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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Kuzdas-Wood D, Stefanova N, Jellinger KA, Seppi K, Schlossmacher MG, Poewe W, Wenning GK. Towards translational therapies for multiple system atrophy. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:19-35. [PMID: 24598411 PMCID: PMC4068324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain etiopathogenesis manifesting with autonomic failure, parkinsonism, and ataxia in any combination. The underlying neuropathology affects central autonomic, striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar pathways and it is associated with distinctive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs, Papp-Lantos bodies) that contain aggregates of α-synuclein. Current treatment options are very limited and mainly focused on symptomatic relief, whereas disease modifying options are lacking. Despite extensive testing, no neuroprotective drug treatment has been identified up to now; however, a neurorestorative approach utilizing autologous mesenchymal stem cells has shown remarkable beneficial effects in the cerebellar variant of MSA. Here, we review the progress made over the last decade in defining pathogenic targets in MSA and summarize insights gained from candidate disease-modifying interventions that have utilized a variety of well-established preclinical MSA models. We also discuss the current limitations that our field faces and suggest solutions for possible approaches in cause-directed therapies of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kuzdas-Wood
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Divisions of Neuroscience and Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, RGH #1412, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Lin DJ, Hermann KL, Schmahmann JD. Multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type: clinical state of the art. Mov Disord 2014; 29:294-304. [PMID: 24615754 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a late-onset, sporadic neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by autonomic failure and either poorly levodopa-responsive parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia. It is neuropathologically defined by widespread and abundant central nervous system α-synuclein-positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions and striatonigral and/or olivopontocerebellar neurodegeneration. There are two clinical subtypes of MSA distinguished by the predominant motor features: the parkinsonian variant (MSA-P) and the cerebellar variant (MSA-C). Despite recent progress in understanding the pathobiology of MSA, investigations into the symptomatology and natural history of the cerebellar variant of the disease have been limited. MSA-C presents a unique challenge to both clinicians and researchers alike. A key question is how to distinguish early in the disease course between MSA-C and other causes of adult-onset cerebellar ataxia. This is a particularly difficult question, because the clinical framework for conceptualizing and studying sporadic adult-onset ataxias continues to undergo flux. To date, several investigations have attempted to identify clinical features, imaging, and other biomarkers that may be predictive of MSA-C. This review presents a clinically oriented overview of our current understanding of MSA-C with a focus on evidence for distinguishing MSA-C from other sporadic, adult-onset ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lin
- Ataxia Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Danielyan L, Beer-Hammer S, Stolzing A, Schäfer R, Siegel G, Fabian C, Kahle P, Biedermann T, Lourhmati A, Buadze M, Novakovic A, Proksch B, Gleiter CH, Frey WH, Schwab M. Intranasal Delivery of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Macrophages, and Microglia to the Brain in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2014; 23 Suppl 1:S123-39. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x684970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the rapid preclinical development of cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury, and tumors, the safe and efficient delivery and targeting of therapeutic cells to the central nervous system is critical for maintaining therapeutic efficacy and safety in the respective disease models. Our previous data demonstrated therapeutically efficacious and targeted delivery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the brain in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study examined delivery of bone marrow-derived MSCs, macrophages, and microglia to the brain in a transgenic model of PD [(Thy1)-h[A30P] aS] and an APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via intranasal application (INA). INA of microglia in naive BL/6 mice led to targeted and effective delivery of cells to the brain. Quantitative PCR analysis of eGFP DNA showed that the brain contained the highest amount of eGFP-microglia (up to 2.1 × 104) after INA of 1 × 106 cells, while the total amount of cells detected in peripheral organs did not exceed 3.4 × 103. Seven days after INA, MSCs expressing eGFP were detected in the olfactory bulb (OB), cortex, amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem of (Thy1)-h[A30P] aS transgenic mice, showing predominant distribution within the OB and brainstem. INA of eGFP-expressing macrophages in 13-month-old APP/PS1 mice led to delivery of cells to the OB, hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum. Both MSCs and macrophages contained Iba-1-positive population of small microglia-like cells and Iba-1-negative large rounded cells showing either intracellular amyloid β (macrophages in APP/PS1 model) or α-synuclein [MSCs in (Thy1)-h[A30P] aS model] immunoreactivity. Here, we show, for the first time, intranasal delivery of cells to the brain of transgenic PD and AD mouse models. Additional work is needed to determine the optimal dosage (single treatment regimen or repeated administrations) to achieve functional improvement in these mouse models with intranasal microglia/macrophages and MSCs. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) special issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Department of Cell Therapy Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Department Cell Therapeutics and Cell Processing, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse gGmbH, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET,) University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Siegel
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET,) University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Cell Therapy Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Kahle
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Proksch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph H. Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - William H. Frey
- Alzheimer's Research Center, HealthPartners Center for Memory and Aging, Regions Hospital, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, Stuttgart, Germany
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Yang H, Yue C, Yang H, Xie Z, Hu H, Wei L, Wang P, Zhao C, Bi J. Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Cognitive Impairments and Reduces Amyloid-Beta Deposition in an AβPP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2474-2482. [PMID: 24078266 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in senile plaques in specific areas of the brain and by intraneuronal p-tau accumulation in neurofibrillary tangles. Cumulative evidence supports that oxidative stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of AD and contributes to Aβ generation. However, there is no effective treatment for AD. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) have potential therapeutic value for the treatment of neurological disease. However, the therapeutic impact of systemic administration of HUMSCs and their mechanism of action in AD have not yet been determined. Here, we found that intravenous infusion of HUMSCs significantly improved spatial learning and alleviated memory decline in an AβPP/PS1 mouse model of AD. HUMSC treatment also increased glutathione (GSH) activity and ratio of GSH to oxidative glutathione as well as superoxide dismutase activity, while decreasing malondialdehyde activity and protein carbonyl level, which suggests that HUMSC infusion alleviated oxidative stress in AβPP/PS1 mice. In addition, HUMSC infusion reduced β-secretase 1 and CTFβ, thus reducing Aβ deposition in mice. HUMSCs may have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, People's Republic of China
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Sasaki H. [110th Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine: Educational lecture: 4. Spinocerebellar degeneration: recent progress]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2013; 102:2375-2381. [PMID: 24228430 DOI: 10.2169/naika.102.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Xi H, Chen L, Huang H, Zhang F, Liu Y, Chen D, Xiao J. Preliminary report of multiple cell therapy for patients with multiple system atrophy. Cell Transplant 2013; 22 Suppl 1:S93-9. [PMID: 23992875 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x672145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the safety and therapeutic effect of multiple cell transplantations on patients with multiple system atrophy. Ten patients suffering from multiple system atrophy were treated by multiple cell transplantations from August 2005 to March 2011. They were six males and four females, with an average age of 51.90 ± 12.92 years (23-66 years). Multiple cell types were transplanted by intravenous, intrathecal, and intracranial routes; for example, 0.4-0.5 × 10(6)/kg umbilical cord mesenchymal cells by intravenous drip, intrathecal implantation of 2.0 × 10(6) Schwann cells and 2.0-5.0 × 10(6) neural progenitor cells through cerebellar cistern puncture, or 2 × 10(6) olfactory ensheathing cells and 4 × 10(6) neural progenitor cells injected into key points for neural network restoration (KPNNR). The neurological function was assessed before and after treatment with the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) by the World Federation of Neurology and the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS). The patients achieved neurological function amelioration after treatment, which included improvements in walking ability, gaits, standing, speech, and muscular tension; the ICARS score decreased from a preoperative 46.30 ± 14.50 points to postoperative 41.90 ± 18.40 points (p = 0.049). The UMSARS score decreased from preoperative 50.00 ± 20.65 points to postoperative 46.56 ± 23.05 points (p = 0.037). Among them, two patients remained stable and underwent a second treatment 0.5-1 year after the first therapy. After treatment, five patients were followed up for more than 6 months. Balance and walking ability improved further in four patients, while one patient remained stable for over 6 months. In conclusion, a strategy of comprehensive cell-based neurorestorative therapy for patients with multiple system atrophy is safe and appears to be beneficial. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) supplement issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Yan K, Chen L, Chen XR, Li P, Chen FF, Jiang XD. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:106. [PMID: 23971414 PMCID: PMC3765323 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Potential repair mechanisms involve transdifferentiation to replace damaged neural cells and production of growth factors by MSCs. However, few studies have simultaneously focused on the effects of MSCs on immune cells and inflammation-associated cytokines in CNS injury, especially in an experimental TBI model. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in TBI-induced neuroinflammation by systemic transplantation of MSCs into a rat TBI model. Methods/results MSCs were transplanted intravenously into rats 2 h after TBI. Modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) tests were performed to measure behavioral outcomes. The effect of MSC treatment on neuroinflammation was analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis of astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, neutrophils and T lymphocytes and by measuring cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, RANTES, macrophage chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and transforming growth factor-β1] in brain homogenates. The immunosuppression-related factors TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Intravenous MSC transplantation after TBI was associated with a lower density of microglia/macrophages and peripheral infiltrating leukocytes at the injury site, reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, possibly mediated by enhanced expression of TSG-6, which may suppress activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that MSCs have the ability to modulate inflammation-associated immune cells and cytokines in TBI-induced cerebral inflammatory responses. This study thus offers a new insight into the mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of MSC transplantation, with implications for functional neurological recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Paul G, Anisimov SV. The secretome of mesenchymal stem cells: potential implications for neuroregeneration. Biochimie 2013; 95:2246-56. [PMID: 23871834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have shown regenerative properties in many tissues. This feature had originally been ascribed to their multipotency and thus their ability to differentiate into tissue-specific cells. However, many researchers consider the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells the most important player in the observed reparative effects of these cells. In this review, we specifically focus on the potential neuroregenerative effect of mesenchymal stem cells, summarize several possible mechanisms of neuroregeneration and list key factors mediating this effect. We illustrate examples of mesenchymal stem cell treatment in central nervous system disorders including stroke, neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy and cerebellar ataxia) and inflammatory disease (such as multiple sclerosis). We specifically highlight studies where mesenchymal stem cells have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Majumdar D, Bhonde R, Datta I. Influence of ischemic microenvironment on human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells. Placenta 2013; 34:642-9. [PMID: 23702186 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While in vivo studies suggest poor survival of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) after transplantation in ischemic conditions, in vitro studies report diverse effects on proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of stem/precursor cells of different tissue-origin. The present focus is to understand the influence of ischemic microenvironment on the survival, proliferation, apoptosis, ROS-generation, antioxidant levels, immunophenotypic-expression and neurotrophic factor secretion of Wharton's Jelly (WJ)-MSCs. METHOD WJ-MSCs were cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions in presence and absence of serum and the end-point parameters were measured at 4 time-points. Cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, ROS-generation and immunophenotypic-expression were quantitatively detected either by fluorimetry or flow cytometry techniques. ELISA-based methods were used for detection of antioxidant-substrate glutathione (GSH) and neurotrophic factors [vascular endothelial factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Expression of the antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), was measured by real-time RT-PCR. RESULT Immunophenotypic analysis showed reduction in mesenchymal-marker (CD73, CD90, and CD105) expression under ischemic conditions influenced mainly by hypoxia, whereas the decrease in cell-survival under ischemic condition was mainly as a result of nutrition depletion. This was associated with increased ROS-generation and apoptosis and reduction in antioxidants (GSH, GPx, SOD1). For neurotrophic factors, ELISA-readings showed that VEGF and HGF secretion (which were higher in hypoxia) peaked at 48 h and decreased from 72 h, though BDNF release did not decrease. DISCUSSION Therapeutic benefits rendered by WJ-MSCs in in vitro ischemic microenvironment are highest at the 48 h time-point, declining thereafter with time probably due to failure in cellular defense systems and the onset of apoptosis. CONCLUSION It is hence clear that the growth factor deficiency is more lethal to the cells than hypoxia in ischemic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Majumdar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Laroni A, Novi G, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Uccelli A. Towards clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of neurological diseases of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:1062-76. [PMID: 23579931 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a neurological disease of the central nervous system (CNS) is often associated with the anticipation of an irreversible and untreatable disability. This is the case also of multiple sclerosis (MS) where approved treatments effectively modulate the autoimmune attack to myelin antigens, but poorly affect neurodegeneration and do not promote tissue repair. Thus, stem cell-based therapies are increasingly being considered a possible strategy for diseases of the CNS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), the safety of which has been demonstrated in the last 20 years through clinical trials and case studies, are of particular interest in view not only of their neuroprotective, but also of their immunomodulatory properties. Here, we review the therapeutic features of MSC that make them relevant in the treatment of CNS illnesses and discuss the pioneer clinical experience with MSC-based therapy in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laroni
- Department of Neurosciences Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Wittig D, Jászai J, Corbeil D, Funk RHW. Immunohistochemical localization and characterization of putative mesenchymal stem cell markers in the retinal capillary network of rodents. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:344-59. [PMID: 23571553 DOI: 10.1159/000346661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular cells of microvascular niches are the prime candidates for being a reservoire of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells in many tissues and organs that could serve as a potential source of cells and a target of novel cell-based therapeutic approaches. In the present study, by utilising typical markers of pericytes (neuronal-glial antigen 2, NG2, a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan) and those of MSCs (CD146 and CD105) and primitive pluripotent cells (sex-determining region Y-box 2, Sox2), the phenotypic traits and the distribution of murine and rat retinal perivascular cells were investigated in situ. Our findings indicate that retinal microvessels of juvenile rodents are highly covered by NG2-positive branching processes of pericytic (perivascular) cells that are less prominent in mature capillary networks of the adult retina. In the adult rodent retinal vascular bed, NG2 labeling is mainly confined to membranes of the cell body resulting in a pearl-chain-like distribution along the vessels. Retinal pericytes, which were identified by their morphology and NG2 expression, simultaneously express CD146. Furthermore, CD146-positive cells located at small arteriole-to-capillary branching points appear more intensely stained than elsewhere. Evidence for a differential expression of the two markers around capillaries that would hint at a clonal heterogeneity among pericytic cells, however, is lacking. In contrast, the expression of CD105 is exclusively restricted to vascular endothelial cells and Sox2 is detected neither in perivascular nor in endothelial cells. In dissociated retinal cultures, however, simultaneous expression of NG2 and CD105 was observed. Collectively, our data indicate that vascular wall resident retinal pericytes share some phenotypic features (i.e. CD146 expression) with archetypal MSCs, which is even more striking in dissociated retinal cultures (i.e. CD105 expression). These findings might have implications for the treatment of retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Wittig
- Institute of Anatomy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a predominantly sporadic, adult-onset, fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. MSA is characterized by autonomic failure, levodopa-unresponsive parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal signs in any combination. MSA belongs to a group of neurodegenerative disorders termed α-synucleinopathies, which also include Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Their common pathological feature is the occurrence of abnormal α-synuclein positive inclusions in neurons or glial cells. In MSA, the main cell type presenting aggregates composed of α-synuclein are oligodendroglial cells . This pathological hallmark, also called glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) , is associated with progressive and profound neuronal loss in various regions of the brain. The development of animal models of MSA is justified by the limited understanding of the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and GCIs formation, which is paralleled by a lack of therapeutic strategies. Two main types of rodent models have been generated to replicate different features of MSA neuropathology. On one hand, neurotoxin-based models have been produced to reproduce neuronal loss in substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum. On the other hand, transgenic mouse models with overexpression of α-synuclein in oligodendroglia have been used to reproduce GCIs-related pathology. This chapter gives an overview of the atypical Parkinson's syndrome MSA and summarizes the currently available MSA animal models and their relevance for pre-clinical testing of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fellner
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria,
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Ozen I, Boix J, Paul G. Perivascular mesenchymal stem cells in the adult human brain: a future target for neuroregeneration? Clin Transl Med 2012; 1:30. [PMID: 23369339 PMCID: PMC3561038 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adult stem cells have been isolated from several tissues, including the adult human brain. They have unique signatures resembling both pericytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Understanding the nature of these cells in their specific vascular niches is important to determine their clinical potential as a new adult stem cell source. Indeed, they have promising features in vitro in terms of multipotency, immunomodulation and secretion of growth factors and cytokines. However, their in vivo function is less known as yet. Recent emerging data show a crucial role of perivascular mesenchymal stem cells in tissue homeostasis and repair. Furthermore, these cells may play an important role in adult stem cell niche regulation and in neurodegeneration. Here we review the recent literature on perivascular mesenchymal stem cells, discuss their different in vitro functions and highlight especially the specific properties of brain-derived perivascular mesenchymal stem cells. We summarize current evidence that suggests an important in vivo function of these cells in terms of their regenerative potential that may indicate a new target cell for endogenous tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ozen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Translational Neurology, Lund University, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund 22 184, Sweden.
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Karussis D, Petrou P, Kassis I. Clinical experience with stem cells and other cell therapies in neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 2012; 324:1-9. [PMID: 23107343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the limited capacity of the CNS for regeneration, the theoretical alternative would be to use stem cells for more effective management of chronic degenerative and inflammatory neurological conditions, and also of acute neuronal damage from injuries or cerebrovascular diseases. Although the adult brain contains small numbers of stem cells in restricted areas, this intrinsic stem cell repertoire is small and does not measurably contribute to functional recovery. Embryonic cells carrying pluripotent and self-renewal properties represent the stem cell prototype, but there are additional somatic stem cells that may be harvested and expanded from various tissues during adult life. Stem cell transplantation is based on the assumption that such cells may have the potential to regenerate or support the survival of the existing, partially damaged cells. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art and the clinical worldwide experience with the use of various types of stem cells in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karussis
- Department of Neurology, MS Center and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
Preclinical trials confirmed the potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to improve functional recovery after experimental stroke. Beneficial effects of MSCs are often attributed to their immunosuppressive/immunomodulatory functions. Surprisingly, the influence of MSCs on the immune system after stroke is poorly understood, but requires special consideration because cerebral ischemia is associated with stroke-induced immunodepression that predisposes to bacterial infections with increased mortality. In this study, we intravenously transplanted syngeneic murine bone marrow-derived MSCs (mMSCs) into C57BL/6 mice at 6 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo; 60 minutes) to investigate the impact of MSCs on stroke-induced immunodepression. Transplantation of syngeneic splenocytes or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as controls. An immune status was determined by flow cytometry on days 3 and 14 after MCAo, which did not reveal any negative effects of cell transplantation on stroke-induced immunodepression. Although our mMSCs were found to exert immunosuppressive effects in vitro, stroke-mediated immune cell dysfunction was not altered by mMSCs in ex-vivo stimulation assays with lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A. Moreover, systemic inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factorα, interferonγ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) remained unchanged in the sera of mice after cerebral ischemia and cell transplantation. These results reduce safety concerns about MSC administration in ongoing clinical stroke trials.
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Lee PH, Lee JE, Kim HS, Song SK, Lee HS, Nam HS, Cheong JW, Jeong Y, Park HJ, Kim DJ, Nam CM, Lee JD, Kim HO, Sohn YH. A randomized trial of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:32-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sassoli C, Pini A, Chellini F, Mazzanti B, Nistri S, Nosi D, Saccardi R, Quercioli F, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Formigli L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells stimulate skeletal myoblast proliferation through the paracrine release of VEGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37512. [PMID: 22815682 PMCID: PMC3398011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are the leading cell candidates in the field of regenerative medicine. These cells have also been successfully used to improve skeletal muscle repair/regeneration; however, the mechanisms responsible for their beneficial effects remain to be clarified. On this basis, in the present study, we evaluated in a co-culture system, the ability of bone-marrow MSCs to influence C2C12 myoblast behavior and analyzed the cross-talk between the two cell types at the cellular and molecular level. We found that myoblast proliferation was greatly enhanced in the co-culture as judged by time lapse videomicroscopy, cyclin A expression and EdU incorporation. Moreover, myoblasts immunomagnetically separated from MSCs after co-culture expressed higher mRNA and protein levels of Notch-1, a key determinant of myoblast activation and proliferation, as compared with the single culture. Notch-1 intracellular domain and nuclear localization of Hes-1, a Notch-1 target gene, were also increased in the co-culture. Interestingly, the myoblastic response was mainly dependent on the paracrine release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by MSCs. Indeed, the addition of MSC-derived conditioned medium (CM) to C2C12 cells yielded similar results as those observed in the co-culture and increased the phosphorylation and expression levels of VEGFR. The treatment with the selective pharmacological VEGFR inhibitor, KRN633, resulted in a marked attenuation of the receptor activation and concomitantly inhibited the effects of MSC-CM on C2C12 cell growth and Notch-1 signaling. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence for a role of MSCs in stimulating myoblast cell proliferation and suggests that the functional interaction between the two cell types may be exploited for the development of new and more efficient cell-based skeletal muscle repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pini
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Department of Hematology, Cord Blood Bank, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Saccardi
- Department of Hematology, Cord Blood Bank, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Quercioli
- National Institute of Optics (INO), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Formigli
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Jamnig A, Lepperdinger G. From tendon to nerve: an MSC for all seasons. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:295-306. [DOI: 10.1139/y11-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to regenerate damaged tissue is well documented, as this specialized progenitor cell type exhibits superior cellular properties, and would allow medical as well as ethical limitations to be overcome. By now, MSCs have been successfully introduced in manifold experimental approaches within the newly defined realm of Regenerative Medicine. Advanced methods for in vitro cell expansion, defined induction of distinct differentiation processes, 3-dimensional culture on specific scaffold material, and tissue engineering approaches have been designed, and many clinical trials not only have been launched, but recently could be completed. To date, most of the MSC-based therapeutic approaches have been executed to address bone, cartilage, or heart regeneration; further, prominent studies have shown the efficacy of ex vivo expanded and infused MSCs to countervail graft-versus-host disease. Yet more fields of application emerge in which MSCs unfold beneficial effects, and presently, therapies that effectively ameliorate nonhealing conditions after tendon or spinal cord injury are, courtesy of scientific research, forging ahead to the clinical trial stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Jamnig
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Extracellular Matrix Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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Morando S, Vigo T, Esposito M, Casazza S, Novi G, Principato MC, Furlan R, Uccelli A. The therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated by peripheral and central mechanisms. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:3. [PMID: 22277374 PMCID: PMC3340547 DOI: 10.1186/scrt94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are currently seen as a treatment for tissue regeneration in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, anticipating that they integrate and differentiate into neural cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subset of adult progenitor cells, differentiate into cells of the mesodermal lineage but also, under certain experimental circumstances, into cells of the neuronal and glial lineage. Their clinical development, however, has been significantly boosted by the demonstration that MSCs display significant therapeutic plasticity mainly occurring through bystander mechanisms. These features have been exploited in the effective treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis where the inhibition of the autoimmune response resulted in a significant amelioration of disease and decrease of demyelination, immune infiltrates and axonal loss. Surprisingly, these effects do not require MSCs to engraft in the central nervous system but depend on the cells' ability to inhibit pathogenic immune responses both in the periphery and inside the central nervous system and to release neuroprotective and pro-oligodendrogenic molecules favoring tissue repair. These results paved the road for the utilization of MSCs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morando
- Department of Neurosciences Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Via De Toni 5, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Exploiting extracellular matrix-stem cell interactions: A review of natural materials for therapeutic muscle regeneration. Biomaterials 2012; 33:428-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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