51
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Xie W, Denman RB. Protein methylation and stress granules: posttranslational remodeler or innocent bystander? Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:137459. [PMID: 22091395 PMCID: PMC3196864 DOI: 10.4061/2011/137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules contain a large number of post-translationally modified proteins, and studies have shown that these modifications serve as recruitment tags for specific proteins and even control the assembly and disassembly of the granules themselves. Work originating from our laboratory has focused on the role protein methylation plays in stress granule composition and function. We have demonstrated that both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated proteins are core constituents of stress granules, and we have endeavored to understand when and how this occurs. Here we seek to integrate this data into a framework consisting of the currently known post-translational modifications affecting stress granules to produce a model of stress granule dynamics that, in turn, may serve as a benchmark for understanding and predicting how post-translational modifications regulate other granule types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 1065, USA
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52
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Thomas MG, Loschi M, Desbats MA, Boccaccio GL. RNA granules: the good, the bad and the ugly. Cell Signal 2011; 23:324-34. [PMID: 20813183 PMCID: PMC3001194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Processing bodies (PBs) and Stress Granules (SGs) are the founding members of a new class of RNA granules, known as mRNA silencing foci, as they harbour transcripts circumstantially excluded from the translationally active pool. PBs and SGs are able to release mRNAs thus allowing their translation. PBs are constitutive, but respond to stimuli that affect mRNA translation and decay, whereas SGs are specifically induced upon cellular stress, which triggers a global translational silencing by several pathways, including phosphorylation of the key translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, and tRNA cleavage among others. PBs and SGs with different compositions may coexist in a single cell. These macromolecular aggregates are highly conserved through evolution, from unicellular organisms to vertebrate neurons. Their dynamics is regulated by several signaling pathways, and depends on microfilaments and microtubules, and the cognate molecular motors myosin, dynein, and kinesin. SGs share features with aggresomes and related aggregates of unfolded proteins frequently present in neurodegenerative diseases, and may play a role in the pathology. Virus infections may induce or impair SG formation. Besides being important for mRNA regulation upon stress, SGs modulate the signaling balancing apoptosis and cell survival. Finally, the formation of Nuclear Stress Bodies (nSBs), which share components with SGs, and the assembly of additional cytosolic aggregates containing RNA -the UV granules and the Ire1 foci-, all of them induced by specific cell damage factors, contribute to cell survival.
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Key Words
- atxn2, ataxin-2
- bicd, bicaudal d
- cbp, creb binding protein
- cpeb, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein
- dhc, dynein heavy chain
- dic, dynein intermediate chain
- fak, focal adhesion kinase
- fus/tls/hnrnp p2, fused in sarcoma
- g3bp, ras-gap sh3 domain binding protein
- gcn2, general control nonderepressible-2
- grb7, growth factor receptor-bound protein 7
- hap, hnrnp a1 interacting protein
- hdac6, histone deacetylase 6
- hri, heme-regulated inhibitor
- hsf, heat shock transcription factor
- khc, kinesin heavy chain
- klc, kinesin light chain
- mln51, metastatic lymph node 51
- nmd, nonsense mediated decay
- nsbs, nuclear stress bodies
- ogfod1, 2–14 oxoglutarate and fe(ii)-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1
- pb, processing body
- perk, pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum eif2alpha kinase
- pkr/eif2ak2, double stranded rna-dependent protein kinase
- pp1, protein phosphatase 1
- prp, prion protein
- rbp, rna binding protein
- rnp, ribonucleoparticle
- sam68, src associated in mitosis 68 kda
- member of star, signal transducer and activator of rna
- sca, spinocerebellar ataxia
- sg, stress granule
- sma, spinal muscular atrophy
- fmrp, fragile x mental retardation protein
- smn, survival of motor neuron
- tdp43, tar dna-binding protein 43
- traf2, tnf receptor associated factor 2
- uvgs, uv rna granules
- processing body
- stress granule
- kinesin
- dynein
- bicaudal d
- aggresome
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Thomas
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Loschi
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Andrea Desbats
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Lidia Boccaccio
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405 BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires
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53
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Thuaud F, Bernard Y, Türkeri G, Dirr R, Aubert G, Cresteil T, Baguet A, Tomasetto C, Svitkin Y, Sonenberg N, Nebigil CG, Désaubry L. Synthetic analogue of rocaglaol displays a potent and selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells: involvement of apoptosis inducing factor and caspase-12. J Med Chem 2010; 52:5176-87. [PMID: 19655762 DOI: 10.1021/jm900365v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavaglines constitute a family of natural anticancer compounds. We present here 3 (FL3), the first synthetic flavagline that inhibits cell proliferation and viability (IC(50) approximately 1 nM) at lower doses than did the parent compound, racemic rocaglaol. Compound 3 enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and retained its potency against adriamycin-resistant cell lines without inducing cardiomyocyte toxicity. Compound 3 induced apoptosis of HL60 and Hela cells by triggering the translocation of Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) and caspase-12 to the nucleus. A fluorescent conjugate of 3 accumulated in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting that flavaglines bind to their target in the ER, where it triggers a cascade of events that leads to the translocation of AIF and caspase-12 to the nucleus and probably inhibition of eIF4A. Our studies highlight structural features critical to their antineoplastic potential and suggest that these compounds would retain their activity in cells refractory to caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Thuaud
- Therapeutic Innovation Laboratory, UMR7200, CNRS/Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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54
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Sharma A, Takata H, Shibahara KI, Bubulya A, Bubulya PA. Son is essential for nuclear speckle organization and cell cycle progression. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:650-63. [PMID: 20053686 PMCID: PMC2820428 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-02-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subnuclear organization and spatiotemporal regulation of pre-mRNA processing factors is essential for the production of mature protein-coding mRNAs. We have discovered that a large protein called Son has a novel role in maintaining proper nuclear organization of pre-mRNA processing factors in nuclear speckles. The primary sequence of Son contains a concentrated region of multiple unique tandem repeat motifs that may support a role for Son as a scaffolding protein for RNA processing factors in nuclear speckles. We used RNA interference (RNAi) approaches and high-resolution microscopy techniques to study the functions of Son in the context of intact cells. Although Son precisely colocalizes with pre-mRNA splicing factors in nuclear speckles, its depletion by RNAi leads to cell cycle arrest in metaphase and causes dramatic disorganization of small nuclear ribonuclear protein and serine-arginine rich protein splicing factors during interphase. Here, we propose that Son is essential for appropriate subnuclear organization of pre-mRNA splicing factors and for promoting normal cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Sharma
- *Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435; and
| | - Hideaki Takata
- Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kei-ichi Shibahara
- Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Athanasios Bubulya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435; and
| | - Paula A. Bubulya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435; and
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55
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Buchan JR, Parker R. Eukaryotic stress granules: the ins and outs of translation. Mol Cell 2010; 36:932-41. [PMID: 20064460 PMCID: PMC2813218 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1059] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The stress response in eukaryotic cells often inhibits translation initiation and leads to the formation of cytoplasmic RNA-protein complexes referred to as stress granules. Stress granules contain nontranslating mRNAs, translation initiation components, and many additional proteins affecting mRNA function. Stress granules have been proposed to affect mRNA translation and stability and have been linked to apoptosis and nuclear processes. Stress granules also interact with P-bodies, another cytoplasmic RNP granule containing nontranslating mRNA, translation repressors, and some mRNA degradation machinery. Together, stress granules and P-bodies reveal a dynamic cycle of distinct biochemical and compartmentalized mRNPs in the cytosol, with implications for the control of mRNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ross Buchan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, USA
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56
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Kedersha N, Anderson P. Regulation of translation by stress granules and processing bodies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2009; 90:155-85. [PMID: 20374741 PMCID: PMC7102815 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(09)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress necessitates rapid reprogramming of translation in order to facilitate an adaptive response and promote survival. Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are dynamic structures that form in response to stress-induced translational arrest. PBs are linked to mRNA silencing and decay, while SGs are more closely linked to translation and the sorting of specific mRNAs for different fates. While they share some components and can interact physically, SGs and PBs are regulated independently, house separate functions, and contain unique markers. SG formation is associated with numerous disease states, and the expanding list of SG-associated proteins integrates SG formation with other processes such as transcription, splicing, and survival. Growing evidence suggests that SG assembly is initiated by translational arrest, and mediates cross talk with many other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Kedersha
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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57
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Voolstra CR, Schwarz JA, Schnetzer J, Sunagawa S, Desalvo MK, Szmant AM, Coffroth MA, Medina M. The host transcriptome remains unaltered during the establishment of coral-algal symbioses. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:1823-33. [PMID: 19317843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs are based on the symbiotic relationship between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium. We followed gene expression of coral larvae of Acropora palmata and Montastraea faveolata after exposure to Symbiodinium strains that differed in their ability to establish symbioses. We show that the coral host transcriptome remains almost unchanged during infection by competent symbionts, but is massively altered by symbionts that fail to establish symbioses. Our data suggest that successful coral-algal symbioses depend mainly on the symbionts' ability to enter the host in a stealth manner rather than a more active response from the coral host.
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58
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Tsai NP, Tsui YC, Wei LN. Dynein motor contributes to stress granule dynamics in primary neurons. Neuroscience 2009; 159:647-56. [PMID: 19171178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mobilization and translation of mRNAs, two important events believed to involve stress granules (SGs), in neurons are important for their survival and activities. However, the formation and disassembly of SGs in neurons remains unclear. By using an arsenite-induced neuronal stress model of rat primary spinal cord neuron cultures, we demonstrate the formation of SGs that contain common SG components and RNAs in both stressed neuronal cell bodies and their neurites. By employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown, we discovered that dynein motor subunit localizes in SG, and is important for SG assembly in neurons. Under stress, dynein motor subunit also facilitates translational repression and enhances the formation and integrity of SG in neurons. By blocking the energy source of dynein motor, both the formation and disassembly of SG are attenuated. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that dynein motor complex plays a critical role in the dynamics of neuronal SGs, as well as translation of certain mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-P Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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59
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Didiot MC, Subramanian M, Flatter E, Mandel JL, Moine H. Cells lacking the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) have normal RISC activity but exhibit altered stress granule assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:428-37. [PMID: 19005212 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-07-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein involved in the mRNA metabolism. The absence of FMRP in neurons leads to alterations of the synaptic plasticity, probably as a result of translation regulation defects. The exact molecular mechanisms by which FMRP plays a role in translation regulation have remained elusive. The finding of an interaction between FMRP and the RNA interference silencing complex (RISC), a master of translation regulation, has suggested that both regulators could be functionally linked. We investigated here this link, and we show that FMRP exhibits little overlap both physically and functionally with the RISC machinery, excluding a direct impact of FMRP on RISC function. Our data indicate that FMRP and RISC are associated to distinct pools of mRNAs. FMRP, unlike RISC machinery, associates with the pool of mRNAs that eventually goes into stress granules upon cellular stress. Furthermore, we show that FMRP plays a positive role in this process as the lack of FMRP or a point mutant causing a severe fragile X alter stress granule formation. Our data support the proposal that FMRP plays a role in controlling the fate of mRNAs after translation arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Didiot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, Collège de France, Chaire de Génétique Humaine, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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60
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Kédinger V, Alpy F, Baguet A, Polette M, Stoll I, Chenard MP, Tomasetto C, Rio MC. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 is a dynamic tight junction-related shuttle protein involved in epithelium homeostasis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3518. [PMID: 18953416 PMCID: PMC2568980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite numerous in vivo evidences that Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 4 (TRAF4) plays a key biological function, how it works at the cellular and molecular level remains elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we show using immunofluorescence and immuohistochemistry that TRAF4 is a novel player at the tight junctions (TJs). TRAF4 is connected to assembled TJs in confluent epithelial cells, but accumulates in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus when TJs are open in isolated cells or EGTA-treated confluent cells. In vivo, TRAF4 is consistently found at TJs in normal human mammary epithelia as well as in well-differentiated in situ carcinomas. In contrast, TRAF4 is never localized at the plasma membrane of poorly-differentiated invasive carcinomas devoid of correct TJs, but is observed in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of the cancer cells. Moreover, TRAF4 TJ subcellular localization is remarkably dynamic. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments show that TRAF4 is highly mobile and shuttles between TJs and the cytoplasm. Finally, we show that intracellular TRAF4 potentiates ERK1/2 phosphorylation in proliferating HeLa cells, an epithelial cell line known to be devoid of TJs. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, our data strongly support the new concept of TJs as a dynamic structure. Moreover, our results implicate TRAF4 in one of the emerging TJ-dependent signaling pathways that responds to cell polarity by regulating the cell proliferation/differentiation balance, and subsequently epithelium homeostasis. Drastic phenotypes or lethality in TRAF4-deficient mice and drosophila strongly argue in favor of such a function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Kédinger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Department of Cancer Biology, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U596, Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, France
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61
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Chalupníková K, Lattmann S, Selak N, Iwamoto F, Fujiki Y, Nagamine Y. Recruitment of the RNA helicase RHAU to stress granules via a unique RNA-binding domain. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35186-98. [PMID: 18854321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804857200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to environmental stress, the translation machinery of cells is reprogrammed. The majority of actively translated mRNAs are released from polysomes and driven to specific cytoplasmic foci called stress granules (SGs) where dynamic changes in protein-RNA interaction determine the subsequent fate of mRNAs. Here we show that the DEAH box RNA helicase RHAU is a novel SG-associated protein. Although RHAU protein was originally identified as an AU-rich element-associated protein involved in urokinase-type plasminogen activator mRNA decay, it was not clear whether RHAU could directly interact with RNA. We have demonstrated that RHAU physically interacts with RNA in vitro and in vivo through a newly identified N-terminal RNA-binding domain, which was found to be both essential and sufficient for RHAU localization in SGs. We have also shown that the ATPase activity of RHAU plays a role in the RNA interaction and in the regulation of protein retention in SGs. Thus, our results show that RHAU is the fourth RNA helicase detected in SGs, after rck/p54, DDX3, and eIF4A, and that its association with SGs is dynamic and mediated by an RHAU-specific RNA-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Chalupníková
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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62
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Mollet S, Cougot N, Wilczynska A, Dautry F, Kress M, Bertrand E, Weil D. Translationally repressed mRNA transiently cycles through stress granules during stress. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4469-79. [PMID: 18632980 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-05-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, repression of translation during stress is associated with the assembly of stress granules in the cytoplasm, which contain a fraction of arrested mRNA and have been proposed to play a role in their storage. Because physical contacts are seen with GW bodies, which contain the mRNA degradation machinery, stress granules could also target arrested mRNA to degradation. Here we show that contacts between stress granules and GW bodies appear during stress-granule assembly and not after a movement of the two preassembled structures. Despite this close proximity, the GW body proteins, which in some conditions relocalize in stress granules, come from cytosol rather than from adjacent GW bodies. It was previously reported that several proteins actively traffic in and out of stress granules. Here we investigated the behavior of mRNAs. Their residence time in stress granules is brief, on the order of a minute, although stress granules persist over a few hours after stress relief. This short transit reflects rapid return to cytosol, rather than transfer to GW bodies for degradation. Accordingly, most arrested mRNAs are located outside stress granules. Overall, these kinetic data do not support a direct role of stress granules neither as storage site nor as intermediate location before degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mollet
- CNRS FRE2937, Institut André Lwoff, 94801 Villejuif cedex, France
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63
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Ha JE, Choi YE, Jang J, Yoon CH, Kim HY, Bae YS. FLIP and MAPK play crucial roles in the MLN51-mediated hyperproliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS J 2008; 275:3546-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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64
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Anderson P, Kedersha N. Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:141-50. [PMID: 18291657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic RNA structures such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs) are functional byproducts of mRNA metabolism, sharing substrate mRNA, dynamic properties and many proteins, but also housing separate components and performing independent functions. Each can exist independently, but when coordinately induced they are often tethered together in a cytosolic dance. Although both self-assemble in response to stress-induced perturbations in translation, several recent reports reveal novel proteins and RNAs that are components of these structures but also perform other cellular functions. Proteins that mediate splicing, transcription, adhesion, signaling and development are all integrated with SG and PB assembly. Thus, these ephemeral bodies represent more than just the dynamic sorting of mRNA between translation and decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Anderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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65
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Structural insights into the exon junction complex. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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