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Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Biochemical Modifications and Neuronal Damage in Brain of Young and Adult Rats After Long-Term Exposure to Mobile Phone Radiations. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:845-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ragy MM. Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz-electromagnetic waves on brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 34:279-84. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.906446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hu S, Peng R, Wang C, Wang S, Gao Y, Dong J, Zhou H, Su Z, Qiao S, Zhang S, Wang L, Wen X. Neuroprotective effects of dietary supplement Kang-fu-ling against high-power microwave through antioxidant action. Food Funct 2014; 5:2243-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
KFL displays a protective effect against HPM-induced cognitive impairment and histopathological changes by ameliorating oxidative stress via the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Hu
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
- Hospital of PLA 96164 Troop
- Jinhua, China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Zhentao Su
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Shanyi Qiao
- Department of Phytochemistry
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing, China
| | - Shouguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine
- Beijing, China
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Maaroufi K, Had-Aissouni L, Melon C, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H, Poucet B, Save E. Spatial learning, monoamines and oxidative stress in rats exposed to 900 MHz electromagnetic field in combination with iron overload. Behav Brain Res 2013; 258:80-9. [PMID: 24144546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of mobile phone technology over the last decade raises concerns about the impact of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on health. More recently, a link between EMF, iron overload in the brain and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases has been suggested. Co-exposure to EMF and brain iron overload may have a greater impact on brain tissues and cognitive processes than each treatment by itself. To examine this hypothesis, Long-Evans rats submitted to 900 MHz exposure or combined 900 MHz EMF and iron overload treatments were tested in various spatial learning tasks (navigation task in the Morris water maze, working memory task in the radial-arm maze, and object exploration task involving spatial and non spatial processing). Biogenic monoamines and metabolites (dopamine, serotonin) and oxidative stress were measured. Rats exposed to EMF were impaired in the object exploration task but not in the navigation and working memory tasks. They also showed alterations of monoamine content in several brain areas but mainly in the hippocampus. Rats that received combined treatment did not show greater behavioral and neurochemical deficits than EMF-exposed rats. None of the two treatments produced global oxidative stress. These results show that there is an impact of EMF on the brain and cognitive processes but this impact is revealed only in a task exploiting spontaneous exploratory activity. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between EMF and a high content of iron in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Maaroufi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Federation 3C FR 3512, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, UMR 7291, Marseille, France; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, Tunisia.
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Abstract
Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are defined behaviorally, but they also involve multileveled disturbances of underlying biology that find striking parallels in the physiological impacts of electromagnetic frequency and radiofrequency radiation exposures (EMF/RFR). Part I (Vol 776) of this paper reviewed the critical contributions pathophysiology may make to the etiology, pathogenesis and ongoing generation of behaviors currently defined as being core features of ASCs. We reviewed pathophysiological damage to core cellular processes that are associated both with ASCs and with biological effects of EMF/RFR exposures that contribute to chronically disrupted homeostasis. Many studies of people with ASCs have identified oxidative stress and evidence of free radical damage, cellular stress proteins, and deficiencies of antioxidants such as glutathione. Elevated intracellular calcium in ASCs may be due to genetics or may be downstream of inflammation or environmental exposures. Cell membrane lipids may be peroxidized, mitochondria may be dysfunctional, and various kinds of immune system disturbances are common. Brain oxidative stress and inflammation as well as measures consistent with blood-brain barrier and brain perfusion compromise have been documented. Part II of this paper documents how behaviors in ASCs may emerge from alterations of electrophysiological oscillatory synchronization, how EMF/RFR could contribute to these by de-tuning the organism, and policy implications of these vulnerabilities. It details evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, neuroinflammation and brain blood flow alterations, altered electrophysiology, disruption of electromagnetic signaling, synchrony, and sensory processing, de-tuning of the brain and organism, with autistic behaviors as emergent properties emanating from this pathophysiology. Changes in brain and autonomic nervous system electrophysiological function and sensory processing predominate, seizures are common, and sleep disruption is close to universal. All of these phenomena also occur with EMF/RFR exposure that can add to system overload ('allostatic load') in ASCs by increasing risk, and can worsen challenging biological problems and symptoms; conversely, reducing exposure might ameliorate symptoms of ASCs by reducing obstruction of physiological repair. Various vital but vulnerable mechanisms such as calcium channels may be disrupted by environmental agents, various genes associated with autism or the interaction of both. With dramatic increases in reported ASCs that are coincident in time with the deployment of wireless technologies, we need aggressive investigation of potential ASC-EMF/RFR links. The evidence is sufficient to warrant new public exposure standards benchmarked to low-intensity (non-thermal) exposure levels now known to be biologically disruptive, and strong, interim precautionary practices are advocated.
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Ni S, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Wu W, Lai K, Yao K. Study of oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells exposed to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72370. [PMID: 23991100 PMCID: PMC3753251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of the present study were to determine oxidative stress and to explore possible reasons of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase in human lens epithelial (HLE) B3 cells exposed to low intensity 1.8 GHz radiofrequency fields (RF). Methods The HLE B3 cells were divided into RF exposure and RF sham-exposure groups. The RF exposure intensity was at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 2, 3, or 4 W/kg. The ROS levels were measured by a fluorescent probe 2′7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h. Lipid peroxidation and cellular viability were detected by an MDA test and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, respectively, in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mRNA expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 genes and the expression of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPx1 proteins was measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot assays in the HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz RF for 1 h. Results The ROS and MDA levels significantly increased (P<0.05) in the RF exposure group and that the cellular viability, mRNA expression of four genes, and expression of four proteins significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with the RF sham-exposure group. Conclusions Oxidative stress is present in HLE B3 cells exposed to 1.8 GHz low-intensity RF and that the increased production of ROS may be related to down-regulation of four antioxidant enzyme genes induced by RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ni
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Yu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yidong Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kairan Lai
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang PK. Dependence of interaction free energy between solutes on an external electrostatic field. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14408-25. [PMID: 23852018 PMCID: PMC3742251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the athermal effect of an external electrostatic field on the stabilities of protein conformations and the binding affinities of protein-protein/ligand interactions, the dependences of the polar and hydrophobic interactions on the external electrostatic field, -Eext, were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. By decomposing Eext into, along, and perpendicular to the direction formed by the two solutes, the effect of Eext on the interactions between these two solutes can be estimated based on the effects from these two components. Eext was applied along the direction of the electric dipole formed by two solutes with opposite charges. The attractive interaction free energy between these two solutes decreased for solutes treated as point charges. In contrast, the attractive interaction free energy between these two solutes increased, as observed by MD simulations, for Eext = 40 or 60 MV/cm. Eext was applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric dipole formed by these two solutes. The attractive interaction free energy was increased for Eext = 100 MV/cm as a result of dielectric saturation. The force on the solutes along the direction of Eext computed from MD simulations was greater than that estimated from a continuum solvent in which the solutes were treated as point charges. To explore the hydrophobic interactions, Eext was applied to a water cluster containing two neutral solutes. The repulsive force between these solutes was decreased/increased for Eext along/perpendicular to the direction of the electric dipole formed by these two solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Kun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.
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Khalil AM, Abu Khadra KM, Aljaberi AM, Gagaa MH, Issa HS. Assessment of oxidant/antioxidant status in saliva of cell phone users. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:92-7. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.783855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field radiation (EMFR) generated by activated mobile phones on fasting blood glucose. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:235-41. [PMID: 23771861 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extensive use of mobile phones has been accompanied by a common public debate about possible adverse effects on human health. No study has been published so far to establish any association between the fastest growing innovation of mobile phone and fasting blood glucose. The aim was to determine the effects of exposure to electromagnetic field radiation generated by mobile phones on fasting blood glucose in Wistar Albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 Male Albino rats (Wistar Strain) were divided into 5 equally numerous groups. Group A served as the control one, group B received mobile phone radiation for less than 15 min/day, group C: 15-30 min/day, group D: 31-45 min/day, and group E: 46-60 min/day for a total period of 3 months. Fasting blood glucose was determined by using Spectrophotometer and serum insulin by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The Homeostatic Model (HOMA-B) was applied for the assessment of β-cell function and (HOMA-IR) for resistance to insulin. RESULTS Wister Albino rats exposed to mobile phone radiation for longer than 15 min a day for a total period of 3 months had significantly higher fasting blood glucose (p < 0.015) and serum insulin (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. HOMA-IR for insulin resistance was significantly increased (p < 0.003) in the groups that were exposed for 15-30 and 46-60 min/day compared to the control rats. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show an association between long-term exposure to activated mobile phones and increase in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin in Albino rats.
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Yang L, Hao D, Wu S, Zhong R, Zeng Y. SAR and temperature distribution in the rat head model exposed to electromagnetic field radiation by 900 MHz dipole antenna. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2013; 36:251-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-013-0202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vijayalaxmi, Reddy AB, McKenzie RJ, McIntosh RL, Prihoda TJ, Wood AW. Incidence of micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to modulated and unmodulated 2450 MHz radiofrequency fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:542-8. [PMID: 23720062 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood samples from four healthy volunteers were collected and aliquots were exposed in vitro for 2 h to either (i) modulated (wideband code division multiple access, WCDMA) or unmodulated continuous wave (CW) 2450 MHz radiofrequency (RF) fields at an average specific absorption rate of 10.9 W/kg or (ii) sham-exposed. Aliquots of the same samples that were exposed in vitro to an acute dose of 1.5 Gy ionizing gamma-radiation (GR) were used as positive controls. Half of the aliquots were treated with melatonin (Mel) to investigate if such treatment offers protection to the cells from the genetic damage, if any, induced by RF and GR. The cells in all samples were cultured for 72 h and the lymphocytes were examined to determine the extent of genetic damage assessed from the incidence of micronuclei (MN). The results indicated the following: (i) the incidence of MN was similar in incubator controls, and those exposed to RF/sham and Mel alone; (ii) there were no significant differences between WCDMA and CW RF exposures; (iii) positive control cells exposed to GR alone exhibited significantly increased MN; and (iv) Mel treatment had no effect on cells exposed to RF and sham, while such treatment significantly reduced the frequency of MN in GR-exposed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Meena R, Kumari K, Kumar J, Rajamani P, Verma HN, Kesari KK. Therapeutic approaches of melatonin in microwave radiations-induced oxidative stress-mediated toxicity on male fertility pattern of Wistar rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:81-91. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.781035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Oksay T, Naziroğlu M, Doğan S, Güzel A, Gümral N, Koşar PA. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Andrologia 2012; 46:65-72. [PMID: 23145464 DOI: 10.1111/and.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wireless devices have become part of everyday life and mostly located near reproductive organs while they are in use. The present study was designed to determine the possible protective effects of melatonin on oxidative stress-dependent testis injury induced by 2.45-GHz electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four different groups, namely cage control (A1), sham control (A2), 2.45-GHz EMR (B) and 2.45-GHz EMR+melatonin (C). Group B and C were exposed to 2.45-GHz EMR during 60 min day(-1) for 30 days. Lipid peroxidation levels were higher in Group B than in Group A1 and A2. Melatonin treatment prevented the increase in the lipid peroxidation induced by EMR. Also reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in Group D were higher than that of exposure group. Vitamin A and E concentrations decreased in exposure group, and melatonin prevented the decrease in vitamin E levels. In conclusion, wireless (2.45 GHz) EMR caused oxidative damage in testis by increasing the levels of lipid peroxidation and decreasing in vitamin A and E levels. Melatonin supplementation prevented oxidative damage induced by EMR and also supported the antioxidant redox system in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Oksay
- Department of Urology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - M Naziroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - S Doğan
- Department of Biophysics, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - A Güzel
- Department of Urology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - N Gümral
- Department of Physiology, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - P A Koşar
- Department Medical Biology and Genetics, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
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Avci B, Akar A, Bilgici B, Tunçel ÖK. Oxidative stress induced by 1.8 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and effects of garlic extract in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:799-805. [PMID: 22788526 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.711504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study the oxidative damage induced by radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted by mobile telephones and the protective effect of garlic extract used as an anti-oxidant against this damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 66 albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The first group of rats was given 1.8 GHz, 0.4 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 1 h a day for three weeks. The second group was given 500 mg/kg garlic extract in addition to RF-EMR. The third group of rats was used as the control group. At the end of the study, blood and brain tissue samples were collected from the rats. RESULTS After the RF-EMR exposed, the advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels of brain tissue increased compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Garlic administration accompanying the RF-EMR, on the other hand, significantly reduced AOPP levels in brain tissue (p < 0.001). The serum nitric oxide (NO) levels significantly increased both in the first and second group (p < 0.001). However, in the group for which garlic administration accompanied that of RF-EMR, there was no difference in serum NO levels compared with the RF-EMR exposed group (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference among the groups with respect to malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain tissue and blood samples (p > 0.05). Similarly, no difference was detected among the groups regarding serum paroxonase (PON) levels (p > 0.05). We did not detect any PON levels in the brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of RF-EMR similar to 1.8 GHz Global system for mobile communication (GSM) leads to protein oxidation in brain tissue and an increase in serum NO. We observed that garlic administration reduced protein oxidation in brain tissue and that it did not have any effects on serum NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahattin Avci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Reactive oxygen species formation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell induced by 900 MHz mobile phone radiation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:740280. [PMID: 22778799 PMCID: PMC3384892 DOI: 10.1155/2012/740280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in the process of apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) which is induced by the radiation of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RFEMF) at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of ~0.4 W/kg when the exposure lasts longer than two hours. The apoptosis is induced through the mitochondrial pathway and mediated by activating ROS and caspase-3, and decreasing the mitochondrial potential. The activation of ROS is triggered by the conformation disturbance of lipids, protein, and DNA induced by the exposure of GSM RFEMF. Although human PBMC was found to have a self-protection mechanism of releasing carotenoid in response to oxidative stress to lessen the further increase of ROS, the imbalance between the antioxidant defenses and ROS formation still results in an increase of cell death with the exposure time and can cause about 37% human PBMC death in eight hours.
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Sokolovic D, Nikolic J, Kocic G, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T, Veljkovic A, Stojanovic M, Stanojkovic Z, Sokolovic DM, Jelic M. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on oxidative stress level and DNase activity in rat liver after bile duct ligation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:141-8. [PMID: 22385135 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2012.658919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids (BAs) during cholestasis plays an important role in apoptosis initiation as well as oxidative stress increase in liver cells. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) acts as a protector in BA-induced cell injury.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of UDCA on oxidative stress level and DNase I and II activity caused by liver injury in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats.Wistar rats were divided in four groups: group 1, control (sham-operated); group 2, sham-operated and injected with UDCA (30 mg/kg); group 3,animals with BDL; and group 4,UDCA-treatedcholestatic rats. Animals were sacrificed after 9 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid peroxidation end-product) level and protein-molecule oxidative modification (carbonyl group content) significantly increased in BDL rat liver. Catalase (CAT) activity in liver tissue was found to be decreased in BDL rats. In addition, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, which is thought to be one of the key enzymes producing reactive oxygen species, was found to be increased in the cholestatic group. The apoptotic effect in cholestasis was probably triggered by the increased activation of DNase I and II. The protective effect of UDCA on liver tissue damage in BDL rats, in comparison to cholestatic liver, were 1) decrease of MDA levels, 2) increased CAT activity, 3) reduced XO activity, and 4) effect on terminal apoptotic reaction, shown as a decrease in DNase I and II activity.Therefore, UDCA may be useful in the preservation of liver function in cholestasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Sokolovic
- Department of Biochemistry, the University of Nis Medical School, Nis, Serbia.
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El-Bediwi AB, El-kott AF, Saad M, Eid E. Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation Produced by Mobile Phone on Some Visceral Organs of Rat. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2011.256.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Levis AG, Minicuci N, Ricci P, Gennaro V, Garbisa S. Mobile phones and head tumours. The discrepancies in cause-effect relationships in the epidemiological studies - how do they arise? Environ Health 2011; 10:59. [PMID: 21679472 PMCID: PMC3146917 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether or not there is a relationship between use of mobile phones (analogue and digital cellulars, and cordless) and head tumour risk (brain tumours, acoustic neuromas, and salivary gland tumours) is still a matter of debate; progress requires a critical analysis of the methodological elements necessary for an impartial evaluation of contradictory studies. METHODS A close examination of the protocols and results from all case-control and cohort studies, pooled- and meta-analyses on head tumour risk for mobile phone users was carried out, and for each study the elements necessary for evaluating its reliability were identified. In addition, new meta-analyses of the literature data were undertaken. These were limited to subjects with mobile phone latency time compatible with the progression of the examined tumours, and with analysis of the laterality of head tumour localisation corresponding to the habitual laterality of mobile phone use. RESULTS Blind protocols, free from errors, bias, and financial conditioning factors, give positive results that reveal a cause-effect relationship between long-term mobile phone use or latency and statistically significant increase of ipsilateral head tumour risk, with biological plausibility. Non-blind protocols, which instead are affected by errors, bias, and financial conditioning factors, give negative results with systematic underestimate of such risk. However, also in these studies a statistically significant increase in risk of ipsilateral head tumours is quite common after more than 10 years of mobile phone use or latency. The meta-analyses, our included, examining only data on ipsilateral tumours in subjects using mobile phones since or for at least 10 years, show large and statistically significant increases in risk of ipsilateral brain gliomas and acoustic neuromas. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of the literature studies and of the results from meta-analyses of the significant data alone shows an almost doubling of the risk of head tumours induced by long-term mobile phone use or latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo G Levis
- Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences, Medical School of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nadia Minicuci
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Spiridione Garbisa
- Department of Experimental Biomedical Sciences, Medical School of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Pažanin S, Šarolić A, Domijan AM, Flajs D, Peraica M. Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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70
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Ozgur E, Güler G, Seyhan N. Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:935-45. [PMID: 20807176 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.496029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme status in the liver of guinea pigs exposed to mobile phone-like radiofrequency radiation (RFR) and the potential protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) on the oxidative damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine groups of guinea pigs were used to study the effects of exposure to an 1800-MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated signal (average whole body Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.38 W/kg, 10 or 20 min per day for seven days) and treatment with antioxidants. RESULTS Significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitric oxide (NO(x)) levels and decreases in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were observed in the liver of guinea pigs after RFR exposure. Only NAC treatment induces increase in hepatic GSH-Px activities, whereas EGCG treatment alone attenuated MDA level. Extent of oxidative damage was found to be proportional to the duration of exposure (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Mobile phone-like radiation induces oxidative damage and changes the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. The adverse effect of RFR may be related to the duration of mobile phone use. NAC and EGCG protect the liver tissue against the RFR-induced oxidative damage and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcin Ozgur
- Department of Biophysics and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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71
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Panagopoulos DJ, Margaritis LH. The effect of exposure duration on the biological activity of mobile telephony radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 699:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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72
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Electromagnetic fields: mechanism, cell signaling, other bioprocesses, toxicity, radicals, antioxidants and beneficial effects. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:214-26. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.488650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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73
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Vorobyov V, Janać B, Pesić V, Prolić Z. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:376-83. [PMID: 20397842 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903567938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of repeated exposure to extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves (ELF-MW) on cortical and hypothalamic electroencephalograms (EEG). MATERIALS AND METHODS In 10 freely moving rats with carbon electrodes implanted into the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus, averaged frequency spectra (0.5-30 Hz) of the EEG were studied for five consecutive days either under sham exposures (five rats) or under mixed sham/MW-exposures (five rats). The rats were exposed to ELF-MW (915 MHz, 20-ms pulse duration, approximately 0.3 mW/cm(2), 4 Hz) intermittently (1-min 'On', 1-min 'Off') for 10 min (specific absorption rate, SAR, approximately 0.7 mW/g on average) several times per day, with 10-min pre- and post-exposure periods. RESULTS In baseline EEG, the activities of 3.2-6.0 Hz and 17.8-30.5 Hz dominated in the cortex and of 6.0-17.8 Hz in the hypothalamus. This cortical-hypothalamic imbalance was relatively stable at sham-exposures and insensitive to ELF-MW in all frequency ranges but one. ELF-MW increased the beta(2) (17.8-30.5 Hz) level in the hypothalamus to a greater extent than in the cortex, causing significant diminishing of the initial EEG bias between them. Moreover, a cumulative phenomenon under repeated exposures to ELF-MW was revealed. CONCLUSIONS These results are in line with evidence that repeated low-level exposure to ELF-MW affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach when analysing underlying mechanisms.
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Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Bhat PG, Mailankot M. Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rats. Ups J Med Sci 2010; 115:91-6. [PMID: 20095879 PMCID: PMC2853785 DOI: 10.3109/03009730903552661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The interaction of mobile phone radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) with the brain is a serious concern of our society. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of RF-EMR from mobile phones on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy male albino Wistar rats were exposed to RF-EMR by giving 50 missed calls (within 1 hour) per day for 4 weeks, keeping a GSM (0.9 GHz/1.8 GHz) mobile phone in vibratory mode (no ring tone) in the cage. After the experimental period, passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology were studied. RESULTS Passive avoidance behaviour was significantly affected in mobile phone RF-EMR-exposed rats demonstrated as shorter entrance latency to the dark compartment when compared to the control rats. Marked morphological changes were also observed in the CA(3) region of the hippocampus of the mobile phone-exposed rats in comparison to the control rats. CONCLUSION Mobile phone RF-EMR exposure significantly altered the passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in rats.
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75
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Effects of exposure to a mobile phone on sexual behavior in adult male rabbit: an observational study. Int J Impot Res 2009; 22:127-33. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2009.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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76
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Xu S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Yu Z, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang X, Li M, Chen Y, Chen C, He M, Zhang G, Zhong M. Exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation induces oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in primary cultured neurons. Brain Res 2009; 1311:189-96. [PMID: 19879861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress may be involved in the adverse effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on the brain. Because mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defects are closely associated with various nervous system diseases and mtDNA is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, the purpose of this study was to determine whether radiofrequency radiation can cause oxidative damage to mtDNA. In this study, we exposed primary cultured cortical neurons to pulsed RF electromagnetic fields at a frequency of 1800 MHz modulated by 217 Hz at an average special absorption rate (SAR) of 2 W/kg. At 24 h after exposure, we found that RF radiation induced a significant increase in the levels of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG), a common biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in the mitochondria of neurons. Concomitant with this finding, the copy number of mtDNA and the levels of mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) transcripts showed an obvious reduction after RF exposure. Each of these mtDNA disturbances could be reversed by pretreatment with melatonin, which is known to be an efficient antioxidant in the brain. Together, these results suggested that 1800 MHz RF radiation could cause oxidative damage to mtDNA in primary cultured neurons. Oxidative damage to mtDNA may account for the neurotoxicity of RF radiation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangcheng Xu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, No 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Desai NR, Kesari KK, Agarwal A. Pathophysiology of cell phone radiation: oxidative stress and carcinogenesis with focus on male reproductive system. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:114. [PMID: 19849853 PMCID: PMC2776019 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hazardous health effects stemming from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) emitted from cell phones have been reported in the literature. However, the cellular target of RF-EMW is still controversial. This review identifies the plasma membrane as a target of RF-EMW. In addition, the effects of RF-EMW on plasma membrane structures (i.e. NADH oxidase, phosphatidylserine, ornithine decarboxylase) and voltage-gated calcium channels are discussed. We explore the disturbance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism caused by RF-EMW and delineate NADH oxidase mediated ROS formation as playing a central role in oxidative stress (OS) due to cell phone radiation (with a focus on the male reproductive system). This review also addresses: 1) the controversial effects of RF-EMW on mammalian cells and sperm DNA as well as its effect on apoptosis, 2) epidemiological, in vivo animal and in vitro studies on the effect of RF-EMW on male reproductive system, and 3) finally, exposure assessment and dosimetry by computational biomodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarg R Desai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Kavindra K Kesari
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Agarwal
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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