22 PEBP genes were identified in common wheat, T. dicoccoides, T. urartu and Ae. tauschii, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis classified the PEBP genes into four subfamilies (PEBP-like, MFT-like, TFL-like and FT-like); the PEBP-like subfamily was identified as a new subfamily with genes in this subfamily were conserved in plants. Group 2, 3 and 5 chromosomes of common wheat and its progenitors contained more PEBP genes than other chromosomes. The PEBP genes were conserved in wheat during evolution, and tandem duplication played a more important role in the amplification of PEBP genes than segmental duplication. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that PEBP genes showed tissue/organ-specific expression profiles and some PEBP genes were induced to express by biotic stresses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that seven randomly selected PEBP genes expressed differently during seed germination under cold, drought, flood, heat and salt stress treatments, and five of these genes (TaPEBP1, TaPEBP5, TaPEBP9, TaPEBP66 and TaPEBP69) showed significantly higher expression under different stress treatments, indicating that these genes play important roles during seed germination under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shubing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Borovsky Y, Mohan V, Shabtai S, Paran I. CaFT-LIKE is a flowering promoter in pepper and functions as florigen in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110678. [PMID: 33218641 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We identified a pepper late-flowering mutant that is disrupted in the sequence of CaFT-LIKE, the ortholog of tomato SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT). Heterologous expression in tomato indicated that CaFT-LIKE has a conserved function as a flowering promoter and can rescue the wild-type phenotype of the tomato sft mutant. CaFT-LIKE confers a graft-transmissible signal for flowering initiation in tomato, implicating its function as a florigen. To test the relationship between CaFT-LIKE and FASCICULATE (FA), the ortholog of tomato SELF PRUNING (SP), we constructed the double mutant Caft-like fa. The phenotype of Caft-like fa resembled that of Caft-like, indicating epistasis of Caft-like over fa in controlling flowering time and sympodial shoot structure. To examine the association between the expression pattern of flowering genes and natural variation in flowering time, the expression levels of CaFT-LIKE and the flowering repressor CaAP2 were determined in a panel of early-flowering cultivars and late-flowering landraces and wild accessions. Strong positive and negative correlations between flowering time and expression levels of CaAP2 and CaFT-LIKE, respectively, were observed, indicating that high-expression alleles of CaFT-LIKE and low-expression alleles of CaAP2 were selected for early flowering during pepper domestication and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Borovsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Vijee Mohan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sara Shabtai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ilan Paran
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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83
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Njogu MK, Yang F, Li J, Wang X, Ogweno JO, Chen J. A novel mutation in TFL1 homolog sustaining determinate growth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:3323-3332. [PMID: 32857171 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BSA-seq combined with whole-genome resequencing map-based cloning delimited the cucumber det-novel locus into a 44.5 kb region in chromosome 6 harboring a putative candidate gene encoding a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (CsCEN). Determinate and indeterminate growth habits of cucumber can affect plant architecture and crop yield. The TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) controls determinate/indeterminate growth in Arabidopsis. In this study, a novel mutation in cucumber TFL1 homolog (CsCEN) has shown to regulate determinate growth and product of terminal flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is similar to the function of CsTFL1 as previously reported. Genetic analysis in two determinate genotypes (D226 and D082) and indeterminate genotype (CCMC) revealed that a single recessive gene is responsible for this determinate growth trait. With the combination of BSA-seq and whole-genome resequencing, the locus of determinate-novel (det-novel) trait was mapped to a 44.5 kb genomic region in chromosome 6. Sequence alignment identified one non-synonymous SNP mutation (A to T) in the third exon of CsCEN, resulting in an amino acid substitution (Thr to Pro), suggesting that determinate growth might be controlled by a novel gene CsCEN (Csa6G152360) which differed from the reported CsTFL1 gene. The CsCEN expression level in shoot apexes and axillary buds was significantly lower in D226 compared to CCMC, suggesting its essential role in sustaining indeterminate growth habit. Identification and characterization of the CsCEN in the present study provide a new insight into plant architecture modification and development of cucumber cultivars suited to mechanized production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kagiki Njogu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Science, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Joshua Otieno Ogweno
- Department of Crops Horticulture and Soil Science, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya.
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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84
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Yang Q, Wan X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Yang C, Ye Z. The loss of function of HEL, which encodes a cellulose synthase interactive protein, causes helical and vine-like growth of tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:180. [PMID: 33328443 PMCID: PMC7603515 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Helical growth is an economical way for plant to obtain resources. The classic microtubule-microfibril alignment model of Arabidopsis helical growth involves restriction of the appropriate orientation of cellulose microfibrils appropriately in the cell walls. However, the molecular mechanism underlying tomato helical growth remains unknown. Here, we identified a spontaneous tomato helical (hel) mutant with right-handed helical cotyledons and petals but left-handed helical stems and true leaves. Genetic analysis revealed that the hel phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using map-based cloning, we cloned the HEL gene, which encodes a cellulose interacting protein homologous to CSI1 of Arabidopsis. We identified a 27 bp fragment replacement that generated a premature stop codon. Transgenic experiments showed that the helical growth phenotype could be restored by the allele of this gene from wild-type Pyriforme. In contrast, the knockout mutation of HEL in Pyriforme via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in helical growth. These findings shed light on the molecular control of the helical growth of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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85
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Zhang X, Campbell R, Ducreux LJM, Morris J, Hedley PE, Mellado‐Ortega E, Roberts AG, Stephens J, Bryan GJ, Torrance L, Chapman SN, Prat S, Taylor MA. TERMINAL FLOWER-1/CENTRORADIALIS inhibits tuberisation via protein interaction with the tuberigen activation complex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2263-2278. [PMID: 32593210 PMCID: PMC7540344 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Potato tuber formation is a secondary developmental programme by which cells in the subapical stolon region divide and radially expand to further differentiate into starch-accumulating parenchyma. Although some details of the molecular pathway that signals tuberisation are known, important gaps in our knowledge persist. Here, the role of a member of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS gene family (termed StCEN) in the negative control of tuberisation is demonstrated for what is thought to be the first time. It is shown that reduced expression of StCEN accelerates tuber formation whereas transgenic lines overexpressing this gene display delayed tuberisation and reduced tuber yield. Protein-protein interaction studies (yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation) demonstrate that StCEN binds components of the recently described tuberigen activation complex. Using transient transactivation assays, we show that the StSP6A tuberisation signal is an activation target of the tuberigen activation complex, and that co-expression of StCEN blocks activation of the StSP6A gene by StFD-Like-1. Transcriptomic analysis of transgenic lines misexpressing StCEN identifies early transcriptional events in tuber formation. These results demonstrate that StCEN suppresses tuberisation by directly antagonising the function of StSP6A in stolons, identifying StCEN as a breeding marker to improve tuber initiation and yield through the selection of genotypes with reduced StCEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Raymond Campbell
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | | | - Jennifer Morris
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Elena Mellado‐Ortega
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Alison G. Roberts
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Glenn J. Bryan
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Lesley Torrance
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- School of BiologyBiomolecular Sciences BuildingUniversity of St AndrewsNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeY16 9STUK
| | - Sean N. Chapman
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Salomé Prat
- Centro Nacional de BiotecnologíaC/Darwin no. 3, Campus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
| | - Mark A. Taylor
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
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86
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Soyk S, Benoit M, Lippman ZB. New Horizons for Dissecting Epistasis in Crop Quantitative Trait Variation. Annu Rev Genet 2020; 54:287-307. [PMID: 32870731 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-050720-122916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genes, variants, and interactions underlying crop diversity is a frontier in plant genetics. Phenotypic variation often does not reflect the cumulative effect of individual gene mutations. This deviation is due to epistasis, in which interactions between alleles are often unpredictable and quantitative in effect. Recent advances in genomics and genome-editing technologies are elevating the study of epistasis in crops. Using the traits and developmental pathways that were major targets in domestication and breeding, we highlight how epistasis is central in guiding the behavior of the genetic variation that shapes quantitative trait variation. We outline new strategies that illuminate how quantitative epistasis from modified gene dosage defines background dependencies. Advancing our understanding of epistasis in crops can reveal new principles and approaches to engineering targeted improvements in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Soyk
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Matthias Benoit
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Zachary B Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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87
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Sun M, Li H, Li Y, Xiang H, Liu Y, He Y, Qi M, Li T. Tomato YABBY2b controls plant height through regulating indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase (GH3.8) expression. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 297:110530. [PMID: 32563468 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfing is a desirable agronomic trait in cultivation management. Dwarf plants are lodging-resistant, compact, and perform well under high-density planting. The use of dwarf genetic resources is one approach to improve crop yield. YABBY2b in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) encodes a transcription factor that regulates plant height. In this study, we created YABBY2b knockout mutant lines, and the resulting yabby2b plants exhibited reduced height and smaller flowers and fruits. The RNA-seq analysis showed that 17 genes responding to gibberellin and auxin were differentially expressed. We hypothesized that indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.8 (GH3.8) played a crucial role in the resulting yabby2b dwarf phenotype. Further analysis showed that YABBY2b suppresses GH3.8 gene expression by directly binding to its promoter, and that this contributes to auxin-mediated repression of GH3.8. Moreover, the silencing of GH3.8 led to increased plant height. Combined, our data suggest that YABBY2b may positively regulate plant height in tomato by inhibiting the expression of growth suppressor GH3.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Sun
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
| | - Yanbing Li
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
| | - Hengzuo Xiang
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
| | - Yudong Liu
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
| | - Yi He
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
| | - Tianlai Li
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design & Application Technology (Liaoning), No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China; Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, PR China.
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88
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Safaei M, Olfati JA, Hamidoghli Y, Rabiei B, Yamamoto E, Shirasawa K. Four genetic loci control compact plant size with yellow pear-shaped fruit in ornamental tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20017. [PMID: 33016615 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is an attractive fruiting vegetable crop that can be used as an ornamental plant. Agronomical traits have been subjected to extensive genetic dissection to enhance vegetable breeding programs. By contrast, there are few genetic studies of ornamental traits for the development of ornamental tomato varieties. To investigate genetic loci linked to desired ornamental traits, we performed genetic analyses using an intraspecific mapping population that segregated for fruit color (yellow or red), fruit shape (round or pear), and plant height (high or compact). A genetic map was constructed with 965 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 33 simple sequence repeat markers. Subsequent linkage analysis using quantitative locus analysis and genome-wide association study detected four genetic loci for the three selected traits, all of which were located near the reported genes. We performed KASP-kompetitive allele-specific PCR-to develop SNP markers that were tightly linked to the four loci. Highly accurate genotyping data were obtained from the four SNPs across 187 F2 plants, which enabled us to select two lines with homozygous alleles for compact plant size and yellow pear-shaped fruits. These newly developed SNP markers and genetic strategies could be used to accelerate breeding programs for ornamental tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Safaei
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Jamal-Ali Olfati
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Yousef Hamidoghli
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Babak Rabiei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Gilan Province, Iran
| | - Eiji Yamamoto
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Kenta Shirasawa
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
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89
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Rowland SD, Zumstein K, Nakayama H, Cheng Z, Flores AM, Chitwood DH, Maloof JN, Sinha NR. Leaf shape is a predictor of fruit quality and cultivar performance in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:851-865. [PMID: 31880321 PMCID: PMC7187315 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Commercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops worldwide. Heirloom tomatoes retain extensive genetic diversity and a considerable range of fruit quality and leaf morphological traits. Here the role of leaf morphology was investigated for its impact on fruit quality. Heirloom cultivars were grown in field conditions, and BRIX by yield (BY) and other traits were measured over a 14-wk period. The complex relationships among these morphological and physiological traits were evaluated using partial least-squares path modeling, and a consensus model was developed. Photosynthesis contributed strongly to vegetative biomass and sugar content of fruits but had a negative impact on yield. Conversely leaf shape, specifically rounder leaves, had a strong positive impact on both fruit sugar content and yield. Cultivars such as Stupice and Glacier, with very round leaves, had the highest performance in both fruit sugar and yield. Our model accurately predicted BY for two commercial cultivars using leaf shape data as input. This study revealed the importance of leaf shape to fruit quality in tomato, with rounder leaves having significantly improved fruit quality. This correlation was maintained across a range of diverse genetic backgrounds and shows the importance of leaf morphology in tomato crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Gradute School of ScienceUniversity of TokyoHongo Bunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Zizhang Cheng
- College of ScienceSichuan Agriculture UniversityYaanSichuan Province625014China
| | - Amber M. Flores
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Daniel H. Chitwood
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Julin N. Maloof
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Neelima R. Sinha
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
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90
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Jiang Y, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Su W, Peng J, Yang X, Song H, Gao Y, Lin S. EjTFL1 Genes Promote Growth but Inhibit Flower Bud Differentiation in Loquat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:576. [PMID: 32528491 PMCID: PMC7247538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), a key factor belonging to the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family, controls flowering time and inflorescence architecture in some plants. However, the role of TFL1 in loquat remains unknown. In this study, we cloned two TFL1-like genes (EjTFL1-1 and EjTFL1-2) with conserved deduced amino acid sequences from cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). First, we determined that flower bud differentiation occurs at the end of June and early July, and then comprehensively analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of these EjTFL1s during loquat growth and development. We observed the contrasting expression trends for EjTFL1s and EjAP1s (APETALA 1) in shoot apices, and EjTFL1s were mainly expressed in young tissues. In addition, short-day and exogenous GA3 treatments promoted the expression of EjTFL1s, and no flower bud differentiation was observed after these treatments in loquat. Moreover, EjTFL1s were localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus, and both interacted with another flowering transcription factor, EjFD, in the nucleus, and EjTFL1s-EjFD complex significantly repressed the promoter activity of EjAP1-1. The two EjTFL1s were overexpressed in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0, which delayed flowering time, promoted stem elongation, increased the number of branches, and also affected flower and silique phenotypes. In conclusion, our results suggested that EjTFL1-1 and EjTFL1-2 do not show the same pattern of expression whereas both are able of inhibiting flower bud differentiation and promoting vegetative growth in loquat by integrating GA3 and photoperiod signals. These findings provide useful clues for analyzing the flowering regulatory network of loquat and provide meaningful references for flowering regulation research of other woody fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunmei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology Around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongshun Gao,
| | - Shunquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Shunquan Lin,
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91
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Robledo JM, Medeiros D, Vicente MH, Azevedo AA, Thompson AJ, Peres LEP, Ribeiro DM, Araújo WL, Zsögön A. Control of water-use efficiency by florigen. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:76-86. [PMID: 31691316 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A major issue in modern agriculture is water loss through stomata during photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In water-limited ecosystems, annual plants have strategies to synchronize their growth and reproduction to the availability of water. Some species or ecotypes of flowers are early to ensure that their life cycles are completed before the onset of late season terminal drought ("drought escape"). This accelerated flowering correlates with low water-use efficiency (WUE). The molecular players and physiological mechanisms involved in this coordination are not fully understood. We analyzed WUE using gravimetry, gas exchange, and carbon isotope discrimination in florigen deficient (sft mutant), wild-type (Micro-Tom), and florigen over-expressing (SFT-ox) tomato lines. Increased florigen expression led to accelerated flowering time and reduced WUE. The low WUE of SFT-ox was driven by higher stomatal conductance and thinner leaf blades. This florigen-driven effect on WUE appears be independent of abscisic acid (ABA). Our results open a new avenue to increase WUE in crops in an ABA-independent manner. Manipulation of florigen levels could allow us to produce crops with a life cycle synchronized to water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessenia M Robledo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - David Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Vicente
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Aristéa A Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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92
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Zhang D, Wang X, Li S, Wang C, Gosney MJ, Mickelbart MV, Ma J. A Post-domestication Mutation, Dt2, Triggers Systemic Modification of Divergent and Convergent Pathways Modulating Multiple Agronomic Traits in Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1366-1382. [PMID: 31152912 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The semi-determinate stem growth habit in leguminous crops, similar to the "green revolution" semi-dwarf trait in cereals, is a key plant architecture trait that affects several other traits determining grain yield. In soybean semi-determinacy is modulated by a post-domestication gain-of-function mutation in the gene, Dt2, which encodes an MADS-box transcription factor. However, its role in systemic modification of stem growth and other traits is unknown. In this study, we show that Dt2 functions not only as a direct repressor of Dt1, which prevents terminal flowering, but also as a direct activator of putative floral integrator/identity genes including GmSOC1, GmAP1, and GmFUL, which likely promote flowering. We also demonstrate that Dt2 functions as a direct repressor of the putative drought-responsive transcription factor gene GmDREB1D, and as a direct activator of GmSPCH and GmGRP7, which are potentially associated with asymmetric division of young epidermal cells and stomatal opening, respectively, and may affect the plant's water-use efficiency (WUE). Intriguingly, Dt2 was found to be a direct activator or repressor of the precursors of eight microRNAs targeting genes potentially associated with meristem maintenance, flowering time, stomatal density, WUE, and/or stress responses. This study thus reveals the molecular basis of pleiotropy associated with plant productivity, adaptability, and environmental resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajian Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Michael J Gosney
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael V Mickelbart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jianxin Ma
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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93
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Dalvi VS, Patil YA, Krishna B, Sane PV, Sane AP. Indeterminate growth of the umbel inflorescence and bulb is associated with increased expression of the TFL1 homologue, AcTFL1, in onion. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110165. [PMID: 31481221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) is a key gene for maintenance of vegetative and inflorescence indeterminacy and architecture. In onion, flowering and bulbing are two distinct developmental phases, each under complex environmental regulatory control. We have identified two CEN/TFL1-like genes from onion designated as AcTFL1 and AcCEN1. AcTFL1 is expressed during bulbing and inflorescence development with expression increasing with indeterminate growth of the umbel and the bulb suggesting possible conservation of function. Increase in AcTFL1 expression during umbel growth is associated with a simultaneous reduction in expression of AcLFY. Expression of AcTFL1 within the bulb is lowest in the outermost layers and highest in the innermost (youngest) layers. Bulb storage at room temperature or in cold leads to a gradual reduction in AcTFL1 levels in the meristem-containing tissues, the decrease being faster in the variety not requiring vernalization. Constitutive expression of AcTFL1, but not AcCEN1 complements the Arabidopsis tfl1-14 mutant and delays flowering in wild type suggesting conservation of the AcTFL1 function even in the distantly related Arabidopsis. Taken together, AcTFL1 appears to be the functional counterpart of TFL1 and regulates indeterminate growth of the umbel inflorescence as well as bulb development in onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra S Dalvi
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Jain R&D laboratory, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Agripark, Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, 425 001, India
| | - Yogesh A Patil
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Jain R&D laboratory, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Agripark, Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, 425 001, India
| | - Bal Krishna
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Jain R&D laboratory, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Agripark, Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, 425 001, India.
| | - Prafullachandra V Sane
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Jain R&D laboratory, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Agripark, Jain Hills, Shirsoli Road, Jalgaon, 425 001, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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94
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Eshed Y, Lippman ZB. Revolutions in agriculture chart a course for targeted breeding of old and new crops. Science 2019; 366:science.aax0025. [PMID: 31488704 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dominance of the major crops that feed humans and their livestock arose from agricultural revolutions that increased productivity and adapted plants to large-scale farming practices. Two hormone systems that universally control flowering and plant architecture, florigen and gibberellin, were the source of multiple revolutions that modified reproductive transitions and proportional growth among plant parts. Although step changes based on serendipitous mutations in these hormone systems laid the foundation, genetic and agronomic tuning were required for broad agricultural benefits. We propose that generating targeted genetic variation in core components of both systems would elicit a wider range of phenotypic variation. Incorporating this enhanced diversity into breeding programs of conventional and underutilized crops could help to meet the future needs of the human diet and promote sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Eshed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Zachary B Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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95
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Shcherban AB. Prospects for marker-associated selection in tomato <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj19.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The review gives a brief description of tomato, one of the main objects of olericulture for Siberia. The data on the main directions in the breeding of this culture, such as resistance to various pathogens, the nutritional properties of fruits, the timing of their maturation and storage are generalized. A separate chapter is devoted to the use of various types of DNA markers for constructing detailed genetic maps of the specified object, which, along with full-genome sequencing data, can be used to screen for genes responsible for breeding traits. Most of these traits, especially specific resistance to one or another pathogen, were transferred to the cultivated tomato by crossing with wild species, therefore, special attention was paid in the article to identifying and marking resistance genes to a variety of viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens occurring in Western Siberia and adjacent areas. Another important aspect for breeding is the nutrient content of tomato fruits, including carotenoids, vitamins, sugars, organic acids, etc. Recently, due to modern technologies of sequencing, SNP-genotyping, the development of new bioinformatic approaches, it has become possible to establish genetic cascades determining the biochemical composition of tomato fruits, to identify key genes that can be used in the future for marker-associated selection of nutritional value. And, finally, genetic works devoted to the problem of the optimal dates of fruit ripening in certain climatic conditions and their prolonged storage without loss of quality are discussed.
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96
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Wu L, Li F, Deng Q, Zhang S, Zhou Q, Chen F, Liu B, Bao M, Liu G. Identification and Characterization of the FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Gene Family in Petunia. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:982-995. [PMID: 31411493 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family exists in all eukaryote kingdoms, with three subfamilies: FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T)-like, TFL1 (TERMINAL FLOWER 1)-like, and MFT (MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1)-like. FT genes promote flowering, TFL1 genes act as a repressor of the floral transition, and MFT genes have functions in flowering promotion and regulating seed germination. We identified and characterized orthologs of the Arabidopsis FT/TFL1 gene family in petunia to elucidate their expression patterns and evolution. Thirteen FT/TFL1-like genes were isolated from petunia, with the five FT-like genes mainly expressed in leaves. The circadian rhythms of five FT-like genes and PhCO (petunia CONSTANS ortholog) were figured out. The expression of PhFT1 was contrary to that of PhFT2, PhFT3, PhFT4, and PhFT5. PhCO had a circadian clock different from Arabidopsis CO, but coincided with PhFT1; it decreased in daytime and accumulated at night. Two of the FT-like genes with differential circadian rhythm and higher expression levels, PhFT1 and PhFT4, were used to transform Arabidopsis. Eventually, overexpressing PhFT1 strongly delayed flowering, whereas overexpression of PhFT4 produced extremely early-flowering phenotype. Different from previous reports, PhTFL1a, PhTFL1b, and PhTFL1c were relatively highly expressed in roots. Taken together, this study demonstrates that petunia FT-like genes, like FT, are able to respond to photoperiod. The expression pattern of FT/TFL1 gene family in petunia contributes to a new insight into the functional evolution of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaohong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,CottonConnect China Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Deparment of Botany, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou, China
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97
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Wen C, Zhao W, Liu W, Yang L, Wang Y, Liu X, Xu Y, Ren H, Guo Y, Li C, Li J, Weng Y, Zhang X. CsTFL1 inhibits determinate growth and terminal flower formation through interaction with CsNOT2a in cucumber. Development 2019; 146:dev180166. [PMID: 31320327 PMCID: PMC6679365 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop that carries on vegetative growth and reproductive growth simultaneously. Indeterminate growth is favourable for fresh market under protected environments, whereas determinate growth is preferred for pickling cucumber in the once-over mechanical harvest system. The genetic basis of determinacy is largely unknown in cucumber. In this study, map-based cloning of the de locus showed that the determinate growth habit is caused by a non-synonymous SNP in CsTFL1CsTFL1 is expressed in the subapical regions of the shoot apical meristem, lateral meristem and young stems. Ectopic expression of CsTFL1 rescued the terminal flower phenotype in the Arabidopsis tfl1-11 mutant and delayed flowering in wild-type Arabidopsis Knockdown of CsTFL1 resulted in determinate growth and formation of terminal flowers in cucumber. Biochemical analyses indicated that CsTFL1 interacts with a homolog of the miRNA biogenesis gene CsNOT2a; CsNOT2a interacts with FDP. Cucumber CsFT directly interacts with CsNOT2a and CsFD, and CsFD interacts with two 14-3-3 proteins. These data suggest that CsTFL1 competes with CsFT for interaction with CsNOT2a-CsFDP to inhibit determinate growth and terminal flower formation in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weilun Liu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangdong Guo
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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98
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Manrique S, Friel J, Gramazio P, Hasing T, Ezquer I, Bombarely A. Genetic insights into the modification of the pre-fertilization mechanisms during plant domestication. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3007-3019. [PMID: 31152173 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant domestication is the process of adapting plants to human use by selecting specific traits. The selection process often involves the modification of some components of the plant reproductive mechanisms. Allelic variants of genes associated with flowering time, vernalization, and the circadian clock are responsible for the adaptation of crops, such as rice, maize, barley, wheat, and tomato, to non-native latitudes. Modifications in the plant architecture and branching have been selected for higher yields and easier harvests. These phenotypes are often produced by alterations in the regulation of the transition of shoot apical meristems to inflorescences, and then to floral meristems. Floral homeotic mutants are responsible for popular double-flower phenotypes in Japanese cherries, roses, camellias, and lilies. The rise of peloric flowers in ornamentals such as snapdragon and florists' gloxinia is associated with non-functional alleles that control the relative expansion of lateral and ventral petals. Mechanisms to force outcrossing such as self-incompatibility have been removed in some tree crops cultivars such as almonds and peaches. In this review, we revisit some of these important concepts from the plant domestication perspective, focusing on four topics related to the pre-fertilization mechanisms: flowering time, inflorescence architecture, flower development, and pre-fertilization self-incompatibility mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Manrique
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - James Friel
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBioscience Research Center (PABC), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences (SPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pietro Gramazio
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomas Hasing
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences (SPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences (SPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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99
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Bi Z, Tahir AT, Huang H, Hua Y. Cloning and functional analysis of five TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS-like genes from Hevea brasiliensis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:612-627. [PMID: 30069883 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Five TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)/CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)-like genes were isolated and characterized from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). All genes, except HbCEN1, were found to have conserved genomic organization, characteristic of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family. Overexpression of all of them delayed flowering and altered flower architecture compared with the wild-type (wt) counterpart. In addition, as premature-flowering of the terminal bud was successfully overcome in the tfl1-1 mutant of Arabidopsis, all these genes have a potential function similar to TFL1. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed higher expressions of HbCEN1 and HbCEN2 in the shoot apices and stems of both immature and mature rubber trees than in reproductive organs. HbTFL1-1 and HbTFL1-2 expression was confined to roots of 3-month-old seedlings and HbTFL1-3 was significantly higher in the shoot apices of these seedlings. These results suggested that HbCEN1 and HbCEN2 could be associated with the development of vegetative growth, whereas HbTFL1-1, HbTFL1-2 and HbTFL1-3 seem to be mainly related with maintenance of juvenility. In addition, four of the five genes displayed variable diurnal expression, HbTFL1-1 and HbTFL1-3 being mainly expressed during the night whereas HbCEN1 and HbCEN2 showed irregular diurnal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
| | - Ayesha T Tahir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huasun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
| | - Yuwei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
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100
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Identification and Characterization of EI ( Elongated Internode) Gene in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092204. [PMID: 31060285 PMCID: PMC6540210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Internode length is an important agronomic trait affecting plant architecture and crop yield. However, few genes for internode elongation have been identified in tomato. In this study, we characterized an elongated internode inbred line P502, which is a natural mutant of the tomato cultivar 05T606. The mutant P502 exhibits longer internode and higher bioactive GA concentration compared with wild-type 05T606. Genetic analysis suggested that the elongated internode trait is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL). Then, we identified a major QTL on chromosome 2 based on molecular markers and bulked segregant analysis (BSA). The locus was designated as EI (Elongated Internode), which explained 73.6% genetic variance. The EI was further mapped to a 75.8-kb region containing 10 genes in the reference Heinz 1706 genome. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region of solyc02g080120.1 was identified, which encodes gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 7 (SlGA2ox7). SlGA2ox7, orthologous to AtGA2ox7 and AtGA2ox8, is involved in the regulation of GA degradation. Overexpression of the wild EI gene in mutant P502 caused a dwarf phenotype with a shortened internode. The difference of EI expression levels was not significant in the P502 and wild-type, but the expression levels of GA biosynthetic genes including CPS, KO, KAO, GA20ox1, GA20ox2, GA20ox4, GA3ox1, GA2ox1, GA2ox2, GA2ox4, and GA2ox5, were upregulated in mutant P502. Our results may provide a better understanding of the genetics underlying the internode elongation and valuable information to improve plant architecture of the tomato.
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