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Kural C, Guresci S, Simsek GG, Arslan E, Tehli O, Solmaz I, Izci Y. Histological structure of filum terminale in human fetuses. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014; 13:362-7. [PMID: 24506339 DOI: 10.3171/2014.1.peds13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The structure of the filum terminale (FT) is important in the development of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) in children. Although many studies have been performed on the histological structure of the FT in adults, there has been no detailed investigation for those of fetuses. The aim of this study was to examine the histological structure of the FT in normal human fetuses and to compare the results with those of previous studies. METHODS The histological examination of the FT was performed in 15 normal human fetuses; 11 of them were female and 4 were male. The gestational age of the fetuses ranged between 14 weeks and 35 weeks, and they weighed between 180 g and 1750 g. The FT of each fetus was cut and examined for adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, peripheral nerve, ganglion, ependymal cells, gliosis, elastic fibers, and collagen types (Types I and III). RESULTS Adipose tissue was observed in 2 specimens (13%), whereas fibrous tissue was found in 8 specimens. Peripheral nerve was detected in 11 (73%), ganglion in 6, ependymal cells in 5, and glial tissue in 7 FT samples. Type III collagen was present in 12 specimens (80%) with different concentrations, whereas Type I collagen and elastic fibers were not detected. CONCLUSIONS The normal structure of the FT in fetuses is different from its structure in adults. The FT has no elasticity during intrauterine life because of the lack of elastic fibers. More detailed studies are needed to understand the histological basis of TCS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cahit Kural
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy; and
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Delgado LM, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Influence of sterilisation methods on collagen-based devices stability and properties. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 11:305-14. [PMID: 24654928 DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2014.900436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sterilisation is essential for any implantable medical device in order to prevent infection in patients. The selection of the most appropriate sterilisation method depends on the nature and the physical state of the material to be sterilised; the influence of the sterilisation method on the properties of the device; and the type of the potential contaminant. In this context, herein we review the influence of ethylene oxide, γ-irradiation, e-beam irradiation, gas plasma, peracetic acid and ethanol on structural, biomechanical, biochemical and biological properties of collagen-based devices. Data to-date demonstrate that chemical approaches are associated with cytotoxicity, whilst physical methods are associated with degradation, subject to the device physical characteristics. Thus, the sterilisation method of choice is device dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Delgado
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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Namjou B, Keddache M, Marsolo K, Wagner M, Lingren T, Cobb B, Perry C, Kennebeck S, Holm IA, Li R, Crimmins NA, Martin L, Solti I, Kohane IS, Harley JB. EMR-linked GWAS study: investigation of variation landscape of loci for body mass index in children. Front Genet 2013; 4:268. [PMID: 24348519 PMCID: PMC3847941 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Common variations at the loci harboring the fat mass and obesity gene (FTO), MC4R, and TMEM18 are consistently reported as being associated with obesity and body mass index (BMI) especially in adult population. In order to confirm this effect in pediatric population five European ancestry cohorts from pediatric eMERGE-II network (CCHMC-BCH) were evaluated. METHOD Data on 5049 samples of European ancestry were obtained from the Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of two large academic centers in five different genotyped cohorts. For all available samples, gender, age, height, and weight were collected and BMI was calculated. To account for age and sex differences in BMI, BMI z-scores were generated using 2000 Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. A Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed with BMI z-score. After removing missing data and outliers based on principal components (PC) analyses, 2860 samples were used for the GWAS study. The association between each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and BMI was tested using linear regression adjusting for age, gender, and PC by cohort. The effects of SNPs were modeled assuming additive, recessive, and dominant effects of the minor allele. Meta-analysis was conducted using a weighted z-score approach. RESULTS The mean age of subjects was 9.8 years (range 2-19). The proportion of male subjects was 56%. In these cohorts, 14% of samples had a BMI ≥95 and 28 ≥ 85%. Meta analyses produced a signal at 16q12 genomic region with the best result of p = 1.43 × 10(-) (7) [p (rec) = 7.34 × 10(-) (8)) for the SNP rs8050136 at the first intron of FTO gene (z = 5.26) and with no heterogeneity between cohorts (p = 0.77). Under a recessive model, another published SNP at this locus, rs1421085, generates the best result [z = 5.782, p (rec) = 8.21 × 10(-) (9)]. Imputation in this region using dense 1000-Genome and Hapmap CEU samples revealed 71 SNPs with p < 10(-) (6), all at the first intron of FTO locus. When hetero-geneity was permitted between cohorts, signals were also obtained in other previously identified loci, including MC4R (rs12964056, p = 6.87 × 10(-) (7), z = -4.98), cholecystokinin CCK (rs8192472, p = 1.33 × 10(-) (6), z = -4.85), Interleukin 15 (rs2099884, p = 1.27 × 10(-) (5), z = 4.34), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1B [LRP1B (rs7583748, p = 0.00013, z = -3.81)] and near transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18) (rs7561317, p = 0.001, z = -3.17). We also detected a novel locus at chromosome 3 at COL6A5 [best SNP = rs1542829, minor allele frequency (MAF) of 5% p = 4.35 × 10(-) (9), z = 5.89]. CONCLUSION An EMR linked cohort study demonstrates that the BMI-Z measurements can be successfully extracted and linked to genomic data with meaningful confirmatory results. We verified the high prevalence of childhood rate of overweight and obesity in our cohort (28%). In addition, our data indicate that genetic variants in the first intron of FTO, a known adult genetic risk factor for BMI, are also robustly associated with BMI in pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Namjou
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mehdi Keddache
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Keith Marsolo
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Todd Lingren
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Beth Cobb
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cassandra Perry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Kennebeck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rongling Li
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Crimmins
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Martin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Imre Solti
- School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Informatics Program Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Rule-based models of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in childhood allergy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80080. [PMID: 24260339 PMCID: PMC3833974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors are important for the development of allergic diseases. However, a detailed understanding of how such factors act together is lacking. To elucidate the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in allergic diseases, we used a novel bioinformatics approach that combines feature selection and machine learning. In two materials, PARSIFAL (a European cross-sectional study of 3113 children) and BAMSE (a Swedish birth-cohort including 2033 children), genetic variants as well as environmental and lifestyle factors were evaluated for their contribution to allergic phenotypes. Monte Carlo feature selection and rule based models were used to identify and rank rules describing how combinations of genetic and environmental factors affect the risk of allergic diseases. Novel interactions between genes were suggested and replicated, such as between ORMDL3 and RORA, where certain genotype combinations gave odds ratios for current asthma of 2.1 (95% CI 1.2-3.6) and 3.2 (95% CI 2.0-5.0) in the BAMSE and PARSIFAL children, respectively. Several combinations of environmental factors appeared to be important for the development of allergic disease in children. For example, use of baby formula and antibiotics early in life was associated with an odds ratio of 7.4 (95% CI 4.5-12.0) of developing asthma. Furthermore, genetic variants together with environmental factors seemed to play a role for allergic diseases, such as the use of antibiotics early in life and COL29A1 variants for asthma, and farm living and NPSR1 variants for allergic eczema. Overall, combinations of environmental and life style factors appeared more frequently in the models than combinations solely involving genes. In conclusion, a new bioinformatics approach is described for analyzing complex data, including extensive genetic and environmental information. Interactions identified with this approach could provide useful hints for further in-depth studies of etiological mechanisms and may also strengthen the basis for risk assessment and prevention.
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Lee SJ, Choi S, Kim MS, Cheong Y, Kwak HW, Park HK, Jin KH. Short-term effect of cryotherapy on human scleral tissue by atomic force microscopy. SCANNING 2013; 35:302-307. [PMID: 23225601 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the inflammatory effect of cryotherapy application on collagen matrix network in human infant sclera. Donor scleral tissues taken from three infant patients divided into five groups: control group, sham-treated group, and three cryotreated groups. In the cryotherapy groups, the sclera was treated for 5 s, 10 s, and 20 s with -80°C freezing by a cryosurgical system. The cryotreated reactions were examined using double histological analysis with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome, and atomic force microscopy analysis to quantify the diameter and D-banding of collagen fibrils. The infant scleral tissues treated with cryotherapy showed a significantly increased collagen density associated with inflammatory response (p < 0.05), increased fibril diameter (p < 0.005) compared to the scleral tissues in the control group. The results directly suggest that the cryotherapy affects the morphology of scleral collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Kumar Y, Bhatia A. Immunopathogenesis of allergic disorders: current concepts. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:211-26. [PMID: 23445196 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disorders are a group of immune-mediated disorders that are associated with considerable morbidity and ill health. There has been significant rise in the prevalence of allergy in the last few years. This has heightened interest in uncovering the novel mechanisms involved in etiopathogenesis of allergic disorders. Understanding the pathways underlying allergy will help in developing effective modalities for its prevention and treatment. This review focuses primarily on common IgE-mediated allergic conditions and recent developments in their immunopathogenesis, especially those involving respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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March ME, Sleiman PM, Hakonarson H. Genetic polymorphisms and associated susceptibility to asthma. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:253-65. [PMID: 23637549 PMCID: PMC3636804 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s28156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As complex common diseases, asthma and allergic diseases are caused by the interaction of multiple genetic variants with a variety of environmental factors. Candidate-gene studies have examined the involvement of a very large list of genes in asthma and allergy, demonstrating a role for more than 100 loci. These studies have elucidated several themes in the biology and pathogenesis of these diseases. A small number of genes have been associated with asthma or allergy through traditional linkage analyses. The publication of the first asthma-focused genome-wide association (GWA) study in 2007 has been followed by nearly 30 reports of GWA studies targeting asthma, allergy, or associated phenotypes and quantitative traits. GWA studies have confirmed several candidate genes and have identified new, unsuspected, and occasionally uncharacterized genes as asthma susceptibility loci. Issues of results replication persist, complicating interpretation and making conclusions difficult to draw, and much of the heritability of these diseases remains undiscovered. In the coming years studies of complex diseases like asthma and allergy will probably involve the use of high-throughput next-generation sequencing, which will bring a tremendous influx of new information as well as new problems in dealing with vast datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center of the Joseph Stokes Jr Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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Insight into the degradation of type-I collagen fibrils by MMP-8. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1815-25. [PMID: 23399546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have shed light on the mechanism of collagen degradation in solution, the precise mechanism of collagenolysis in the native fibrillar state remains unclear. To gain insight into the mechanism of fibrillar degradation, we calculated the conformational free-energy landscape for unfolding regions of the α2 chain of type-I collagen within the context of the microfibril. Our data suggest that, relatively, imino-rich sequences maintain the canonical triple-helical structure at body temperature. By contrast, the unique MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) cleavage site adopts conformations where the α2 chain is dissociated from the rest of the fibril--behavior that is similar to what was observed in unfolding simulations of isolated collagen-like model peptides in solution. However, the dissociated cleavage site does not fit within the catalytic site of MMP-8, a representative fibrillar collagenase. Additional free-energy simulations suggest that the presence of the catalytic domain leads to a reorientation of the α2 chain such that it adopts a pose that is complementary to the enzyme's active site. These observations argue that, in the fibrillar state, there is a synergy between the normal thermal fluctuations of the substrate when the enzyme is absent and the fluctuations of the substrate when the enzyme is present. More precisely, our findings suggest that thermal fluctuations serve as the driving force for a degradative process that requires both an unfolded cleavage site and the presence of the enzyme.
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Paten JA, Tilburey GE, Molloy EA, Zareian R, Trainor CV, Ruberti JW. Utility of an optically-based, micromechanical system for printing collagen fibers. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2577-87. [PMID: 23352045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Collagen's success as the principal structural element in load-bearing, connective tissue has motivated the development of numerous engineering approaches designed to recapitulate native fibril morphology and strength. It has been shown recently that collagen fibers can be drawn from monomeric solution through a fiber forming buffer (FFB), followed by numerous additional treatments in a complex serial process. However, internal fibril alignment, packing and resultant mechanical behavior of the fibers have not been optimized and remain inferior to native tissue. Further, no system has been developed which permits simultaneous application of molecular crowding, measurement of applied load, and direct observation of polymerization dynamics during fiber printing. The ability to perform well-controlled investigations early in the process of fiber formation, which vary single input parameters (i.e. collagen concentration, crowding agent concentration, draw rate, flow rate, temperature, pH, etc.) should substantially improve fiber morphology and strength. We have thus designed, built, and tested a versatile, in situ, optically-based, micromechanical assay and fiber printing system which permits the correlation of parameter changes with mechanical properties of fibers immediately after deposition into an FFB. We demonstrate the sensitivity of the assay by detecting changes in the fiber mechanics in response to draw rate, collagen type, small changes in the molecular crowding agent concentration and to variations in pH. In addition we found the ability to observe fiber polymerization dynamics leads to intriguing new insights into collagen assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Paten
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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The ANO3/MUC15 locus is associated with eczema in families ascertained through asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 129:1547-53.e3. [PMID: 22657408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous genome-wide linkage scan in 295 families of the French Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA) reported strong evidence of linkage of 11p14 to eczema. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to conduct fine-scale mapping of the 11p14 region to identify the genetic variants associated with eczema. METHODS Association analyses were first conducted in the family sample from the French EGEA by using 2 methods: the family-based association method and logistic regression. Replication of the EGEA findings was sought in French Canadian and United Kingdom family samples, which, similarly to EGEA samples, were ascertained through asthma. We also tested for association in 2 German samples ascertained through eczema. RESULTS We found significant association of eczema with 11p14 genetic variants in the vicinity of the linkage peak in EGEA (P = 10(-4) for rs1050153 by using the family-based association method, which reached the multiple testing-corrected threshold of 10(-4); P = .003 with logistic regression). Pooled analysis of the 3 asthma-ascertained samples showed strong improvement in the evidence for association (P = 6 × 10(-6) for rs293974, P = 3 × 10(-5) for rs1050153, and P = 8 × 10(-5) for rs15783). No association was observed in the eczema-ascertained samples. CONCLUSION The significant single nucleotide polymorphisms are located within the overlapping anoctamin 3 (ANO3) and mucin 15 (MUC15) genes. Several lines of evidence suggest that MUC15 is a strong candidate for eczema. Further investigation is needed to confirm our findings and to better understand the role of the ANO3/MUC15 locus in eczema and its relationship with respect to asthma.
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Abstract
Collagen VI is a component of the extracellular matrix of almost all connective tissues, including cartilage, bone, tendon, muscles and cornea, where it forms abundant and structurally unique microfibrils organized into different suprastructural assemblies. The precise role of collagen VI is not clearly defined although it is most abundant in the interstitial matrix of tissues and often found in close association with basement membranes. Three genetically distinct collagen VI chains, α1(VI), α2(VI) and α3(VI), encoded by the COL6A1. COL6A2 and COL6A3 genes, were first described more than 20 years ago. Their molecular assembly and role in congenital muscular dystrophy has been broadly characterized. In 2008, three additional collagen VI genes arrayed in tandem at a single gene locus on chromosome 3q in humans, and chromosome 9 in mice, were described. Following the naming scheme for collagens the new genes were designated COL6A4. COL6A5 and COL6A6 encoding the α4(VI), α5(VI) and α6(VI) chains, respectively. This review will focus on the current state of knowledge of the three new chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Fitzgerald
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paul Holden
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital of Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
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Wei F, Fallas JA, Hartgerink JD. Sequence Position and Side Chain Length Dependence of Charge Pair Interactions in Collagen Triple Helices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1445-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fang M, Jacob R, McDougal O, Oxford JT. Minor fibrillar collagens, variable regions alternative splicing, intrinsic disorder, and tyrosine sulfation. Protein Cell 2012; 3:419-33. [PMID: 22752873 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor fibrillar collagen types V and XI, are those less abundant than the fibrillar collagen types I, II and III. The alpha chains share a high degree of similarity with respect to protein sequence in all domains except the variable region. Genomic variation and, in some cases, extensive alternative splicing contribute to the unique sequence characteristics of the variable region. While unique expression patterns in tissues exist, the functions and biological relevance of the variable regions have not been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about expression patterns and biological functions of the collagen types V and XI alpha chains. Analysis of biochemical similarities among the peptides encoded by each exon of the variable region suggests the potential for a shared function. The alternative splicing, conservation of biochemical characteristics in light of low sequence conservation, and evidence for intrinsic disorder, suggest modulation of binding events between the surface of collagen fibrils and surrounding extracellular molecules as a shared function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Ivanova VP, Krivchenko AI. A current viewpoint on structure and evolution of collagens. I. Fibrillar collagens. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093012020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Blumenthal MN. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors in asthma and allergy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:69-73. [PMID: 22289722 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Christensen SE, Coles JM, Zelenski NA, Furman BD, Leddy HA, Zauscher S, Bonaldo P, Guilak F. Altered trabecular bone structure and delayed cartilage degeneration in the knees of collagen VI null mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33397. [PMID: 22448243 PMCID: PMC3308976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation or loss of collagen VI has been linked to a variety of musculoskeletal abnormalities, particularly muscular dystrophies, tissue ossification and/or fibrosis, and hip osteoarthritis. However, the role of collagen VI in bone and cartilage structure and function in the knee is unknown. In this study, we examined the role of collagen VI in the morphology and physical properties of bone and cartilage in the knee joint of Col6a1(-/-) mice by micro-computed tomography (microCT), histology, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning microphotolysis (SCAMP). Col6a1(-/-) mice showed significant differences in trabecular bone structure, with lower bone volume, connectivity density, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness but higher structure model index and trabecular separation compared to Col6a1(+/+) mice. Subchondral bone thickness and mineral content increased significantly with age in Col6a1(+/+) mice, but not in Col6a1(-/-) mice. Col6a1(-/-) mice had lower cartilage degradation scores, but developed early, severe osteophytes compared to Col6a1(+/+) mice. In both groups, cartilage roughness increased with age, but neither the frictional coefficient nor compressive modulus of the cartilage changed with age or genotype, as measured by AFM. Cartilage diffusivity, measured via SCAMP, varied minimally with age or genotype. The absence of type VI collagen has profound effects on knee joint structure and morphometry, yet minimal influences on the physical properties of the cartilage. Together with previous studies showing accelerated hip osteoarthritis in Col6a1(-/-) mice, these findings suggest different roles for collagen VI at different sites in the body, consistent with clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Christensen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Coles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. Zelenski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bridgette D. Furman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Holly A. Leddy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paolo Bonaldo
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Burgess JK, Weckmann M. Matrikines and the lungs. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 134:317-37. [PMID: 22366287 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a complex network of fibrous and nonfibrous molecules that not only provide structure to the lung but also interact with and regulate the behaviour of the cells which it surrounds. Recently it has been recognised that components of the extracellular matrix proteins are released, often through the action of endogenous proteases, and these fragments are termed matrikines. Matrikines have biological activities, independent of their role within the extracellular matrix structure, which may play important roles in the lung in health and disease pathology. Integrins are the primary cell surface receptors, characterised to date, which are used by the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. However, evidence is emerging for the need for co-factors and other receptors for the matrikines to exert their effects on cells. The potential for matrikines, and peptides derived from these extracellular matrix protein fragments, as therapeutic agents has recently been recognised. The natural role of these matrikines (including inhibitors of angiogenesis and possibly inflammation) make them ideal targets to mimic as therapies. A number of these peptides have been taken forward into clinical trials. The focus of this review will be to summarise our current understanding of the role, and potential for highly relevant actions, of matrikines in lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K Burgess
- Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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68
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Expression of collagen VI α5 and α6 chains in human muscle and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy-related muscle fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2011; 31:187-96. [PMID: 22226732 PMCID: PMC3315014 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Collagen VI is a major extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with a critical role in maintaining skeletal muscle functional integrity. Mutations in COL6A1, COL6A2 and COL6A3 genes cause Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (UCMD), Bethlem Myopathy, and Myosclerosis. Moreover, Col6a1−/− mice and collagen VI deficient zebrafish display a myopathic phenotype. Recently, two additional collagen VI chains were identified in humans, the α5 and α6 chains, however their distribution patterns and functions in human skeletal muscle have not been thoroughly investigated yet. By means of immunofluorescence analysis, the α6 chain was detected in the endomysium and perimysium, while the α5 chain labeling was restricted to the myotendinous junctions. In normal muscle cultures, the α6 chain was present in traces in the ECM, while the α5 chain was not detected. In the absence of ascorbic acid, the α6 chain was mainly accumulated into the cytoplasm of a sub-set of desmin negative cells, likely of interstitial origin, which can be considered myofibroblasts as they expressed α-smooth muscle actin. TGF-β1 treatment, a pro-fibrotic factor which induces trans-differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, increased the α6 chain deposition in the extracellular matrix after addition of ascorbic acid. In order to define the involvement of the α6 chain in muscle fibrosis we studied biopsies of patients affected by Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). We found that the α6 chain was dramatically up-regulated in fibrotic areas where, in contrast, the α5 chain was undetectable. Our results show a restricted and differential distribution of the novel α6 and α5 chains in skeletal muscle when compared to the widely distributed, homologous α3 chain, suggesting that these new chains may play specific roles in specialized ECM structures. While the α5 chain may have a specialized function in tissue areas subjected to tensile stress, the α6 chain appears implicated in ECM remodeling during muscle fibrosis.
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69
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ColVI myopathies: where do we stand, where do we go? Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:30. [PMID: 21943391 PMCID: PMC3189202 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen VI myopathies, caused by mutations in the genes encoding collagen type VI (ColVI), represent a clinical continuum with Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) and Bethlem myopathy (BM) at each end of the spectrum, and less well-defined intermediate phenotypes in between. ColVI myopathies also share common features with other disorders associated with prominent muscle contractures, making differential diagnosis difficult. This group of disorders, under-recognized for a long time, has aroused much interest over the past decade, with important advances made in understanding its molecular pathogenesis. Indeed, numerous mutations have now been reported in the COL6A1, COL6A2 and COL6A3 genes, a large proportion of which are de novo and exert dominant-negative effects. Genotype-phenotype correlations have also started to emerge, which reflect the various pathogenic mechanisms at play in these disorders: dominant de novo exon splicing that enables the synthesis and secretion of mutant tetramers and homozygous nonsense mutations that lead to premature termination of translation and complete loss of function are associated with early-onset, severe phenotypes. In this review, we present the current state of diagnosis and research in the field of ColVI myopathies. The past decade has provided significant advances, with the identification of altered cellular functions in animal models of ColVI myopathies and in patient samples. In particular, mitochondrial dysfunction and a defect in the autophagic clearance system of skeletal muscle have recently been reported, thereby opening potential therapeutic avenues.
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70
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Abstract
Asthma and allergy are common conditions with complex etiologies involving both genetic and environmental contributions. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and meta-analyses of GWAS have begun to shed light on both common and distinct pathways that contribute to asthma and allergic diseases. Associations with variation in genes encoding the epithelial cell-derived cytokines, interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the IL1RL1 gene encoding the IL-33 receptor, ST2, highlight the central roles for innate immune response pathways that promote the activation and differentiation of T-helper 2 cells in the pathogenesis of both asthma and allergic diseases. In contrast, variation at the 17q21 asthma locus, encoding the ORMDL3 and GSDML genes, is specifically associated with risk for childhood onset asthma. These and other genetic findings are providing a list of well-validated asthma and allergy susceptibility genes that are expanding our understanding of the common and unique biological pathways that are dysregulated in these related conditions. Ongoing studies will continue to broaden our understanding of asthma and allergy and unravel the mechanisms for the development of these complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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71
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Naumann A, Söderhäll C, Fölster-Holst R, Baurecht H, Harde V, Müller-Wehling K, Rodríguez E, Ruether A, Franke A, Wagenpfeil S, Novak N, Mempel M, Kalali BN, Allgaeuer M, Koch J, Gerhard M, Melén E, Wahlgren CF, Kull I, Stahl C, Pershagen G, Lauener R, Riedler J, Doekes G, Scheynius A, Illig T, von Mutius E, Schreiber S, Kere J, Kabesch M, Weidinger S. A comprehensive analysis of the COL29A1 gene does not support a role in eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1187-94.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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72
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial disease, with a strong genetic predisposition. Genome-wide studies as well as candidate gene studies revealed several susceptibility loci. Since the observation of a strong association of "loss of function" mutations in the filaggrin gene with AD, the epidermal barrier was rediscovered as important pathophysiological co-factor of this disease.
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73
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Gara SK, Grumati P, Squarzoni S, Sabatelli P, Urciuolo A, Bonaldo P, Paulsson M, Wagener R. Differential and restricted expression of novel collagen VI chains in mouse. Matrix Biol 2011; 30:248-57. [PMID: 21477648 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, three novel collagen VI chains, α4, α5 and α6, were identified. These are thought to substitute for the collagen VI α3 chain, probably forming α1α2α4, α1α2α5 or α1α2α6 heterotrimers. The expression pattern of the novel chains is so far largely unknown. In the present study, we compared the tissue distribution of the novel collagen VI chains in mouse with that of the α3 chain by immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblots. In contrast to the widely expressed α3 chain, the novel chains show a highly differential, restricted and often complementary expression. The α4 chain is strongly expressed in the intestinal smooth muscle, surrounding the follicles in ovary, and in testis. The α5 chain is present in perimysium and at the neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle, in skin, in the kidney glomerulus, in the interfollicular stroma in ovary and in the tunica albuginea of testis. The α6 chain is most abundant in the endomysium and perimysium of skeletal muscle and in myocard. Immunoelectron microscopy of skeletal muscle localized the α6 chain to the reticular lamina of muscle fibers. The highly differential and restricted expression points to the possibility of tissue-specific roles of the novel chains in collagen VI assembly and function.
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74
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Choi YG, Yeo S, Hong YM, Kim SH, Lim S. Changes of gene expression profiles in the cervical spinal cord by acupuncture in an MPTP-intoxicated mouse model: microarray analysis. Gene 2011; 481:7-16. [PMID: 21440609 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that acupuncture at acupoints GB34 and LR3 inhibits the degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The degeneration of spinal cord was reported to be induced in the MPTP-treated pre-symptomatic mouse. In this study, the gene expression profile changes following acupuncture at the acupoints were investigated in the cervical spinal cord of an MPTP-induced parkinsonism model using a whole transcript array (Affymetrix GeneChip mouse gene 1.0 ST array). It was shown that 8 of the probes up-regulated in MPTP, as compared to the control, were down-regulated after acupuncture at the acupoints. Of these 8 probes, 6 probes (4 annotated genes in 6 probes: Ctla2a, EG383229, Ppbp and Ube2l6) were exclusively down-regulated by acupuncture at the specific acupoints except for 2 probes as these 2 probes were commonly down-regulated by acupuncture at both the acupoints and the non-acupoints. In addition, 11 of the probes down-regulated in MPTP, as compared to the control, were up-regulated by acupuncture at the acupoints. Of these 11 probes, 10 probes (5 annotated genes in 10 probes: EG665033, ENSMUSG00000055323, Obox6, Pbp2 and Tmem150) were exclusively up-regulated by acupuncture at the specific acupoints except for the Fut11 because the Fut11 was commonly up-regulated by acupuncture at both the acupoints and the non-acupoints. The expression levels of the representative genes in the microarray were validated by real-time RT-PCR. These data suggest that the expression of these exclusively regulated 16 probes (9 genes) may be, at least in part, affected by acupuncture at the acupoints in the cervical spinal cord which can be damaged by MPTP intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Gon Choi
- Research Group of Pain and Neuroscience, WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine, East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Parkin JD, San Antonio JD, Pedchenko V, Hudson B, Jensen ST, Savige J. Mapping structural landmarks, ligand binding sites, and missense mutations to the collagen IV heterotrimers predicts major functional domains, novel interactions, and variation in phenotypes in inherited diseases affecting basement membranes. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:127-43. [PMID: 21280145 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Collagen IV is the major protein found in basement membranes. It comprises three heterotrimers (α1α1α2, α3α4α5, and α5α5α6) that form distinct networks, and are responsible for membrane strength and integrity.We constructed linear maps of the collagen IV heterotrimers ("interactomes") that indicated major structural landmarks, known and predicted ligand-binding sites, and missense mutations, in order to identify functional and disease-associated domains, potential interactions between ligands, and genotype–phenotype relationships. The maps documented more than 30 known ligand-binding sites as well as motifs for integrins, heparin, von Willebrand factor (VWF), decorin, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). They predicted functional domains for angiogenesis and haemostasis, and disease domains for autoimmunity, tumor growth and inhibition, infection, and glycation. Cooperative ligand interactions were indicated by binding site proximity, for example, between integrins, matrix metalloproteinases, and heparin. The maps indicated that mutations affecting major ligand-binding sites, for example, for Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein in the α1 chain or integrins in the α5 chain, resulted in distinctive phenotypes (Hereditary Angiopathy, Nephropathy, Aneurysms, and muscle Cramps [HANAC] syndrome, and early-onset Alport syndrome, respectively). These maps further our understanding of basement membrane biology and disease, and suggest novel membrane interactions, functions, and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Des Parkin
- Department of Medicine (Northern Health), The University of Melbourne, Northern Health, Epping VIC 3076, Australia
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76
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Unraveling the complex genetic underpinnings of asthma and allergic disorders. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 10:434-42. [PMID: 20724923 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32833da71d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma and other allergic diseases are complex genetic disorders that result from interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors. In this review, we summarize findings from candidate gene analyses, discuss the recent success of genome-wide association (GWA) studies, and outline challenges facing the field. RECENT FINDINGS In the past year, five GWA studies have been reported for asthma, one for atopic dermatitis, and four for intermediate phenotypes using quantitative trait loci. These results have in general been more robust to replication than prior candidate gene studies, and have allowed the identification of novel loci for both asthma (i.e. 1q31, 9q21.31) and atopic dermatitis (11q13). SUMMARY The integration of results from recent GWA studies with careful analyses of candidate gene associations studies has confirmed the importance of immune detection and TH2-cell mediated immune responses in the pathogenesis of allergic disease, and has raised new interest in the role of epithelial barrier function and tissue-level responses. GWA studies appear to provide a robust way to identify novel gene loci contributing to disease susceptibility. Dissecting gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, and exploring the contribution of epigenetic phenomena to allergic disease susceptibility remain important challenges to understanding the complex nature of asthma and other allergic diseases.
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77
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Expression of the Collagen VI α5 and α6 Chains in Normal Human Skin and in Skin of Patients with Collagen VI-Related Myopathies. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:99-107. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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78
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Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant proteins in mammals. The collagen family comprises 28 members that contain at least one triple-helical domain. Collagens are deposited in the extracellular matrix where most of them form supramolecular assemblies. Four collagens are type II membrane proteins that also exist in a soluble form released from the cell surface by shedding. Collagens play structural roles and contribute to mechanical properties, organization, and shape of tissues. They interact with cells via several receptor families and regulate their proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Some collagens have a restricted tissue distribution and hence specific biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69367, France.
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79
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Harazin M, Parwez Q, Petrasch-Parwez E, Epplen JT, Arinir U, Hoffjan S, Stemmler S. Variation in the COL29A1 gene in German patients with atopic dermatitis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Dermatol 2010; 37:740-2. [PMID: 20649719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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80
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81
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Grüber C, van Stuijvenberg M, Mosca F, Moro G, Chirico G, Braegger CP, Riedler J, Boehm G, Wahn U. Reduced occurrence of early atopic dermatitis because of immunoactive prebiotics among low-atopy-risk infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:791-7. [PMID: 20832848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most infants developing atopic dermatitis have a low risk for atopy. Primary prevention of atopic dermatitis is difficult. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of supplementation of an infant and follow-on formula with prebiotic and immunoactive oligosaccharides on the occurrence of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life. METHODS Healthy term infants from 5 European countries with low atopy risk were recruited before the age of 8 weeks, either having started with formula feeding or being on full breast-feeding (breast-feeding group). Formula-fed infants were randomized to feeding with a regular formula containing a specific mixture of neutral oligosaccharides and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (prebiotic formula group) or regular formula without oligosaccharides (control formula group). RESULTS A total of 414 infants were randomized to the prebiotic group and 416 infants to the control group. A total of 300 infants were followed in the breast-feeding group. Up to the first birthday, atopic dermatitis occurred in significantly fewer infants from the prebiotic group (5.7%) than from the control group (9.7%; P = .04). The cumulative incidence of atopic dermatitis in the prebiotic group was in the low range of the breast-feeding group (7.3%). In a Cox regression model, the rate of atopic dermatitis was significantly lower by 44% in the prebiotic group versus the control group (P = .04). The number needed to prevent 1 case of atopic dermatitis by supplementation of prebiotics was 25 infants. CONCLUSION Formula supplementation with a specific mixture of oligosaccharides was effective as primary prevention of atopic dermatitis in low atopy risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grüber
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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82
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Shi L, Ermis R, Garcia A, Telgenhoff D, Aust D. Degradation of human collagen isoforms by Clostridium collagenase and the effects of degradation products on cell migration. Int Wound J 2010; 7:87-95. [PMID: 20529148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2010.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium collagenase has been widely used in biomedical research to dissociate tissues and isolate cells; and, since 1965, as a therapeutic drug for the removal of necrotic wound tissues. Previous studies found that purified collagenase-treated extracellular matrix stimulated cellular response to injury and increased cell proliferation and migration. This article presents an in vitro study investigating the digestive ability of Clostridium collagenase on human collagen types I, III, IV, V and VI. Our results showed that Clostridium collagenase displays proteolytic power to digest all these types of human collagen, except type VI. The degradation products derived were tested in cell migration assays using human keratinocytes (gold surface migration assay) and fibroblasts (chemotaxis cell migration assay). Clostridium collagenase itself and the degradation products of type I and III collagens showed an increase in keratinocyte and fibroblast migration, type IV-induced fibroblast migration only, and the remainder showed no effects compared with the control. The data indicate that Clostridium collagenase can effectively digest collagen isoforms that are present in necrotic wound tissues and suggest that collagenase treatment provides several mechanisms to enhance cell migration: collagenase itself and collagen degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Research & Development, Healthpoint Ltd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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83
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Holloway JW, Arshad SH, Holgate ST. Using genetics to predict the natural history of asthma? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:200-9; quiz 210-1. [PMID: 20688205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical practice reminds us that there is considerable variability in the course of asthma over time. Treatment of patients with asthma would be considerably improved if one could accurately predict the likely course of disease over the life course. Recently, with the advent of the era of genome-wide association studies, there has been a monumental shift in our understanding of the genetic factors that underlie inherited susceptibility to asthma. Genes have been identified that modulate many aspects of the natural history of asthma, such as susceptibility to atopy, altered lung development, and susceptibility to more severe disease. Heritability studies have even suggested a role for genetic factors in remission of asthma. However, although the discovery of novel genetic factors underlying disease susceptibility has undoubtedly improved our understanding of disease pathogenesis, whether these advances have improved the ability to predict the natural history in individual patients is questionable, and the application of genetic testing to clinical practice remains some way off.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Holloway
- Division of Infection, Inflammation & Immunity, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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84
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Kim SH, Choi HY, So JH, Kim CH, Ho SY, Frank M, Li Q, Uitto J. Zebrafish type XVII collagen: gene structures, expression profiles, and morpholino "knock-down" phenotypes. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:629-37. [PMID: 20670682 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human COL17A1 gene encodes type XVII collagen (also known as the 180-kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen), an integral component of hemidesmosomes, attachment complexes providing integrity to the dermal-epidermal junction. Zebrafish, a useful model system to study skin development, displays fully developed hemidesmosomes at approximately 5 days post-fertilization (dpf). We have identified two COL17A1 orthologues in the zebrafish genome, col17a1a and col17a1b, which are expressed in the skin and the neural system, respectively. The proteins coded by these genes have structural module organizations homologous to the human type XVII collagen. "Knock-down" of the expression of col17a1a with a specific morpholino targeting the 5' UTR of the gene resulted in a blistering phenotype and in perturbations in the basement membrane zone. "Knock-down" of col17a1b expression resulted in ablation or in marked reduction of neuromasts in the lateral line. Thus, zebrafish has two COL17A1 orthologues which may have evolved tissue-specific functions during vertebrate development. Collectively, zebrafish provides a model system to study the molecular aspects of skin development and offers insights into the corresponding human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Inje University, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Koyang, Republic of Korea
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85
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Essential modification of the Sircol Collagen Assay for the accurate quantification of collagen content in complex protein solutions. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3146-51. [PMID: 20144751 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagen contains the unique imino acid hydroxyproline (HyPro), which is involved in the stabilization of this triple helical molecule. The concentration of HyPro is customarily used to calculate the total collagen content in a cell culture environment and in acid hydrolysates of normal and pathophysiological tissues. Radiolabelling, chromatographic and calorimetric assays have been developed over the years for the accurate determination of collagen content through HyPro estimation. Recently, the Sircol Collagen Assay (SCA) has been almost exclusively adopted as the fastest and simplest colorimetric method for the determination of collagen concentration in complex protein solutions. We show here that the colorimetric SCA, which is based on the binding of Sirius red (SR) to collagen, is flawed by interference of non-collagenous proteins (e.g. serum). In fact, we demonstrate that SCA in cell culture systems and tissue hydrolysates results in a dramatic overestimation of collagen content ranging from 3- to 24-fold. In order to rescue this otherwise very practical assay, we introduce a simple purification procedure that allows the removal of interfering non-collagenous proteins from culture media and tissue samples so that accurate measurements with SCA are now possible.
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86
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McPherson T, Sherman VJ, Aslam A, Crack L, Chan H, Lloyd-Lavery A, Jones L, Ardern-Jones M, Ogg G. Filaggrin null mutations associate with increased frequencies of allergen-specific CD4+ T-helper 2 cells in patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:544-9. [PMID: 20500796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaggrin null mutations associate with atopic eczema and also with asthma when present with eczema. However, while epidermal dysfunction is an important factor in disease pathogenesis, it is unclear how such dysfunction interacts with immune responses to contribute to cutaneous and other inflammatory atopic disease. OBJECTIVES To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such predisposition in order to understand different disease phenotypes and possibly identify potential treatment targets. METHODS We studied 33 individuals with atopic eczema and used interleukin-4 immunospot and human leucocyte antigen class II tetrameric complexes to investigate the peripheral blood allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses. RESULTS Filaggrin null mutations associated with significantly (P<0·05) higher frequencies of allergen-specific CD4+ T-helper 2 cell responses. CONCLUSIONS These data would support a model where barrier dysfunction possibly promotes greater allergen penetration and delivery to drive allergen-specific CD4+ T cells. This could further contribute to respiratory and cutaneous inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T McPherson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, OX3 9DS, U.K.
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87
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Fang M, Adams JS, McMahan BL, Brown RJ, Oxford JT. The expression patterns of minor fibrillar collagens during development in zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10:315-22. [PMID: 20647059 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Minor fibrillar collagens are recognized as the organizers and nucleators during collagen fibrillogenesis but likely serve additional functions. The minor fibrillar collagens include collagens type V and XI. Mutations of collagens type V and XI can cause Ehlers-Danlos, Stickler's, and Marshall's syndromes in human. We have characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Col11a1, Col11a2, Col5a1 as well as Col5a3 in zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization. Col5a1 is expressed in developing somites, neural crest, the head mesenchyme, developing cranial cartilage, pharyngeal arches and vertebrae. Col5a3 is detected in the notochord, mesenchyme cells in the eyes and lens. Both Col11a1 and Col11a2 have similar expression patterns, including notochord, otic vesicle, and developing cranial cartilages. Zebrafish may therefore serve as a valuable vertebrate model system for the study of diseases associated with collagens type V and XI mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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88
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Subbarao P, Becker A, Brook JR, Daley D, Mandhane PJ, Miller GE, Turvey SE, Sears MR. Epidemiology of asthma: risk factors for development. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:77-95. [PMID: 20476901 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.5.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review of the recent literature was undertaken to determine the current state of knowledge of the risk factors involved in the development of asthma in order to focus investigations in a proposed new longitudinal birth cohort study. The origins of asthma appear to lie in the prenatal and early postnatal period, and renewed investigations in this period with long-term close follow-up and objective phenotypic characterization will help to unravel the role of the multiple putative environmental factors in the development of asthma. It is only after understanding these effects that one can hope to design rational prevention studies for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Subbarao
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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89
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Meng JF, Rosenwasser LJ. Unraveling the genetic basis of asthma and allergic diseases. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2010; 2:215-27. [PMID: 20885906 PMCID: PMC2946699 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2010.2.4.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic diseases are believed to be complex genetic diseases which may result from the interaction of multiple genetic factors and environmental stimuli. In past decades, great efforts have been exerted in unraveling their genetic basis. The strategies in discovering genes and genetic variants, confirming their importance in pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases, as well as their strengths and limitations are summarized comprehensively and concisely. The current consensus about the genetic basis of asthma and allergic diseases is briefly described as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Meng
- Department of Pediatric Immunology Research, Allergy Clinic Section, Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics/School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, USA
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90
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166th ENMC International Workshop on Collagen type VI-related Myopathies, 22–24 May 2009, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2010; 20:346-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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91
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Barnes KC. An update on the genetics of atopic dermatitis: scratching the surface in 2009. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:16-29.e1-11; quiz 30-1. [PMID: 20109730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis for atopic dermatitis (AD) has long been recognized. Historic documents allude to family history of disease as a risk factor. Before characterization of the human genome, heritability studies combined with family-based linkage studies supported the definition of AD as a complex trait in that interactions between genes and environmental factors and the interplay between multiple genes contribute to disease manifestation. A summary of more than 100 published reports on genetic association studies through mid-2009 implicates 81 genes, in 46 of which at least 1 positive association with AD has been demonstrated. Of these, the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) has been most consistently replicated. Most candidate gene studies to date have focused on adaptive and innate immune response genes, but there is increasing interest in skin barrier dysfunction genes. This review examines the methods that have been used to identify susceptibility genes for AD and how the underlying pathology of this disease has been used to select candidate genes. Current challenges and the potential effect of new technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Barnes
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Room 3A.62, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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92
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Chung HJ, Uitto J. Type VII collagen: the anchoring fibril protein at fault in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28:93-105. [PMID: 19945621 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Type VII collagen is a major component of the anchoring fibrils of the dermal-epidermal adhesion on the dermal side at the lamina densa/papillary dermis interface. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) emerged as a candidate for type VII collagen mutations becausing anchoring fibrils were shown to be morphologically altered, reduced in number, or completely absent in patients with different forms of DEB. Circulating autoantibodies recognize type VII collagen epitopes in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. The suggestion that type VII collagen is required for human epidermal tumorigenesis relates to the increasing numbers of life-threatening complications associated with developing squamous cell carcinomas because of the extended life span of affected individuals with recessive DEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Chung
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Suite 450 BLSB, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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93
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Holloway JW, Yang IA, Holgate ST. Genetics of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:S81-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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94
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Exposito JY, Valcourt U, Cluzel C, Lethias C. The fibrillar collagen family. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:407-426. [PMID: 20386646 PMCID: PMC2852846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagens, or more precisely collagen-based extracellular matrices, are often considered as a metazoan hallmark. Among the collagens, fibrillar collagens are present from sponges to humans, and are involved in the formation of the well-known striated fibrils. In this review we discuss the different steps in the evolution of this protein family, from the formation of an ancestral fibrillar collagen gene to the formation of different clades. Genomic data from the choanoflagellate (sister group of Metazoa) Monosiga brevicollis, and from diploblast animals, have suggested that the formation of an ancestral alpha chain occurred before the metazoan radiation. Phylogenetic studies have suggested an early emergence of the three clades that were first described in mammals. Hence the duplication events leading to the formation of the A, B and C clades occurred before the eumetazoan radiation. Another important event has been the two rounds of "whole genome duplication" leading to the amplification of fibrillar collagen gene numbers, and the importance of this diversification in developmental processes. We will also discuss some other aspects of fibrillar collagen evolution such as the development of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of procollagen molecules and of striated fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Exposito
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +33-4-72-72-26-77; Fax: +33-4-72-72-26-04
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95
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Hoffman GG, Branam AM, Huang G, Pelegri F, Cole WG, Wenstrup RM, Greenspan DS. Characterization of the six zebrafish clade B fibrillar procollagen genes, with evidence for evolutionarily conserved alternative splicing within the pro-alpha1(V) C-propeptide. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:261-75. [PMID: 20102740 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genes for tetrapod fibrillar procollagen chains can be divided into two clades, A and B, based on sequence homologies and differences in protein domain and gene structures. Although the major fibrillar collagen types I-III comprise only clade A chains, the minor fibrillar collagen types V and XI comprise both clade A chains and the clade B chains pro-alpha1(V), pro-alpha3(V), pro-alpha1(XI) and pro-alpha2(XI), in which defects can underlie various genetic connective tissue disorders. Here we characterize the clade B procollagen chains of zebrafish. We demonstrate that in contrast to the four tetrapod clade B chains, zebrafish have six clade B chains, designated here as pro-alpha1(V), pro-alpha3(V)a and b, pro-alpha1(XI)a and b, and pro-alpha2(XI), based on synteny, sequence homologies, and features of protein domain and gene structures. Spatiotemporal expression patterns are described, as are conserved and non-conserved features that provide insights into the function and evolution of the clade B chain types. Such features include differential alternative splicing of NH(2)-terminal globular sequences and the first case of a non-triple helical imperfection in the COL1 domain of a clade B, or clade A, fibrillar procollagen chain. Evidence is also provided for previously unknown and evolutionarily conserved alternative splicing within the pro-alpha1(V) C-propeptide, which may affect selectivity of collagen type V/XI chain associations in species ranging from zebrafish to human. Data presented herein provide insights into the nature of clade B procollagen chains and should facilitate their study in the zebrafish model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy G Hoffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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96
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Meta-analysis of 20 genome-wide linkage studies evidenced new regions linked to asthma and atopy. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:700-6. [PMID: 20068594 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is caused by a heterogeneous combination of environmental and genetic factors. In the context of GA2LEN (Global Allergy and Asthma European Network), we carried out meta-analyses of almost all genome-wide linkage screens conducted to date in 20 independent populations from different ethnic origins (>or=3024 families with >or=10 027 subjects) for asthma, atopic asthma, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and five atopy-related traits (total immunoglobulin E level, positive skin test response (SPT) to at least one allergen or to House Dust Mite, quantitative score of SPT (SPTQ) and eosinophils (EOS)). We used the genome scan meta-analysis method to assess evidence for linkage within bins of traditionally 30-cM width, and explored the manner in which these results were affected by bin definition. Meta-analyses were conducted in all studies and repeated in families of European ancestry. Genome-wide evidence for linkage was detected for asthma in two regions (2p21-p14 and 6p21) in European families ascertained through two asthmatic sibs. With regard to atopy phenotypes, four regions reached genome-wide significance: 3p25.3-q24 in all families for SPT and three other regions in European families (2q32-q34 for EOS, 5q23-q33 for SPTQ and 17q12-q24 for SPT). Tests of heterogeneity showed consistent evidence of linkage of SPTQ to 3p11-3q21, whereas between-study heterogeneity was detected for asthma in 2p22-p13 and 6p21, and for atopic asthma in 1q23-q25. This large-scale meta-analysis provides an important resource of information that can be used to prioritize further fine-mapping studies and also be integrated with genome-wide association studies to increase power and better interpret the outcomes of these studies.
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97
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Castro-Giner F, Bustamante M, Ramon González J, Kogevinas M, Jarvis D, Heinrich J, Antó JM, Wjst M, Estivill X, de Cid R. A pooling-based genome-wide analysis identifies new potential candidate genes for atopy in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:128. [PMID: 19961619 PMCID: PMC2797505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Asthma and atopy are complex phenotypes with shared genetic component. In this study we attempt to identify genes related to these traits performing a two-stage DNA pooling genome-wide analysis in order to reduce costs. First, we assessed all markers in a subset of subjects using DNA pooling, and in a second stage we evaluated the most promising markers at an individual level. Methods For the genome-wide analysis, we constructed DNA pools from 75 subjects with atopy and asthma, 75 subjects with atopy and without asthma and 75 control subjects without atopy or asthma. In a second stage, the most promising regions surrounding significant markers after correction for false discovery rate were replicated with individual genotyping of samples included in the pools and an additional set of 429 atopic subjects and 222 controls from the same study centres. Results Homo sapiens protein kinase-like protein SgK493 (SGK493) was found to be associated with atopy. To lesser extent mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 (MAP3K5), collagen type XVIII alpha 1 (COL18A1) and collagen type XXIX alpha 1 (COL29A1) were also found to be associated with atopy. Functional evidences points out a role for MAP3K5, COL18A1 and COL29A1 but the function of SGK493 is unknown. Conclusion In this analysis we have identified new candidate regions related to atopy and suggest SGK493 as an atopy locus, although these results need further replication.
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98
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Marenholz I, Lee Y. Genetik des atopischen Ekzems. MED GENET-BERLIN 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-009-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Das atopische Ekzem (AE) – auch atopische Dermatitis – ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankung der Haut, zu deren Charakteristika starker Juckreiz, eine gestörten Hautbarriere und die Bildung von IgE-Antikörpern (Immunglobulin E) gegen Umweltallergene zählen. Das AE ist eine multifaktoriell-polygene Erkrankung, die genetische Prädisposition und der Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren gelten seit langem als entscheidende Auslöser. Dennoch stellt die Aufdeckung der Krankheitsursachen aufgrund der Vielzahl der beteiligten Gene und Umwelteinflüsse sowie deren möglicher Interaktionen eine enorme Herausforderung für die Wissenschaft dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Genetik des AE, über jüngste Erfolge und mögliche Probleme. Vor allem die Identifizierung einer genetischen Ursache des Hautbarrieredefekts hat unser Verständnis des AE in den letzten Jahren entscheidend vorangebracht und könnte zu neuen Ansätzen in dessen Prävention und Therapie führen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Marenholz
- Aff1_198 grid.6363.0 0000000122184662 Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie und Immunologie Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Y.A. Lee
- Aff1_198 grid.6363.0 0000000122184662 Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie und Immunologie Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Deutschland
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Brandt C, Pavlovic V, Radbruch A, Worm M, Baumgrass R. Low-dose cyclosporine A therapy increases the regulatory T cell population in patients with atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2009; 64:1588-96. [PMID: 19432936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a T cell dependent chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder successfully treated with cyclosporine A (CsA). Clinical observations indicate that even low-dose CsA therapy is successful in severely affected AD patients. We studied the impact of low-dose CsA therapy on the ability of T helper cells to be activated, and examined whether regulatory T (Treg) cells are increased in these patients. METHODS Peripheral T cells were activated in a whole blood sample and interleukin-2 producing cells were measured by intracellular cytokine staining. Regulatory T cells were analyzed by intracellular FoxP3 staining. Regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low)) and effector T cells (CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(+)) were sorted by flow cytometry and used for suppression assays. RESULTS A group of AD patients treated with low-dose CsA had a significantly larger Treg cell population than a healthy control subject group. In individual patients, onset of low-dose CsA therapy reduced the ability of T cells to be activated to 42 +/- 18% (P < 0.005) and significantly increased Treg cells, both in absolute numbers (1.6-fold change) and frequencies (1.7-fold change). Treg cells from AD patients showed similar suppressive capacities as Treg cells from healthy donors. Furthermore, Treg cells from AD patients had skin homing properties. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the therapeutic effect of low-dose CsA therapy in AD patients might be not only mediated by the inhibition of T cell hyperactivity but also by an increased population of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brandt
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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100
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a paradigmatic skin disease in which multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions play a pivotal role. Although the complex pathophysiologic network of AD explains the large spectrum of risk and trigger factors, it is far from being comprehensively understood. Hence, genetic modifications underlying the dysfunction of the epidermal skin barrier as well as the close interaction of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms were the focus of intensive research studies. This review aims to summarize the most recent findings in this field.
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