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Brenner JS, Kiseleva RY, Glassman PM, Parhiz H, Greineder CF, Hood ED, Shuvaev VV, Muzykantov VR. The new frontiers of the targeted interventions in the pulmonary vasculature: precision and safety (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217752329. [PMID: 29261028 PMCID: PMC5768280 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217752329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary vasculature plays an important role in many lung pathologies, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, primary graft dysfunction of lung transplant, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therapy for these diseases is quite limited, largely due to dose-limiting side effects of numerous drugs that have been trialed or approved. High doses of drugs targeting the pulmonary vasculature are needed due to the lack of specific affinity of therapeutic compounds to the vasculature. To overcome this problem, the field of targeted drug delivery aims to target drugs to the pulmonary endothelial cells, especially those in pathological regions. The field uses a variety of drug delivery systems (DDSs), ranging from nano-scale drug carriers, such as liposomes, to methods of conjugating drugs to affinity moieites, such as antibodies. These DDSs can deliver small molecule drugs, protein therapeutics, and imaging agents. Here we review targeted drug delivery to the pulmonary endothelium for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Cautionary notes are made of the risk–benefit ratio and safety—parameters one should keep in mind when developing a translational therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Brenner
- 1 14640 Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raisa Yu Kiseleva
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick M Glassman
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Hood
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- 2 14640 Department of Pharmacology, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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52
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Kim J, Sinha S, Solomon M, Perez-Herrero E, Hsu J, Tsinas Z, Muro S. Co-coating of receptor-targeted drug nanocarriers with anti-phagocytic moieties enhances specific tissue uptake versus non-specific phagocytic clearance. Biomaterials 2017; 147:14-25. [PMID: 28923682 PMCID: PMC5667353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) help improve the performance of therapeutics, but their removal by phagocytes in the liver, spleen, tissues, etc. diminishes this potential. Although NC functionalization with polyethylene glycol (PEG) lowers interaction with phagocytes, it also reduces interactions with tissue cells. Coating NCs with CD47, a protein expressed by body cells to avoid phagocytic removal, offers an alternative. Previous studies showed that coating CD47 on non-targeted NCs reduces phagocytosis, but whether this alters binding and endocytosis of actively-targeted NCs remains unknown. To evaluate this, we used polymer NCs targeted to ICAM-1, a receptor overexpressed in many diseases. Co-coating of CD47 on anti-ICAM NCs reduced macrophage phagocytosis by ∼50% for up to 24 h, while increasing endothelial-cell targeting by ∼87% over control anti-ICAM/IgG NCs. Anti-ICAM/CD47 NCs were endocytosed via the CAM-mediated pathway with efficiency similar (0.99-fold) to anti-ICAM/IgG NCs. Comparable outcomes were observed for NCs targeted to PECAM-1 or transferrin receptor, suggesting broad applicability. When injected in mice, anti-ICAM/CD47 NCs reduced liver and spleen uptake by ∼30-50% and increased lung targeting by ∼2-fold (∼10-fold over IgG NCs). Therefore, co-coating NCs with CD47 and targeting moieties reduces macrophage phagocytosis and improves targeted uptake. This strategy may significantly improve the efficacy of targeted drug NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kim
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sauradeep Sinha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Edgar Perez-Herrero
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Janet Hsu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zois Tsinas
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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53
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Schubertová V, Martinez-Veracoechea FJ, Vácha R. Design of Multivalent Inhibitors for Preventing Cellular Uptake. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11689. [PMID: 28916832 PMCID: PMC5601900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular entry, the first crucial step of viral infection, can be inhibited by molecules adsorbed on the virus surface. However, apart from using stronger affinity, little is known about the properties of such inhibitors that could increase their effectiveness. Our simulations showed that multivalent inhibitors can be designed to be much more efficient than their monovalent counterparts. For example, for our particular simulation model, a single multivalent inhibitor spanning 5 to 6 binding sites is enough to prevent the uptake compared to the required 1/3 of all the receptor binding sites needed to be blocked by monovalent inhibitors. Interestingly, multivalent inhibitors are more efficient in inhibiting the uptake not only due to their increased affinity but mainly due to the co-localization of the inhibited receptor binding sites at the virion's surface. Furthermore, we show that Janus-like inhibitors do not induce virus aggregation. Our findings may be generalized to other uptake processes including bacteria and drug-delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Schubertová
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robert Vácha
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Solomon M, Muro S. Lysosomal enzyme replacement therapies: Historical development, clinical outcomes, and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:109-134. [PMID: 28502768 PMCID: PMC5828774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosomal enzymes play a central role in numerous cellular processes, including cellular nutrition, recycling, signaling, defense, and cell death. Genetic deficiencies of lysosomal components, most commonly enzymes, are known as "lysosomal storage disorders" or "lysosomal diseases" (LDs) and lead to lysosomal dysfunction. LDs broadly affect peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS), debilitating patients and frequently causing fatality. Among other approaches, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has advanced to the clinic and represents a beneficial strategy for 8 out of the 50-60 known LDs. However, despite its value, current ERT suffers from several shortcomings, including various side effects, development of "resistance", and suboptimal delivery throughout the body, particularly to the CNS, lowering the therapeutic outcome and precluding the use of this strategy for a majority of LDs. This review offers an overview of the biomedical causes of LDs, their socio-medical relevance, treatment modalities and caveats, experimental alternatives, and future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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55
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Garnacho C, Muro S. ICAM-1 targeting, intracellular trafficking, and functional activity of polymer nanocarriers coated with a fibrinogen-derived peptide for lysosomal enzyme replacement. J Drug Target 2017; 25:786-795. [PMID: 28665212 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1349771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement is a viable treatment for diseases caused by genetic deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. However, suboptimal access of enzymes to target sites limits this strategy. Polymer nanocarriers (NCs) coated with antibody against intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a protein overexpressed on most cells under disease states, enhanced biodistribution and lysosomal delivery of these therapeutics. Whether this can be achieved using more biocompatible ICAM-1-targeting moieties is unknown, since intracellular uptake via this route is sensitive to the receptor epitope being targeted. We examined this using polymer NCs coated with an ICAM-1-targeting peptide derived from the fibrinogen sequence. Scrambled-sequence peptide and anti-ICAM were used as controls. NCs carried acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), used for treatment of type B Niemann-Pick disease, and fluorescence microscopy was employed to examine cellular performance. Peptide-coated/enzyme NCs efficiently targeted ICAM-1 (22-fold over non-specific counterparts; Bmax ∼180 NCs/cell; t1/2 ∼28 min), recognised human and mouse cells (1.2- to 0.7-fold binding vs. antibody/enzyme NCs), were efficiently endocytosed (71% at 1 h chase), and trafficked to lysosomes (30--45% of internalised NCs; 2 h chase). This restored lysosomal levels of sphingomyelin and cholesterol within 5 h chase (∼95% reduction over disease levels), similar to antibody-enzyme NCs. This fibrinogen-derived ICAM-1-targeting peptide holds potential for lysosomal enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garnacho
- a Department of Normal and Pathological Histology and Cytology , University of Seville School of Medicine , Seville , Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- b Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,c Fischell Department of Bioengineering , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA
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56
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Garnacho C, Dhami R, Solomon M, Schuchman EH, Muro S. Enhanced Delivery and Effects of Acid Sphingomyelinase by ICAM-1-Targeted Nanocarriers in Type B Niemann-Pick Disease Mice. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1686-1696. [PMID: 28606376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency in type B Niemann-Pick disease leads to lysosomal sphingomyelin storage, principally affecting lungs, liver, and spleen. Infused recombinant enzyme is beneficial, yet its delivery to the lungs is limited and requires higher dosing than liver and spleen, leading to potentially adverse reactions. Previous studies showed increased enzyme pulmonary uptake by nanocarriers targeted to ICAM-1, a protein overexpressed during inflammation. Here, using polystyrene and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocarriers, we optimized lung delivery by varying enzyme dose and nanocarrier concentration, verified endocytosis and lysosomal trafficking in vivo, and evaluated delivered activity and effects. Raising the enzyme load of nanocarriers progressively increased absolute enzyme delivery to all lung, liver, and spleen, over the naked enzyme. Varying nanocarrier concentration inversely impacted lung versus liver and spleen uptake. Mouse intravital and postmortem examination verified endocytosis, transcytosis, and lysosomal trafficking using nanocarriers. Compared to naked enzyme, nanocarriers increased enzyme activity in organs and reduced lung sphingomyelin storage and macrophage infiltration. Although old mice with advanced disease showed reactivity (pulmonary leukocyte infiltration) to injections, including buffer without carriers, antibody, or enzyme, younger mice with mild disease did not. We conclude that anti-ICAM nanocarriers may result in effective lung enzyme therapy using low enzyme doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garnacho
- Department of Normal and Pathological Histology and Cytology, University of Seville School of Medicine, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Rajwinder Dhami
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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57
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Ranganathan A, Campo J, Myerson J, Shuvaev V, Zern B, Muzykantov V, Eckmann DM. Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging Calibration for Quantifying Nanocarrier Binding to Cells During Shear Flow Exposure. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2017; 13:737-745. [PMID: 29104516 PMCID: PMC5665578 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2017.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery is a fast growing industry in healthcare and technologies are being developed for applications utilizing nanocarriers as vehicles for drug transport. As the size scale of these particles becomes further reduced, advanced fluorescence microscopy and image analysis techniques become increasingly important for facilitating our understanding of nanocarrier binding and avidity, thereby establishing the basis for nanocarrier design optimization. While there is a significant body of published work using nanocarriers in vitro and in vivo, the advent of smaller particles that have typically been studied (~500 nm) limits the ability to attain quantitative measurements of nanocarrier binding dynamics since image acquisition and analysis methods are restricted by microscopy pixel size. This work demonstrates the use of a novel calibration technique based on radioisotope counting and fluorescence imaging for enabling quantitative determination of nanocarrier binding dynamics. The technique is then applied to assess the temporal profile of endothelial cell binding of two antibody targeted nanocarrier types in the presence of fluid shear stress. Results are provided for binding of nanoparticles smaller than a microscopy image pixel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Ranganathan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessica Campo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacob Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Blaine Zern
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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58
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Fang B, Zhang M, Wu H, Fan X, Ren F. Internalization properties of the anti-tumor α-lactalbumin-oleic acid complex. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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59
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Haley MJ, Lawrence CB. The blood-brain barrier after stroke: Structural studies and the role of transcytotic vesicles. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:456-470. [PMID: 26823471 PMCID: PMC5322831 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16629976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier breakdown worsens ischaemic damage, but it is unclear how molecules breach the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Using the obese ob/ob mouse as a model of enhanced blood-brain barrier breakdown, we investigated how stroke-induced structural changes to the microvasculature related to blood-brain barrier permeability. Ob/ob mice underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by 4 or 24 h reperfusion. Blood-brain barrier integrity was assessed using IgG and horseradish peroxidase staining, and blood-brain barrier structure by two-dimensional and three-dimensional electron microscopy. At 4 and 24 h post-stroke, ob/ob mice had increased ischaemic damage and blood-brain barrier breakdown compared to ob/- controls, and vessels from both genotypes showed astrocyte end-foot swelling and increased endothelial vesicles. Ob/ob mice had significantly more endothelial vesicles at 4 h in the striatum, where blood-brain barrier breakdown was most severe. Both stroke and genotype had no effect on tight junction structure visualised by electron microscopy, or protein expression in isolated microvessels. Astrocyte swelling severity did not correlate with tissue outcome, being unaffected by genotype or reperfusion times. However, the rare instances of vessel lumen collapse were always associated with severe astrocyte swelling in two-dimensional and three-dimensional electron microscopy. Endothelial vesicles were therefore the best spatial and temporal indicators of blood-brain barrier breakdown after cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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60
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Manthe RL, Muro S. ICAM-1-Targeted Nanocarriers Attenuate Endothelial Release of Soluble ICAM-1, an Inflammatory Regulator. Bioeng Transl Med 2017; 2:109-119. [PMID: 28713860 PMCID: PMC5510616 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of drug nanocarriers (NCs) to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an endothelial-surface protein overexpressed in many pathologies, has shown promise for therapeutic delivery into and across this lining. Yet, due to the role of ICAM-1 in inflammation, the effects of targeting this receptor need investigation. Since ICAM-1 binding by natural ligands (leukocyte integrins) results in release of the "soluble ICAM-1" ectodomain (sICAM-1), an inflammatory regulator, we investigated the influence of targeting ICAM-1 with NCs on this process. For this, sICAM-1 was measured by ELISA from cell-medium supernatants, after incubation of endothelial cell (EC) monolayers in the absence versus presence of anti-ICAM NCs. In the absence of NCs, ECs released sICAM-1 when treated with a pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNFα). This was reduced by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9 or MMP-2, yet inhibiting both did not render additive effects. Release of sICAM-1 mainly occurred at the basolateral versus apical side, and both MMP-9 and MMP-2 influenced apical release, while basolateral release depended on MMP-9. Interestingly, anti-ICAM NCs reduced sICAM-1 to a greater extent than MMP inhibition, both at the apical and basolateral sides. This effect was enhanced with time, although NCs had been removed after binding to cells, ruling out a "trapping" effect of NCs. Instead, inhibiting anti-ICAM NC endocytosis counteracted their inhibition on sICAM-1 release. Hence, anti-ICAM NCs inhibited sICAM-1 release by mobilizing ICAM-1 from the cell-surface into intracellular vesicles. Since elevated levels of sICAM-1 associate with numerous diseases, this effect represents a secondary benefit of using ICAM-1-targeted NCs for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Manthe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
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61
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Mechanism of Collaborative Enhancement of Binding of Paired Antibodies to Distinct Epitopes of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169537. [PMID: 28085903 PMCID: PMC5234847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to extracellular epitopes of human and mouse Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (CD31 or PECAM-1) stimulate binding of other mAbs to distinct adjacent PECAM-1 epitopes. This effect, dubbed Collaborative Enhancement of Paired Affinity Ligands, or CEPAL, has been shown to enhance delivery of mAb-targeted drugs and nanoparticles to the vascular endothelium. Here we report new insights into the mechanism underlying this effect, which demonstrates equivalent amplitude in the following models: i) cells expressing a full length PECAM-1 and mutant form of PECAM-1 unable to form homodimers; ii) isolated fractions of cellular membranes; and, iii) immobilized recombinant PECAM-1. These results indicate that CEPAL is mediated not by interference in cellular functions or homophilic PECAM-1 interactions, but rather by conformational changes within the cell adhesion molecule induced by ligand binding. This mechanism, mediated by exposure of partially occult epitopes, is likely to occur in molecules other than PECAM-1 and may represent a generalizable phenomenon with valuable practical applications.
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62
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Serrano D, Manthe RL, Paul E, Chadha R, Muro S. How Carrier Size and Valency Modulate Receptor-Mediated Signaling: Understanding the Link between Binding and Endocytosis of ICAM-1-Targeted Carriers. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3127-3137. [PMID: 27585187 PMCID: PMC5831250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of drug carriers to endocytic cell receptors facilitates intracellular drug delivery. Carrier size and number of targeting moieties (valency) influence cell binding and uptake. However, how these parameters influence receptor-mediated cell signaling (the link between binding and uptake) remains uncharacterized. We studied this using polymer carriers of different sizes and valencies, targeted to endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a marker overexpressed in many pathologies. Unexpectedly, induction of cell signals (ceramide and protein kinase C (PKC) enrichment and activation) and uptake, were independent of carrier avidity, total number of carriers bound per cell, cumulative cell surface area occupied by carriers, number of targeting antibodies at the carrier-cell contact, and cumulative receptor engagement by all bound carriers. Instead, "valency density" (number of antibodies per carrier surface area) ruled signaling, and carrier size independently influenced uptake. These results are key to understanding the interplay between carrier design parameters and receptor-mediated signaling conducive to endocytosis, paramount for intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Serrano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Rachel L. Manthe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Eden Paul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Rishi Chadha
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
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63
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Kumar A, Sýkorová P, Demo G, Dobeš P, Hyršl P, Wimmerová M. A Novel Fucose-binding Lectin from Photorhabdus luminescens (PLL) with an Unusual Heptabladed β-Propeller Tetrameric Structure. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25032-25049. [PMID: 27758853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens is known for its symbiosis with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its pathogenicity toward insect larvae. A hypothetical protein from P. luminescens was identified, purified from the native source, and characterized as an l-fucose-binding lectin, named P. luminescens lectin (PLL). Glycan array and biochemical characterization data revealed PLL to be specific toward l-fucose and the disaccharide glycan 3,6-O-Me2-Glcβ1-4(2,3-O-Me2)Rhaα-O-(p-C6H4)-OCH2CH2NH2 PLL was discovered to be a homotetramer with an intersubunit disulfide bridge. The crystal structures of native and recombinant PLL revealed a seven-bladed β-propeller fold creating seven putative fucose-binding sites per monomer. The crystal structure of the recombinant PLL·l-fucose complex confirmed that at least three sites were fucose-binding. Moreover, the crystal structures indicated that some of the other sites are masked either by the tetrameric nature of the lectin or by incorporation of the C terminus of the lectin into one of these sites. PLL exhibited an ability to bind to insect hemocytes and the cuticular surface of a nematode, H. bacteriophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)
| | - Petra Sýkorová
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science
| | - Gabriel Demo
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,the National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Pavel Dobeš
- the Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- the Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerová
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), .,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science.,the National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, and
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64
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Stanly TA, Fritzsche M, Banerji S, García E, Bernardino de la Serna J, Jackson DG, Eggeling C. Critical importance of appropriate fixation conditions for faithful imaging of receptor microclusters. Biol Open 2016; 5:1343-50. [PMID: 27464671 PMCID: PMC5051640 DOI: 10.1242/bio.019943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor clustering is known to trigger signalling events that contribute to critical changes in cellular functions. Faithful imaging of such clusters by means of fluorescence microscopy relies on the application of adequate cell fixation methods prior to immunolabelling in order to avoid artefactual redistribution by the antibodies themselves. Previous work has highlighted the inadequacy of fixation with paraformaldehyde (PFA) alone for efficient immobilisation of membrane-associated molecules, and the advantages of fixation with PFA in combination with glutaraldehyde (GA). Using fluorescence microscopy, we here highlight how inadequate fixation can lead to the formation of artefactual clustering of receptors in lymphatic endothelial cells, focussing on the transmembrane hyaluronan receptors LYVE-1 and CD44, and the homotypic adhesion molecule CD31, each of which displays their native diffuse surface distribution pattern only when visualised with the right fixation techniques, i.e. PFA/GA in combination. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) confirms that the artefactual receptor clusters are indeed introduced by residual mobility. In contrast, we observed full immobilisation of membrane proteins in cells that were fixed and then subsequently permeabilised, irrespective of whether the fixative was PFA or PFA/GA in combination. Our study underlines the importance of choosing appropriate sample preparation protocols for preserving authentic receptor organisation in advanced fluorescence microscopy. Summary: Commonly used fixation protocols during immunolabelling can result in artefactual protein distribution. We highlight the artefacts in images and provide fixation conditions for studying membrane receptor organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess A Stanly
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Suneale Banerji
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Esther García
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell-Oxford Campus, Oxford OX11 0FA, UK
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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65
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Ghaffarian R, Roki N, Abouzeid A, Vreeland W, Muro S. Intra- and trans-cellular delivery of enzymes by direct conjugation with non-multivalent anti-ICAM molecules. J Control Release 2016; 238:221-230. [PMID: 27473764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a cell-surface protein overexpressed in many diseases and explored for endocytosis and transcytosis of drug delivery systems. All previous evidence demonstrating ICAM-1-mediated transport of therapeutics into or across cells was obtained using nanocarriers or conjugates coupled to multiple copies of anti-ICAM antibodies or peptides. Yet, transport of therapeutics linked to non-multivalent anti-ICAM ligands has never been shown, since multivalency was believed to be necessary to induce transport. Our goal was to explore whether non-multivalent binding to ICAM-1 could drive endocytosis and/or transcytosis of model cargo in different cell types. We found that anti-ICAM was specifically internalized by all tested ICAM-1-expressing cells, including epithelial, fibroblast and neuroblastoma cells, primary or established cell lines. Uptake was inhibited at 4°C and in the presence of an inhibitor of the ICAM-1-associated pathway, rather than inhibitors of the clathrin or caveolar routes. We observed minimal transport of anti-ICAM to lysosomes, yet prominent and specific transcytosis across epithelial monolayers. Finally, we coupled a model cargo (the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)) to anti-ICAM and separated a 1:2 antibody:enzyme conjugate for non-multivalent ICAM-1 targeting. Similar to anti-ICAM, anti-ICAM-HRP was specifically internalized and transported across cells, which rendered intra- and trans-cellular enzyme activity. Therefore, non-multivalent ICAM-1 targeting also provides transport of cargoes into and across cells, representing a new alternative for future therapeutic applications via this route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Ghaffarian
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Niksa Roki
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Abouzeid
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Wyatt Vreeland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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66
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Endothelial PECAM-1 and its function in vascular physiology and atherogenic pathology. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:409-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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67
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Ghaffarian R, Herrero EP, Oh H, Raghavan SR, Muro S. Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules Provide Gastric Protection and Intestinal Release of ICAM-1-Targeting Nanocarriers, Enabling GI Targeting In Vivo. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3382-3393. [PMID: 27375374 PMCID: PMC4926773 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
When administered intravenously, active targeting of drug nanocarriers (NCs) improves biodistribution and endocytosis. Targeting may also improve oral delivery of NCs to treat gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies or for systemic absoption. However, GI instability of targeting moieties compromises this strategy. We explored whether encapsulation of antibody-coated NCs in microcapsules would protect against gastric degradation, providing NCs release and targeting in intestinal conditions. We used nanoparticles coated with antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM) or non-specific IgG. NCs (~160-nm) were encapsulated in ~180-μm microcapsules with an alginate core, in the absence or presence of a chitosan shell. We found >95% NC encapsulation within microcapsules and <10% NC release from microcapsules in storage. There was minimal NC release at gastric pH (<10%) and burst release at intestinal pH (75-85%), slightly attenuated by chitosan. Encapsulated NCs afforded increased protection against degradation (3-4 fold) and increased cell targeting (8-20 fold) after release vs. non-encapsulated NCs. Mouse oral gavage showed that microencapsulation provided 38-65% greater protection of anti-ICAM NCs in the GI tract, 40% lower gastric retention, and 4-9-fold enhanced intestinal biodistribution vs. non-encapsulated NCs. Therefore, microencapsulation of antibody-targeted NCs may enable active targeting strategies to be effective in the context of oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Ghaffarian
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Edgar Pérez Herrero
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hyuntaek Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1227C Chemical & Nuclear Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Srinivasa R. Raghavan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1227C Chemical & Nuclear Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Size and targeting to PECAM vs ICAM control endothelial delivery, internalization and protective effect of multimolecular SOD conjugates. J Control Release 2016; 234:115-23. [PMID: 27210108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Controlled endothelial delivery of SOD may alleviate abnormal local surplus of superoxide involved in ischemia-reperfusion, inflammation and other disease conditions. Targeting SOD to endothelial surface vs. intracellular compartments is desirable to prevent pathological effects of external vs. endogenous superoxide, respectively. Thus, SOD conjugated with antibodies to cell adhesion molecule PECAM (Ab/SOD) inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling mediated by endogenous superoxide produced in the endothelial endosomes in response to cytokines. Here we defined control of surface vs. endosomal delivery and effect of Ab/SOD, focusing on conjugate size and targeting to PECAM vs. ICAM. Ab/SOD enlargement from about 100 to 300nm enhanced amount of cell-bound SOD and protection against extracellular superoxide. In contrast, enlargement inhibited endocytosis of Ab/SOD and diminished mitigation of inflammatory signaling of endothelial superoxide. In addition to size, shape is important: endocytosis of antibody-coated spheres was more effective than that of polymorphous antibody conjugates. Further, targeting to ICAM provides higher endocytic efficacy than targeting to PECAM. ICAM-targeted Ab/SOD more effectively mitigated inflammatory signaling by intracellular superoxide in vitro and in animal models, although total uptake was inferior to that of PECAM-targeted Ab/SOD. Therefore, both geometry and targeting features of Ab/SOD conjugates control delivery to cell surface vs. endosomes for optimal protection against extracellular vs. endosomal oxidative stress, respectively.
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69
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Myerson JW, Anselmo AC, Liu Y, Mitragotri S, Eckmann DM, Muzykantov VR. Non-affinity factors modulating vascular targeting of nano- and microcarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:97-112. [PMID: 26596696 PMCID: PMC4798918 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Particles capable of homing and adhering to specific vascular biomarkers have potential as fundamental tools in drug delivery for mediation of a wide variety of pathologies, including inflammation, thrombosis, and pulmonary disorders. The presentation of affinity ligands on the surface of a particle provides a means of targeting the particle to sites of therapeutic interest, but a host of other factors come into play in determining the targeting capacity of the particle. This review presents a summary of several key considerations in nano- and microparticle design that modulate targeted delivery without directly altering epitope-specific affinity. Namely, we describe the effect of factors in definition of the base carrier (including shape, size, and flexibility) on the capacity of carriers to access, adhere to, and integrate in target biological milieus. Furthermore, we present a summary of fundamental dynamics of carrier behavior in circulation, taking into account interactions with cells in circulation and the role of hemodynamics in mediating the direction of carriers to target sites. Finally, we note non-affinity aspects to uptake and intracellular trafficking of carriers in target cells. In total, recent findings presented here may offer an opportunity to capitalize on mitigating factors in the behavior of ligand-targeted carriers in order to optimize targeting.
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70
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Boal F, Puhar A, Xuereb JM, Kunduzova O, Sansonetti PJ, Payrastre B, Tronchère H. PI5P Triggers ICAM-1 Degradation in Shigella Infected Cells, Thus Dampening Immune Cell Recruitment. Cell Rep 2016; 14:750-759. [PMID: 26776508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri, the pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery, has evolved multiple strategies to control the inflammatory response. Here, we show that Shigella subverts the subcellular trafficking of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a key molecule in immune cell recruitment, in a mechanism dependent on the injected bacterial enzyme IpgD and its product, the lipid mediator PI5P. Overexpression of IpgD, but not a phosphatase dead mutant, induced the internalization and the degradation of ICAM-1 in intestinal epithelial cells. Remarkably, addition of permeant PI5P reproduced IpgD effects and led to the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment. Finally, these results were confirmed in an in vivo model of Shigella infection where IpgD-dependent ICAM-1 internalization reduced neutrophil adhesion. In conclusion, we describe here an immune evasion mechanism used by the pathogen Shigella to divert the host cell trafficking machinery in order to reduce immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Boal
- INSERM U1048, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Puhar
- INSERM U1202, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR) and Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jean-Marie Xuereb
- INSERM U1048, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- INSERM U1048, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- INSERM U1202, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- INSERM U1048, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France; CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 03, France
| | - Hélène Tronchère
- INSERM U1048, I2MC and Université Paul Sabatier, 31432 Toulouse, France.
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71
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Rappaport J, Manthe RL, Solomon M, Garnacho C, Muro S. A Comparative Study on the Alterations of Endocytic Pathways in Multiple Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:357-368. [PMID: 26702793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular activities and pharmaceutical interventions involve endocytosis and delivery to lysosomes for processing. Hence, lysosomal processing defects can cause cell and tissue damage, as in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) characterized by lysosomal accumulation of undegraded materials. This storage causes endocytic and trafficking alterations, which exacerbate disease and hinder treatment. However, there have been no systematic studies comparing different endocytic routes in LSDs. Here, we used genetic and pharmacological models of four LSDs (type A Niemann-Pick, type C Niemann-Pick, Fabry, and Gaucher diseases) and evaluated the pinocytic and receptor-mediated activity of the clathrin-, caveolae-, and macropinocytic routes. Bulk pinocytosis was diminished in all diseases, suggesting a generic endocytic alteration linked to lysosomal storage. Fluid-phase (dextran) and ligand (transferrin) uptake via the clathrin route were lower for all LSDs. Fluid-phase and ligand (cholera toxin B) uptake via the caveolar route were both affected but less acutely in Fabry or Gaucher diseases. Epidermal growth factor-induced macropinocytosis was altered in Niemann-Pick cells but not other LSDs. Intracellular trafficking of ligands was also distorted in LSD versus wild-type cells. The extent of these endocytic alterations paralleled the level of cholesterol storage in disease cell lines. Confirming this, pharmacological induction of cholesterol storage in wild-type cells disrupted endocytosis, and model therapeutics restored uptake in proportion to their efficacy in attenuating storage. This suggests a proportional and reversible relationship between endocytosis and lipid (cholesterol) storage. By analogy, the accumulation of biological material in other diseases, or foreign material from drugs or their carriers, may cause similar deficits, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rappaport
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Rachel L Manthe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Melani Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Carmen Garnacho
- Department of Normal and Pathological Histology and Cytology, University of Seville School of Medicine, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
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72
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ICAM-1-expressing neutrophils exhibit enhanced effector functions in murine models of endotoxemia. Blood 2015; 127:898-907. [PMID: 26647392 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-664995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the cell surface of numerous cell types such as endothelial and epithelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and certain leukocyte subsets. With respect to the latter, ICAM-1 has been detected on neutrophils in several clinical and experimental settings, but little is known about the regulation of expression or function of neutrophil ICAM-1. In this study, we report on the de novo induction of ICAM-1 on the cell surface of murine neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor, and zymosan particles in vitro. The induction of neutrophil ICAM-1 was associated with enhanced phagocytosis of zymosan particles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Conversely, neutrophils from ICAM-1-deficient mice were defective in these effector functions. Mechanistically, ICAM-1-mediated intracellular signaling appeared to support neutrophil ROS generation and phagocytosis. In vivo, LPS-induced inflammation in the mouse cremaster muscle and peritoneal cavity led to ICAM-1 expression on intravascular and locally transmigrated neutrophils. The use of chimeric mice deficient in ICAM-1 on myeloid cells demonstrated that neutrophil ICAM-1 was not required for local neutrophil transmigration, but supported optimal intravascular and extravascular phagocytosis of zymosan particles. Collectively, the present results shed light on regulation of expression and function of ICAM-1 on neutrophils and identify it as an additional regulator of neutrophil effector responses in host defense.
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73
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Stewart MP, Lorenz A, Dahlman J, Sahay G. Challenges in carrier-mediated intracellular delivery: moving beyond endosomal barriers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:465-78. [PMID: 26542891 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of molecular to microscale carriers for intracellular delivery has tremendous potential for biology and medicine, especially for in vivo therapies. The field remains limited, however, by a poor understanding of how carriers gain access to the cell interior. In this review, we provide an overview of the different types of carriers, their speculated modes of entry, putative pathways of vesicular transport, and sites of endosomal escape. We compare this alongside pertinent examples from the cell biology of how viruses, bacteria, and their effectors enter cells and escape endosomal confinement. We anticipate insights into the mechanisms of cellular entry and endosomal escape will benefit future research efforts on effective carrier-mediated intracellular delivery. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:465-478. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1377 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Stewart
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Lorenz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, OSU/OHSU College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James Dahlman
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, OSU/OHSU College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA
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74
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Shuvaev VV, Brenner JS, Muzykantov VR. Targeted endothelial nanomedicine for common acute pathological conditions. J Control Release 2015; 219:576-595. [PMID: 26435455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium, a thin monolayer of specialized cells lining the lumen of blood vessels is the key regulatory interface between blood and tissues. Endothelial abnormalities are implicated in many diseases, including common acute conditions with high morbidity and mortality lacking therapy, in part because drugs and drug carriers have no natural endothelial affinity. Precise endothelial drug delivery may improve management of these conditions. Using ligands of molecules exposed to the bloodstream on the endothelial surface enables design of diverse targeted endothelial nanomedicine agents. Target molecules and binding epitopes must be accessible to drug carriers, carriers must be free of harmful effects, and targeting should provide desirable sub-cellular addressing of the drug cargo. The roster of current candidate target molecules for endothelial nanomedicine includes peptidases and other enzymes, cell adhesion molecules and integrins, localized in different domains of the endothelial plasmalemma and differentially distributed throughout the vasculature. Endowing carriers with an affinity to specific endothelial epitopes enables an unprecedented level of precision of control of drug delivery: binding to selected endothelial cell phenotypes, cellular addressing and duration of therapeutic effects. Features of nanocarrier design such as choice of epitope and ligand control delivery and effect of targeted endothelial nanomedicine agents. Pathological factors modulate endothelial targeting and uptake of nanocarriers. Selection of optimal binding sites and design features of nanocarriers are key controllable factors that can be iteratively engineered based on their performance from in vitro to pre-clinical in vivo experimental models. Targeted endothelial nanomedicine agents provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other therapeutic effects unattainable by non-targeted counterparts in animal models of common acute severe human disease conditions. The results of animal studies provide the basis for the challenging translation endothelial nanomedicine into the clinical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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75
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Li H, Lee T, Dziubla T, Pi F, Guo S, Xu J, Li C, Haque F, Liang XJ, Guo P. RNA as a stable polymer to build controllable and defined nanostructures for material and biomedical applications. NANO TODAY 2015; 10:631-655. [PMID: 26770259 PMCID: PMC4707685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The value of polymers is manifested in their vital use as building blocks in material and life sciences. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polynucleic acid, but its polymeric nature in materials and technological applications is often overlooked due to an impression that RNA is seemingly unstable. Recent findings that certain modifications can make RNA resistant to RNase degradation while retaining its authentic folding property and biological function, and the discovery of ultra-thermostable RNA motifs have adequately addressed the concerns of RNA unstability. RNA can serve as a unique polymeric material to build varieties of nanostructures including nanoparticles, polygons, arrays, bundles, membrane, and microsponges that have potential applications in biomedical and material sciences. Since 2005, more than a thousand publications on RNA nanostructures have been published in diverse fields, indicating a remarkable increase of interest in the emerging field of RNA nanotechnology. In this review, we aim to: delineate the physical and chemical properties of polymers that can be applied to RNA; introduce the unique properties of RNA as a polymer; review the current methods for the construction of RNA nanostructures; describe its applications in material, biomedical and computer sciences; and, discuss the challenges and future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Taek Lee
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Fengmei Pi
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sijin Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chan Li
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Farzin Haque
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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76
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Godoy-Gallardo M, Ek PK, Jansman MMT, Wohl BM, Hosta-Rigau L. Interaction between drug delivery vehicles and cells under the effect of shear stress. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:052605. [PMID: 26180575 PMCID: PMC4491015 DOI: 10.1063/1.4923324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, researchers have developed an ever greater and more ingenious variety of drug delivery vehicles (DDVs). This has made it possible to encapsulate a wide selection of therapeutic agents, ranging from proteins, enzymes, and peptides to hydrophilic and hydrophobic small drugs while, at the same time, allowing for drug release to be triggered through a diverse range of physical and chemical cues. While these advances are impressive, the field has been lacking behind in translating these systems into the clinic, mainly due to low predictability of in vitro and rodent in vivo models. An important factor within the complex and dynamic human in vivo environment is the shear flow observed within our circulatory system and many other tissues. Within this review, recent advances to leverage microfluidic devices to better mimic these conditions through novel in vitro assays are summarized. By grouping the discussion in three prominent classes of DDVs (lipidic and polymeric particles as well as inorganic nanoparticles), we hope to guide researchers within drug delivery into this exciting field and advance a further implementation of these assay systems within the development of DDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Godoy-Gallardo
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark , Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - P K Ek
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark , Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M M T Jansman
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark , Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B M Wohl
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark , Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, DTU Nanotech, Technical University of Denmark , Building 423, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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Chacko AM, Han J, Greineder CF, Zern BJ, Mikitsh JL, Nayak M, Menon D, Johnston IH, Poncz M, Eckmann DM, Davies PF, Muzykantov VR. Collaborative Enhancement of Endothelial Targeting of Nanocarriers by Modulating Platelet-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/CD31 Epitope Engagement. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6785-6793. [PMID: 26153796 PMCID: PMC4761649 DOI: 10.1021/nn505672x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) coated with antibodies (Abs) to extracellular epitopes of the transmembrane glycoprotein PECAM (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1/CD31) enable targeted drug delivery to vascular endothelial cells. Recent studies revealed that paired Abs directed to adjacent, yet distinct epitopes of PECAM stimulate each other's binding to endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo ("collaborative enhancement"). This phenomenon improves targeting of therapeutic fusion proteins, yet its potential role in targeting multivalent NCs has not been addressed. Herein, we studied the effects of Ab-mediated collaborative enhancement on multivalent NC spheres coated with PECAM Abs (Ab/NC, ∼180 nm diameter). We found that PECAM Abs do mutually enhance endothelial cell binding of Ab/NC coated by paired, but not "self" Ab. In vitro, collaborative enhancement of endothelial binding of Ab/NC by paired Abs is modulated by Ab/NC avidity, epitope selection, and flow. Cell fixation, but not blocking of endocytosis, obliterated collaborative enhancement of Ab/NC binding, indicating that the effect is mediated by molecular reorganization of PECAM molecules in the endothelial plasmalemma. The collaborative enhancement of Ab/NC binding was affirmed in vivo. Intravascular injection of paired Abs enhanced targeting of Ab/NC to pulmonary vasculature in mice by an order of magnitude. This stimulatory effect greatly exceeded enhancement of Ab targeting by paired Abs, indicating that '"collaborative enhancement"' effect is even more pronounced for relatively large multivalent carriers versus free Abs, likely due to more profound consequences of positive alteration of epitope accessibility. This phenomenon provides a potential paradigm for optimizing the endothelial-targeted nanocarrier delivery of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Chacko
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jingyan Han
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Colin F. Greineder
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John L. Mikitsh
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Madhura Nayak
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Divya Menon
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ian H. Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peter F. Davies
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Abstract
Vascular development and maintenance of proper vascular function through various regulatory mechanisms are critical to our wellbeing. Delineation of the regulatory processes involved in development of the vascular system and its function is one of the most important topics in human physiology and pathophysiology. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31), a cell adhesion molecule with proangiogenic and proinflammatory activity, has been the subject of numerous studies. In the present review, we look at the important roles that PECAM-1 and its isoforms play during angiogenesis, and its molecular mechanisms of action in the endothelium. In the endothelium, PECAM-1 not only plays a role as an adhesion molecule but also participates in intracellular signalling pathways which have an impact on various cell adhesive mechanisms and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity. In addition, recent studies from our laboratory have revealed an important relationship between PECAM-1 and endoglin expression. Endoglin is an essential molecule during angiogenesis, vascular development and integrity, and its expression and activity are compromised in the absence of PECAM-1. In the present review we discuss the roles that PECAM-1 isoforms may play in modulation of endothelial cell adhesive mechanisms, eNOS and endoglin expression and activity, and angiogenesis.
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79
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Klingberg H, Loft S, Oddershede LB, Møller P. The influence of flow, shear stress and adhesion molecule targeting on gold nanoparticle uptake in human endothelial cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11409-19. [PMID: 26077188 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of nanoparticles by endothelial cells is dependent on shear stress adaptation and flow exposure conditions. Adaptation of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to shear stress for 24 h was associated with reduced internalisation of unmodified 80 nm spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (mean hydrodynamic size of 99 nm in culture medium) after exposure to flow conditions compared with cells that were cultured and exposed to static conditions. Under static conditions, targeting of 80 nm AuNPs conjugated with antibodies against the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (mean hydrodynamic size of 109 nm in culture medium) markedly increased the internalisation of AuNPs in HUVECs that were activated with the tumour necrosis factor (TNF), a treatment that markedly increased the surface expression of ICAM-1. Shear stress-adapted and TNF-activated HUVECs, which were exposed to flow conditions, had higher association with anti-ICAM-1 AuNPs than cells that were not TNF-activated or exposed to particles under static conditions. Hence, shear stress adaptation reduces the uptake of unmodified AuNPs and increases the association between anti-ICAM-1 AuNPs and TNF-activated HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Klingberg
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environment Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5B, DK-1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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80
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Xu S. Internalization, Trafficking, Intracellular Processing and Actions of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3577-83. [PMID: 26108878 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review discusses the molecular mechanism involved in the targeting and delivery of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the new class of biopharmaceuticals mainly designed for targeted cancer therapy. METHODS this review goes over major progress in preclinical and clinical studies of ADCs, in the past 5 years. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ADCs involve multiple mechanisms, including internalization of ADCs by target cells, intracellular trafficking, release of conjugated drugs, and payload. CONCLUSION These mechanisms actually jointly determine the efficacy of ADCs. Therefore, the optimization of ADCs should take them as necessary rationales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xu
- Scientific Development Manager, Discovery Biology, GenScript USA Inc., 860 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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81
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Han J, Shuvaev VV, Davies PF, Eckmann DM, Muro S, Muzykantov VR. Flow shear stress differentially regulates endothelial uptake of nanocarriers targeted to distinct epitopes of PECAM-1. J Control Release 2015; 210:39-47. [PMID: 25966362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeting nanocarriers (NC) to endothelial cell adhesion molecules including Platelet-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1 or CD31) improves drug delivery and pharmacotherapy of inflammation, oxidative stress, thrombosis and ischemia in animal models. Recent studies unveiled that hydrodynamic conditions modulate endothelial endocytosis of NC targeted to PECAM-1, but the specificity and mechanism of effects of flow remain unknown. Here we studied the effect of flow on endocytosis by human endothelial cells of NC targeted by monoclonal antibodies Ab62 and Ab37 to distinct epitopes on the distal extracellular domain of PECAM. Flow in the range of 1-8dyn/cm(2), typical for venous vasculature, stimulated the uptake of spherical Ab/NC (~180nm diameter) carrying ~50 vs 200 Ab62 and Ab37 per NC, respectively. Effect of flow was inhibited by disruption of cholesterol-rich plasmalemma domains and deletion of PECAM-1 cytosolic tail. Flow stimulated endocytosis of Ab62/NC and Ab37/NC via eliciting distinct signaling pathways mediated by RhoA/ROCK and Src Family Kinases, respectively. Therefore, flow stimulates endothelial endocytosis of Ab/NC in a PECAM-1 epitope specific manner. Using ligands of binding to distinct epitopes on the same target molecule may enable fine-tuning of intracellular delivery based on the hemodynamic conditions in the vascular area of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA; Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02421, USA
| | - Vladimir V Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Peter F Davies
- Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine of the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA.
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82
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Rappaport J, Manthe RL, Garnacho C, Muro S. Altered Clathrin-Independent Endocytosis in Type A Niemann-Pick Disease Cells and Rescue by ICAM-1-Targeted Enzyme Delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1366-76. [PMID: 25849869 DOI: 10.1021/mp5005959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical intervention often requires therapeutics and/or their carriers to enter cells via endocytosis. Therefore, endocytic aberrancies resulting from disease represent a key, yet often overlooked, parameter in designing therapeutic strategies. In the case of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), characterized by lysosomal accumulation of undegraded substances, common clinical interventions rely on endocytosis of recombinant enzymes. However, the lysosomal defect in these diseases can affect endocytosis, as we recently demonstrated for clathrin-mediated uptake in patient fibroblasts with type A Niemann-Pick disease (NPD), a disorder characterized by acid sphingomylinase (ASM) deficiency and subsequent sphingomyelin storage. Using similar cells, we have examined if this is also the case for clathrin-independent pathways, including caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis. We observed impaired caveolin-1 enrichment at ligand-binding sites in NPD relative to wild type fibroblasts, corresponding with altered uptake of ligands and fluid-phase markers by both pathways. Similarly, aberrant lysosomal storage of sphingomyelin induced by pharmacological means also diminished uptake. Partial degradation of the lysosomal storage by untargeted recombinant ASM led to partial uptake enhancement, whereas both parameters were restored to wild type levels by ASM delivery using model polymer nanocarriers specifically targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Carriers also restored caveolin-1 enrichment at ligand-binding sites and uptake through the caveolar and macropinocytic routes. These results demonstrate a link between lysosomal storage in NPD and alterations in clathrin-independent endocytosis, which could apply to other LSDs. Hence, this study shall guide the design of therapeutic approaches using viable endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rappaport
- †Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
| | - Rachel L Manthe
- †Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
| | - Carmen Garnacho
- ‡Department of Normal and Pathological Histology and Cytology, University of Seville School of Medicine, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- †Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States.,§Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
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83
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Barakat AI. Dynamics of receptor-mediated nanoparticle internalization into endothelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122097. [PMID: 25901833 PMCID: PMC4406860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer a promising medical tool for targeted drug delivery, for example to treat inflamed endothelial cells during the development of atherosclerosis. To inform the design of such therapeutic strategies, we develop a computational model of nanoparticle internalization into endothelial cells, where internalization is driven by receptor-ligand binding and limited by the deformation of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. We specifically consider the case of nanoparticles targeted against ICAM-1 receptors, of relevance for treating atherosclerosis. The model computes the kinetics of the internalization process, the dynamics of binding, and the distribution of stresses exerted between the nanoparticle and the cell membrane. The model predicts the existence of an optimal nanoparticle size for fastest internalization, consistent with experimental observations, as well as the role of bond characteristics, local cell mechanical properties, and external forces in the nanoparticle internalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Laboratoire d’Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), École Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7646, Palaiseau, France
- * E-mail: (DGR), (AIB)
| | - Abdul I. Barakat
- Laboratoire d’Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), École Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7646, Palaiseau, France
- * E-mail: (DGR), (AIB)
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84
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Muro S. Strategies for delivery of therapeutics into the central nervous system for treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 2:169-86. [PMID: 24688886 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of about fifty life-threatening conditions caused by genetic defects affecting lysosomal components. The underscoring molecular deficiency leads to widespread cellular dysfunction through most tissues in the body, including peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS). Efforts during the last few decades have rendered a remarkable advance regarding our knowledge, medical awareness, and early detection of these genetic defects, as well as development of several treatment modalities. Clinical and experimental strategies encompassing enzyme replacement, gene and cell therapies, substrate reduction, and chemical chaperones are showing considerable potential in attenuating the peripheral pathology. However, a major drawback has been encountered regarding the suboptimal impact of these approaches on the CNS pathology. Particular anatomical and biochemical constraints of this tissue pose a major obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics into the CNS. Approaches to overcome these obstacles include modalities of local administration, strategies to enhance the blood-CNS permeability, intranasal delivery, use of exosomes, and those exploiting targeting of transporters and transcytosis pathways in the endothelial lining. The later two approaches are being pursued at the time by coupling therapeutic agents to affinity moieties and drug delivery systems capable of targeting these natural transport routes. This approach is particularly promising, as using paths naturally active at this interface may render safe and effective delivery of LSD therapies into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA ; Fischell Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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85
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Regulation of ICAM-1 in cells of the monocyte/macrophage system in microgravity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:538786. [PMID: 25654110 PMCID: PMC4309248 DOI: 10.1155/2015/538786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system are highly sensitive to altered gravity, and the monocyte as well as the macrophage function is proven to be impaired under microgravity conditions. In our study, we investigated the surface expression of ICAM-1 protein and expression of ICAM-1 mRNA in cells of the monocyte/macrophage system in microgravity during clinostat, parabolic flight, sounding rocket, and orbital experiments. In murine BV-2 microglial cells, we detected a downregulation of ICAM-1 expression in clinorotation experiments and a rapid and reversible downregulation in the microgravity phase of parabolic flight experiments. In contrast, ICAM-1 expression increased in macrophage-like differentiated human U937 cells during the microgravity phase of parabolic flights and in long-term microgravity provided by a 2D clinostat or during the orbital SIMBOX/Shenzhou-8 mission. In nondifferentiated U937 cells, no effect of microgravity on ICAM-1 expression could be observed during parabolic flight experiments. We conclude that disturbed immune function in microgravity could be a consequence of ICAM-1 modulation in the monocyte/macrophage system, which in turn could have a strong impact on the interaction with T lymphocytes and cell migration. Thus, ICAM-1 can be considered as a rapid-reacting and sustained gravity-regulated molecule in mammalian cells.
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86
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Mundra V, Mahato RI. Design of nanocarriers for efficient cellular uptake and endosomal release of small molecule and nucleic acid drugs: learning from virus. Front Chem Sci Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-014-1457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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87
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Ali ME, McConville JT, Lamprecht A. Pulmonary delivery of anti-inflammatory agents. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:929-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.993968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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88
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Brenner JS, Greineder C, Shuvaev V, Muzykantov V. Endothelial nanomedicine for the treatment of pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:239-61. [PMID: 25394760 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.961418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Even though pulmonary diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, exceedingly few life-prolonging therapies have been developed for these maladies. Relief may finally come from nanomedicine and targeted drug delivery. AREAS COVERED Here, we focus on four conditions for which the pulmonary endothelium plays a pivotal role: acute respiratory distress syndrome, primary graft dysfunction occurring immediately after lung transplantation, pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary embolism. For each of these diseases, we first evaluate the targeted drug delivery approaches that have been tested in animals. Then we suggest a 'need specification' for each disease: a list of criteria (e.g., macroscale delivery method, stability, etc.) that nanomedicine agents must meet in order to warrant human clinical trials and investment from industry. EXPERT OPINION For the diseases profiled here, numerous nanomedicine agents have shown promise in animal models. However, to maximize the chances of creating products that reach patients, nanomedicine engineers and clinicians must work together and use each disease's need specification to guide the design of practical and effective nanomedicine agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Brenner
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine , TRC10-125, 3600 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA +1 215 898 9823 ; +1 215 573 9135 ;
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89
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Ghaffarian R, Muro S. Distinct subcellular trafficking resulting from monomeric vs multimeric targeting to endothelial ICAM-1: implications for drug delivery. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4350-62. [PMID: 25301142 PMCID: PMC4255724 DOI: 10.1021/mp500409y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ligand-targeted,
receptor-mediated endocytosis is commonly exploited for intracellular
drug delivery. However, cells-surface receptors may follow distinct
endocytic fates when bound by monomeric vs multimeric ligands. Our
purpose was to study this paradigm using ICAM-1, an endothelial receptor
involved in inflammation, to better understand its regulation and
potential for drug delivery. Our procedure involved fluorescence microscopy
of human endothelial cells to determine the endocytic behavior of
unbound ICAM-1 vs ICAM-1 bound by model ligands: monomeric (anti-ICAM)
vs multimeric (anti-ICAM biotin–streptavidin conjugates or
anti-ICAM coated onto 100 nm nanocarriers). Our findings suggest that
both monomeric and multimeric ligands undergo a similar endocytic
pathway sensitive to amiloride (∼50% inhibition), but not inhibitors
of clathrin-pits or caveoli. After 30 min, ∼60–70% of
both ligands colocalized with Rab11a-compartments. By 3–5 h,
∼65–80% of multimeric anti-ICAM colocalized with perinuclear
lysosomes with ∼60–80% degradation, while 70% of monomeric
anti-ICAM remained associated with Rab11a at the cell periphery and
recycled to and from the cell-surface with minimal (<10%) lysosomal
colocalization and minimal (≤15%) degradation. In the absence
of ligands, ICAM-1 also underwent amiloride-sensitive endocytosis
with peripheral distribution, suggesting that monomeric (not multimeric)
anti-ICAM follows the route of this receptor. In conclusion, ICAM-1
can mediate different intracellular itineraries, revealing new insight
into this biological pathway and alternative avenues for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Ghaffarian
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , 2330 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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90
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Targeting, endocytosis, and lysosomal delivery of active enzymes to model human neurons by ICAM-1-targeted nanocarriers. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1264-78. [PMID: 25319100 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delivery of therapeutics to neurons is paramount to treat neurological conditions, including many lysosomal storage disorders. However, key aspects of drug-carrier behavior in neurons are relatively unknown: the occurrence of non-canonical endocytic pathways (present in other cells); whether carriers that traverse the blood-brain barrier are, contrarily, retained within neurons; if neuron-surface receptors are accessible to bulky carriers compared to small ligands; or if there are differences regarding neuronal compartments (neuron body vs. neurites) pertaining said parameters. We have explored these questions using model polymer nanocarriers targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). METHODS Differentiated human neuroblastoma cells were incubated with anti-ICAM-coated polystyrene nanocarriers and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS ICAM-1 expression and nanocarrier binding was enhanced in altered (TNFα) vs. control conditions. While small ICAM-1 ligands (anti-ICAM) preferentially accessed the cell body, anti-ICAM nanocarriers bound with faster kinetics to neurites, yet reached similar saturation over time. Anti-ICAM nanocarriers were also endocytosed with faster kinetics and lower saturation levels in neurites. Non-classical cell adhesion molecule (CAM) endocytosis ruled uptake, and neurite-to-cell body transport was inferred. Nanocarriers trafficked to lysosomes, delivering active enzymes (dextranase) with substrate reduction in a lysosomal-storage disease model. CONCLUSION ICAM-1-targeting holds potential for intracellular delivery of therapeutics to neurons.
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91
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Lajoie JM, Shusta EV. Targeting receptor-mediated transport for delivery of biologics across the blood-brain barrier. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:613-31. [PMID: 25340933 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biologics are an emerging class of medicines with substantial promise to treat neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a formidable obstacle that appreciably limits brain uptake and hence the therapeutic potential of biologics following intravenous administration. One promising strategy for overcoming the BBB to deliver biologics is the targeting of endogenous receptor-mediated transport (RMT) systems that employ vesicular trafficking to transport ligands across the BBB endothelium. If a biologic is modified with an appropriate targeting ligand, it can gain improved access to the brain via RMT. Various RMT-targeting strategies have been developed over the past 20 years, and this review explores exciting recent advances, emphasizing studies that show brain targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Lajoie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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92
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Herpes simplex virus internalization into epithelial cells requires Na+/H+ exchangers and p21-activated kinases but neither clathrin- nor caveolin-mediated endocytosis. J Virol 2014; 88:13378-95. [PMID: 25210183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03631-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that has been reported to infect some epithelial cell types by fusion at the plasma membrane but others by endocytosis. To determine the molecular mechanisms of productive HSV-1 cell entry, we perturbed key endocytosis host factors using specific inhibitors, RNA interference (RNAi), or overexpression of dominant negative proteins and investigated their effects on HSV-1 infection in the permissive epithelial cell lines Vero, HeLa, HEp-2, and PtK2. HSV-1 internalization required neither endosomal acidification nor clathrin- or caveolin-mediated endocytosis. In contrast, HSV-1 gene expression and internalization were significantly reduced after treatment with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA). EIPA blocks the activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchangers, which are plasma membrane proteins implicated in all forms of macropinocytosis. HSV-1 internalization furthermore required the function of p21-activated kinases that contribute to macropinosome formation. However, in contrast to some forms of macropinocytosis, HSV-1 did not enlist the activities of protein kinase C (PKC), tyrosine kinases, C-terminal binding protein 1, or dynamin to activate its internalization. These data suggest that HSV-1 depends on Na(+)/H(+) exchangers and p21-activated kinases either for macropinocytosis or for local actin rearrangements required for fusion at the plasma membrane or subsequent passage through the actin cortex underneath the plasma membrane. IMPORTANCE After initial replication in epithelial cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) establish latent infections in neurons innervating these regions. Upon primary infection and reactivation from latency, HSVs cause many human skin and neurological diseases, particularly in immunocompromised hosts, despite the availability of effective antiviral drugs. Many viruses use macropinocytosis for virus internalization, and many host factors mediating this entry route have been identified, although the specific perturbation profiles vary for different host and viral cargo. In addition to an established entry pathway via acidic endosomes, we show here that HSV-1 internalization depended on sodium-proton exchangers at the plasma membrane and p21-activated kinases. These results suggest that HSV-1 requires a reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton, either for productive cell entry via pH-independent fusion from macropinosomes or for fusion at the plasma membrane, and subsequent cytosolic passage to microtubules that mediate capsid transport to the nucleus for genome uncoating and replication.
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93
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Howard MD, Hood ED, Zern B, Shuvaev VV, Grosser T, Muzykantov VR. Nanocarriers for vascular delivery of anti-inflammatory agents. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 54:205-26. [PMID: 24392694 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for improved treatment of acute vascular inflammation in conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute lung injury, sepsis, and stroke. The vascular endothelium represents an important therapeutic target in these conditions. Furthermore, some anti-inflammatory agents (AIAs) (e.g., biotherapeutics) require precise delivery into subcellular compartments. In theory, optimized delivery to the desired site of action may improve the effects and enable new mechanisms of action of these AIAs. Diverse nanocarriers (NCs) and strategies for targeting them to endothelial cells have been designed and explored for this purpose. Studies in animal models suggest that delivery of AIAs using NCs may provide potent and specific molecular interventions in inflammatory pathways. However, the industrial development and clinical translation of complex NC-AIA formulations are challenging. Rigorous analysis of therapeutic/side effect and benefit/cost ratios is necessary to identify and optimize the approaches that may find clinical utility in the management of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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94
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Truong NP, Whittaker MR, Mak CW, Davis TP. The importance of nanoparticle shape in cancer drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:129-42. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.950564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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95
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Jones CI, Sage T, Moraes LA, Vaiyapuri S, Hussain U, Tucker KL, Barrett NE, Gibbins JM. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 inhibits platelet response to thrombin and von Willebrand factor by regulating the internalization of glycoprotein Ib via AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3/dynamin and integrin αIIbβ3. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1968-76. [PMID: 24969778 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) regulates platelet response to multiple agonists. How this immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing receptor inhibits G protein-coupled receptor-mediated thrombin-induced activation of platelets is unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we show that the activation of PECAM-1 inhibits fibrinogen binding to integrin αIIbβ3 and P-selectin surface expression in response to thrombin (0.1-3 U/mL) but not thrombin receptor-activating peptides SFLLRN (3×10(-7)-1×10(-5) mol/L) and GYPGQV (3×10(-6)-1×10(-4) mol/L). We hypothesized a role for PECAM-1 in reducing the tethering of thrombin to glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) on the platelet surface. We show that PECAM-1 signaling regulates the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled thrombin to the platelet surface and reduces the levels of cell surface GPIbα by promoting its internalization, while concomitantly reducing the binding of platelets to von Willebrand factor under flow in vitro. PECAM-1-mediated internalization of GPIbα was reduced in the presence of both EGTA and cytochalasin D or latrunculin, but not either individually, and was reduced in mice in which tyrosines 747 and 759 of the cytoplasmic tail of β3 integrin were mutated to phenylalanine. Furthermore, PECAM-1 cross-linking led to a significant reduction in the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β Ser(9), but interestingly an increase in glycogen synthase kinase-3α pSer(21). PECAM-1-mediated internalization of GPIbα was reduced by inhibitors of dynamin (Dynasore) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (CHIR99021), an effect that was enhanced in the presence of EGTA. CONCLUSIONS PECAM-1 mediates internalization of GPIbα in platelets through dual AKT/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3/dynamin-dependent and αIIbβ3-dependent mechanisms. These findings expand our understanding of how PECAM-1 regulates nonimmunoreceptor signaling pathways and helps to explains how PECAM-1 regulates thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I Jones
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Tanya Sage
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo A Moraes
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Umara Hussain
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha E Barrett
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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96
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Rappaport J, Garnacho C, Muro S. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is impaired in type A-B Niemann-Pick disease model cells and can be restored by ICAM-1-mediated enzyme replacement. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2887-95. [PMID: 24949999 PMCID: PMC4144747 DOI: 10.1021/mp500241y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
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Drugs
often use endocytosis to achieve intracellular delivery,
either by passive uptake from the extracellular fluid or by active
targeting of cell surface features such as endocytic receptors. An
example is enzyme replacement therapy, a clinically practiced treatment
for several lysosomal storage diseases where glycosylated recombinant
enzymes naturally target the mannose-6-phosphate receptor and are
internalized by clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME). However, lysosomal
substrate accumulation, a hallmark of these diseases, has been indirectly
linked to aberrant endocytic activity. These effects are poorly understood,
creating an obstacle to therapeutic efficiency. Here we explored endocytic
activity in fibroblasts from patients with type A Niemann–Pick
disease, a lysosomal storage disease characterized by acid sphingomyelinase
(ASM) deficiency. The uptake of fluid phase markers and clathrin-associated
ligands, formation of endocytic structures, and recruitment of intracellular
clathrin to ligand binding sites were all altered, demonstrating aberrant
CME in these cells. Model polymer nanocarriers targeted to intercellular
adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which are internalized by a clathrin-independent
route, enhanced the intracellular delivery of recombinant ASM more
than 10-fold compared to free enzyme. This strategy reduced substrate
accumulation and restored clathrin endocytic activity to wild-type
levels. There appears to be a relationship between lysosomal storage
and diminished CME, and bypassing this pathway by targeting ICAM-1
may enhance future therapies for lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rappaport
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742-4450, United States
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97
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Howard MD, Hood ED, Greineder CF, Alferiev IS, Chorny M, Muzykantov V. Targeting to endothelial cells augments the protective effect of novel dual bioactive antioxidant/anti-inflammatory nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2262-70. [PMID: 24877560 PMCID: PMC4086738 DOI: 10.1021/mp400677y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are intertwined contributors to numerous acute vascular pathologies. A novel dual bioactive nanoparticle with antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties was developed based on the interactions of tocopherol phosphate and the manganese porphyrin SOD mimetic, MnTMPyP. The size and drug incorporation efficiency were shown to be dependent on the amount of MnTMPyP added as well as the choice of surfactant. MnTMPyP was shown to retain its SOD-like activity while in intact particles and to release in a slow and controlled manner. Conjugation of anti-PECAM antibody to the nanoparticles provided endothelial targeting and potentiated nanoparticle-mediated suppression of inflammatory activation of these cells manifested by expression of VCAM, E-selectin, and IL-8. This nanoparticle technology may find applicability with drug combinations relevant for other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Howard
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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98
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Combination-targeting to multiple endothelial cell adhesion molecules modulates binding, endocytosis, and in vivo biodistribution of drug nanocarriers and their therapeutic cargoes. J Control Release 2014; 188:87-98. [PMID: 24933603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Designing of drug nanocarriers to aid delivery of therapeutics is an expanding field that can improve medical treatments. Nanocarriers are often functionalized with elements that recognize cell-surface molecules involved in subcellular transport to improve targeting and endocytosis of therapeutics. Combination-targeting using several affinity elements further modulates this outcome. The most studied example is endothelial targeting via multiple cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which mimics the strategy of leukocytes to adhere and traverse the vascular endothelium. Yet, the implications of this strategy on intracellular transport and in vivo biodistribution remain uncharacterized. We examined this using nanocarriers functionalized for dual- or triple-targeting to intercellular, platelet-endothelial, and/or vascular CAMs (ICAM-1, PECAM-1, VCAM-1). These molecules differ in expression level, location, pathological stimulation, and/or endocytic pathway. In endothelial cells, binding of PECAM-1/VCAM-1-targeted nanocarriers was intermediate to single-targeted counterparts and enhanced in disease-like conditions. ICAM-1/PECAM-1-targeted nanocarriers surpassed PECAM-1/VCAM-1 in control, but showed lower selectivity toward disease-like conditions. Triple-targeting resulted in binding similar to ICAM-1/PECAM-1 combination and displayed the highest selectivity in disease-like conditions. All combinations were effectively internalized by the cells, with slightly better performance when targeting receptors of different endocytic pathways. In vivo, ICAM-1/PECAM-1-targeted nanocarriers outperformed PECAM-1/VCAM-1 in control and disease-like conditions, and triple-targeted counterparts slightly enhanced this outcome in some organs. As a result, delivery of a model therapeutic cargo (acid sphingomyelinase, deficient in Niemann-Pick disease A-B) was enhanced to all affected organs by triple-targeted nanocarriers, particularly in disease-like conditions. Therefore, multi-CAM targeting may aid the optimization of some therapeutic nanocarriers, where the combination and multiplicity of the affinity moieties utilized allow modulation of targeting performance.
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99
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Howard M, Zern BJ, Anselmo AC, Shuvaev VV, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Vascular targeting of nanocarriers: perplexing aspects of the seemingly straightforward paradigm. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4100-32. [PMID: 24787360 PMCID: PMC4046791 DOI: 10.1021/nn500136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanomedicine holds promise to find clinical use in many medical areas. Endothelial cells that line the luminal surface of blood vessels represent a key target for treatment of inflammation, ischemia, thrombosis, stroke, and other neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological conditions. In other cases, the endothelium is a barrier for tissue penetration or a victim of adverse effects. Several endothelial surface markers including peptidases (e.g., ACE, APP, and APN) and adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1 and PECAM) have been identified as key targets. Binding of nanocarriers to these molecules enables drug targeting and subsequent penetration into or across the endothelium, offering therapeutic effects that are unattainable by their nontargeted counterparts. We analyze diverse aspects of endothelial nanomedicine including (i) circulation and targeting of carriers with diverse geometries, (ii) multivalent interactions of carrier with endothelium, (iii) anchoring to multiple determinants, (iv) accessibility of binding sites and cellular response to their engagement, (v) role of cell phenotype and microenvironment in targeting, (vi) optimization of targeting by lowering carrier avidity, (vii) endocytosis of multivalent carriers via molecules not implicated in internalization of their ligands, and (viii) modulation of cellular uptake and trafficking by selection of specific epitopes on the target determinant, carrier geometry, and hydrodynamic factors. Refinement of these aspects and improving our understanding of vascular biology and pathology is likely to enable the clinical translation of vascular endothelial targeting of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Howard
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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100
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Muro S. A DNA-Device that Mediates Selective Endosomal Escape and Intracellular Delivery of Drugs and Biologicals. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2014; 24:2899-2906. [PMID: 25018687 PMCID: PMC4091764 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201303188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Design of materials to aid intracellular delivery of agents can greatly improve medical treatments. While DNA is a molecule difficult to introduce into cells, DNA can be engineered into devices capable of intracellular delivery. Yet, transport mediated by DNA-devices void of other structural material, with size greater than that associated with non-specific penetration, and with targeting capacity enough to overcome non-specific pathways has not been achived. This study demonstrates that this is possible. Submicrometer (200-nm) dendrimers built of DNA (nucleodendrimers (NDs)) are coupled to antibodies against selected cell-surface receptors and compared to polymer nanoparticles (NPs). NDs and NPs bind specifically to cells expressing these targets and efficiently enter cells via the pathway associated with the selected receptor. While NPs traffic to perinuclear endo-lysosomes, NDs remain scattered throughout the cell, suggesting endosomal escape. This is confirmed in vitro, where NDs disrupt membranous vesicles at endosomal-like pH and in cell culture, where they: provide endosomal escape of model drugs, sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids; allow access to other intracellular compartments; result in measurable effects of cargoes; and do not cause cytotoxicity. Therefore, these DNA-nanodevices can be used to selectively overcome intracellular barriers, underscoring the growing range of applications of DNA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Muro
- S. M. Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Resarch & Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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