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Ma J, Gao X, Liu B, Xiao J, Chen H, Wang H. Spatial Patterns and Risk Factors of Bluetongue Virus Infection in Inner Mongolia, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:525-532. [PMID: 30540543 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a noncontagious disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Outbreaks of BT can cause serious economic losses. Although the causative agent, BT virus (BTV) is endemic in China, a comprehensive analysis has yet to be conducted examining the spatial distribution and risk factors of the virus throughout the Inner Mongolia province. Between June 2013 and February 2015, a total of 6199 blood samples of goats and sheep were collected from 11 leagues and cities. To investigate the distribution characteristics of BTV, spatial autocorrelation analysis, including both global and local spatial autocorrelation, was conducted. To develop a model for the association between BTV infection and specific risk factors, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. The global spatial autocorrelation data on the distribution of BTV exhibited a random pattern. Alashan was observed to be a cold spot for BTV infection. During the study period, no hot spots were detected. An increased risk of BTV infection in Inner Mongolia was associated with the breed and age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Wang M, Wang Y, Baloch AR, Pan Y, Tian L, Xu F, Chen S, Zeng Q. Chuzan Virus in Yaks, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:2371-2373. [PMID: 30457543 PMCID: PMC6256394 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.171414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Chuzan virus (CHUV) in domestic yaks from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, western China, indicating CHUV probably has been transmitted to yaks in recent years. Awareness for CHUV surveillance and transmission and livestock health management in these special regions should be raised to avoid outbreaks and animal loss.
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Pavesi A, Vianelli A, Chirico N, Bao Y, Blinkova O, Belshaw R, Firth A, Karlin D. Overlapping genes and the proteins they encode differ significantly in their sequence composition from non-overlapping genes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202513. [PMID: 30339683 PMCID: PMC6195259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overlapping genes represent a fascinating evolutionary puzzle, since they encode two functionally unrelated proteins from the same DNA sequence. They originate by a mechanism of overprinting, in which point mutations in an existing frame allow the expression (the "birth") of a completely new protein from a second frame. In viruses, in which overlapping genes are abundant, these new proteins often play a critical role in infection, yet they are frequently overlooked during genome annotation. This results in erroneous interpretation of mutational studies and in a significant waste of resources. Therefore, overlapping genes need to be correctly detected, especially since they are now thought to be abundant also in eukaryotes. Developing better detection methods and conducting systematic evolutionary studies require a large, reliable benchmark dataset of known cases. We thus assembled a high-quality dataset of 80 viral overlapping genes whose expression is experimentally proven. Many of them were not present in databases. We found that overall, overlapping genes differ significantly from non-overlapping genes in their nucleotide and amino acid composition. In particular, the proteins they encode are enriched in high-degeneracy amino acids and depleted in low-degeneracy ones, which may alleviate the evolutionary constraints acting on overlapping genes. Principal component analysis revealed that the vast majority of overlapping genes follow a similar composition bias, despite their heterogeneity in length and function. Six proven mammalian overlapping genes also followed this bias. We propose that this apparently near-universal composition bias may either favour the birth of overlapping genes, or/and result from selection pressure acting on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pavesi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Vianelli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Chirico
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Yiming Bao
- BIG Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Olga Blinkova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert Belshaw
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry (PUPSMD), Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Firth
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Karlin
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Saxena A, Biswas SK, Chand K, Naskar J, Chauhan A, Mohd G, Tewari N, Kurat-ul-Ain, Ramakrishnan MA, Pandey AB. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the outer capsid protein genes of Indian isolates of bluetongue virus serotype-16. Vet World 2018; 11:1025-1029. [PMID: 30250358 PMCID: PMC6141295 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1025-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to characterize bluetongue virus serotype 16 (BTV-16), recently isolated from different states of India. The evolutionary relationship of newly isolated BTV-16 and previously reported Indian and global BTV-16 isolates were compared using molecular analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, five (n=5) BTV-16 isolates were used to amplify gene segment-2 and segment-6 encoding the outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5, respectively. The amplified products were purified and sequenced by the Sanger sequencing method. The phylogenetic relationship and nucleotide identity of all five BTV-16 isolates were compared with previously reported Indian and global BTV-16 isolates. Nucleotide sequence data were aligned using the CLUSTAL W algorithm implemented in the MegAlign of DNASTAR program package (MegAlign 5.00, DNASTAR Inc., Madison, USA). Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using MEGA version 6.0 software with the best nucleotide substitution model. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP2 and VP5 encoding genes, segregates Indian BTV-16 isolates in a distinct cluster with proximity to the Eastern topotype. Indian isolates make a monophyletic cluster with Eastern topotypes with Western topotype BTV-16 (BTV-16/NIG/AJ586694) occupying a separate cluster. Indian isolates were found to share 91.5%-97.5% and 96.5%-98.9% identity at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid (aa) level, respectively, to the global BTV-16 isolates. There is a high degree of variation with the Nigerian isolate with 27.0-27.7% and 26.0-26.9% at the nucleotide and aa sequence level, respectively. These data suggest that Indian BTV-16 isolates might have evolved separately within the Eastern BTV topotype. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic analyses and nucleotide identity of BTV-16 isolates at the VP2 and VP5 gene encoded level indicate that isolates used in the present study might have evolved from a common Eastern topotype ancestor. The data presented in this study will be helpful for future selection of reference strains in a serological and molecular epidemiology study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Saxena
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad - 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchay K. Biswas
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jishnu Naskar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Allahabad - 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankita Chauhan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gulam Mohd
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Tewari
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kurat-ul-Ain
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Muthannan A. Ramakrishnan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Mukteswar, Nainital - 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Awadh Bihari Pandey
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kato T, Aizawa M, Takayoshi K, Yanase T, Tanaka S, Shirafuji H, Yamakawa M. Full genome sequence of a Sathuvachari virus strain isolated in the southwestern-most archipelago of Japan. Virus Genes 2018; 54:729-732. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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56
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Bluetongue Virus Serotype 15 Strain Isolated from China in 1996. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/26/e00557-18. [PMID: 29954892 PMCID: PMC6025924 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00557-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The full-genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 15 (BTV-15) strain B105/YN/1996 isolated in China was determined for the first time. The virus was isolated from sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province, China, in 1996. The full-genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 15 (BTV-15) strain B105/YN/1996 isolated in China was determined for the first time. The virus was isolated from sentinel cattle in Yunnan Province, China, in 1996. The total size of the BTV-15 strain B105/YN/1996 genome is 19,161 bp in length. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that it belongs to the major eastern BTV topotype. This work is the first to document the complete genomic sequence of a BTV-15 strain from China. The sequence information will help determine the geographic origin of Chinese BTV-15 and provide data to facilitate future analyses of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of BTV strains.
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57
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Yadav PD, Shete AM, Nyayanit DA, Albarino CG, Jain S, Guerrero LW, Kumar S, Patil DY, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. Identification and characterization of novel mosquito-borne (Kammavanpettai virus) and tick-borne (Wad Medani) reoviruses isolated in India. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:991-1000. [PMID: 29939123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1954, a virus named Wad Medani virus (WMV) was isolated from Hyalomma marginatum ticks from Maharashtra State, India. In 1963, another virus was isolated from Sturnia pagodarum birds in Tamil Nadu, India, and named Kammavanpettai virus (KVPTV) based on the site of its isolation. Originally these virus isolates could not be identified with conventional methods. Here we describe next-generation sequencing studies leading to the determination of their complete genome sequences, and identification of both virus isolates as orbiviruses (family Reoviridae). Sequencing data showed that KVPTV has an AT-rich genome, whereas the genome of WMV is GC-rich. The size of the KVPTV genome is 18 234 nucleotides encoding proteins ranging 238-1290 amino acids (aa) in length. Similarly, the size of the WMV genome is 16 941 nucleotides encoding proteins ranging 214-1305 amino acids in length. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene, along with the capsid genes VP5 and VP7, revealed that KVPTV is likely a novel mosquito-borne virus and WMV is a tick-borne orbivirus. This study focuses on the phylogenetic comparison of these newly identified orbiviruses with mosquito-, tick- and Culicoides-borne orbiviruses isolated in India and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cesar G Albarino
- 2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shilpi Jain
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lisa W Guerrero
- 2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- 2Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- 1Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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58
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Boonstra J, van Gennip RGP. Diagnostic DIVA tests accompanying the Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform for African horse sickness. Vaccine 2018; 36:3584-3592. [PMID: 29759377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) (Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae family) causes high mortality in naïve domestic horses with enormous economic and socio-emotional impact. There are nine AHSV serotypes showing limited cross neutralization. AHSV is transmitted by competent species of Culicoides biting midges. AHS is a serious threat beyond the African continent as endemic Culicoides species in moderate climates transmit the closely related prototype bluetongue virus. There is a desperate need for safe and efficacious vaccines, while DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated) vaccines would accelerate control of AHS. Previously, we have shown that highly virulent AHSV with an in-frame deletion of 77 amino acids (aa) in NS3/NS3a is completely safe, does not cause viremia and shows protective capacity. This deletion mutant is a promising DISA (Disabled Infectious Single Animal) vaccine platform, since exchange of serotype specific virus proteins has been shown for all nine serotypes. Here, we show that a prototype NS3 competitive ELISA is DIVA compliant to AHS DISA vaccine platforms. Epitope mapping of NS3/NS3a shows that more research is needed to evaluate this prototype serological DIVA assay regarding sensitivity and specificity, in particular for AHSVs expressing antigenically different NS3/NS3a proteins. Further, an experimental panAHSV PCR test targeting genome segment 10 is developed that detects reference AHSV strains, whereas AHS DISA vaccine platforms were not detected. This DIVA PCR test completely guarantees genetic DIVA based on in silico and in vitro validation, although test validation regarding diagnostic sensitivity and specificity has not been performed yet. In conclusion, the prototype NS3 cELISA and the PCR test described here enable serological and genetic DIVA accompanying AHS DISA vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Mieke A Maris-Veldhuis
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Boonstra
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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59
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Schade-Weskott ML, van Schalkwyk A, Koekemoer JJO. A correlation between capsid protein VP2 and the plaque morphology of African horse sickness virus in cell culture. Virus Genes 2018; 54:527-535. [PMID: 29730763 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1567-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The attenuated live virus vaccine that is used in South Africa to protect against African horse sickness infection was developed more than 50 years ago. With the selection of the vaccine strains by cell culture passage, a correlation between the size of plaques formed in monolayer Vero cultures and attenuation of virus virulence in horses was found. The large plaque phenotype was used as an indication of cell culture adaptation and strongly correlated with attenuation of virulence in horses. There was never any investigation into the genetic causes of either the variation in plaque size, or the loss of virulence. An understanding of the underlying mechanisms of attenuation would benefit the production of a safer AHSV vaccine. To this end, the genomes of different strains of two African horse sickness isolates, producing varying plaque sizes, were compared and the differences between them identified. This comparison suggested that proteins VP2, VP3, VP5 and NS3 were most likely involved in the determination of the plaque phenotype. Comparison between genome sequences (obtained from GenBank) of low and high passage strains from two additional serotypes indicated that VP2 was the only protein with amino acid substitutions in all four serotypes. The amino acid substitutions all occurred within the same hydrophilic area, resulting in increased hydrophilicity of VP2 in the large plaque strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde L Schade-Weskott
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J J O Koekemoer
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Rd, Pretoria, South Africa
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60
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Potgieter CA, van Gennip RG. African horse sickness virus (AHSV) with a deletion of 77 amino acids in NS3/NS3a protein is not virulent and a safe promising AHS Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform. Vaccine 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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61
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Russell BL, Parbhoo N, Gildenhuys S. Analysis of Conserved, Computationally Predicted Epitope Regions for VP5 and VP7 Across three Orbiviruses. Bioinform Biol Insights 2018; 12:1177932218755348. [PMID: 29434468 PMCID: PMC5802602 DOI: 10.1177/1177932218755348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbiviruses are double-stranded RNA viruses that have profound economic and veterinary significance, 3 of the most important being African horse sickness virus (AHSV), bluetongue virus (BTV), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Currently, vaccination and vector control are used as preventative measures; however, there are several problems with the current vaccines. Comparing viral amino acid sequences, we obtained an AHSV-BTV-EHDV consensus sequence for VP5 (viral protein 5) and for VP7 (viral protein 7) and generated homology models for these proteins. The structures and sequences were analyzed for amino acid sequence conservation, entropy, surface accessibility, and epitope propensity, to computationally determine whether consensus sequences still possess potential epitope regions. In total, 5 potential linear epitope regions on VP5 and 11 on VP7, as well as potential discontinuous B-cell epitopes, were identified and mapped onto the homology models created. Regions identified for VP5 and VP7 could be important in vaccine design against orbiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Russell
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Nishal Parbhoo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
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CHACKO N, BISWAS SK, MOHANTY NN, CHAND K, MONDAL B, PANDEY AB, SHIVACHANDRA SB. Immuno-reactivity of recombinant non-structural protein 3 N-terminus (rNS3Nt) in indirect-ELISA for detection of bluetongue viral antibodies in serum samples. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i11.75822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue, an arthropod borne non-contagious disease of ruminants especially sheep, is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Detection of BTV antibodies in susceptible hosts is considered to be of significance in disease diagnosis and differentiation. In the present study, a partial NS3 gene encoding for non-structural protein-3 N-terminus (1MT117 aa) of BTV-23, produced as purified recombinant NS3Nt fusion protein (~32 kDa) using prokaryotic expression system (Escherichia coli), was evaluated as a candidate antigen in an indirect-ELISA (rNS3Nt-ELISA) to measure the serologic response to NS3 protein in small ruminants. The rNS3Nt fusion protein obtained in sufficient quantity and quality has good reactivity in detecting NS3 specific antibodies in field serum samples by indirect-ELISA. As NS3 protein is highly conserved, rNS3Nt-ELISA has potential for NS3 specific detection of antibodies in BTV affected animals irrespective of different viral serotypes. In comparison to structural protein (VP7) based c-ELISA kit and i-ELISA kit, the diagnostic sensitivity (85.1%, 86.2%) and specificity (92.5%, 93.2%) of rNS3Nt-ELISA were found to be relatively lower, respectively. Nevertheless, the study indicated the potential utility of rNS3Nt-ELISA as an alternate assay in routine sero-diagnosis of BTV infection and possible sero-surveillance of ruminants under DIVA strategy.
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63
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Reddy YV, Susmitha B, Patil S, Krishnajyothi Y, Putty K, Ramakrishna KV, Sunitha G, Devi BV, Kavitha K, Deepthi B, Krovvidi S, Reddy YN, Reddy GH, Singh KP, Maan NS, Hemadri D, Maan S, Mertens PP, Hegde NR, Rao PP. Isolation and evolutionary analysis of Australasian topotype of bluetongue virus serotype 4 from India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:547-556. [PMID: 29120083 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a Culicoides-borne disease caused by several serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV). Similar to other insect-borne viral diseases, distribution of BT is limited to distribution of Culicoides species competent to transmit BTV. In the tropics, vector activity is almost year long, and hence, the disease is endemic, with the circulation of several serotypes of BTV, whereas in temperate areas, seasonal incursions of a limited number of serotypes of BTV from neighbouring tropical areas are observed. Although BTV is endemic in all the three major tropical regions (parts of Africa, America and Asia) of the world, the distribution of serotypes is not alike. Apart from serological diversity, geography-based diversity of BTV genome has been observed, and this is the basis for proposal of topotypes. However, evolution of these topotypes is not well understood. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of several BTV-4 isolates from India. These isolates are distinct from BTV-4 isolates from other geographical regions. Analysis of available BTV seg-2 sequences indicated that the Australasian BTV-4 diverged from African viruses around 3,500 years ago, whereas the American viruses diverged relatively recently (1,684 CE). Unlike Australasia and America, BTV-4 strains of the Mediterranean area evolved through several independent incursions. We speculate that independent evolution of BTV in different geographical areas over long periods of time might have led to the diversity observed in the current virus population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Reddy
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Patil
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Putty
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K V Ramakrishna
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - G Sunitha
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B V Devi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Kavitha
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Deepthi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Krovvidi
- Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Telangana, India
| | - Y N Reddy
- PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G H Reddy
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K P Singh
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - N S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - D Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - P P Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - N R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Manning NM, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Mertens PPC, Castillo-Olivares J. Vaccination with recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viruses expressing single African horse sickness virus VP2 antigens induced cross-reactive virus neutralising antibodies (VNAb) in horses when administered in combination. Vaccine 2017; 35:6024-6029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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65
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Sadeghi M, Popov V, Guzman H, Phan TG, Vasilakis N, Tesh R, Delwart E. Genomes of viral isolates derived from different mosquitos species. Virus Res 2017; 242:49-57. [PMID: 28855097 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleven viral isolates derived mostly in albopictus C6/36 cells from mosquito pools collected in Southeast Asia and the Americas between 1966 and 2014 contained particles with electron microscopy morphology typical of reoviruses. Metagenomics analysis yielded the near complete genomes of three novel reoviruses, Big Cypress orbivirus, Ninarumi virus, and High Island virus and a new tetravirus, Sarawak virus. Strains of previously characterized Sathuvarachi, Yunnan, Banna and Parry's Lagoon viruses (Reoviridae), Bontang virus (Mesoniviridae), and Culex theileri flavivirus (Flaviviridae) were also characterized. The availability of these mosquito virus genomes will facilitate their detection by metagenomics or PCR to better determine their geographic range, extent of host tropism, and possible association with arthropod or vertebrate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Sadeghi
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tung Gia Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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66
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Shirafuji H, Kato T, Yamakawa M, Tanaka T, Minemori Y, Yanase T. Characterization of genome segments 2, 3 and 6 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus strains isolated in Japan in 1985–2013: Identification of their serotypes and geographical genetic types. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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67
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Discovery of new orbiviruses and totivirus from Anopheles mosquitoes in Eastern Australia. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3529-3534. [PMID: 28785815 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new viruses classifiable within the Totivirus and Orbivirus genera were detected from Anopheles mosquito species collected in Eastern Australia. The viruses could not be isolated in C6/36 mosquito cell cultures but were shown to replicate in their mosquito hosts by small RNA analysis. The viruses grouped phylogenetically with other viruses recently detected in insects. These discoveries contribute to a better understanding of commensal viruses in Australian mosquitoes and the evolution of these viruses.
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68
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Welte MA, Gould AP. Lipid droplet functions beyond energy storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1260-1272. [PMID: 28735096 PMCID: PMC5595650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are cytoplasmic organelles that store neutral lipids and are critically important for energy metabolism. Their function in energy storage is firmly established and increasingly well characterized. However, emerging evidence indicates that lipid droplets also play important and diverse roles in the cellular handling of lipids and proteins that may not be directly related to energy homeostasis. Lipid handling roles of droplets include the storage of hydrophobic vitamin and signaling precursors, and the management of endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress. Roles of lipid droplets in protein handling encompass functions in the maturation, storage, and turnover of cellular and viral polypeptides. Other potential roles of lipid droplets may be connected with their intracellular motility and, in some cases, their nuclear localization. This diversity highlights that lipid droplets are very adaptable organelles, performing different functions in different biological contexts. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
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69
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Mathebula EM, Faber FE, Van Wyngaardt W, Van Schalkwyk A, Pretorius A, Fehrsen J. B-cell epitopes of African horse sickness virus serotype 4 recognised by immune horse sera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 84:e1-e12. [PMID: 28281773 PMCID: PMC6238682 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Identifying antigenic proteins and mapping their epitopes is important for the development of diagnostic reagents and recombinant vaccines. B-cell epitopes of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) have previously been mapped on VP2, VP5, VP7 and NS1, using mouse, rabbit and chicken monoclonal antibodies. A comprehensive study of the humoral immune response of five vaccinated horses to AHSV-4 antigenic peptides was undertaken. A fragmented-genome phage display library expressing a repertoire of AHSV-4 peptides spanning the entire genome was constructed. The library was affinity selected for binders on immobilised polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) isolated from horse sera collected pre- and post-immunisation with an attenuated AHSV-4 monovalent vaccine. The DNA inserts of binding phages were sequenced with Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The data were normalised using pre-immune IgG-selected sequences. More sequences mapped to the genes coding for NS3, VP6 and VP5 than to the other genes. However, VP2 and VP5 each had more antigenic regions than each of the other proteins. This study identified a number of epitopes to which the horse’s humoral immune system responds during immunisation with AHSV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- New Generation Vaccines Programme, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria.
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Structural Protein VP2 of African Horse Sickness Virus Is Not Essential for Virus Replication In Vitro. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01328-16. [PMID: 27903804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01328-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reoviridae family consists of nonenveloped multilayered viruses with a double-stranded RNA genome consisting of 9 to 12 genome segments. The Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family contains African horse sickness virus (AHSV), bluetongue virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, which cause notifiable diseases and are spread by biting Culicoides species. Here, we used reverse genetics for AHSV to study the role of outer capsid protein VP2, encoded by genome segment 2 (Seg-2). Expansion of a previously found deletion in Seg-2 indicates that structural protein VP2 of AHSV is not essential for virus replication in vitro In addition, in-frame replacement of RNA sequences in Seg-2 by that of green fluorescence protein (GFP) resulted in AHSV expressing GFP, which further confirmed that VP2 is not essential for virus replication. In contrast to virus replication without VP2 expression in mammalian cells, virus replication in insect cells was strongly reduced, and virus release from insect cells was completely abolished. Further, the other outer capsid protein, VP5, was not copurified with virions for virus mutants without VP2 expression. AHSV without VP5 expression, however, could not be recovered, indicating that outer capsid protein VP5 is essential for virus replication in vitro Our results demonstrate for the first time that a structural viral protein is not essential for orbivirus replication in vitro, which opens new possibilities for research on other members of the Reoviridae family. IMPORTANCE Members of the Reoviridae family cause major health problems worldwide, ranging from lethal diarrhea caused by rotavirus in humans to economic losses in livestock production caused by different orbiviruses. The Orbivirus genus contains many virus species, of which bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) cause notifiable diseases according to the World Organization of Animal Health. Recently, it has been shown that nonstructural proteins NS3/NS3a and NS4 are not essential for virus replication in vitro, whereas it is generally assumed that structural proteins VP1 to -7 of these nonenveloped, architecturally complex virus particles are essential. Here we demonstrate for the first time that structural protein VP2 of AHSV is not essential for virus replication in vitro Our findings are very important for virologists working in the field of nonenveloped viruses, in particular reoviruses.
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71
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A competitive ELISA for detection of group specific antibody to bluetongue virus using anti-core antibody. Biologicals 2017; 46:168-171. [PMID: 28111083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by biting midges, which infects domestic and wild ruminants. In present study, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) for the detection of serogroup-specific antibodies against VP7 protein of BTV has been developed. The assay measures the competition between a group specific antibody against core protein of BTV and a test serum to an optimized concentration of BTV recombinant-VP7 (r-VP7) antigen. Serum samples (n = 895) collected from small and large ruminants were used to optimize the C-ELISA. Percent inhibition (PI) values were used for estimation of the cut-off value for the C-ELISA. On receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, different cut-off values along with their diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) were obtained. Among these, >50% PI value was accepted as cut-off at which DSn and Dsp was achieved as 97.6% and 98.0% respectively, at >95% confidence interval. Results show the present C-ELISA assay described to be sensitive, specific and reliable and could be adopted for serological investigation of small and large ruminants.
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72
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Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species of genus Orbivirus within family Reoviridae. Bluetongue virus is transmitted between its ruminant hosts by the bite of Culicoides spp. midges. Severe BT cases are characterized by symptoms including hemorrhagic fever, particularly in sheep, loss of productivity, and death. To date, 27 BTV serotypes have been documented. These include novel isolates of atypical BTV, which have been almost fully characterized using deep sequencing technologies and do not rely on Culicoides vectors for their transmission among hosts. Due to its high economic impact, BT is an Office International des Epizooties (OIE) listed disease that is strictly controlled in international commercial exchanges. During the 20th century, BTV has been endemic in subtropical regions. In the last 15 years, novel strains of nine "typical" BTV serotypes (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, and 16) invaded Europe, some of which caused disease in naive sheep and unexpectedly in bovine herds (particularly serotype 8). Over the past few years, three novel "atypical" serotypes (25-27) were characterized during sequencing studies of animal samples from Switzerland, Kuwait, and France, respectively. Classical serotype-specific inactivated vaccines, although expensive, were very successful in controlling outbreaks as shown with the northern European BTV-8 outbreak which started in the summer of 2006. Technological jumps in deep sequencing methodologies made rapid full characterizations of BTV genome from isolates/tissues feasible. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are powerful tools to study the variability of BTV genomes on a fine scale. This paper provides information on how NGS impacted our knowledge of the BTV genome.
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73
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Genome Sequence of Bluetongue virus Serotype 17 Isolated in Brazil in 2014. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/5/e01161-16. [PMID: 27789637 PMCID: PMC5084861 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01161-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 17 strain 17/BRA/2014/73, isolated from a sheep in Brazil in 2014, is reported here. All segments clustered with western topotype strains and indicated reassortment events with other BTV from the Americas. The strain 17/BRA/2014/73 represents a novel reference strain for BTV-17 from South America.
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74
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Development and Evaluation of Real Time RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Typing of Bluetongue Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163014. [PMID: 27661614 PMCID: PMC5035095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is the type species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts primarily by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in which they also replicate. Consequently BTV distribution is dependent on the activity, geographic distribution, and seasonal abundance of Culicoides spp. The virus can also be transmitted vertically in vertebrate hosts, and some strains/serotypes can be transmitted horizontally in the absence of insect vectors. The BTV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA, numbered in order of decreasing size (Seg-1 to Seg-10). Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer-capsid protein VP2, the most variable BTV protein and the primary target for neutralising antibodies. Consequently VP2 (and Seg-2) determine the identity of the twenty seven serotypes and two additional putative BTV serotypes that have been recognised so far. Current BTV vaccines are serotype specific and typing of outbreak strains is required in order to deploy appropriate vaccines. We report development and evaluation of multiple 'TaqMan' fluorescence-probe based quantitative real-time type-specific RT-PCR assays targeting Seg-2 of the 27+1 BTV types. The assays were evaluated using orbivirus isolates from the 'Orbivirus Reference Collection' (ORC) held at The Pirbright Institute. The assays are BTV-type specific and can be used for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection / identification (typing) of BTV RNA from samples of infected blood, tissues, homogenised Culicoides, or tissue culture supernatants. None of the assays amplified cDNAs from closely related but heterologous orbiviruses, or from uninfected host animals or cell cultures.
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75
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Fowler VL, Howson ELA, Flannery J, Romito M, Lubisi A, Agüero M, Mertens P, Batten CA, Warren HR, Castillo-Olivares J. Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Rapid Detection of African Horse Sickness Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1579-1588. [PMID: 27484889 PMCID: PMC5600106 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids caused by African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) and is transmitted by Culicoides midges. AHS is endemic in sub‐Saharan Africa, but during the past century, outbreaks of significant economic importance and elevated mortality have been recorded in Northern African countries, the Iberian and Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Effective control combines the application of early warning systems, accurate laboratory diagnosis and reporting, animal movement restrictions, suitable vaccination and surveillance programs, and the coordination of all these measures by efficient veterinary services. Conventional reverse‐transcriptase (RT) PCR (RT‐PCR) and real‐time RT‐PCR (rRT‐PCR) assays have improved the sensitivity and rapidity of diagnosing AHS, resulting in the adoption of these methods as recommended tests by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). However, currently these assays are only performed within laboratory settings; therefore, the development of field diagnostics for AHS would improve the fast implementation of control policies. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an isothermal, autocycling, strand‐displacement nucleic acid amplification technique which can be performed in the field. LAMP assays are attractive molecular assays because they are simple to use, rapid, portable and have sensitivity and specificity within the range of rRT‐PCR. This study describes the development of a novel RT‐LAMP assay for the detection of AHSV. The AHSV RT‐LAMP assay has an analytical sensitivity of 96.1% when considering an rRT‐PCR cut‐off value of CT > 36, or 91.3% when no rRT‐PCR cut‐off is applied. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100%. This assay provides for a rapid and low cost AHS diagnostic for use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - E L A Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - M Romito
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - A Lubisi
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria-Sanidad Animal, Algete (Madrid), Spain
| | - P Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - C A Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - H R Warren
- OptiGene Limited, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
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76
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van Rijn PA, van de Water SG, Maris-Veldhuis MA, van Gennip RG. Experimental infection of small ruminants with bluetongue virus expressing Toggenburg Orbivirus proteins. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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77
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van Rijn PA, van de Water SGP, Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP. Requirements and comparative analysis of reverse genetics for bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). Virol J 2016; 13:119. [PMID: 27368544 PMCID: PMC4930614 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are distinct arthropod borne virus species in the genus Orbivirus (Reoviridae family), causing the notifiable diseases Bluetongue and African horse sickness of ruminants and equids, respectively. Reverse genetics systems for these orbiviruses with their ten-segmented genome of double stranded RNA have been developed. Initially, two subsequent transfections of in vitro synthesized capped run-off RNA transcripts resulted in the recovery of BTV. Reverse genetics has been improved by transfection of expression plasmids followed by transfection of ten RNA transcripts. Recovery of AHSV was further improved by use of expression plasmids containing optimized open reading frames. RESULTS Plasmids containing full length cDNA of the 10 genome segments for T7 promoter-driven production of full length run-off RNA transcripts and expression plasmids with optimized open reading frames (ORFs) were used. BTV and AHSV were rescued using reverse genetics. The requirement of each expression plasmid and capping of RNA transcripts for reverse genetics were studied and compared for BTV and AHSV. BTV was recovered by transfection of VP1 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of a set of ten capped RNAs. VP3 expression plasmid was also required if uncapped RNAs were transfected. Recovery of AHSV required transfection of VP1, VP3 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of capped RNA transcripts. Plasmid-driven expression of VP4, 6 and 7 was also needed when uncapped RNA transcripts were used. Irrespective of capping of RNA transcripts, NS1 expression plasmid was not needed for recovery, although NS1 protein is essential for virus propagation. Improvement of reverse genetics for AHSV was clearly demonstrated by rescue of several mutants and reassortants that were not rescued with previous methods. CONCLUSIONS A limited number of expression plasmids is required for rescue of BTV or AHSV using reverse genetics, making the system much more versatile and generally applicable. Optimization of reverse genetics enlarge the possibilities to rescue virus mutants and reassortants, and will greatly benefit the control of these important diseases of livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Sandra G P van de Water
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands
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78
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Faber F, van Kleef M, Tshilwane S, Pretorius A. African horse sickness virus serotype 4 antigens, VP1-1, VP2-2, VP4, VP7 and NS3, induce cytotoxic T cell responses in vitro. Virus Res 2016; 220:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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79
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Forzan M, Maan S, Mazzei M, Belaganahalli MN, Bonuccelli L, Calamari M, Carrozza ML, Cappello V, Di Luca M, Bandecchi P, Mertens PPC, Tolari F. Generation of virus like particles for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:116-122. [PMID: 27473984 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a distinct species within the genus Orbivirus, within the family Reoviridae. The epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus genome comprises ten segments of linear, double stranded (ds) RNA, which are packaged within each virus particle. The EHDV virion has a three layered capsid-structure, generated by four major viral proteins: VP2 and VP5 (outer capsid layer); VP7 (intermediate, core-surface layer) and VP3 (innermost, sub-core layer). Although EHDV infects cattle sporadically, several outbreaks have recently occurred in this species in five Mediterranean countries, indicating a potential threat to the European cattle industry. EHDV is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides, which can travel long distances through wind-born movements (particularly over water), increasing the potential for viral spread in new areas/countries. Expression systems to generate self-assembled virus like particles (VLPs) by simultaneous expression of the major capsid-proteins, have been established for several viruses (including bluetongue virus). This study has developed expression systems for production of EHDV VLPs, for use as non-infectious antigens in both vaccinology and serology studies, avoiding the risk of genetic reassortment between vaccine and field strains and facilitating large scale antigen production. Genes encoding the four major-capsid proteins of a field strain of EHDV-6, were isolated and cloned into transfer vectors, to generate two recombinant baculoviruses. The expression of these viral genes was assessed in insect cells by monitoring the presence of specific viral mRNAs and by western blotting. Electron microscopy studies confirmed the formation and purification of assembled VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Forzan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentina Cappello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, NEST, Pisa, Italy
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80
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Bluetongue Virus NS4 Protein Is an Interferon Antagonist and a Determinant of Virus Virulence. J Virol 2016; 90:5427-39. [PMID: 27009961 PMCID: PMC4934764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00422-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue, a major infectious disease of ruminants with serious consequences to both animal health and the economy. The clinical outcome of BTV infection is highly variable and dependent on a variety of factors related to both the virus and the host. In this study, we show that the BTV nonstructural protein NS4 favors viral replication in sheep, the animal species most affected by bluetongue. In addition, NS4 confers a replication advantage on the virus in interferon (IFN)-competent primary sheep endothelial cells and immortalized cell lines. We determined that in cells infected with an NS4 deletion mutant (BTV8ΔNS4), there is increased synthesis of type I IFN compared to cells infected with wild-type BTV-8. In addition, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we show that NS4 modulates the host IFN response and downregulates mRNA levels of type I IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. Moreover, using reporter assays and protein synthesis assays, we show that NS4 downregulates the activities of a variety of promoters, such as the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, the IFN-β promoter, and a promoter containing interferon-stimulated response elements (ISRE). We also show that the NS4 inhibitory activity on gene expression is related to its nucleolar localization. Furthermore, NS4 does not affect mRNA splicing or cellular translation. The data obtained in this study strongly suggest that BTV NS4 is an IFN antagonist and a key determinant of viral virulence.
IMPORTANCE Bluetongue is one of the main infectious diseases of ruminants and is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arthropod-borne virus transmitted from infected to susceptible animals by Culicoides biting midges. Bluetongue has a variable clinical outcome that can be related to both virus and host factors. It is therefore critical to understand the interplay between BTV and the host immune responses. In this study, we show that a nonstructural protein of BTV (NS4) is critical to counteract the innate immune response of the host. Infection of cells with a BTV mutant lacking NS4 results in increased synthesis of IFN-β and upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes. In addition, we show that NS4 is a virulence factor for BTV by favoring viral replication in sheep, the animal species most susceptible to bluetongue.
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81
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Chand K, Biswas SK, Sharma G, Saxena A, Tewari N, Mahajan S, Pandey AB. Full genome sequencing of the bluetongue virus-1 isolate MKD20/08/Ind from goat in India. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:527-8. [PMID: 27266632 PMCID: PMC4927677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This communication reports full genome sequencing of the bluetongue virus-1 (BTV-1) isolate MKD20/08/Ind from goat in northern India. The total BTV-1 genome size was found to be 19,190 bp. A comparison study between the Indian isolate and other global isolates revealed that it belongs to the ‘Eastern’ BTV topotype. The full genome sequence of BTV-1 will provide vital information on its geographical origin and it will also be proved useful for comparing the Indian isolate with global isolates from other host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Chand
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arpit Saxena
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neha Tewari
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Awadh Bihari Pandey
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Uttarakhand, India
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82
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Drolet BS, van Rijn P, Howerth EW, Beer M, Mertens PP. A Review of Knowledge Gaps and Tools for Orbivirus Research. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:339-47. [PMID: 26086555 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recognized as causing emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks worldwide since the late 1800 s, there has been growing interest in the United States and Europe in recent years in orbiviruses, their insect vectors, and the diseases they cause in domestic livestock and wildlife. This is due, in part, to the emergence of bluetongue (BT) in northern Europe in 2006-2007 resulting in a devastating outbreak, as well as severe BT outbreaks in sheep and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) outbreaks in deer and cattle in the United States. Of notable concern is the isolation of as many as 10 new BT virus (BTV) serotypes in the United States since 1999 and their associated unknowns, such as route of introduction, virulence to mammals, and indigenous competent vectors. This review, based on a gap analysis workshop composed of international experts on orbiviruses conducted in 2013, gives a global perspective of current basic virological understanding of orbiviruses, with particular attention to BTV and the closely related epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), and identifies a multitude of basic virology research gaps, critical for predicting and preventing outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Drolet
- 1 US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Piet van Rijn
- 2 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University (CVI), The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University , South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W Howerth
- 3 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Martin Beer
- 4 Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Peter P Mertens
- 5 Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
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83
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Du J, Xing S, Tian Z, Gao S, Xie J, Chang H, Liu G, Luo J, Yin H. Proteomic analysis of sheep primary testicular cells infected with bluetongue virus. Proteomics 2016; 16:1499-514. [PMID: 26989863 PMCID: PMC7168089 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes a non‐contagious, arthropod‐transmitted disease in wild and domestic ruminants, such as sheep. In this study, we used iTRAQ labeling coupled with LC‐MS/MS for quantitative identification of differentially expressed proteins in BTV‐infected sheep testicular (ST) cells. Relative quantitative data were obtained for 4455 proteins in BTV‐ and mock‐infected ST cells, among which 101 and 479 proteins were differentially expressed at 24 and 48 h post‐infection, respectively, indicating further proteomic changes during the later stages of infection. Ten corresponding genes of differentially expressed proteins were validated via real‐time RT‐PCR. Expression levels of three representative proteins, eIF4a1, STAT1 and HSP27, were further confirmed via western blot analysis. Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that the differentially expressed proteins are primarily involved in biological processes related to innate immune response, signal transduction, nucleocytoplasmic transport, transcription and apoptosis. Several upregulated proteins were associated with the RIG‐I‐like receptor signaling pathway and endocytosis. To our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to investigate proteome‐wide dysregulation in BTV‐infected cells with the aid of quantitative proteomics. Our collective results not only enhance understanding of the host response to BTV infection but also highlight multiple potential targets for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Junren Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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84
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Maan S, Maan NS, Batra K, Kumar A, Gupta A, Rao PP, Hemadri D, Reddy YN, Guimera M, Belaganahalli MN, Mertens PPC. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rapid identification of eastern and western strains of bluetongue virus in India. J Virol Methods 2016; 234:65-74. [PMID: 27054888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) infects all ruminants, including cattle, goats and camelids, causing bluetongue disease (BT) that is often severe in naïve deer and sheep. Reverse-transcription-loop-mediated-isothermal-amplification (RT-LAMP) assays were developed to detect eastern or western topotype of BTV strains circulating in India. Each assay uses four primers recognizing six distinct sequences of BTV genome-segment 1 (Seg-1). The eastern (e)RT-LAMP and western (w)RT-LAMP assay detected BTV RNA in all positive isolates that were tested (n=52, including Indian BTV-1, -2, -3, -5, -9, -10, -16, -21 -23, and -24 strains) with high specificity and efficiency. The analytical sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assays is comparable to real-time RT-PCR, but higher than conventional RT-PCR. The accelerated eRT-LAMP and wRT-LAMP assays generated detectable levels of amplified DNA, down to 0.216 fg of BTV RNA template or 108 fg of BTV RNA template within 60-90min respectively. The assays gave negative results with RNA from foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), or DNA from Capripox viruses and Orf virus (n=10), all of which can cause clinical signs similar to BT. Both RT-LAMP assays did not show any cross-reaction among themselves. The assays are rapid, easy to perform, could be adapted as a 'penside' test making them suitable for 'front-line' diagnosis, helping to identify and contain field outbreaks of BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
| | - N S Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India; Resource Faculty, Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - K Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - A Gupta
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Divakar Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024 K.A, India
| | - Yella Narasimha Reddy
- College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad 500 030, T.S, India
| | - M Guimera
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - M N Belaganahalli
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - P P C Mertens
- The Vector-Borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF Surrey, United Kingdom
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85
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Pullinger GD, Guimerà Busquets M, Nomikou K, Boyce M, Attoui H, Mertens PP. Identification of the Genome Segments of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 26 (Isolate KUW2010/02) that Restrict Replication in a Culicoides sonorensis Cell Line (KC Cells). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149709. [PMID: 26890863 PMCID: PMC4758653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) can infect most ruminant species and is usually transmitted by adult, vector-competent biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Infection with BTV can cause severe clinical signs and can be fatal, particularly in naïve sheep and some deer species. Although 24 distinct BTV serotypes were recognized for several decades, additional 'types' have recently been identified, including BTV-25 (from Switzerland), BTV-26 (from Kuwait) and BTV-27 from France (Corsica). Although BTV-25 has failed to grow in either insect or mammalian cell cultures, BTV-26 (isolate KUW2010/02), which can be transmitted horizontally between goats in the absence of vector insects, does not replicate in a Culicoides sonorensis cell line (KC cells) but can be propagated in mammalian cells (BSR cells). The BTV genome consists of ten segments of linear dsRNA. Mono-reassortant viruses were generated by reverse-genetics, each one containing a single BTV-26 genome segment in a BTV-1 genetic-background. However, attempts to recover a mono-reassortant containing genome-segment 2 (Seg-2) of BTV-26 (encoding VP2), were unsuccessful but a triple-reassortant was successfully generated containing Seg-2, Seg-6 and Seg-7 (encoding VP5 and VP7 respectively) of BTV-26. Reassortants were recovered and most replicated well in mammalian cells (BSR cells). However, mono-reassortants containing Seg-1 or Seg-3 of BTV-26 (encoding VP1, or VP3 respectively) and the triple reassortant failed to replicate, while a mono-reassortant containing Seg-7 of BTV-26 only replicated slowly in KC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian D. Pullinger
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Marc Guimerà Busquets
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
| | - Mark Boyce
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
| | - Peter P. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
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86
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Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP, Schreuder M, van Rijn PA. Balance of RNA sequence requirement and NS3/NS3a expression of segment 10 of orbiviruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:411-421. [PMID: 26644214 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orbiviruses are insect-transmitted, non-enveloped viruses with a ten-segmented dsRNA genome of which the bluetongue virus (BTV) is the prototype. Viral non-structural protein NS3/NS3a is encoded by genome segment 10 (Seg-10), and is involved in different virus release mechanisms. This protein induces specific release via membrane disruptions and budding in both insect and mammalian cells, but also the cytopathogenic release that is only seen in mammalian cells. NS3/NS3a is not essential for virus replication in vitro with BTV Seg-10 containing RNA elements essential for virus replication, even if protein is not expressed. Recently, new BTV serotypes with distinct NS3/NS3a sequence and cell tropism have been identified. Multiple studies have hinted at the importance of Seg-10 in orbivirus replication, but the exact prerequisites are still unknown. Here, more insight is obtained with regard to the needs for orbivirus Seg-10 and the balance between protein expression and RNA elements. Multiple silent mutations in the BTV NS3a ORF destabilized Seg-10, resulting in deletions and sequences originating from other viral segments being inserted, indicating strong selection at the level of RNA during replication in mammalian cells in vitro. The NS3a ORFs of other orbiviruses were successfully exchanged in BTV1 Seg-10, resulting in viable chimeric viruses. NS3/NS3a proteins in these chimeric viruses were generally functional in mammalian cells, but not in insect cells. NS3/NS3a of the novel BTV serotypes 25 and 26 affected virus release from Culicoides cells, which might be one of the reasons for their distinct cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Myrte Schreuder
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, South Africa
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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87
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de la Poza F, Marín-López A, Castillo-Olivares J, Calvo-Pinilla E, Ortego J. Identification of CD8 T cell epitopes in VP2 and NS1 proteins of African horse sickness virus in IFNAR(-/-) mice. Virus Res 2015; 210:149-53. [PMID: 26272673 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae that causes severe pathology in equids. Previous work in our laboratory showed the presence of AHSV-specific CD8(+) T cells in mice immunized with recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) expressing VP2 and NS1 proteins. In the present work, we selected potential CD8 T cell epitopes (MHC-class I binding peptides) for the 129 mouse strain from the VP2 and NS1 proteins of AHSV-4, using a combination of four epitope prediction algorithms (SYFPEITHI, BYMAS, NetMHC I and NetMHCpan). ELISPOT and Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) analysis showed that the VP2-720 (MSLLNFGAV), VP2-1044 (YTFGNKFLL), and NS1-83 (CVIKNADYV) peptides elicited IFN-γ production in splenocytes of MVA-VP2 and MVA-NS1 immunized mice and were identified as CD8(+) T cell epitopes. In addition, these three MHC-class I-binding peptides induced the expression of CD107a in CD8(+) T cells, an indirect marker of cytotoxic activity. Importantly, VP2-1044 and NS1-83 epitopes are conserved among all nine AHSV serotypes. These data demonstrate the activation of AHSV specific T-cell epitopes during vaccination with rMVAs expressing VP2 and NS1. Furthermore, the characterization of these CD8(+) T-cell epitopes provides information useful for the design of novel marker multiserotype vaccines against AHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de la Poza
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.
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88
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Yang H, Lv M, Sun M, Lin L, Kou M, Gao L, Liao D, Xiong H, He Y, Li H. Complete genome sequence of the first bluetongue virus serotype 7 isolate from China: evidence for entry of African-lineage strains and reassortment between the introduced and native strains. Arch Virol 2015; 161:223-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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89
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Pretorius JM, Huismans H, Theron J. Establishment of an entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics system for Bluetongue virus. Virology 2015; 486:71-7. [PMID: 26408855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the type species of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae, has a genome consisting of 10 linear double-stranded RNA genome segments. Current reverse genetics approaches for engineering the BTV genome rely upon in vitro synthesis of capped RNA transcripts from cloned cDNA corresponding to viral genome segments. In an effort to expand the utility of BTV reverse genetics, we constructed a reverse genetics vector containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, hepatitis delta ribozyme sequence and T7 RNA polymerase terminator sequence. Viable virus was recovered following transfection of mammalian cells, expressing T7 RNA polymerase, with 10 plasmid constructs representing the cloned BTV-1 genome. Furthermore, the plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used successfully to isolate viable cross-serotype reassortant viruses and a mutant virus containing a defined mutation in the replicating viral genome. The new reverse genetics platform established here for BTV is likely applicable to other orbiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakobus M Pretorius
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Henk Huismans
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Jacques Theron
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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90
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Tacken MGJ, Daus FJ, Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP, van Rijn PA. Development of a competitive ELISA for NS3 antibodies as DIVA test accompanying the novel Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine for Bluetongue. Vaccine 2015; 33:5539-5545. [PMID: 26387435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a novel vaccine for Bluetongue named BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine. Due to the lack of non-essential NS3/NS3a protein, BT DISA vaccine is a replicating vaccine, but without the inherent risks of live-attenuated vaccines, such as residual virulence or reversion to virulence by mutations, reassortment with field virus, horizontal spread by vectors and vertical transmission. The immune response induced by BT DISA vaccines is rapidly induced, highly protective and serotype specific which is dependent on the immunodominant and serotype determining VP2 protein. The BT DISA vaccine platform provides the replacement of exclusively VP2 from different serotypes in order to safely formulate multivalent cocktail vaccines. The lack of NS3/NS3a directed antibodies by BT DISA vaccination enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle). A highly conserved immunogenic site corresponding to the late domain was mapped in the N-terminal region of NS3. We here established an NS3-specific competitive ELISA (NS3 cELISA) as serological DIVA test accompanying BT DISA vaccines. To this end, NS3 protein missing putative transmembrane regions was produced in large amounts in bacteria and used as antigen in the NS3 cELISA which was investigated with a variety of sera. The NS3 cELISA displayed a high sensitivity and specificity similar to the commercially available VP7-specific cELISA. Results of previously performed vaccination-challenge trials with BT DISA vaccines clearly demonstrate the DIVA system based on the NS3 cELISA and BT vaccine free of NS3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirriam G J Tacken
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Franz J Daus
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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91
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Feenstra F, Drolet BS, Boonstra J, van Rijn PA. Non-structural protein NS3/NS3a is required for propagation of bluetongue virus in Culicoides sonorensis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:476. [PMID: 26383094 PMCID: PMC4573936 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes non-contagious haemorrhagic disease in ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges. BTV encodes four non-structural proteins of which NS3/NS3a is functional in virus release. NS3/NS3a is not essential for in vitro virus replication. However, deletion of NS3/NS3a leads to delayed virus release from mammalian cells and largely reduces virus release from insect cells. NS3/NS3a knockout BTV in sheep causes no viremia, but induces sterile immunity and is therefore proposed to be a Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine candidate. In the absence of viremia, uptake of this vaccine strain by blood-feeding midges would be highly unlikely. Nevertheless, unintended replication of vaccine strains within vectors, and subsequent recombination or re-assortment resulting in virulent phenotypes and transmission is a safety concern of modified-live vaccines. METHODS The role of NS3/NS3a in replication and dissemination of BTV1, expressing VP2 of serotype 2 within colonized Culicoides sonorensis midges was investigated. Virus strains were generated using reverse genetics and their growth was examined in vitro. A laboratory colony of C. sonorensis, a known competent BTV vector, was fed or injected with BTV with or without expressing NS3/NS3a and replication in the midge was examined using RT PCR. Crossing of the midgut infection barrier was examined by separate testing of midge heads and bodies. RESULTS Although the parental NS3/NS3a expressing strain was not able to replicate and disseminate within C. sonorensis after oral feeding, this virus was able to replicate efficiently when the midgut infection barrier was bypassed by intrathoracic injection, whereas the NS3/NS3a knockout mutant was unable to replicate. This demonstrates that NS3/NS3a is required for viral replication within Culicoides. CONCLUSION The lack of viremia and the inability to replicate within the vector, clearly demonstrate the inability of NS3/NS3a knockout DISA vaccine strains to be transmitted by midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jan Boonstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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92
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Ejiri H, Lim CK, Isawa H, Kuwata R, Kobayashi D, Yamaguchi Y, Takayama-Ito M, Kinoshita H, Kakiuchi S, Horiya M, Kotaki A, Takasaki T, Maeda K, Hayashi T, Sasaki T, Kobayashi M, Saijo M, Sawabe K. Genetic and biological characterization of Muko virus, a new distinct member of the species Great Island virus (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae), isolated from ixodid ticks in Japan. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2965-77. [PMID: 26350980 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the tick-borne orbiviruses (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae), 36 serotypes are currently classified within a single virus species, Great Island virus. In this study, we report the first characterization of a tick-borne orbivirus isolated from the tick Ixodes turdus in Japan, which we identified as a new member of the species Great Island virus. The virus isolate, designated Muko virus (MUV), replicated and induced cytopathic effects in BHK-21, Vero E6, and CCL-141 cells and caused high mortality in suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation. Full genome sequence analysis showed that MUV shared the greatest phylogenetic similarity with Tribeč virus in terms of the amino acid sequences of all viral proteins except for outer capsid protein 1 (OC1; VP4 of MUV). Analysis of genome segment 9 in MUV detected an uninterrupted open reading frame that overlaps with VP6 (Hel), which putatively encodes a molecular and functional equivalent of NS4 from Great Island virus. Our study provides new insights into the geographic distribution, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history of the members of the species Great Island virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ejiri
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukie Yamaguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mutsuyo Takayama-Ito
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kinoshita
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Madoka Horiya
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Kotaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sasaki
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuiku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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93
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Stewart M, Hardy A, Barry G, Pinto RM, Caporale M, Melzi E, Hughes J, Taggart A, Janowicz A, Varela M, Ratinier M, Palmarini M. Characterization of a second open reading frame in genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3280-3293. [PMID: 26290332 PMCID: PMC4806581 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have often evolved overlapping reading frames in order to maximize their coding capacity. Until recently, the segmented dsRNA genome of viruses of the Orbivirus genus was thought to be monocistronic, but the identification of the bluetongue virus (BTV) NS4 protein changed this assumption. A small ORF in segment 10, overlapping the NS3 ORF in the +1 position, is maintained in more than 300 strains of the 27 different BTV serotypes and in more than 200 strains of the phylogenetically related African horse sickness virus (AHSV). In BTV, this ORF (named S10-ORF2 in this study) encodes a putative protein 50–59 residues in length and appears to be under strong positive selection. HA- or GFP-tagged versions of S10-ORF2 expressed from transfected plasmids localized within the nucleoli of transfected cells, unless a putative nucleolar localization signal was mutated. S10-ORF2 inhibited gene expression, but not RNA translation, in transient transfection reporter assays. In both mammalian and insect cells, BTV S10-ORF2 deletion mutants (BTV8ΔS10-ORF2) displayed similar replication kinetics to wt virus. In vivo, S10-ORF2 deletion mutants were pathogenic in mouse models of disease. Although further evidence is required for S10-ORF2 expression during infection, the data presented provide an initial characterization of this ORF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexandra Hardy
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerald Barry
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marco Caporale
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Melzi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aislynn Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Janowicz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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94
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Kyriakis CS, Billinis C, Papadopoulos E, Vasileiou NGC, Athanasiou LV, Fthenakis GC. Bluetongue in small ruminants: An opinionated review, with a brief appraisal of the 2014 outbreak of the disease in Greece and the south-east Europe. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:66-74. [PMID: 26304745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, especially of sheep, caused by Bluetongue virus, which belongs to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae and is classified into 26 antigenically distinct serotypes. Once thought to be restricted in Africa and parts of the Middle East, bluetongue has now become a concern in sheep-rearing countries around the world. In the past 10 years, severe outbreaks have occurred in Europe with important economic consequences; of these, the 2006-20008 outbreak in Europe was caused by a serotype 8 strain and the 2014 outbreak in Greece and the other countries of south-east Europe was caused by a serotype 4 strain, suggested to be a reassortant strain with genome segments from lineages of serotype 1, 2 and 4. Immunisation campaigns can be implemented for successful control and limiting of the disease. Nevertheless, in both of the above outbreaks, late application of vaccinations led to a wide spread of the disease, which subsequently resulted in significant losses in livestock in the affected regions. In view of that, standardisation of control measures in the future will be beneficial for efficiently limiting outbreaks of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Kyriakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - C Billinis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Papadopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - L V Athanasiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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95
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Turnover Rate of NS3 Proteins Modulates Bluetongue Virus Replication Kinetics in a Host-Specific Manner. J Virol 2015; 89:10467-81. [PMID: 26246581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01541-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to livestock by midges of the Culicoides family and is the etiological agent of a hemorrhagic disease in sheep and other ruminants. In mammalian cells, BTV particles are released primarily by virus-induced cell lysis, while in insect cells they bud from the plasma membrane and establish a persistent infection. BTV possesses a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, and NS3 proteins are encoded by segment 10 (Seg-10). The viral nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) plays a key role in mediating BTV egress as well as in impeding the in vitro synthesis of type I interferon in mammalian cells. In this study, we asked whether genetically distant NS3 proteins can alter BTV-host interactions. Using a reverse genetics approach, we showed that, depending on the NS3 considered, BTV replication kinetics varied in mammals but not in insects. In particular, one of the NS3 proteins analyzed harbored a proline at position 24 that leads to its rapid intracellular decay in ovine but not in Culicoides cells and to the attenuation of BTV virulence in a mouse model of disease. Overall, our data reveal that the genetic variability of Seg-10/NS3 differentially modulates BTV replication kinetics in a host-specific manner and highlight the role of the host-specific variation in NS3 protein turnover rate. IMPORTANCE BTV is the causative agent of a severe disease transmitted between ruminants by biting midges of Culicoides species. NS3, encoded by Seg-10 of the BTV genome, fulfills key roles in BTV infection. As Seg-10 sequences from various BTV strains display genetic variability, we assessed the impact of different Seg-10 and NS3 proteins on BTV infection and host interactions. In this study, we revealed that various Seg-10/NS3 proteins alter BTV replication kinetics in mammals but not in insects. Notably, we found that NS3 protein turnover may vary in ovine but not in Culicoides cells due to a single amino acid residue that, most likely, leads to rapid and host-dependent protein degradation. Overall, this study highlights that genetically distant BTV Seg-10/NS3 influence BTV biological properties in a host-specific manner and increases our understanding of how NS3 proteins contribute to the outcome of BTV infection.
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96
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Viarouge C, Breard E, Zientara S, Vitour D, Sailleau C. Duplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for the Detection and Typing of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132540. [PMID: 26161784 PMCID: PMC4498883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) may cause severe clinical episodes in some species of deer and sometimes in cattle. Laboratory diagnosis provides a basis for the design and timely implementation of disease control measures. There are seven distinct EHDV serotypes, VP2 coding segment 2 being the target for serotype specificity. This paper reports the development and validation of eight duplex real-time RT-PCR assays to simultaneously amplify the EHDV target (S9 for the pan-EHDV real-time RT-PCR assay and S2 for the serotyping assays) and endogenous control gene Beta-actin. Analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, inter- and intra-assay variation and efficiency were evaluated for each assay. All were shown to be highly specific and sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle-94700 Maisons Alfort-France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle-94700 Maisons Alfort-France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle-94700 Maisons Alfort-France
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle-94700 Maisons Alfort-France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virologie, 23 avenue du général de Gaulle-94700 Maisons Alfort-France
- * E-mail:
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97
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Maan S, Maan NS, Belaganahalli MN, Rao PP, Singh KP, Hemadri D, Putty K, Kumar A, Batra K, Krishnajyothi Y, Chandel BS, Reddy GH, Nomikou K, Reddy YN, Attoui H, Hegde NR, Mertens PPC. Full-Genome Sequencing as a Basis for Molecular Epidemiology Studies of Bluetongue Virus in India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131257. [PMID: 26121128 PMCID: PMC4488075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1998 there have been significant changes in the global distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV). Ten previously exotic BTV serotypes have been detected in Europe, causing severe disease outbreaks in naïve ruminant populations. Previously exotic BTV serotypes were also identified in the USA, Israel, Australia and India. BTV is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and changes in the distribution of vector species, climate change, increased international travel and trade are thought to have contributed to these events. Thirteen BTV serotypes have been isolated in India since first reports of the disease in the country during 1964. Efficient methods for preparation of viral dsRNA and cDNA synthesis, have facilitated full-genome sequencing of BTV strains from the region. These studies introduce a new approach for BTV characterization, based on full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, facilitating the identification of BTV serotype, topotype and reassortant strains. Phylogenetic analyses show that most of the equivalent genome-segments of Indian BTV strains are closely related, clustering within a major eastern BTV 'topotype'. However, genome-segment 5 (Seg-5) encoding NS1, from multiple post 1982 Indian isolates, originated from a western BTV topotype. All ten genome-segments of BTV-2 isolates (IND2003/01, IND2003/02 and IND2003/03) are closely related (>99% identity) to a South African BTV-2 vaccine-strain (western topotype). Similarly BTV-10 isolates (IND2003/06; IND2005/04) show >99% identity in all genome segments, to the prototype BTV-10 (CA-8) strain from the USA. These data suggest repeated introductions of western BTV field and/or vaccine-strains into India, potentially linked to animal or vector-insect movements, or unauthorised use of 'live' South African or American BTV-vaccines in the country. The data presented will help improve nucleic acid based diagnostics for Indian serotypes/topotypes, as part of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
- * E-mail: (SM); (PPCM)
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karam Pal Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, K.A, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, T.S, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Yadlapati Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 500028, T.S, India
| | - Bharat S. Chandel
- College of Veterinary Science and AH, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, B.K., Gujarat, India
| | - G. Hanmanth Reddy
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 500028, T.S, India
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yella Narasimha Reddy
- College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, T.S, India
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SM); (PPCM)
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98
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DNA vaccine prime and recombinant FPV vaccine boost: an important candidate immunization strategy to control bluetongue virus type 1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8643-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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99
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Yang T, Zhang J, Xu Q, Sun E, Li J, Lv S, Feng Y, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang H, Wu D. Development of a reverse genetics system for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and evaluation of novel strains containing duplicative gene rearrangements. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2714-2720. [PMID: 25998915 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease is a non-contagious infectious viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). EHDV belongs to the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and is transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides. The impact of epizootic haemorrhagic disease is underscored by its designation as a notifiable disease by the Office International des Epizooties. The EHDV genome consists of 10 linear dsRNA segments (Seg1-Seg10). Until now, no reverse genetics system (RGS) has been developed to generate replication-competent EHDV entirely from cloned cDNA, hampering detailed functional analyses of EHDV biology. Here, we report the generation of viable EHDV entirely from cloned cDNAs. A replication-competent EHDV-2 (Ibaraki BK13 strain) virus incorporating a marker mutation was rescued by transfection of BHK-21 cells with expression plasmids and in vitro synthesized RNA transcripts. Using this RGS, two additional modified EHDV-2 viruses were also generated: one that contained a duplex concatemeric Seg9 gene and another that contained a duplex concatemeric Seg10 gene. The modified EHDV-2 with a duplex Seg9 gene was genetically stable during serial passage in BHK-21 cells. In contrast, the modified EHDV-2 with a duplex Seg10 gene was unstable during serial passage, but displayed enhanced replication kinetics in vitro when compared with the WT virus. This RGS provides a new platform for the investigation of EHDV replication, pathogenesis and novel EHDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Junping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Shuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yufei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Haixiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Donglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
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100
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Genetic characterization of the tick-borne orbiviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:2185-209. [PMID: 25928203 PMCID: PMC4452902 DOI: 10.3390/v7052185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognizes four species of tick-borne orbiviruses (TBOs): Chenuda virus, Chobar Gorge virus, Wad Medani virus and Great Island virus (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). Nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequence comparisons provide a basis for orbivirus detection and classification, however full genome sequence data were only available for the Great Island virus species. We report representative genome-sequences for the three other TBO species (virus isolates: Chenuda virus (CNUV); Chobar Gorge virus (CGV) and Wad Medani virus (WMV)). Phylogenetic comparisons show that TBOs cluster separately from insect-borne orbiviruses (IBOs). CNUV, CGV, WMV and GIV share low level aa/nt identities with other orbiviruses, in ‘conserved’ Pol, T2 and T13 proteins/genes, identifying them as four distinct virus-species. The TBO genome segment encoding cell attachment, outer capsid protein 1 (OC1), is approximately half the size of the equivalent segment from insect-borne orbiviruses, helping to explain why tick-borne orbiviruses have a ~1 kb smaller genome.
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