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Chauhan VS, Nelson DA, Roy LD, Mukherjee P, Bost KL. Exacerbated metastatic disease in a mouse mammary tumor model following latent gammaherpesvirus infection. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:11. [PMID: 22642913 PMCID: PMC3565933 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controversy exists as to the ability of human gammaherpesviruses to cause or exacerbate breast cancer disease in patients. The difficulty in conducting definitive human studies can be overcome by investigating developing breast cancer in a mouse model. In this study, we utilized mice latently infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (HV-68) to question whether such a viral burden could exacerbate metastatic breast cancer disease using a mouse mammary tumor model. Results Mice latently infected with HV-68 had a similar primary tumor burden, but much greater metastatic disease, when compared to mock treated mice given the transplantable tumor, 4 T1. This was true for lung lesions, as well as secondary tumor masses. Increased expression of pan-cytokeratin and VEGF-A in tumors from HV-68 infected mice was consistent with increased metastatic disease in these animals. Surprisingly, no viral particles could be cultured from tumor tissues, and the presence of viral DNA or RNA transcripts could not be detected in primary or secondary tumor tissues. Conclusions Latent HV-68 infection had no significant effect on the size of primary 4 T1 mammary tumors, but exacerbated the number of metastatic lung lesions and secondary tumors when compared to mock treated mice. Increased expression of the tumor marker, pan-cytokeratin, and VEGF-A in tumors of mice harboring latent virus was consistent with an exacerbated metastatic disease. Mechanisms responsible for this exacerbation are indirect, since no virus could be detected in cancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita S Chauhan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel A Nelson
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lopamudra Das Roy
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pinku Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth L Bost
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Glenn WK, Heng B, Delprado W, Iacopetta B, Whitaker NJ, Lawson JS. Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus and mouse mammary tumour virus as multiple viruses in breast cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48788. [PMID: 23183846 PMCID: PMC3501510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation is to determine if Epstein Barr virus (EBV), high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), and mouse mammary tumour viruses (MMTV) co-exist in some breast cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the specimens were from women residing in Australia. For investigations based on standard PCR, we used fresh frozen DNA extracts from 50 unselected invasive breast cancers. For normal breast specimens, we used DNA extracts from epithelial cells from milk donated by 40 lactating women. For investigations based on in situ PCR we used 27 unselected archival formalin fixed breast cancer specimens and 18 unselected archival formalin fixed normal breast specimens from women who had breast reduction surgery. Thirteen of these fixed breast cancer specimens were ductal carcinoma in situ (dcis) and 14 were predominantly invasive ductal carcinomas (idc). RESULTS EBV sequences were identified in 68%, high risk HPV sequences in 50%, and MMTV sequences in 78% of DNA extracted from 50 invasive breast cancer specimens. These same viruses were identified in selected normal and breast cancer specimens by in situ PCR. Sequences from more than one viral type were identified in 72% of the same breast cancer specimens. Normal controls showed these viruses were also present in epithelial cells in human milk - EBV (35%), HPV, 20%) and MMTV (32%) of 40 milk samples from normal lactating women, with multiple viruses being identified in 13% of the same milk samples. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that (i) EBV, HPV and MMTV gene sequences are present and co-exist in many human breast cancers, (ii) the presence of these viruses in breast cancer is associated with young age of diagnosis and possibly an increased grade of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/virology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Nucleus/virology
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/metabolism
- Female
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Viral Matrix Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy K. Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Barry Iacopetta
- University Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Noel J. Whitaker
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S. Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple herpesviruses. At any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35-40 billion human infections worldwide, making herpesviruses among the most prevalent pathogens known to exist. Compared to most other viruses, herpesviruses are also unique in that infection lasts the life of the host. Remarkably, despite their prevalence and persistence, little is known about how these viruses interact with their hosts, especially during the clinically asymptomatic phase of infection referred to as latency. This review explores data in human and animal systems that reveal the ability of latent herpesviruses to modulate the immune response to self and environmental antigens. From the perspective of the host, there are both potentially detrimental and surprisingly beneficial effects of this lifelong interaction. The realization that latent herpesvirus infection modulates immune responses in asymptomatic hosts forces us to reconsider what constitutes a 'normal' immune system in a healthy individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. White
- Division of Rheumatology, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - R. Suzanne Beard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| | - Erik S. Barton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
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He JR, Chen LJ, Su Y, Cen YL, Tang LY, Yu DD, Chen WQ, Wang SM, Song EW, Ren ZF. Joint effects of Epstein-Barr virus and polymorphisms in interleukin-10 and interferon-γ on breast cancer risk. J Infect Dis 2011; 205:64-71. [PMID: 22095765 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and breast cancer (BC) is controversial. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are believed to play a critical role in the host's responses to EBV infection, and their genetic variations may modify the association of EBV with BC risk. METHODS We examined serum levels of EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) immunoglobulin A (IgA) and nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgA along with the polymorphisms of IL-10 rs1800871 and IFN-γ rs2069705 in 354 incident BC cases and 504 age-matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS VCA IgA and EBNA-1 IgA levels were positively associated with BC risk. IL-10 rs1800871 (TC/CC) was associated with a reduced BC risk (OR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.55-1.00]) but had no interaction with EBV infection on BC risk. IFN-γ rs2069705 was not directly associated with BC risk but interacted with EBNA-1 IgA on BC risk. Among women with the CC genotype, EBNA-1 IgA seropositivity significantly increased the risk of BC compared to EBNA-1 IgA seronegativity (OR, 5.14 [95% CI, 1.76-14.98]). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EBV may contribute to the risk of BC and that this contribution may be modified by genetic variations in IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong He
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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55
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He JR, Tang LY, Yu DD, Su FX, Song EW, Lin Y, Wang SM, Lai GC, Chen WQ, Ren ZF. Epstein-Barr virus and breast cancer: serological study in a high-incidence area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 309:128-36. [PMID: 21724319 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated IgA and IgG levels against EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) and nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) in serum of 223 women with breast cancer (BC) and 309 controls in Guangzhou, China. VCA IgA levels were significantly associated with an elevated risk of BC, with adjusted ORs (95%CIs) of 1.70 (1.05-2.76) (seropositivity) and 2.21 (1.11-4.40) (unit increases in OD value). This association was stronger among young, lean, and HER2+ women. The EBNA-1 IgA levels in OD value, but not seropositivity, were associated with an increased risk of BC among ER+, PR+, and HER2+ patients. None of the IgG variables was related to BC. These results suggest the EBV association with BC in an endemic area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong He
- The School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd., Guangzhou 510080, China
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56
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Analysis of an ankyrin-like region in Epstein Barr Virus encoded (EBV) BZLF-1 (ZEBRA) protein: implications for interactions with NF-κB and p53. Virol J 2011; 8:422. [PMID: 21892957 PMCID: PMC3180424 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The carboxyl terminal of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ZEBRA protein (also termed BZLF-1 encoded replication protein Zta or ZEBRA) binds to both NF-κB and p53. The authors have previously suggested that this interaction results from an ankyrin-like region of the ZEBRA protein since ankyrin proteins such as IκB interact with NF-κB and p53 proteins. These interactions may play a role in immunopathology and viral carcinogenesis in B lymphocytes as well as other cell types transiently infected by EBV such as T lymphocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells. Methods Randomization of the ZEBRA terminal amino acid sequence followed by statistical analysis suggest that the ZEBRA carboxyl terminus is most closely related to ankyrins of the invertebrate cactus IκB-like protein. This observation is consistent with an ancient origin of ZEBRA resulting from a recombination event between an ankyrin regulatory protein and a fos/jun DNA binding factor. In silico modeling of the partially solved ZEBRA carboxyl terminus structure using PyMOL software demonstrate that the carboxyl terminus region of ZEBRA can form a polymorphic structure termed ZANK (ZEBRA ANKyrin-like region) similar to two adjacent IκB ankyrin domains. Conclusions Viral capture of an ankyrin-like domain provides a mechanism for ZEBRA binding to proteins in the NF-κB and p53 transcription factor families, and also provides support for a process termed "Ping-Pong Evolution" in which DNA viruses such as EBV are formed by exchange of information with the host genome. An amino acid polymorphism in the ZANK region is identified in ZEBRA from tumor cell lines including Akata that could alter binding of Akata ZEBRA to the p53 tumor suppressor and other ankyrin binding protein, and a novel model of antagonistic binding interactions between ZANK and the DNA binding regions of ZEBRA is suggested that may be explored in further biochemical and molecular biological models of viral replication.
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Khan G, Philip PS, Al Ashari M, Houcinat Y, Daoud S. Localization of Epstein-Barr virus to infiltrating lymphocytes in breast carcinomas and not malignant cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 91:466-70. [PMID: 21600202 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of breast cancer is unknown. In recent years, a number of studies have implicated a role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in a subset of cases. However, these findings are controversial and others have failed to find any link between the virus and this malignancy. We hypothesized that technical differences and the different type and ethnic origin of the cases may be the cause of the disparities reported. Using a highly sensitive EBER-in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we examined 219 samples (158 malignant and 61 non-malignant) from 61 Emirati breast cancer cases to determine if EBV was etiologically associated with Emirati cases and if there was any correlation with other established prognostic factors such as age, histological type, lymph node metastasis, estrogen, progesterone and HER2 expression. We found 47.5% of the cases to be EBV positive, but the virus was localized to occasional infiltrating lymphocytes and not in the malignant cells. EBV lymphocytes were more commonly observed in lymph nodes than in breast tissues, but there was no correlation with malignancy or hormone status. The mean age of our patients was 48years and hormone receptor staining revealed 20% of the cases to be triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-). We conclude that although EBV can be detected in breast cancer cases, it is not directly associated with the disease. Thus, a PCR-based approach cannot be used to link this ubiquitous virus to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Furthermore, we do not find any correlation between the presence of EBV in infiltrating lymphocytes and ER, PR, HER2 expression. We believe our findings will help explain some of the controversies relating to the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Alin, United Arab Emirates.
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58
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Hippocrate A, Oussaief L, Joab I. Possible role of EBV in breast cancer and other unusually EBV-associated cancers. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:144-9. [PMID: 21172728 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) a ubiquitous gamma herpesvirus persists for life, generally without health consequences. However, it is associated with several well-recognized malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A growing list of malignancies has been proposed to be EBV-associated: most of which are consistently EBV-positive whereas others show inconsistent results. The possible contribution of EBV to the development and/or progression of different "non-classical" tumors is discussed in terms of putative "non-traditional'' infection in EBV-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Hippocrate
- INSERM-Université Paris Sud U1014, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14 rue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif Cedex, France
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59
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Aguayo F, Khan N, Koriyama C, González C, Ampuero S, Padilla O, Solís L, Eizuru Y, Corvalán A, Akiba S. Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections in breast cancer from chile. Infect Agent Cancer 2011; 6:7. [PMID: 21699721 PMCID: PMC3141534 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) have been found in breast carcinomas (BCs) around the world. In this study, fifty-five BCs from Chile were analyzed for HPV and EBV presence. In addition, HPV-16 viral load/physical status and E6/E7 expressions were determined. RESULTS The amplification of a housekeeping gene showed that 46/55 samples (84%) had amplifiable DNA. HPV-16 was detected in 4/46 BCs (8.7%) and EBV was detected in 3/46 (6.5%) BCs. The analysis of HPV-16 physical status showed that this virus was integrated in all of the tumors with a relatively low viral load (range: 0.14 to 33.8 copies/cell). E6 and E7 transcripts, however, were not detected in any HPV-16 positive specimens. Using a Cox-regression model, we found a statistically significant association between EBV presence and poor survival (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study suggest that it is unlikely that HPV and/or EBV play a direct role in the etiology of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aguayo
- Virology Program, I.C.B.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 838-9100, Chile
| | - Noureen Khan
- Department of Public Health, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Chihaya Koriyama
- Department of Public Health, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Carolina González
- Virology Program, I.C.B.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 838-9100, Chile
| | - Sandra Ampuero
- Virology Program, I.C.B.M., Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 838-9100, Chile
| | - Oslando Padilla
- Department of Public Heath, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa Solís
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yoshito Eizuru
- Division of Oncogenic and Persistent Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Alejandro Corvalán
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica, 85 Lira Street, Santiago 133-202, Santiago, Chile
| | - Suminori Akiba
- Department of Public Health, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Wang T, Chang P, Wang L, Yao Q, Guo W, Chen J, Yan T, Cao C. The role of human papillomavirus infection in breast cancer. Med Oncol 2011; 29:48-55. [PMID: 21318737 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9812-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading female cancer and the third most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Many studies have suggested a possible link between breast cancer pathogenesis and viral infection, particularly mouse mammary tumour virus, simian virus 40, Epstein-Barr virus, and human papillomavirus (HPV). A significant number of recent studies have reported that approximately 29% of human breast cancer tissues were positive for high-risk HPV subtypes, especially HPV subtypes 16, 18, or 33. In contrast, several other investigations did not detect any HPV subtypes in either breast cancer tissue or normal breast tissue from patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Given these conflicting data and the established complexity of the association between HPV with other cancers, a definitive relationship between human breast cancer and HPV infection has not been determined. Recent advances in laboratory methodologies aim to overcome the inherent challenges in detecting HPV in breast cancer tissue. There is an urgent need to obtain additional evidence in order to assess the possibility of breast cancer prevention using HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No 127, Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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61
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Epstein-Barr Virus and Breast Cancer: Lack of Evidence for an Association in Iranian Women. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:489-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Agborsangaya CB, Lehtinen T, Toriola AT, Pukkala E, Surcel HM, Tedeschi R, Lehtinen M. Association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and risk for development of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: joint effect with vitamin D? Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:116-20. [PMID: 20691583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the role of the ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, together with levels of the immunomodulator, vitamin D, in different breast cancer entities. We studied, prospectively, the association of EBV and vitamin D status with the risk of pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC), breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or 1 year post-partum, using a nested case-control study. METHODS Serum vitamin D and antibodies to EBV were measured for 108 PABC cases of the Finnish Maternity Cohort, and 208 controls matched for date of birth, date of sampling and parity. The joint effect of vitamin D and EBV on the risk of PABC was evaluated. RESULTS EBV seropositivity was generally not associated with the risk of PABC. Among individuals with sufficient (≥75 nmol/l) levels of vitamin D, we, however, found similar increased risk estimates for PABC associated with serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to EBV early antigens [odds ratio (OR)=7.7, 95% (confidence interval) CI 1.4-42.3] and the viral reactivator protein, ZEBRA (OR=7.8, 95% CI 1.1-61.2). CONCLUSION Immunological markers of EBV reactivation status among individuals with sufficient vitamin D levels were consistently associated with increased risk of the disease. This suggests that EBV reactivation may be an indicator of the progression of breast cancer occurring soon after pregnancy, while the virus probably is not the aetiological agent.
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63
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Mazouni C, Fina F, Romain S, Ouafik L, Bonnier P, Brandone JM, Martin PM. Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of biological aggressiveness in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:332-7. [PMID: 21179039 PMCID: PMC3031896 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although a potential role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) has been underlined, results remain conflicting. Particularly, the impact of EBV infection on biological markers of BC has received little investigation. Methods: In this study, we established the frequency of EBV-infected BC using real-time quantitative PCR (RT–PCR) in 196 BC specimens. Biological and pathological characteristics according to EBV status were evaluated. Results: EBV DNA was present in 65 of the 196 (33.2%) cases studied. EBV-positive BCs tended to be tumours with a more aggressive phenotype, more frequently oestrogen receptor negative (P=0.05) and with high histological grade (P=0.01). Overexpression of thymidine kinase activity was higher in EBV-infected BC (P=0.007). The presence of EBV was weakly associated with HER2 gene amplification (P=0.08). Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for EBV-associated BC undergoing distinct carcinogenic processes, with more aggressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mazouni
- Laboratoire de transfert d'oncologie biologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France.
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Lorenzetti MA, De Matteo E, Gass H, Martinez Vazquez P, Lara J, Gonzalez P, Preciado MV, Chabay PA. Characterization of Epstein Barr virus latency pattern in Argentine breast carcinoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13603. [PMID: 21042577 PMCID: PMC2962632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors show different expression patterns of latency genes. Since in breast carcinoma this pattern is not yet fully described, our aim was to characterize EBV latency pattern in our EBV positive breast carcinoma series. Methods The study was conducted on 71 biopsies of breast carcinoma and in 48 non-neoplastic breast controls. EBNA1, LMP2A and LMP1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies, while viral genomic DNA and EBERs RNA transcripts expression was performed by in situ hybridization. EBV presence was confirmed by PCR. Results EBV genomic DNA and EBNA1 expression were detected in 31% (22/71) of patients specifically restricted to tumor epithelial cells in breast carcinoma while all breast control samples were negative for both viral DNA and EBNA1 protein. LMP2A was detected in 73% of EBNA1 positive cases, none of which expressed either LMP1 protein or EBERs transcripts. Conclusions These findings suggest that EBV expression pattern in the studied biopsies could be different from those previously observed in breast carcinoma cell lines and lead us to suggest a new, EBNA1, LMP2A positive and LMP1 and EBERs negative latency profile in breast carcinoma in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Lorenzetti
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children Hospital, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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65
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Possible DNA viral factors of human breast cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:498-512. [PMID: 24281079 PMCID: PMC3835088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered to be one of the high-risk factors closely related to human breast cancer. However, different studies of viruses in breast cancer present conflicting results and some of these works remain in dispute. DNA viruses, such as specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8), have emerged as causal factors of some human cancers. These respective exogenous viruses and the possibility of multiple viral factors are discussed in this review.
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