51
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Jeandard D, Smirnova A, Tarassov I, Barrey E, Smirnov A, Entelis N. Import of Non-Coding RNAs into Human Mitochondria: A Critical Review and Emerging Approaches. Cells 2019; 8:E286. [PMID: 30917553 PMCID: PMC6468882 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria harbor their own genetic system, yet critically depend on the import of a number of nuclear-encoded macromolecules to ensure their expression. In all eukaryotes, selected non-coding RNAs produced from the nuclear genome are partially redirected into the mitochondria, where they participate in gene expression. Therefore, the mitochondrial RNome represents an intricate mixture of the intrinsic transcriptome and the extrinsic RNA importome. In this review, we summarize and critically analyze data on the nuclear-encoded transcripts detected in human mitochondria and outline the proposed molecular mechanisms of their mitochondrial import. Special attention is given to the various experimental approaches used to study the mitochondrial RNome, including some recently developed genome-wide and in situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Jeandard
- UMR 7156 GMGM Strasbourg University/CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Anna Smirnova
- UMR 7156 GMGM Strasbourg University/CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR 7156 GMGM Strasbourg University/CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eric Barrey
- GABI-UMR1313, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156 GMGM Strasbourg University/CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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52
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Hughes SC, Simmonds AJ. Drosophila mRNA Localization During Later Development: Past, Present, and Future. Front Genet 2019; 10:135. [PMID: 30899273 PMCID: PMC6416162 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms tightly regulate mRNAs during their transcription, translation, and degradation. Of these, the physical localization of mRNAs to specific cytoplasmic regions is relatively easy to detect; however, linking localization to functional regulatory roles has been more difficult to establish. Historically, Drosophila melanogaster is a highly effective model to identify localized mRNAs and has helped identify roles for this process by regulating various cell activities. The majority of the well-characterized functional roles for localizing mRNAs to sub-regions of the cytoplasm have come from the Drosophila oocyte and early syncytial embryo. At present, relatively few functional roles have been established for mRNA localization within the relatively smaller, differentiated somatic cell lineages characteristic of later development, beginning with the cellular blastoderm, and the multiple cell lineages that make up the gastrulating embryo, larva, and adult. This review is divided into three parts—the first outlines past evidence for cytoplasmic mRNA localization affecting aspects of cellular activity post-blastoderm development in Drosophila. The majority of these known examples come from highly polarized cell lineages such as differentiating neurons. The second part considers the present state of affairs where we now know that many, if not most mRNAs are localized to discrete cytoplasmic regions in one or more somatic cell lineages of cellularized embryos, larvae or adults. Assuming that the phenomenon of cytoplasmic mRNA localization represents an underlying functional activity, and correlation with the encoded proteins suggests that mRNA localization is involved in far more than neuronal differentiation. Thus, it seems highly likely that past-identified examples represent only a small fraction of localization-based mRNA regulation in somatic cells. The last part highlights recent technological advances that now provide an opportunity for probing the role of mRNA localization in Drosophila, moving beyond cataloging the diversity of localized mRNAs to a similar understanding of how localization affects mRNA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Hughes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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53
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Abstract
Diverse mechanisms and functions of posttranscriptional regulation by small regulatory RNAs and RNA-binding proteins have been described in bacteria. In contrast, little is known about the spatial organization of RNAs in bacterial cells. In eukaryotes, subcellular localization and transport of RNAs play important roles in diverse physiological processes, such as embryonic patterning, asymmetric cell division, epithelial polarity, and neuronal plasticity. It is now clear that bacterial RNAs also can accumulate at distinct sites in the cell. However, due to the small size of bacterial cells, RNA localization and localization-associated functions are more challenging to study in bacterial cells, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of transcript localization are less understood. Here, we review the emerging examples of RNAs localized to specific subcellular locations in bacteria, with indications that subcellular localization of transcripts might be important for gene expression and regulatory processes. Diverse mechanisms for bacterial RNA localization have been suggested, including close association to their genomic site of transcription, or to the localizations of their protein products in translation-dependent or -independent processes. We also provide an overview of the state of the art of technologies to visualize and track bacterial RNAs, ranging from hybridization-based approaches in fixed cells to in vivo imaging approaches using fluorescent protein reporters and/or RNA aptamers in single living bacterial cells. We conclude with a discussion of open questions in the field and ongoing technological developments regarding RNA imaging in eukaryotic systems that might likewise provide novel insights into RNA localization in bacteria.
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54
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Rullan M, Benzinger D, Schmidt GW, Milias-Argeitis A, Khammash M. An Optogenetic Platform for Real-Time, Single-Cell Interrogation of Stochastic Transcriptional Regulation. Mol Cell 2019; 70:745-756.e6. [PMID: 29775585 PMCID: PMC5971206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcription is a highly regulated and inherently stochastic process. The complexity of signal transduction and gene regulation makes it challenging to analyze how the dynamic activity of transcriptional regulators affects stochastic transcription. By combining a fast-acting, photo-regulatable transcription factor with nascent RNA quantification in live cells and an experimental setup for precise spatiotemporal delivery of light inputs, we constructed a platform for the real-time, single-cell interrogation of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that transcriptional activation and deactivation are fast and memoryless. By analyzing the temporal activity of individual cells, we found that transcription occurs in bursts, whose duration and timing are modulated by transcription factor activity. Using our platform, we regulated transcription via light-driven feedback loops at the single-cell level. Feedback markedly reduced cell-to-cell variability and led to qualitative differences in cellular transcriptional dynamics. Our platform establishes a flexible method for studying transcriptional dynamics in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rullan
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, 4058 Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Benzinger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, 4058 Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Gregor W Schmidt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, 4058 Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Milias-Argeitis
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mustafa Khammash
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, 4058 Basel-Stadt, Switzerland.
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55
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Lari A, Farzam F, Bensidoun P, Oeffinger M, Zenklusen D, Grunwald D, Montpetit B. Live-Cell Imaging of mRNP-NPC Interactions in Budding Yeast. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2038:131-150. [PMID: 31407282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9674-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule resolution imaging has become an important tool in the study of cell biology. Aptamer-based approaches (e.g., MS2 and PP7) allow for detection of single RNA molecules in living cells and have been used to study various aspects of mRNA metabolism, including mRNP nuclear export. Here we outline an imaging protocol for the study of interactions between mRNPs and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in the yeast S. cerevisiae, including mRNP export. We describe in detail the steps that allow for high-resolution live-cell mRNP imaging and measurement of mRNP interactions with NPCs using simultaneous two-color imaging. Our protocol discusses yeast strain construction, choice of marker proteins to label the nuclear pore complex, as well as imaging conditions that allow high signal-to-noise data acquisition. Moreover, we describe various aspects of postacquisition image analysis for single molecule tracking and image registration allowing for the characterization of mRNP-NPC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Lari
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Farzin Farzam
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Bensidoun
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Zenklusen
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Grunwald
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ben Montpetit
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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56
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Morisaki T, Stasevich TJ. Quantifying Single mRNA Translation Kinetics in Living Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a032078. [PMID: 30385605 PMCID: PMC6211384 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the last hurdles to quantifying the full central dogma of molecular biology in living cells with single-molecule resolution has been the imaging of single messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Here we describe how recent advances in protein tagging and imaging technologies are being used to precisely visualize and quantify the synthesis of nascent polypeptide chains from single mRNA in living cells. We focus on recent applications of repeat-epitope tags and describe how they enable quantification of single mRNA ribosomal densities, translation initiation and elongation rates, and translation site mobility and higher-order structure. Together with complementary live-cell assays to monitor translation using fast-maturing fluorophores and mRNA-binding protein knockoff, single-molecule studies are beginning to uncover striking and unexpected heterogeneity in gene expression at the level of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morisaki
- Institute of Genome Architecture and Function and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Institute of Genome Architecture and Function and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
- Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
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57
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Tutucci E, Vera M, Singer RH. Single-mRNA detection in living S. cerevisiae using a re-engineered MS2 system. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2268-2296. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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58
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Chan LY, Mugler CF, Heinrich S, Vallotton P, Weis K. Non-invasive measurement of mRNA decay reveals translation initiation as the major determinant of mRNA stability. eLife 2018; 7:32536. [PMID: 30192227 PMCID: PMC6152797 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic abundance of mRNAs is strictly controlled through a balance of production and degradation. Whereas the control of mRNA synthesis through transcription has been well characterized, less is known about the regulation of mRNA turnover, and a consensus model explaining the wide variations in mRNA decay rates remains elusive. Here, we combine non-invasive transcriptome-wide mRNA production and stability measurements with selective and acute perturbations to demonstrate that mRNA degradation is tightly coupled to the regulation of translation, and that a competition between translation initiation and mRNA decay -but not codon optimality or elongation- is the major determinant of mRNA stability in yeast. Our refined measurements also reveal a remarkably dynamic transcriptome with an average mRNA half-life of only 4.8 min - much shorter than previously thought. Furthermore, global mRNA destabilization by inhibition of translation initiation induces a dose-dependent formation of processing bodies in which mRNAs can decay over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Y Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christopher F Mugler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | | | | | - Karsten Weis
- Department of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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59
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Andreassi C, Crerar H, Riccio A. Post-transcriptional Processing of mRNA in Neurons: The Vestiges of the RNA World Drive Transcriptome Diversity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:304. [PMID: 30210293 PMCID: PMC6121099 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are morphologically complex cells that rely on the compartmentalization of protein expression to develop and maintain their extraordinary cytoarchitecture. This formidable task is achieved, at least in part, by targeting mRNA to subcellular compartments where they are rapidly translated. mRNA transcripts are the conveyor of genetic information from DNA to the translational machinery, however, they are also endowed with additional functions linked to both the coding sequence (open reading frame, or ORF) and the flanking 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs), that may harbor coding-independent functions. In this review, we will highlight recent evidences supporting new coding-dependent and -independent functions of mRNA and discuss how nuclear and cytoplasmic post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA contribute to localization and translation in mammalian cells with specific emphasis on neurons. We also describe recently developed techniques that can be employed to study RNA dynamics at subcellular level in eukaryotic cells in developing and regenerating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Andreassi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish Crerar
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonella Riccio
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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60
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Abstract
RNA is the fundamental information transfer system in the cell. The ability to follow single messenger RNAs (mRNAs) from transcription to degradation with fluorescent probes gives quantitative information about how the information is transferred from DNA to proteins. This review focuses on the latest technological developments in the field of single-mRNA detection and their usage to study gene expression in both fixed and live cells. By describing the application of these imaging tools, we follow the journey of mRNA from transcription to decay in single cells, with single-molecule resolution. We review current theoretical models for describing transcription and translation that were generated by single-molecule and single-cell studies. These methods provide a basis to study how single-molecule interactions generate phenotypes, fundamentally changing our understating of gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Tutucci
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;,
| | - Nathan M. Livingston
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Robert H. Singer
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;,
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Cellular Imaging Consortium, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Bin Wu
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;,
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61
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Impact of Methods on the Measurement of mRNA Turnover. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122723. [PMID: 29244760 PMCID: PMC5751324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The turnover of the RNA molecules is determined by the rates of transcription and RNA degradation. Several methods have been developed to study RNA turnover since the beginnings of molecular biology. Here we summarize the main methods to measure RNA half-life: transcription inhibition, gene control, and metabolic labelling. These methods were used to detect the cellular activity of the mRNAs degradation machinery, including the exo-ribonuclease Xrn1 and the exosome. On the other hand, the study of the differential stability of mature RNAs has been hampered by the fact that different methods have often yielded inconsistent results. Recent advances in the systematic comparison of different method variants in yeast have permitted the identification of the least invasive methodologies that reflect half-lives the most faithfully, which is expected to open the way for a consistent quantitative analysis of the determinants of mRNA stability.
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62
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An improved MS2 system for accurate reporting of the mRNA life cycle. Nat Methods 2017; 15:81-89. [PMID: 29131164 PMCID: PMC5843578 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The MS2-MCP system enables researchers to image multiple steps of the mRNA life cycle with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, for short-lived mRNAs, the tight binding of the MS2 coat protein (MCP) to the MS2 binding sites (MBS) protects the RNA from being efficiently degraded, and this confounds the study of mRNA regulation. Here, we describe a reporter system (MBSV6) with reduced affinity for the MCP, which allows mRNA degradation while preserving single-molecule detection determined by single-molecule FISH (smFISH) or live imaging. Constitutive mRNAs (MDN1 and DOA1) and highly-regulated mRNAs (GAL1 and ASH1) endogenously tagged with MBSV6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae degrade normally. As a result, short-lived mRNAs were imaged throughout their complete life cycle. The MBSV6 reporter revealed that, in contrast to previous findings, coordinated recruitment of mRNAs at specialized structures such as P-bodies during stress did not occur, and mRNA degradation was heterogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm.
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63
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Horvathova I, Voigt F, Kotrys AV, Zhan Y, Artus-Revel CG, Eglinger J, Stadler MB, Giorgetti L, Chao JA. The Dynamics of mRNA Turnover Revealed by Single-Molecule Imaging in Single Cells. Mol Cell 2017; 68:615-625.e9. [PMID: 29056324 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA degradation plays a fundamental role in regulating gene expression. In order to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of RNA turnover in single cells, we developed a fluorescent biosensor based on dual-color, single-molecule RNA imaging that allows intact transcripts to be distinguished from stabilized degradation intermediates. Using this method, we measured mRNA decay in single cells and found that individual degradation events occur independently within the cytosol and are not enriched within processing bodies. We show that slicing of an mRNA targeted for endonucleolytic cleavage by the RNA-induced silencing complex can be observed in real time in living cells. This methodology provides a framework for investigating the entire life history of individual mRNAs from birth to death in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Horvathova
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franka Voigt
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna V Kotrys
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yinxiu Zhan
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Eglinger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Giorgetti
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Chao
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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64
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Bauer KE, Kiebler MA, Segura I. Visualizing RNA granule transport and translation in living neurons. Methods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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65
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Kubitscheck U, Siebrasse JP. Kinetics of transport through the nuclear pore complex. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 68:18-26. [PMID: 28676422 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule microscopy techniques allow to visualize the translocation of single transport receptors and cargo molecules or particles through nuclear pore complexes. These data indicate that cargo molecule import into the nucleus takes less than 10ms and nuclear export of messenger RNA (mRNA) particles takes 50-350ms, up to several seconds for extremely bulky particles. This review summarizes and discusses experimental results on transport of nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2), importin β and mRNA particles. Putative regulatory functions of importin β for the NPC transport mechanism and the RNA helicase Dbp5 for mRNA export kinetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kubitscheck
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegeler Str. 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan-Peter Siebrasse
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-University Bonn, Wegeler Str. 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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