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Terada T, Toghi Eshghi SR, Liubaoerjijin Y, Kennedy M, Myette-Côté É, Fletcher K, Boulé NG. Overnight fasting compromises exercise intensity and volume during sprint interval training but improves high-intensity aerobic endurance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:357-365. [PMID: 29619796 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined effects of sprint interval training (SIT) and exercising in the fasted state are unknown. We compared the effects of SIT with exogenous carbohydrate supplementation (SIT-CHO) and SIT following overnight fast (SIT-Fast) on aerobic capacity (peak oxygen consumption: V̇O2peak) and high-intensity aerobic endurance (time-to-exhaustion at 85% V̇O2peak [T85%]). METHODS Twenty male cyclists were randomized to SIT-CHO and SIT-Fast. Both groups performed 30-second all-out cycling followed by 4-minute active recovery 3 times per week for 4 weeks, with the number of sprint bouts progressing from 4 to 7. Peak power output (PPO) and total mechanical work were measured for each sprint interval bout. The SIT-CHO group performed exercise sessions following breakfast and consumed carbohydrate drink during exercise, whereas the SIT-Fast group performed exercise sessions following overnight fast and consumed water during exercise. Before and after training, V̇O2peak and T85% were assessed. Blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured during T85%. RESULTS Overall PPO and mechanical work were lower in SIT-Fast than SIT-CHO (3664.9 vs. 3871.7 J/kg; P=0.021 and 10.6 vs. 9.9 W/kg; P=0.010, respectively). Post-training V̇O2peak did not differ between groups. Baseline-adjusted post-training T85% was longer in SIT-Fast compared to SIT-CHO (19.7±3.0 vs. 16.6±3.0 minutes, ANCOVA P=0.038) despite no changes in circulating energy substrates or hormones. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SIT-Fast compromises exercise intensity and volume but still can have a greater impact on the ability to sustain high-intensity aerobic endurance exercise compared to SIT-CHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Terada
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Étienne Myette-Côté
- -052 Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Bacha JMR, Gomes GCV, de Freitas TB, Viveiro LAP, da Silva KG, Bueno GC, Varise EM, Torriani-Pasin C, Alonso AC, Luna NMS, D'Andrea Greve JM, Pompeu JE. Effects of Kinect Adventures Games Versus Conventional Physical Therapy on Postural Control in Elderly People: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Games Health J 2018; 7:24-36. [DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Maria Ribeiro Bacha
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Cristine Vieira Gomes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Beline de Freitas
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Alamino Pereira Viveiro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keyte Guedes da Silva
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Psychology Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Géssika Costa Bueno
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Maria Varise
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Psychology Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Torriani-Pasin
- Department of Pedagogy of the Human Body; Laboratary of Motor Behavior, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Júlia Maria D'Andrea Greve
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Pompeu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Speech Therapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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53
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Vetter RE, Yu H, Foose AK, Adam PJ, Dodd RK. Comparison of Training Intensity Patterns for Cardiorespiratory, Speed, and Strength Exercise Programs. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3372-3395. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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54
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Astorino TA, Edmunds RM, Clark A, King L, Gallant RA, Namm S, Fischer A, Wood KM. High-Intensity Interval Training Increases Cardiac Output and V˙O2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:265-273. [PMID: 27669447 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increases in maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) frequently occur with high-intensity interval training (HIIT), yet the specific adaptation explaining this result remains elusive. PURPOSE This study examined changes in V˙O2max and cardiac output (CO) in response to periodized HIIT. METHODS Thirty-nine active men and women (mean age and V˙O2max = 22.9 ± 5.4 yr and 39.6 ± 5.6 mL·kg·min) performed HIIT and 32 men and women (age and V˙O2max = 25.7 ± 4.5 yr and 40.7 ± 5.2 mL·kg·min) were nonexercising controls (CON). The first 10 sessions of HIIT required eight to ten 60 s bouts of cycling at 90%-110% percent peak power output interspersed with 75 s recovery, followed by randomization to one of three regimes (sprint interval training (SIT), high-volume interval training (HIITHI), or periodized interval training (PER) for the subsequent 10 sessions. Before, midway, and at the end of training, progressive cycling to exhaustion was completed during which V˙O2max and maximal CO were estimated. RESULTS Compared with CON, significant (P < 0.001) increases in V˙O2max in HIIT + SIT (39.8 ± 7.3 mL·kg·min to 43.6 ± 6.1 mL·kg·min), HIIT + HIITHI (41.1 ± 4.9 mL·kg·min to 44.6 ± 7.0 mL·kg·min), and HIIT + PER (39.5 ± 5.6 mL·kg·min to 44.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg·min) occurred which were mediated by significant increases in maximal CO (20.0 ± 3.1 L·min to 21.7 ± 3.2 L·min, P = 0.04). Maximal stroke volume was increased with HIIT (P = 0.04), although there was no change in maximal HR (P = 0.88) or arteriovenous O2 difference (P = 0.36). These CO data are accurate and represent the mean changes from pre- to post-HIIT across all three training groups. CONCLUSIONS Increases in V˙O2max exhibited in response to different HIIT regimes are due to improvements in oxygen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- 1Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos, CA; 2Department of Physical Therapy, SUNY, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY; and 3National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR
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55
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Osuka Y, Matsubara M, Hamasaki A, Hiramatsu Y, Ohshima H, Tanaka K. Development of low-volume, high-intensity, aerobic-type interval training for elderly Japanese men: a feasibility study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2017; 14:14. [PMID: 28855969 PMCID: PMC5571578 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-017-0184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purposes of this study were to identify 1) the feasibility of a novel exercise protocol (elderly Japanese male version of high-intensity interval aerobic training: EJ-HIAT) and 2) its preliminary data (%V̇O2peak, rating of perceived exertion) in comparison with traditional moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT). Results Twenty-one sedentary elderly men, aged 60–69 years, performed two exercise protocols: EJ-HIAT, consisting of 3 sets of 2−3-min cycling at 75−85%V̇O2peak with 1−2-min active rests at 50%V̇O2peak between sets, and MICT, consisting of 40-min cycling at 65%V̇O2peak. The completion rate, defined as the rate of participants who 1) did not demand withdrawal, 2) were not interrupted by the tester, and 3) did not change the workload during either exercise protocol, of EJ-HIAT was similar to that of MICT (EJ-HIAT: 100%, MICT: 95.2%). Maximal perceived exertion ratings assessed by Borg scale were also similar between EJ-HIAT and MICT. However, objectively measured maximal intensity assessed by %V̇O2peak was higher for EJ-HIAT than for MICT (EJ-HIAT: 86.0 ± 5.6%, MICT: 67.1 ± 6.4%). Conclusion These results suggested that EJ-HIAT has good feasibility and perceived exertion similar to MICT despite having higher objectively measured intensity than MICT. An intervention aimed as identifying the effects of EJ-HIAT on exercise tolerance should be performed in the future. Trial registration UMIN000021185 (February 26, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Osuka
- Research Team for Promoting Independence of the Elderly, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo Japan.,Space Biomedical Research Group, Astronaut and Operation Control Unit, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Muneaki Matsubara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ai Hamasaki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Astronaut and Operation Control Unit, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kiyoji Tanaka
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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56
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Broatch JR, Petersen A, Bishop DJ. Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R372-R384. [PMID: 28679683 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00434.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by which postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) may alter key markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following both a single session and 6 wk of sprint interval training (SIT). Nineteen men performed a single SIT session, followed by one of two 15-min recovery conditions: cold-water immersion (10°C) or a passive room temperature control (23°C). Sixteen of these participants also completed 6 wk of SIT, each session followed immediately by their designated recovery condition. Four muscle biopsies were obtained in total, three during the single SIT session (preexercise, postrecovery, and 3 h postrecovery) and one 48 h after the last SIT session. After a single SIT session, phosphorylated (p-)AMPK, p-p38 MAPK, p-p53, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA were all increased (P < 0.05). Postexercise CWI had no effect on these responses. Consistent with the lack of a response after a single session, regular postexercise CWI had no effect on PGC-1α or p53 protein content. Six weeks of SIT increased peak aerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal uncoupled respiration (complexes I and II), and 2-km time trial performance (P < 0.05). However, regular CWI had no effect on changes in these markers, consistent with the lack of response in the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Although these observations suggest that CWI is not detrimental to endurance adaptations following 6 wk of SIT, they question whether postexercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improvements in endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Broatch
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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57
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Steele J, Fisher J, Skivington M, Dunn C, Arnold J, Tew G, Batterham AM, Nunan D, O’Driscoll JM, Mann S, Beedie C, Jobson S, Smith D, Vigotsky A, Phillips S, Estabrooks P, Winett R. A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:300. [PMID: 28381272 PMCID: PMC5382466 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that physical activity and exercise is associated with a lower risk of a range of morbidities and all-cause mortality. Further, it appears that risk reductions are greater when physical activity and/or exercise is performed at a higher intensity of effort. Why this may be the case is perhaps explained by the accumulating evidence linking physical fitness and performance outcomes (e.g. cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and muscle mass) also to morbidity and mortality risk. Current guidelines about the performance of moderate/vigorous physical activity using aerobic exercise modes focuses upon the accumulation of a minimum volume of physical activity and/or exercise, and have thus far produced disappointing outcomes. As such there has been increased interest in the use of higher effort physical activity and exercise as being potentially more efficacious. Though there is currently debate as to the effectiveness of public health prescription based around higher effort physical activity and exercise, most discussion around this has focused upon modes considered to be traditionally 'aerobic' (e.g. running, cycling, rowing, swimming etc.). A mode customarily performed to a relatively high intensity of effort that we believe has been overlooked is resistance training. Current guidelines do include recommendations to engage in 'muscle strengthening activities' though there has been very little emphasis upon these modes in either research or public health effort. As such the purpose of this debate article is to discuss the emerging higher effort paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health and to make a case for why there should be a greater emphasis placed upon resistance training as a mode in this paradigm shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN UK
| | - James Fisher
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN UK
| | - Martin Skivington
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN UK
| | - Chris Dunn
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN UK
| | - Josh Arnold
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, SO14 0YN UK
| | - Garry Tew
- Exercise and Health Sciences Department: Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Alan M. Batterham
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middleborough, TS1 3BA UK
| | - David Nunan
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary |Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Jamie M. O’Driscoll
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU UK
| | - Steven Mann
- UK Active Research Institute, UK Active, London, WC1R 4HE UK
| | - Chris Beedie
- School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent, CT1 1QU UK
- UK Active Research Institute, UK Active, London, WC1R 4HE UK
| | - Simon Jobson
- Department of Sport & Exercise, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR UK
| | - Dave Smith
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe, CW1 5DU UK
| | - Andrew Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Stuart Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Paul Estabrooks
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Richard Winett
- Psychology Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
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High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise Improves Both Hepatic Fat Content and Stiffness in Sedentary Obese Men with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43029. [PMID: 28223710 PMCID: PMC5320441 DOI: 10.1038/srep43029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of 12-week programs of resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval aerobic training (HIAT), and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT). The primary goal was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the exercise modalities for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A total of 61 sedentary obese men with NAFLD were randomized into one of the following exercise regimens (RT, HIAT, or MICT). Hepatic fat content was decreased to a similar extent in the RT, HIAT, and MICT groups (−14.3% vs. −13.7% vs. −14.3%) without significant changes in weight and visceral fat. The gene expression levels of fatty acid synthesis were significantly decreased in the subjects’ monocytes. Hepatic stiffness was decreased only in the HIAT group (−16.8%). The stiffness change was associated with restored Kupffer cell phagocytic function (+17.8%) and decreased levels of inflammation such as leptin (−13.2%) and ferritin (−14.1%). RT, HIAT, and MICT were equally effective in reducing hepatic fat content, but only HIAT was effective in improving hepatic stiffness and restoring Kupffer cell function. These benefits appeared to be independent of detectable weight and visceral fat reductions; the benefits were acquired through the modulation of in vivo fatty acid metabolism and obesity-related inflammatory conditions.
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59
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Yamagishi T, Babraj J. Effects of reduced-volume of sprint interval training and the time course of physiological and performance adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:1662-1672. [PMID: 28124388 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine the time course of training adaptations to two different sprint interval training programmes with the same sprint: rest ratio (1:8) but different sprint duration. Nine participants (M: 7; F: 2) were assigned to 15-second training group (15TG) consisting of 4-6 × 15-second sprints interspersed with 2-minute recovery, whereas eight participants (M: 5; F: 3) were assigned to 30-second training group (30TG) consisting of 4-6 × 30 second sprints interspersed with 4-minute recovery. Both groups performed their respective training twice per week over 9 weeks and changes in peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) and time to exhaustion (TTE) were assessed every 3 weeks. Additional eight healthy active adults (M: 6; F: 2) completed the performance assessments 9 weeks apart without performing training (control group, CON). Following 9 weeks of training, both groups improved V˙O2peak (15TG: 12.1%; 30TG: 12.8%, P<.05) and TTE (15TG: 16.2%; 30TG: 12.8%, P<.01) to a similar extent. However, while both groups showed the greatest gains in V˙O2peak at 3 weeks (15TG: 16.6%; 30TG: 17.0%, P<.001), those in TTE were greatest at 9 weeks. CON did not change any of performance variables following 9 weeks. This study demonstrated that while the changes in cardiorespiratory function plateau within several weeks with sprint interval training, endurance capacity (TTE) is more sensitive to such training over a longer time frame in moderately-trained individuals. Furthermore, a 50% reduction in sprint duration does not diminish overall training adaptations over 9 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamagishi
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - J Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, Scotland
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60
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Bonafiglia JT, Rotundo MP, Whittall JP, Scribbans TD, Graham RB, Gurd BJ. Inter-Individual Variability in the Adaptive Responses to Endurance and Sprint Interval Training: A Randomized Crossover Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167790. [PMID: 27936084 PMCID: PMC5147982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the adaptive response to both endurance (END) and sprint interval training (SIT) in a group of twenty-one recreationally active adults. All participants completed three weeks (four days/ week) of both END (30 minutes at ~65% VO2peak work rate (WR) and SIT (eight, 20-second intervals at ~170% VO2peak WR separated by 10 seconds of active rest) following a randomized crossover study design with a three-month washout period between training interventions. While a main effect of training was observed for VO2peak, lactate threshold, and submaximal heart rate (HR), considerable variability was observed in the individual responses to both END and SIT. No significant positive relationships were observed between END and SIT for individual changes in any variable. Non-responses were determined using two times the typical error (TE) of measurement for VO2peak (0.107 L/min), lactate threshold (15.7 W), and submaximal HR (10.7bpm). Non-responders in VO2peak, lactate threshold, and submaximal HR were observed following both END and SIT, however, the individual patterns of response differed following END and SIT. Interestingly, all individuals responded in at least one variable when exposed to both END and SIT. These results suggest that the individual response to exercise training is highly variable following different training protocols and that the incidence of non-response to exercise training may be reduced by changing the training stimulus for non-responders to three weeks of END or SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario P. Rotundo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. Whittall
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trisha D. Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan B. Graham
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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61
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Batacan RB, Duncan MJ, Dalbo VJ, Tucker PS, Fenning AS. Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:494-503. [PMID: 27797726 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The current review clarifies the cardiometabolic health effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in adults. A systematic search (PubMed) examining HIIT and cardiometabolic health markers was completed on 15 October 2015. Sixty-five intervention studies were included for review and the methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black score. Studies were classified by intervention duration and body mass index classification. Outcomes with at least 5 effect sizes were synthesised using a random-effects meta-analysis of the standardised mean difference (SMD) in cardiometabolic health markers (baseline to postintervention) using Review Manager 5.3. Short-term (ST) HIIT (<12 weeks) significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max; SMD 0.74, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.12; p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; SMD -0.52, 95% CI -0.89 to -0.16; p<0.01) and fasting glucose (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.62 to -0.09; p<0.01) in overweight/obese populations. Long-term (LT) HIIT (≥12 weeks) significantly improved waist circumference (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.38 to -0.01; p<0.05), % body fat (SMD -0.40, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.06; p<0.05), VO2 max (SMD 1.20, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.83; p<0.001), resting heart rate (SMD -0.33, 95% CI -0.56 to -0.09; p<0.01), systolic blood pressure (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.60 to -0.09; p<0.01) and DBP (SMD -0.38, 95% CI -0.65 to -0.10; p<0.01) in overweight/obese populations. HIIT demonstrated no effect on insulin, lipid profile, C reactive protein or interleukin 6 in overweight/obese populations. In normal weight populations, ST-HIIT and LT-HIIT significantly improved VO2 max, but no other significant effects were observed. Current evidence suggests that ST-HIIT and LT-HIIT can increase VO2 max and improve some cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo B Batacan
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitch J Duncan
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine & Public Health, Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vincent J Dalbo
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick S Tucker
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew S Fenning
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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62
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Vetter RE, Yu H, Foose AK. Effects of Moderators on Physical Training Programs: A Bayesian Approach. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:1868-1878. [PMID: 27501286 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vetter, RE, Yu, H, and Foose, AK. Effects of moderators on physical training programs: a Bayesian approach. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1868-1878, 2017-Creating an optimal physical training program is an important focus in sport and exercise research. The purpose of this research was to examine how different moderators (age, ability level, training weeks, training frequencies, and intensity) impacted the physiological outcomes of specific exercise training programs (muscular strength, speed, power, and cardiorespiratory) using the Bayesian method. A Bayesian approach uses flexible frameworks to determine the pattern of outcomes. This Bayesian analysis combined data generated by 34 previous studies from 1984 to 2015 to improve estimates of effects; these studies rendered 312 cases. The analyses for age were strong in cardiorespiratory and speed but less in power and muscular strength. Ability level was not a predictor of outcomes in each of the 4 areas. Training weeks contributed to power and cardiorespiratory, but not for speed, whereas for strength the effect size (ES) increased only up to the 16th week. Training frequency was a nonsignificant predictor of ES; most of the included studies within this analysis used only training frequencies of 2 or 3 days. Training intensity clearly contributed to the ES. The pattern of influence for intensity level in strength was greatest between 55 and 80%, in power it increased at 65% and continued in a positive linear pattern, in cardiorespiratory it increased up to 65% and then plateaued, and for speed no inferences could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheba E Vetter
- 1School of Health Science and Wellness, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, Missouri; and 2Department of Information System and Analytics, Farmer Business School, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
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63
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Potential Universal Application of High-intensity Interval Training from Athletes and Sports Lovers to Patients. Keio J Med 2016; 66:19-24. [PMID: 27498746 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.2016-0006-ir] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has received much attention as a promising exercise option not only to improve aerobic fitness, but also to prevent and improve lifestyle-related diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that the exercise volume, as determined by the product of exercise intensity, duration, and frequency, has been shown to be important for improvements in muscle mitochondrial activity and subsequent improvements in aerobic fitness, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic variables. Therefore, continuous moderate-intensity training has been widely recommended. On the other hand, the main contributor of HIIT to improvements in aerobic fitness and metabolic variables is its high-intensity nature, and many recent studies have shown results favoring HIIT when compared with conventional continuous training, despite its shorter exercise duration and smaller exercise volume. In this review, we aim to show the possible universal application of HIIT in a hospital setting, where athletes, sports lovers, and patients have sought medical advice and have the opportunity to undergo detailed evaluations, including an exercise stress test. For athletes, HIIT is mandatory to achieve further improvements in aerobic fitness. For patients, though higher levels of motivation and careful evaluation are required, the time constraints of HIIT are smaller and both aerobic and resistance training can be expected to yield favorable results because of the high-intensity nature of HIIT.
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64
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Williams BM, Kraemer RR. Comparison of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses in Kettlebell High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Sprint Interval Cycling. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3317-25. [PMID: 26360962 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel exercise protocol we developed for kettlebell high-intensity interval training (KB-HIIT) by comparing the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to a standard sprint interval cycling (SIC) exercise protocol. Eight men volunteered for the study and completed 2 preliminary sessions, followed by two 12-minute sessions of KB-HIIT and SIC in a counterbalanced fashion. In the KB-HITT session, 3 circuits of 4 exercises were performed using a Tabata regimen. In the SIC session, three 30-second sprints were performed, with 4 minutes of recovery in between the first 2 sprints and 2.5 minutes of recovery after the last sprint. A within-subjects' design over multiple time points was used to compare oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), tidal volume (TV), breathing frequency (f), minute ventilation (VE), caloric expenditure rate (kcal·min), and heart rate (HR) between the exercise protocols. Additionally, total caloric expenditure was compared. A significant group effect, time effect, and group × time interaction were found for V[Combining Dot Above]O2, RER, and TV, with V[Combining Dot Above]O2 being higher and TV and RER being lower in the KB-HIIT compared with the SIC. Only a significant time effect and group × time interaction were found for f, VE, kcal·min, and HR. Additionally, total caloric expenditure was found to be significantly higher during the KB-HIIT. The results of this study suggest that KB-HIIT may be more attractive and sustainable than SIC and can be effective in stimulating cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses that could improve health and aerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Williams
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
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65
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Astorino TA, Thum JS. Response: Commentary: Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population. Front Psychol 2016; 7:746. [PMID: 27242644 PMCID: PMC4871877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Jacob S Thum
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos San Marcos, CA, USA
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66
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Bruseghini P, Calabria E, Tam E, Milanese C, Oliboni E, Pezzato A, Pogliaghi S, Salvagno GL, Schena F, Mucelli RP, Capelli C. Effects of eight weeks of aerobic interval training and of isoinertial resistance training on risk factors of cardiometabolic diseases and exercise capacity in healthy elderly subjects. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16998-7015. [PMID: 26046575 PMCID: PMC4627287 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIT) and isoinertial resistance training (IRT) on cardiovascular fitness, muscle mass-strength and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in 12 healthy older adults (68 yy ± 4). HIT consisted in 7 two-minute repetitions at 80%–90% of V˙O2max, 3 times/w. After 4 months of recovery, subjects were treated with IRT, which included 4 sets of 7 maximal, bilateral knee extensions/flexions 3 times/w on a leg-press flywheel ergometer. HIT elicited significant: i) modifications of selected anthropometrical features; ii) improvements of cardiovascular fitness and; iii) decrease of systolic pressure. HIT and IRT induced hypertrophy of the quadriceps muscle, which, however, was paralleled by significant increases in strength only after IRT. Neither HIT nor IRT induced relevant changes in blood lipid profile, with the exception of a decrease of LDL and CHO after IRT. Physiological parameters related with aerobic fitness and selected body composition values predicting cardiovascular risk remained stable during detraining and, after IRT, they were complemented by substantial increase of muscle strength, leading to further improvements of quality of life of the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bruseghini
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Calabria
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Tam
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eugenio Oliboni
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Pezzato
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Pozzi Mucelli
- Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Policlinico "GB Rossi", Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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67
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Gillen JB, Martin BJ, MacInnis MJ, Skelly LE, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Twelve Weeks of Sprint Interval Training Improves Indices of Cardiometabolic Health Similar to Traditional Endurance Training despite a Five-Fold Lower Exercise Volume and Time Commitment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154075. [PMID: 27115137 PMCID: PMC4846072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims We investigated whether sprint interval training (SIT) was a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve insulin sensitivity and other indices of cardiometabolic health to the same extent as traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). SIT involved 1 minute of intense exercise within a 10-minute time commitment, whereas MICT involved 50 minutes of continuous exercise per session. Methods Sedentary men (27±8y; BMI = 26±6kg/m2) performed three weekly sessions of SIT (n = 9) or MICT (n = 10) for 12 weeks or served as non-training controls (n = 6). SIT involved 3x20-second ‘all-out’ cycle sprints (~500W) interspersed with 2 minutes of cycling at 50W, whereas MICT involved 45 minutes of continuous cycling at ~70% maximal heart rate (~110W). Both protocols involved a 2-minute warm-up and 3-minute cool-down at 50W. Results Peak oxygen uptake increased after training by 19% in both groups (SIT: 32±7 to 38±8; MICT: 34±6 to 40±8ml/kg/min; p<0.001 for both). Insulin sensitivity index (CSI), determined by intravenous glucose tolerance tests performed before and 72 hours after training, increased similarly after SIT (4.9±2.5 to 7.5±4.7, p = 0.002) and MICT (5.0±3.3 to 6.7±5.0 x 10−4 min-1 [μU/mL]-1, p = 0.013) (p<0.05). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content also increased similarly after SIT and MICT, as primarily reflected by the maximal activity of citrate synthase (CS; P<0.001). The corresponding changes in the control group were small for VO2peak (p = 0.99), CSI (p = 0.63) and CS (p = 0.97). Conclusions Twelve weeks of brief intense interval exercise improved indices of cardiometabolic health to the same extent as traditional endurance training in sedentary men, despite a five-fold lower exercise volume and time commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna B. Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lauren E. Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin J. Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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68
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Kavaliauskas M, Aspe RR, Babraj J. High-Intensity Cycling Training: The Effect of Work-to-Rest Intervals on Running Performance Measures. J Strength Cond Res 2016. [PMID: 26203737 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The work-to-rest ratio during cycling-based high-intensity interval training (HIT) could be important in regulating physiological and performance adaptations. We sought to determine the effectiveness of cycling-based HIT with different work-to-rest ratios for long-distance running. Thirty-two long-distance runners (age: 39 ± 8 years; sex: 14 men, 18 women; average weekly running training volume: 25 miles) underwent baseline testing (3-km time-trial, V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and time to exhaustion, and Wingate test) before a 2-week matched-work cycling HIT of 6 × 10-second sprints with different rest periods (30 seconds [R30], 80 seconds [R80], 120 seconds [R120], or control). Three-kilometer time trial was significantly improved in the R30 group only (3.1 ± 4.0%, p = 0.04), whereas time to exhaustion was significantly increased in the 2 groups with a lower work-to-rest ratio (R30 group 6.4 ± 6.3%, p = 0.003 vs. R80 group 4.4 ± 2.7%, p = 0.03 vs. R120 group 1.9 ± 5.0%, p = 0.2). However, improvements in average power production were significantly greater with a higher work-to-rest ratio (R30 group 0.3 ± 4.1%, p = 0.8 vs. R80 group 4.6 ± 4.2%, p = 0.03 vs. R120 group 5.3 ± 5.9%, p = 0.02), whereas peak power significantly increased only in the R80 group (8.5 ± 8.2%, p = 0.04) but not in the R30 group (4.3 ± 6.1%, p = 0.3) or in the R120 group (7.1 ± 7.9%, p = 0.09). Therefore, cycling-based HIT is an effective way to improve running performance, and the type and magnitude of adaptation is dependent on the work-to-rest ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- 1Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom; and 2School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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69
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Carter SJ, Goldsby TU, Fisher G, Plaisance EP, Gower BA, Glasser SP, Hunter GR. Systolic blood pressure response after high-intensity interval exercise is independently related to decreased small arterial elasticity in normotensive African American women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:484-90. [PMID: 26953821 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise transiently lowers blood pressure. However, limited research has concurrently evaluated blood pressure and small arterial elasticity (SAE), an index of endothelial function, among African American (AA) and European American (EA) women the morning after (i.e., ≈22 h later) acute bouts of moderate-intensity continuous (MIC) and high-intensity interval (HII) exercise matched for total work. Because of greater gradients of shear stress, it was hypothesized that HII exercise would elicit a greater reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared to MIC exercise. After baseline, 22 AA and EA women initiated aerobic exercise training 3 times/week. Beginning at week 8, three follow-up assessments were conducted over the next 8 weeks at random to measure resting blood pressure and SAE. In total all participants completed 16 weeks of training. Follow-up evaluations were made: (i) in the trained state (TS; 8-16 weeks of aerobic training); (ii) ≈22 h after an acute bout of MIC exercise; and (iii) ≈22 h after an acute bout of HII exercise. Among AAs, the acute bout of HII exercise incited a significant increase in SBP (mm Hg) (TS, 121 ± 14 versus HII, 128 ± 14; p = 0.01) whereas responses (TS, 116 ± 12 versus HII, 113 ± 9; p = 0.34) did not differ in EAs. After adjusting for race, changes in SAE were associated (partial r = -0.533; p = 0.01) with changes in SBP following HII exercise. These data demonstrate an acute, unaccustomed bout of HII exercise produces physiological perturbations resulting in a significant increase in SBP that are independently associated with decreased SAE among AA women, but not EA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Carter
- a Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.,c Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - TaShauna U Goldsby
- c Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.,d Office of Energetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Gordon Fisher
- a Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.,b Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Eric P Plaisance
- a Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Barbara A Gower
- b Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Stephen P Glasser
- e Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Gary R Hunter
- a Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.,b Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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70
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Wood KM, Olive B, LaValle K, Thompson H, Greer K, Astorino TA. Dissimilar Physiological and Perceptual Responses Between Sprint Interval Training and High-Intensity Interval Training. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:244-50. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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71
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Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M. Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2015; 45:1469-81. [PMID: 26243014 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing cardiovascular fitness can lead to substantial health benefits. High-intensity interval training (HIT) is an efficient way to develop cardiovascular fitness, yet comparisons between this type of training and traditional endurance training are equivocal. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to meta-analyse the effects of endurance training and HIT on the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of healthy, young to middle-aged adults. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched (MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google Scholar) for original research articles. A search was conducted and search terms included 'high intensity', 'HIT', 'sprint interval training', 'endurance training', 'peak oxygen uptake', and 'VO2max'. Inclusion criteria were controlled trials, healthy adults aged 18-45 years, training duration ≥2 weeks, VO2max assessed pre- and post-training. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. This resulted in 723 participants with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age and initial fitness of 25.1 ± 5 years and 40.8 ± 7.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), respectively. We made probabilistic magnitude-based inferences for meta-analysed effects based on standardised thresholds for small, moderate and large changes (0.2, 0.6 and 1.2, respectively) derived from between-subject SDs for baseline VO2max. RESULTS The meta-analysed effect of endurance training on VO2max was a possibly large beneficial effect (4.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); 95 % confidence limits ±1.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), when compared with no-exercise controls. A possibly moderate additional increase was observed for typically younger subjects (2.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and interventions of longer duration (2.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±3.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), and a small additional improvement for subjects with lower baseline fitness (1.4 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). When compared with no-exercise controls, there was likely a large beneficial effect of HIT (5.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), with a likely moderate greater additional increase for subjects with lower baseline fitness (3.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and interventions of longer duration (3.0 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), and a small lesser effect for typically longer HIT repetitions (-1.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). The modifying effects of age (0.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and work/rest ratio (0.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) were unclear. When compared with endurance training, there was a possibly small beneficial effect for HIT (1.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±0.9 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) with small additional improvements for typically longer HIT repetitions (2.2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±2.1 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), older subjects (1.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), interventions of longer duration (1.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.7 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)), greater work/rest ratio (1.6 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and lower baseline fitness (0.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); ±1.3 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)). CONCLUSION Endurance training and HIT both elicit large improvements in the VO2max of healthy, young to middle-aged adults, with the gains in VO2max being greater following HIT when compared with endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Čarnojevićeva 10a, 18000, Nis, Serbia.
| | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Business and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Del Vecchio FB, Gentil P, Coswig VS, Fukuda DH. Commentary: Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1359. [PMID: 26441735 PMCID: PMC4561356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício B Del Vecchio
- Department of Performance and Human Metabolism, Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Department of Physical Education, University of Brasilia Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Victor S Coswig
- Department of Performance and Human Metabolism, Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas, Brazil
| | - David H Fukuda
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA
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Matsuo T, So R, Shimojo N, Tanaka K. Effect of aerobic exercise training followed by a low-calorie diet on metabolic syndrome risk factors in men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:832-838. [PMID: 26141942 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whether low-volume, high-intensity, interval training (HIIT) is an adequate exercise method for improving metabolic risk factors is controversial. Moreover, it is not known if performing a short-term, low-calorie diet intervention (LCDi) after a HIIT program affects risk factors. This study investigated how an 8-week, 3 times/week exercise intervention (EXi) incorporating either HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) followed by a 4-week LCDi affects risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-six male workers with metabolic risk factors (47.4 ± 7.1 years; cardiorespiratory capacity (VO2peak) of 28.5 ± 3.9 ml/kg/min) were randomly assigned to either the HIIT (3 sets of 3-min cycling with a 2-min active rest between sets, 180 kcal) or MICT (45 min, 360 kcal) group. After the EXi, all subjects participated in a 4-week LCDi (4 counseling sessions). During the EXi, VO2peak improved more (P < 0.05) through HIIT (25.4 ± 14.6%) than through MICT (14.9 ± 12.8%), whereas improvements in body fat and HDL cholesterol were similar. During the LCDi, some risk factors improved further (P < 0.05) without any group differences, while VO2peak in the HIIT group decreased (P < 0.05) to the same level as in the MICT group. CONCLUSION VO2peak increased more with HIIT than with MICT during the EXi despite HIIT having a lower exercise volume than MICT, but this advantage of HIIT promptly disappeared through detraining. An intervention strategy consisting of 8 weeks of either HIIT or MICT followed by a 4-week LCDi has a positive effect on metabolic risk factors. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN11352.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuo
- Hazard Evaluation and Epidemiology Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan.
| | - R So
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - N Shimojo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Brito-Gomes JLD, Perrier-Melo RJ, Wikstrom EA, Costa MDC. Improving aerobic capacity through active videogames: A randomized controlled trial. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742015000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe rate of peak workload improvement between different types of Active Video Games (AVG) in young sedentary adults was investigated. Aerobic capacity improvement after a 6-week intervention between AVG types was also compared. Twenty participants, after baseline assessments, were randomized into one of three parallel groups: structured AVG (n= 6), unstructured AVG (n= 7) and a control group (n= 7). Participants played their respective AVG 3 times a week for 6-weeks (30 minutes-session). The control group maintained normal activities. Both structured and unstructured AVG improved peak workload after four weeks but only the structured group maintained this improvement through week five and six. Aerobic capacity improved in the unstructured (Pre: 36.0 ± 5.2ml.kg.min-¹,Post: 39.7 ± 4.9ml.kg.min-¹, p = .038) and structured AVG (Pre: 39.0 ± 5.9ml.kg.min-¹,Post: 47.8 ± 4.3ml.kg.min-¹, p = .006) groups. Structured AVG provide greater health benefits to aerobic capacity and peak workload in young sedentary but otherwise healthy males relative to unstructured AVG.
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75
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Knowles AM, Herbert P, Easton C, Sculthorpe N, Grace FM. Impact of low-volume, high-intensity interval training on maximal aerobic capacity, health-related quality of life and motivation to exercise in ageing men. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:25. [PMID: 25773069 PMCID: PMC4359174 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a demand for effective training methods that encourage exercise adherence during advancing age, particularly in sedentary populations. This study examined the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise on health-related quality of life (HRQL), aerobic fitness and motivation to exercise in ageing men. Participants consisted of males who were either lifelong sedentary (SED; N = 25; age 63 ± 5 years) or lifelong exercisers (LEX; N = 19; aged 61 ± 5 years). [Formula: see text] and HRQL were measured at three phases: baseline (Phase A), week seven (Phase B) and week 13 (Phase C). Motivation to exercise was measured at baseline and week 13. [Formula: see text] was significantly higher in LEX (39.2 ± 5.6 ml kg min(-1)) compared to SED (27.2 ± 5.2 ml kg min(-1)) and increased in both groups from Phase A to C (SED 4.6 ± 3.2 ml kg min(-1), 95 % CI 3.1 - 6.0; LEX 4.9 ± 3.4 ml kg min(-1), 95 % CI 3.1-6.6) Physical functioning (97 ± 4 LEX; 93 ± 7 SED) and general health (70 ± 11 LEX; 78 ± 11 SED) were significantly higher in LEX but increased only in the SED group from Phase A to C (physical functioning 17 ± 18, 95 % CI 9-26, general health 14 ± 14, 95 % CI 8-21). Exercise motives related to social recognition (2.4 ± 1.2 LEX; 1.5 ± 1.0 SED), affiliation (2.7 ± 1.0 LEX; 1.6 ± 1.2 SED) and competition (3.3 ± 1.3 LEX; 2.2 ± 1.1) were significantly higher in LEX yet weight management motives were significantly higher in SED (2.9 ± 1.1 LEX; 4.3 ± 0.5 SED). The study provides preliminary evidence that low-volume HIIT increases perceptions of HRQL, exercise motives and aerobic capacity in older adults, to varying degrees, in both SED and LEX groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Herbert
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland UK
- University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Carmarthen, Wales UK
| | - Chris Easton
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Fergal M. Grace
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland UK
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76
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Arbab-Zadeh A, Perhonen M, Howden E, Peshock RM, Zhang R, Adams-Huet B, Haykowsky MJ, Levine BD. Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training. Circulation 2014; 130:2152-61. [PMID: 25281664 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.010775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether, and to what extent, the striking cardiac morphological manifestations of endurance athletes are a result of exercise training or a genetically determined characteristic of talented athletes. We hypothesized that prolonged and intensive endurance training in previously sedentary healthy young individuals could induce cardiac remodeling similar to that observed cross-sectionally in elite endurance athletes. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve previously sedentary subjects (aged 29±6 years; 7 men and 5 women) trained progressively and intensively for 12 months such that they could compete in a marathon. Magnetic resonance images for assessment of right and left ventricular mass and volumes were obtained at baseline and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of training. Maximum oxygen uptake ( max) and cardiac output at rest and during exercise (C2H2 rebreathing) were measured at the same time periods. Pulmonary artery catheterization was performed before and after 1 year of training, and pressure-volume and Starling curves were constructed during decreases (lower body negative pressure) and increases (saline infusion) in cardiac volume. Mean max rose from 40.3±1.6 to 48.7±2.5 mL/kg per minute after 1 year (P<0.00001), associated with an increase in both maximal cardiac output and stroke volume. Left and right ventricular mass increased progressively with training duration and intensity and reached levels similar to those observed in elite endurance athletes. In contrast, left ventricular volume did not change significantly until 6 months of training, although right ventricular volume increased progressively from the outset; Starling and pressure-volume curves approached but did not match those of elite athletes. CONCLUSIONS One year of prolonged and intensive endurance training leads to cardiac morphological adaptations in previously sedentary young subjects similar to those observed in elite endurance athletes; however, it is not sufficient to achieve similar levels of cardiac compliance and performance. Contrary to conventional thinking, the left ventricle responds to exercise with initial concentric but not eccentric remodeling during the first 6 to 9 months after commencement of endurance training depending on the duration and intensity of exercise. Thereafter, the left ventricle dilates and restores the baseline mass-to-volume ratio. In contrast, the right ventricle responds to endurance training with eccentric remodeling at all levels of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Arbab-Zadeh
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Merja Perhonen
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Erin Howden
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Ronald M Peshock
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Rong Zhang
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Beverly Adams-Huet
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.)
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- From the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas (A.A.-Z., M.P., E.H., R.Z.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (R.M.P., R.Z., B.A.-H., B.D.L.); and Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.H.).
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77
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Adamson SB, Lorimer R, Cobley JN, Babraj JA. Extremely short-duration high-intensity training substantially improves the physical function and self-reported health status of elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1380-1. [PMID: 25039507 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Adamson
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
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78
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Daskalopoulou SS, Cooke AB, Gomez YH, Mutter AF, Filippaios A, Mesfum ET, Mantzoros CS. Plasma irisin levels progressively increase in response to increasing exercise workloads in young, healthy, active subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:343-52. [PMID: 24920292 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a recently discovered myokine, has been shown to induce browning of white adipose tissue, enhancing energy expenditure and mediating some of the beneficial effects of exercise. We aimed to estimate the time frame of changes in irisin levels after acute exercise and the effect of different exercise workloads and intensities on circulating irisin levels immediately post-exercise. METHODS In a pilot study, four healthy subjects (22.5±1.7 years) underwent maximal workload exercise (maximal oxygen consumption, VO2 max) and blood was drawn at prespecified intervals to define the time frame of pre- and post-exercise irisin changes over a 24-h period. In the main study, 35 healthy, non-smoking (23.0±3.3 years) men and women (n=20/15) underwent three exercise protocols ≥48-h apart, in random order: i) maximal workload (VO2 max); ii) relative workload (70% of VO2 max/10 min); and iii) absolute workload (75 W/10 min). Blood was drawn immediately pre-exercise and 3 min post-exercise. RESULTS In the pilot study, irisin levels increased by 35% 3 min post-exercise, then dropped and remained relatively constant. In the main study, irisin levels post-exercise were significantly higher than those of pre-exercise after all workloads (all, P<0.001). Post-to-pre-exercise differences in irisin levels were significantly different between workloads (P=0.001), with the greatest increase by 34% following maximal workload (P=0.004 vs relative and absolute). CONCLUSIONS Circulating irisin levels were acutely elevated in response to exercise, with a greater increase after maximal workload. These findings suggest that irisin release could be a function of muscle energy demand. Future studies need to determine the underlying mechanisms of irisin release and explore irisin's therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra B Cooke
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yessica-Haydee Gomez
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew F Mutter
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ertirea T Mesfum
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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79
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Matsuo T, Saotome K, Seino S, Eto M, Shimojo N, Matsushita A, Iemitsu M, Ohshima H, Tanaka K, Mukai C. Low-volume, high-intensity, aerobic interval exercise for sedentary adults: VO₂max, cardiac mass, and heart rate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1963-72. [PMID: 24917354 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-volume, high-intensity aerobic interval training (HAIT) on maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max), left ventricular (LV) mass, and heart rate recovery (HRR) with high-volume, moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (CAT) in sedentary adults. METHODS Twenty-four healthy but sedentary male adults (aged 29.2 ± 7.2 years) participated in an 8-week, 3-day a week, supervised exercise intervention. They were randomly assigned to either HAIT (18 min, 180 kcal per exercise session) or CAT (45 min, 360 kcal). VO₂max, LV mass (3T-MRI), and HRR at 1 min (HRR-1) and 2 min (HRR-2) after maximal exercise were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Changes in VO₂max during the 8-week intervention were significant (P < 0.01) in both groups (HAIT, 8.7 ± 3.2 ml kg(-1) min(-1), 22.4 ± 8.9%; CAT, 5.5 ± 2.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1), 14.7 ± 9.5%), while the VO₂max improvement in HAIT was greater (P = 0.02) than in CAT. LV mass in HAIT increased (5.1 ± 8.4 g, 5.7 ± 9.1%, P = 0.05), but not in CAT (0.9 ± 7.8 g, 1.1 ± 8.4%, P = 0.71). While changes in HRR-1 were not significant in either group, change in HRR-2 for HAIT (9.5 ± 6.4 bpm, 19.0 ± 16.0%, P < 0.01) was greater (P = 0.03) than for CAT (1.6 ± 10.9 bpm, 3.9 ± 16.2%, P = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that HAIT has potential as a time-efficient training mode to improve cardiorespiratory capacity and autonomic nervous system function in sedentary adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Matsuo
- Hazard Evaluation and Epidemiology Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8585, Japan,
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80
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High intensity training improves health and physical function in middle aged adults. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:333-44. [PMID: 24833513 PMCID: PMC4085611 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High intensity training (HIT) is effective at improving health; however, it is unknown whether HIT also improves physical function. This study aimed to determine whether HIT improves metabolic health and physical function in untrained middle aged individuals. Fourteen (three male and eleven female) untrained individuals were recruited (control group n = 6: age 42 ± 8 y, weight 64 ± 10 kg, BMI 24 ± 2 kg·m−2 or HIT group n = 8: age 43 ± 8 y, weight 80 ± 8 kg, BMI 29 ± 5 kg·m−2). Training was performed twice weekly, consisting of 10 × 6-second sprints with a one minute recovery between each sprint. Metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test), aerobic capacity (incremental time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer) and physical function (get up and go test, sit to stand test and loaded 50 m walk) were determined before and after training. Following eight weeks of HIT there was a significant improvement in aerobic capacity (8% increase in VO2 peak; p < 0.001), physical function (11%–27% respectively; p < 0.05) and a reduction in blood glucose area under the curve (6% reduction; p < 0.05). This study demonstrates for the first time the potential of HIT as a training intervention to improve skeletal muscle function and glucose clearance as we age.
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81
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Pompeu JE, Arduini LA, Botelho AR, Fonseca MBF, Pompeu SMAA, Torriani-Pasin C, Deutsch JE. Feasibility, safety and outcomes of playing Kinect Adventures!™ for people with Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Physiotherapy 2013; 100:162-8. [PMID: 24703891 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility, safety and outcomes of playing Microsoft Kinect Adventures™ for people with Parkinson's disease in order to guide the design of a randomised clinical trial. DESIGN Single-group, blinded trial. SETTING Rehabilitation Center of São Camilo University, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS Seven patients (six males, one female) with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr Stages 2 and 3). INTERVENTIONS Fourteen 60-minute sessions, three times per week, playing four games of Kinect Adventures! MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The feasibility and safety outcomes were patients' game performance and adverse events, respectively. The clinical outcomes were the 6-minute walk test, Balance Evaluation System Test, Dynamic Gait Index and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). RESULTS Patients' scores for the four games showed improvement. The mean [standard deviation (SD)] scores in the first and last sessions of the Space Pop game were 151 (36) and 198 (29), respectively [mean (SD) difference 47 (7), 95% confidence interval 15 to 79]. There were no adverse events. Improvements were also seen in the 6-minute walk test, Balance Evaluation System Test, Dynamic Gait Index and PDQ-39 following training. CONCLUSION Kinect-based training was safe and feasible for people with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr Stages 2 and 3). Patients improved their scores for all four games. No serious adverse events occurred during training with Kinect Adventures!, which promoted improvement in activities (balance and gait), body functions (cardiopulmonary aptitude) and participation (quality of life).
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Pompeu
- University of São Paulo; School of Medicine; Department of Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - L A Arduini
- University of São Paulo; School of Medicine; Department of Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Botelho
- University of São Paulo; School of Medicine; Department of Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B F Fonseca
- University of São Paulo; School of Medicine; Department of Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S M A A Pompeu
- University of São Paulo; School of Medicine; Department of Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Torriani-Pasin
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Motor Behavior Laboratory, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J E Deutsch
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science of Rutgers University, United States of America
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