51
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Villiger M, Lorenser D, McLaughlin RA, Quirk BC, Kirk RW, Bouma BE, Sampson DD. Deep tissue volume imaging of birefringence through fibre-optic needle probes for the delineation of breast tumour. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28771. [PMID: 27364229 PMCID: PMC4929466 DOI: 10.1038/srep28771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying tumour margins during breast-conserving surgeries is a persistent challenge. We have previously developed miniature needle probes that could enable intraoperative volume imaging with optical coherence tomography. In many situations, however, scattering contrast alone is insufficient to clearly identify and delineate malignant regions. Additional polarization-sensitive measurements provide the means to assess birefringence, which is elevated in oriented collagen fibres and may offer an intrinsic biomarker to differentiate tumour from benign tissue. Here, we performed polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography through miniature imaging needles and developed an algorithm to efficiently reconstruct images of the depth-resolved tissue birefringence free of artefacts. First ex vivo imaging of breast tumour samples revealed excellent contrast between lowly birefringent malignant regions, and stromal tissue, which is rich in oriented collagen and exhibits higher birefringence, as confirmed with co-located histology. The ability to clearly differentiate between tumour and uninvolved stroma based on intrinsic contrast could prove decisive for the intraoperative assessment of tumour margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Villiger
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dirk Lorenser
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bryden C. Quirk
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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52
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Makita S, Kurokawa K, Hong YJ, Miura M, Yasuno Y. Noise-immune complex correlation for optical coherence angiography based on standard and Jones matrix optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1525-48. [PMID: 27446673 PMCID: PMC4929659 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a complex correlation mapping algorithm for optical coherence angiography (cmOCA). The proposed algorithm avoids the signal-to-noise ratio dependence and exhibits low noise in vasculature imaging. The complex correlation coefficient of the signals, rather than that of the measured data are estimated, and two-step averaging is introduced. Algorithms of motion artifact removal based on non perfusing tissue detection using correlation are developed. The algorithms are implemented with Jones-matrix OCT. Simultaneous imaging of pigmented tissue and vasculature is also achieved using degree of polarization uniformity imaging with cmOCA. An application of cmOCA to in vivo posterior human eyes is presented to demonstrate that high-contrast images of patients' eyes can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kurokawa
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
| | - Young-Joo Hong
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 3-20-1 Chuo, Ami, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0395,
Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573,
Japan
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53
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Sugiyama S, Hong YJ, Kasaragod D, Makita S, Uematsu S, Ikuno Y, Miura M, Yasuno Y. Birefringence imaging of posterior eye by multi-functional Jones matrix optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:4951-74. [PMID: 26713208 PMCID: PMC4679268 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.004951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A clinical grade prototype of posterior multifunctional Jones matrix optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT) is presented. This JM-OCT visualized depth-localized birefringence in addition to conventional cumulative phase retardation imaging through local Jones matrix analysis. In addition, it simultaneously provides a sensitivity enhanced scattering OCT, a quantitative polarization uniformity contrast, and OCT-based angiography. The probe beam is at 1-μm wavelength band. The measurement speed and the depth-resolution were 100,000 A-lines/s, and 6.6 μm in tissue, respectively. Normal and pathologic eyes are examined and several clinical features are revealed, which includes high birefringence in the choroid and lamina cribrosa, and birefringent layered structure of the sclera. The theoretical details of the depth-localized birefringence imaging and conventional phase retardation imaging are formulated. This formulation indicates that the birefringence imaging correctly measures a depth-localized single-trip phase retardation of a tissue, while the conventional phase retardation can provide correct single-trip phase retardation only for some specific types of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sugiyama
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Aichi,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
| | - Young-Joo Hong
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
| | - Deepa Kasaragod
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
| | - Sato Uematsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka,
Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikuno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka,
Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Ibaraki,
Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
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54
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Li J, Feroldi F, de Lange J, Daniels JMA, Grünberg K, de Boer JF. Polarization sensitive optical frequency domain imaging system for endobronchial imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:3390-402. [PMID: 25836196 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A polarization sensitive endoscopic optical frequency domain imaging (PS-OFDI) system with a motorized distal scanning catheter is demonstrated. It employs a passive polarization delay unit to multiplex two orthogonal probing polarization states in depth, and a polarization diverse detection unit to detect interference signal in two orthogonal polarization channels. Per depth location four electro-magnetic field components are measured that can be represented in a complex 2x2 field matrix. A Jones matrix of the sample is derived and the sample birefringence is extracted by eigenvalue decomposition. The condition of balanced detection and the polarization mode dispersion are quantified. A complex field averaging method based on the alignment of randomly pointing field phasors is developed to reduce speckle noise. The variation of the polarization states incident on the tissue due to the circular scanning and catheter sheath birefringence is investigated. With this system we demonstrated imaging of ex vivo chicken muscle, in vivo pig lung and ex vivo human lung specimens.
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55
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Yamanari M, Tsuda S, Kokubun T, Shiga Y, Omodaka K, Yokoyama Y, Himori N, Ryu M, Kunimatsu-Sanuki S, Takahashi H, Maruyama K, Kunikata H, Nakazawa T. Fiber-based polarization-sensitive OCT for birefringence imaging of the anterior eye segment. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:369-89. [PMID: 25780730 PMCID: PMC4354580 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a prototype system of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) designed for clinical studies of the anterior eye segment imaging. The system can measure Jones matrices of the sample with depth-multiplexing of two orthogonal incident polarizations and polarization-sensitive detection. An optical clock is generated using a quadrature modulator and a logical circuit to double the clock frequency. Systematic artifacts in measured Jones matrices are theoretically analyzed and numerically compensated using signals at the surface of the sample. Local retardation images of filtering blebs after trabeculectomy show improved visualization of subconjunctival tissue, sclera, and scar tissue of the bleb wall in the anterior eye segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamanari
- Engineering Department, Tomey Corporation, 2-11-33 Noritakeshinmachi, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0051,
Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Taiki Kokubun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iwaki Kyoritsu Hospital, 16 Kusehara, Uchigo Mimaya-machi, Iwaki, Fukushima 973-8555,
Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Yu Yokoyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Morin Ryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Shiho Kunimatsu-Sanuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574,
Japan
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56
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Hong YJ, Makita S, Sugiyama S, Yasuno Y. Optically buffered Jones-matrix-based multifunctional optical coherence tomography with polarization mode dispersion correction. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:225-43. [PMID: 25657888 PMCID: PMC4317124 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) degrades the performance of Jones-matrix-based polarization-sensitive multifunctional optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT). The problem is specially acute for optically buffered JM-OCT, because the long fiber in the optical buffering module induces a large amount of PMD. This paper aims at presenting a method to correct the effect of PMD in JM-OCT. We first mathematically model the PMD in JM-OCT and then derive a method to correct the PMD. This method is a combination of simple hardware modification and subsequent software correction. The hardware modification is introduction of two polarizers which transform the PMD into global complex modulation of Jones matrix. Subsequently, the software correction demodulates the global modulation. The method is validated with an experimentally obtained point spread function with a mirror sample, as well as by in vivo measurement of a human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joo Hong
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Shuichi Makita
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugiyama
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Aichi,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba,
Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
- Computational Optics and Ophthalmology Group, Tsukuba,
Japan
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57
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Makita S, Hong YJ, Miura M, Yasuno Y. Degree of polarization uniformity with high noise immunity using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6783-6. [PMID: 25502996 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A new metric representing polarization uniformity is presented. Noise corrected degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) is computed from polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT), and selectively visualizes tissue with the multiple scattering, such as highly pigmented tissues. The new metric is designed to be minimally sensitive to systematic additive noise. The performance of this new metric is analyzed by numerical simulation and in vivo human retinal imaging, using Jones matrix OCT. The new metric exhibited only a small dependency on the signal-to-noise ratio. Selective in vivo visualization of pigmented tissues in the human retina is demonstrated, with cross sectional and en-face images.
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58
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Fiber-Based Polarization Diversity Detection for Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. PHOTONICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics1040283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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59
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Li J, de Boer JF. Coherent signal composition and global phase determination in signal multiplexed polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21382-92. [PMID: 25321516 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of the structural image information acquired with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). In PS-OCT a total of four channels of data are acquired: two orthogonal polarization state components for each of two incident polarization states by which the sample is interrogated. Up to recently, the structural information of the sample was obtained by incoherent summation of these four channels. The four channels can be represented as a Jones matrix for each data point acquired from a sample. We show that the Signal to Noise ratio of the structural information can be improved by 2.3 dB by taking advantage of the structure of this Jones matrix, imposed by the propagation and scattering properties of the sample. We demonstrate that the Jones Matrices are all in the shape of an SU(2) matrix, which is key to understanding the coherent composition of the structural image in PS-OCT and the 2.3 dB SNR improvement. We also discuss a global phase of the Jones matrix in signal multiplexed PS-OCT.
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60
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Fu X, Wang Z, Wang H, Wang YT, Jenkins MW, Rollins AM. Fiber-optic catheter-based polarization-sensitive OCT for radio-frequency ablation monitoring. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5066-9. [PMID: 25166075 PMCID: PMC4424424 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An all-fiber optic catheter-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system is demonstrated. A novel multiplexing method was used to illuminate the sample, splitting the light from a 58.5 kHz Fourier-domain mode-locked laser such that two different polarization states, alternated in time, are generated by two semiconductor optical amplifiers. A 2.3 mm forward-view cone-scanning catheter probe was designed, fabricated, and used to acquire sample scattering intensity and phase retardation images. The system was first verified with a quarter-wave plate and then by obtaining intensity and phase retardation images of high-birefringence plastic, human skin in vivo, and untreated and thermally ablated porcine myocardium ex vivo. The system can potentially in vivo image of the cardiac wall to aid radio-frequency ablation therapy for cardiac arrhythmias.
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61
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Wang Z, Lee HC, Ahsen OO, Lee B, Choi W, Potsaid B, Liu J, Jayaraman V, Cable A, Kraus MF, Liang K, Hornegger J, Fujimoto JG. Depth-encoded all-fiber swept source polarization sensitive OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2931-49. [PMID: 25401008 PMCID: PMC4230879 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a functional extension of conventional OCT and can assess depth-resolved tissue birefringence in addition to intensity. Most existing PS-OCT systems are relatively complex and their clinical translation remains difficult. We present a simple and robust all-fiber PS-OCT system based on swept source technology and polarization depth-encoding. Polarization multiplexing was achieved using a polarization maintaining fiber. Polarization sensitive signals were detected using fiber based polarization beam splitters and polarization controllers were used to remove the polarization ambiguity. A simplified post-processing algorithm was proposed for speckle noise reduction relaxing the demand for phase stability. We demonstrated systems design for both ophthalmic and catheter-based PS-OCT. For ophthalmic imaging, we used an optical clock frequency doubling method to extend the imaging range of a commercially available short cavity light source to improve polarization depth-encoding. For catheter based imaging, we demonstrated 200 kHz PS-OCT imaging using a MEMS-tunable vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and a high speed micromotor imaging catheter. The system was demonstrated in human retina, finger and lip imaging, as well as ex vivo swine esophagus and cardiovascular imaging. The all-fiber PS-OCT is easier to implement and maintain compared to previous PS-OCT systems and can be more easily translated to clinical applications due to its robust design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Osman Oguz Ahsen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - ByungKun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - WooJhon Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Potsaid
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., Newton, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alex Cable
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., Newton, NJ, USA
| | - Martin F. Kraus
- Pattern Recognition Lab and School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kaicheng Liang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joachim Hornegger
- Pattern Recognition Lab and School of Advanced Optical Technologies, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James G. Fujimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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62
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Braaf B, Vermeer KA, de Groot M, Vienola KV, de Boer JF. Fiber-based polarization-sensitive OCT of the human retina with correction of system polarization distortions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2736-58. [PMID: 25136498 PMCID: PMC4133002 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) the use of single-mode fibers causes unpredictable polarization distortions which can result in increased noise levels and erroneous changes in calculated polarization parameters. In the current paper this problem is addressed by a new Jones matrix analysis method that measures and corrects system polarization distortions as a function of wavenumber by spectral analysis of the sample surface polarization state and deeper located birefringent tissue structures. This method was implemented on a passive-component depth-multiplexed swept-source PS-OCT system at 1040 nm which was theoretically modeled using Jones matrix calculus. High-resolution B-scan images are presented of the double-pass phase retardation, diattenuation, and relative optic axis orientation to show the benefits of the new analysis method for in vivo imaging of the human retina. The correction of system polarization distortions yielded reduced phase retardation noise, and better estimates of the diattenuation and the relative optic axis orientation in weakly birefringent tissues. The clinical potential of the system is shown by en face visualization of the phase retardation and optic axis orientation of the retinal nerve fiber layer in a healthy volunteer and a glaucoma patient with nerve fiber loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boy Braaf
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Schiedamse Vest 160, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koenraad A. Vermeer
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Schiedamse Vest 160, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs de Groot
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Schiedamse Vest 160, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari V. Vienola
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Schiedamse Vest 160, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Schiedamse Vest 160, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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63
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Kasaragod D, Makita S, Fukuda S, Beheregaray S, Oshika T, Yasuno Y. Bayesian maximum likelihood estimator of phase retardation for quantitative polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:16472-92. [PMID: 24977897 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.016472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the theory and numerical implementation of a maximum likelihood estimator for local phase retardation (i.e., birefringence) measured using Jones-matrix-based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. Previous studies have shown conventional mean estimations of phase retardation and birefringence are significantly biased in the presence of system noise. Our estimator design is based on a Bayes' rule that relates the distributions of the measured birefringence under a particular true birefringence and the true birefringence under a particular measured birefringence. We used a Monte-Carlo method to calculate the likelihood function that describes the relationship between the distributions and numerically implement the estimator. Our numerical and experimental results show that the proposed estimator was asymptotically unbiased even with low signal-to-noise ratio and/or for the true phase retardations close to the edge of the measurement range. The estimator revealed detailed clinical features when applied to the in vivo anterior human eye.
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64
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Lee AMD, Pahlevaninezhad H, Yang VXD, Lam S, MacAulay C, Lane P. Fiber-optic polarization diversity detection for rotary probe optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3638-41. [PMID: 24978556 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a polarization diversity detection scheme for optical coherence tomography with a new, custom, miniaturized fiber coupler with single mode (SM) fiber inputs and polarization maintaining (PM) fiber outputs. The SM fiber inputs obviate matching the optical lengths of the X and Y OCT polarization channels prior to interference and the PM fiber outputs ensure defined X and Y axes after interference. Advantages for this scheme include easier alignment, lower cost, and easier miniaturization compared to designs with free-space bulk optical components. We demonstrate the utility of the detection system to mitigate the effects of rapidly changing polarization states when imaging with rotating fiber optic probes in Intralipid suspension and during in vivo imaging of human airways.
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65
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Ju MJ, Shin JG, Hoshi S, Yasuno Y, Lee BH, Tang S, Eom TJ. Three-dimensional volumetric human meibomian gland investigation using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:30503. [PMID: 24604532 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) capable of providing polarization contrasts such as phase retardation and degree of polarization uniformity (DOPU) was used for visualizing human meibomian glands (MGs) and investigating morphological characteristics of them. Especially, with the help of the DOPU contrast, MGs were exclusively extracted from the volumetric OCT image. In vivo PS-OCT measurements were performed on the upper eyelids of different age groups. From these measurements, different age-dependent aspects of the MG structure were also observed. Based on these observations, it can be inferred that the PS-OCT system has the potential for clinical diagnosis and investigation of MG-related dry eye diseases like MG dysfunction (MGD) and acinar atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Jin Ju
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, CanadabUniversity of Tsukuba, Institute of Applied Physics, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Jun Geun Shin
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information and Communication, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Hoshi
- University of Tsukuba, Institute of Applied Physics, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, JapandUniversity of Tsukuba, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- University of Tsukuba, Institute of Applied Physics, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Byeong Ha Lee
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information and Communication, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tae Joong Eom
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Advanced Photonic Research Institute, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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