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Boender GJ, Hagenaars TJ, Holwerda M, Spierenburg MAH, van Rijn PA, van der Spek AN, Elbers ARW. Spatial Transmission Characteristics of the Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 Epidemic in The Netherlands, 2023. Viruses 2024; 16:625. [PMID: 38675966 PMCID: PMC11054275 DOI: 10.3390/v16040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A devastating bluetongue (BT) epidemic caused by bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) has spread throughout most of the Netherlands within two months since the first infection was officially confirmed in the beginning of September 2023. The epidemic comes with unusually strong suffering of infected cattle through severe lameness, often resulting in mortality or euthanisation for welfare reasons. In total, tens of thousands of sheep have died or had to be euthanised. By October 2023, more than 2200 locations with ruminant livestock were officially identified to be infected with BTV-3, and additionally, ruminants from 1300 locations were showing BTV-associated clinical symptoms (but not laboratory-confirmed BT). Here, we report on the spatial spread and dynamics of this BT epidemic. More specifically, we characterized the distance-dependent intensity of the between-holding transmission by estimating the spatial transmission kernel and by comparing it to transmission kernels estimated earlier for BTV-8 transmission in Northwestern Europe in 2006 and 2007. The 2023 BTV-3 kernel parameters are in line with those of the transmission kernel estimated previously for the between-holding spread of BTV-8 in Europe in 2007. The 2023 BTV-3 transmission kernel has a long-distance spatial range (across tens of kilometres), evidencing that in addition to short-distance dispersal of infected midges, other transmission routes such as livestock transports probably played an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert-Jan Boender
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics, Animal Studies and Vaccine Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (G.-J.B.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Thomas J. Hagenaars
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics, Animal Studies and Vaccine Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (G.-J.B.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (P.A.v.R.)
| | - Marcel A. H. Spierenburg
- Incident- and Crisis Centre (NVIC), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.A.H.S.); (A.N.v.d.S.)
| | - Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.H.); (P.A.v.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Arco N. van der Spek
- Incident- and Crisis Centre (NVIC), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.A.H.S.); (A.N.v.d.S.)
| | - Armin R. W. Elbers
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics, Animal Studies and Vaccine Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (G.-J.B.); (T.J.H.)
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Trinidad SEL, Bravo CB, Narvasta SF, Fuertes EH, Trigoso GA, Sáenz FC, Quispe-Ccasa HA. Seroprevalence of reproductive and infectious diseases in cattle: the case of Madre de Dios in the Peruvian southeastern tropics. Am J Vet Res 2024; 85:ajvr.23.08.0177. [PMID: 38335721 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.08.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of reproductive and infectious diseases in tropical cattle in the Tambopata and Tahuamanu Provinces in the department of Madre de Dios, Peru. SAMPLE 156 bovines from 7 cattle farms were sampled. These farms used exclusive grazing for food and natural mating for reproduction and did not have sanitary or vaccination programs. METHODS The serum of blood samples was subjected to ELISA with commercial kits for the detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP), Leptospira interrogans, pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus-1, retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV), orbivirus bluetongue virus (BTV), and herpesvirus bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV). The data were analyzed by means of association tests with χ2 (P < .05) and Spearman rank correlation (P < .05) in the SPSS v.15.0 software (IBM Corp). RESULTS A low prevalence of antibodies to L interrogans, N caninum, M avium subsp paratuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 was found, but it was high to BTV, BLV, and BHV (100%, 53.85%, and 72.44%, respectively). The presence of BLV and BHV was higher in the Las Piedras District, bovines less than 5 years old, and cattle with breed characteristics of zebu and crossbred (P < .01). In addition, there was a significant correlation between both infections, showing 83.3% of BLV positivity that were also BHV positive (P < .01). CLINICAL RELEVANCE The high prevalence of antibodies to BTV, BHV, and BLV could be due to livestock management practices, direct contact with infected animals, and variation of the presence of vectors and natural reservoirs in the context of climate change in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E León Trinidad
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Reproductiva, PROMEG Nacional, Estación Experimental Agraria Donoso, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Huaral, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Shefferson Feijoo Narvasta
- Estación Experimental Agraria San Bernardo, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Ethel Huamán Fuertes
- Dirección General de Ganadería, Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Francys Canto Sáenz
- Estación Experimental Agraria San Bernardo, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
- PROMEG Tropical, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Hurley A Quispe-Ccasa
- Estación Experimental Agraria San Bernardo, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru
- PROMEG Tropical, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, La Molina, Lima, Peru
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Ben Salem A, Ben Aicha E, Kalthoum S, Dhaouadi A, Hajlaoui H, Bel Haj Mohamed B, Ben Slimen I, Khalfaoui W, Gharbi R, Guesmi K, Ben Ali M, Fatnassi N, Seghaier C, Ben Hassine T, Gharbi M. Estimation of the economic impact of a bluetongue serotype 4 outbreak in Tunisia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1310202. [PMID: 38487710 PMCID: PMC10937385 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1310202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since 1999, Tunisia has experienced multiple occurrences of Bluetongue (BT) outbreaks, leading to numerous reported cases of infection and mortality in flocks. The re-emergence of the disease in 2020 caused substantial economic losses in cattle, attributed to the incursion of serotype BTV-4. Methods To evaluate the economic impact of the recent BT episode, we conducted a retrospective study on outbreaks that occurred in Tunisia between August and November 2020, focusing on the impact at the owner's level and its effects on both small ruminants and cattle. A total of 234 ruminant farms (sheep, cattle, and mixed) were randomly selected across Tunisian governorates and included in the study to estimate both the direct and indirect costs of these outbreaks. Results Total costs were calculated as the sum of losses and expenditures resulting from the BT outbreaks. At the animal level, total losses were estimated to range between 116.280 and 207.086 TND for one infected ewe (€33.721 and 60.055). For one lactating cow, costs varied between 2,590.724 and 3,171.107 TND (€751.310 and 919.621). In cattle, exposure to BTV led to a daily unit milk yield decrease of 12.50 to 14.66 L over an average period of 5 months. Diseased sheep experienced weight loss ranging between 4 and 10 kg during the BT outbreaks. The total mean cost of the 2020 BT outbreak in Tunisian investigated farms was estimated at 1,935 million TND (million €561.15) (range: 1,489 and 2,474 million TND; 431.81 and million €717.46). The most influential costs of the total BT outbreaks were the decrease in milk yield, mortality, and veterinary treatment. Discussion This study gives valuable insights on the economic impact of the incursion of a new serotype of BT in a naive population in Tunisia. Considering the substantial costs incurred, it is imperative that this disease receives increased attention from stakeholders, including animal owners, veterinary services, practitioners, and decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sana Kalthoum
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raja Gharbi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Mehdi Ben Ali
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Thameur Ben Hassine
- Comméssariat au developpement agricole de Nabeul (CRDA), Direction générale des services vétérinaires (DGSV), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratory of parasitology, Univ. Manouba, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet. 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Hudson AR, McGregor BL, Shults P, England M, Silbernagel C, Mayo C, Carpenter M, Sherman TJ, Cohnstaedt LW. Culicoides-borne Orbivirus epidemiology in a changing climate. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:1221-1229. [PMID: 37862060 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Orbiviruses are of significant importance to the health of wildlife and domestic animals worldwide; the major orbiviruses transmitted by multiple biting midge (Culicoides) species include bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and African horse sickness virus. The viruses, insect vectors, and hosts are anticipated to be impacted by global climate change, altering established Orbivirus epidemiology. Changes in global climate have the potential to alter the vector competence and extrinsic incubation period of certain biting midge species, affect local and long-distance dispersal dynamics, lead to range expansion in the geographic distribution of vector species, and increase transmission period duration (earlier spring onset and later fall transmission). If transmission intensity is associated with weather anomalies such as droughts and wind speeds, there may be changes in the number of outbreaks and periods between outbreaks for some regions. Warmer temperatures and changing climates may impact the viral genome by facilitating reassortment and through the emergence of novel viral mutations. As the climate changes, Orbivirus epidemiology will be inextricably altered as has been seen with recent outbreaks of bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease, and African horse sickness outside of endemic areas, and requires interdisciplinary teams and approaches to assess and mitigate future outbreak threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Hudson
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Bethany L McGregor
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Phillip Shults
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | | | - Constance Silbernagel
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA APHIS, 2150 Centre Ave, Bldg B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University (CSU), 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University (CSU), 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tyler J Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University (CSU), 2450 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- The National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 1980 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
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Jahanroshan N, Dalir‐Naghadeh B, Lotfollahzadeh S, Abdollahi M, Azarmi S, Moosakhani F. Bluetongue outbreak in a sheep flock from Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2791-2795. [PMID: 37776265 PMCID: PMC10650254 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropodborne Orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue is one of the most important diseases of sheep. A flock of 300 Lacon sheep just arrived from France, located in the countryside of Qazvin city, Iran, was examined, in August 2022. In history taking and clinical examination, submandibular oedema (216/300, 72%), fever (216/300, 72%), inappetence (216/300, 72%), stomatitis (216/300, 72%), nasal discharge (90/300, 30%) and lameness (30/300, 10%) were recorded. Foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue (BT), contagious ecthyma and peste des petits ruminants were the most important differential diagnosis with reference to clinical signs. Tongue scraping samples from four clinically affected sheep were sent to the laboratory for PCR tests and, in all of them, BTV was detected. The affected flock had a history of vaccination with an attenuated live vaccine in the previous 4 months. The morbidity rate, mortality rate and case fatality rate were 72% (216/300), 7% (21/300) and 9.7% (21/216), respectively. This report is the first documented clinical form of BT in sheep from Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Jahanroshan
- Department of TheriogenologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Private Veterinary PractitionerTehranIran
| | - Bahram Dalir‐Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical PathologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Mostafa Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineSemnan UniversitySemnanIran
| | - Sareh Azarmi
- Reproduction BiotechnologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Farhad Moosakhani
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
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Zhang S, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Liang R, Chen Q, Niu B. Assessing the export trade risk of bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 8 in France. Risk Anal 2023; 43:1124-1136. [PMID: 35994609 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) causes an economic loss of $3 billion every year in the world. After two serious occurrences of BT (bluetongue virus [BTV] occurrence in 2006 and 2015), France has been controlling for decades, but it has not been eradicated. As the largest live cattle export market in the world, France is also one of the major exporters of breeding animals and genetic materials in the world. The biosafety of its exported cattle and products has always been a concern. The scenario tree quantitative model was used to analyze the risk of BTV release from French exported live cattle and bovine semen. The results showed that with the increase in vaccination coverage rates, the risk decreased. If the vaccine coverage is 0%, the areas with the highest average risk probability of BTV-4 and BTV-8 release from exported live cattle were Haute-Savoie and Puy-de-Dôme, and the risk was 2.96 × 10-4 and 4.25 × 10-4 , respectively. When the vaccine coverage was 90%, the risk probability of BTV-4 and BTV-8 release from exported live cattle was 2.96 × 10-5 and 4.24 × 10-5 , respectively. The average probability of BTV-8 release from bovine semen was 1.09 × 10-10 . Sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of false negative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and the probability of BT infection in the bull breeding station had an impact on the model. The identification of high-risk areas and the discovery of key control measures provide a reference for decision makers to assess the risk of French exports of live cattle and bovine semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Technical Center for Animal, Plant and Food Inspection and Quarantine of Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Bréard E, Postic L, Gondard M, Bernelin-Cottet C, Le Roux A, Turpaud M, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Vitour D, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Zientara S, Al Rawahi W, Sailleau C. Circulation of Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 1, 4, 8, 10 and 16 and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in the Sultanate of Oman in 2020-2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1259. [PMID: 37376559 DOI: 10.3390/v15061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulation of Bluetongue (BT) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) in the Middle East has already been reported following serological analyses carried out since the 1980s, mostly on wild ruminants. Thus, an EHD virus (EHDV) strain was isolated in Bahrain in 1983 (serotype 6), and more recently, BT virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 4, 8 and 16 have been isolated in Oman. To our knowledge, no genomic sequence of these different BTV strains have been published. These same BTV or EHDV serotypes have circulated and, for some of them, are still circulating in the Mediterranean basin and/or in Europe. In this study, we used samples from domestic ruminant herds collected in Oman in 2020 and 2021 for suspected foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to investigate the presence of BTV and EHDV in these herds. Sera and whole blood from goats, sheep and cattle were tested for the presence of viral genomes (by PCR) and antibodies (by ELISA). We were able to confirm the presence of 5 BTV serotypes (1, 4, 8, 10 and 16) and the circulation of EHDV in this territory in 2020 and 2021. The isolation of a BTV-8 strain allowed us to sequence its entire genome and to compare it with another BTV-8 strain isolated in Mayotte and with homologous BTV sequences available on GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Gondard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Le Roux
- Laboratory of Ploufragan, ANSES, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Laboratory of Ploufragan, ANSES, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Laboratory of Ploufragan, ANSES, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Wafaa Al Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat P.C. 123, Oman
- Central Laboratory of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat P.C. 100, Oman
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, INRA, ENVA, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Paris Est University, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Lorusso A, Cappai S, Loi F, Pinna L, Ruiu A, Puggioni G, Guercio A, Purpari G, Vicari D, Sghaier S, Zientara S, Spedicato M, Hammami S, Ben Hassine T, Portanti O, Breard E, Sailleu C, Ancora M, Di Sabatino D, Morelli D, Calistri P, Savini G. Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8, Italy, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1063-1065. [PMID: 37081599 PMCID: PMC10124640 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 8 in cattle farms in Sardinia and Sicily in October-November 2022. The virus has a direct origin in North Africa; its genome is identical (>99.9% nucleotide sequence identity) to EHDV serotype 8 strains detected in Tunisia in 2021.
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Wessels JE, Ishida Y, Rivera NA, Stirewalt SL, Brown WM, Novakofski JE, Roca AL, Mateus-Pinilla NE. The Impact of Variation in the Toll-like Receptor 3 Gene on Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Illinois Wild White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:426. [PMID: 36833353 PMCID: PMC9956177 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) leads to high mortality in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and is caused by a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays a role in host immune detection and response to dsRNA viruses. We, therefore, examined the role of genetic variation within the TLR3 gene in EHD among 84 Illinois wild white-tailed deer (26 EHD-positive deer and 58 EHD-negative controls). The entire coding region of the TLR3 gene was sequenced: 2715 base pairs encoding 904 amino acids. We identified 85 haplotypes with 77 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), of which 45 were synonymous mutations and 32 were non-synonymous. Two non-synonymous SNPs differed significantly in frequency between EHD-positive and EHD-negative deer. In the EHD-positive deer, phenylalanine was relatively less likely to be encoded at codon positions 59 and 116, whereas leucine and serine (respectively) were detected less frequently in EHD-negative deer. Both amino acid substitutions were predicted to impact protein structure or function. Understanding associations between TLR3 polymorphisms and EHD provides insights into the role of host genetics in outbreaks of EHD in deer, which may allow wildlife agencies to better understand the severity of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E. Wessels
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Yasuko Ishida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nelda A. Rivera
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Spencer L. Stirewalt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - William M. Brown
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Jan E. Novakofski
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Alfred L. Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey—Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Spedicato M, Di Teodoro G, Teodori L, Iorio M, Leone A, Bonfini B, Testa L, Pisciella M, Casaccia C, Portanti O, Rossi E, Di Febo T, Ferri N, Savini G, Lorusso A. Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate. Viruses 2023; 15:257. [PMID: 36680297 PMCID: PMC9864981 DOI: 10.3390/v15010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of bluetongue (BT), a viral WOAH-listed disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants, primarily sheep. The outermost capsid protein VP2, encoded by S2, is the virion's most variable protein, and the ability of reference sera to neutralize an isolate has so far dictated the differentiation of 24 classical BTV serotypes. Since 2008, additional novel BTV serotypes, often referred to as "atypical" BTVs, have been documented and, currently, the full list includes 36 putative serotypes. In March 2015, a novel atypical BTV strain was detected in the blood of asymptomatic goats in Sardinia (Italy) and named BTV-X ITL2015. The strain re-emerged in the same region in 2021 (BTV-X ITL2021). In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and kinetics of infection of BTV-X ITL2021 following subcutaneous and intravenous infection of small ruminants. We demonstrated that, in our experimental settings, BTV-X ITL2021 induced a long-lasting viraemia only when administered by the intravenous route in goats, though the animals remained healthy and, apparently, did not develop a neutralizing immune response. Sheep were shown to be refractory to the infection by either route. Our findings suggest a restricted host tropism of BTV-X and point out goats as reservoirs for this virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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11
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Lysyk TJ, Couloigner I, Massolo A, Cork SC. Relationship Between Weather and Changes in Annual and Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Alberta. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:90-101. [PMID: 36260077 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Factors influencing annual and seasonal abundance of Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones) (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) were examined at 10 sites in southern Alberta using negative binomial regression. Annual abundance varied among locations with greatest abundance in a narrow geographic band between -112.17 and -112.64°W longitude and 49.32 and 50.17°N latitude. Sites were grouped depending on whether abundance was continuous and high; discontinuous and low; or sporadic and low without much loss of information. Maximum annual abundance declined with spring precipitation, increased with spring temperature, and was unrelated to spring relative humidity, suggesting that abundance is highest during years with early drought conditions. Seasonal abundance was associated with the same factors but was further influenced by temperature and relative humidity during the sample intervals. Lagged effects were apparent, suggesting abundance increased with warmer temperatures over a six-week period, and increased when relative humidity declined closer to the sampling period. Predicted values were slightly biased and tended to overestimate observed data, but this could be adjusted using calibration curves. The model can also be used to predict presence/absence of C. sonorensis and will be useful for developing risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lysyk
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada (Retired)
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - I Couloigner
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - S C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Sailleau C, Postic L, Chatenet X, Salat O, Turpaud M, Durand B, Vitour D, Zientara S, Bréard E. Serological Responses in Cattle following Booster Vaccination against Serotypes 4 and 8 Bluetongue Virus with Two Bivalent Commercial Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122719. [PMID: 36560723 PMCID: PMC9781302 DOI: 10.3390/v14122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of bluetongue in Northern Europe in 2006, numerous outbreaks involving several serotypes have been observed. Since 2008, compulsory or voluntary vaccination campaigns with inactivated vaccines have been carried out to eradicate these serotypes. In France, serotypes 8 and 4 have been enzootic since 2017, and currently, the majority of vaccinations take place in the context of animal movements, to comply with the regulations of the importing countries. Several vaccine manufacturers have developed inactivated vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8 (mono or bivalent). In this study, we investigated and compared the serological responses to a booster vaccination with two different bivalent inactivated vaccines (BTVPUR suspension injectable® 4 + 8, Boehringer Ingelheim or SYVAZUL ® BTV 4 + 8, Biové) following a primary vaccination with BTVPUR® 4 + 8 in the previous year. The results show that using an alternative vaccine for booster vaccination is at least as effective as using the homologous vaccine. Indeed, the antibody response against BTV-8 is higher in the case of a heterologous vaccination and identical for BTV-4. This information could allow more flexibility in the choice of vaccines used for booster vaccination, particularly in cases where homologous vaccines are in short supply or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Olivier Salat
- Commissions Vaches Laitières et Qualité du Lait de la SNGTV, Clinique Vétérinaire de la Haute Auvergne, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Haile T, Abera M, Teklemariam T, Sibhatu D, Asres F. Seroprevalence of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies in Ovine in Maji District of West Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:257-264. [PMID: 36157131 PMCID: PMC9504528 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s375482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue (BT) disease is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminant species caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). It is of most importance in sheep and endemic primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions where vectors (Culicoides species) are present. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in July-November 2019 to examine the seroprevalence of BTV infection in ovine in Maji district of West Omo zone. Serum samples were examined for the presence of specific antibodies of BTV using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) test. The collected data was coded and analyzed using STATA version 13 software. Associations between sero-prevalence and its risk factors were tested in a Chi-square analysis and with a P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The individual animal prevalence was revealed as 39.23% (153/390). Herd size prevalence was: small size herd (37.42%; 61/163), medium size herd (32.35%; 55/170), and large size herd (64.91%; 37/57). Species-based prevalence showed ovine (38.00%; 141/371) and caprine (63.15%; 12/19). Age-based prevalence revealed adult (39.26%; 150/382) and young (37.5%; 3/8). The cumulative sex prevalence for both ovine and caprine was male (37.95%; 52/137) and female (39.92%; 101/253). CONCLUSION The current prevalence of BTV antibodies in the area was found to be high. Lack of application of bluetongue disease control mechanisms like vaccination for the animals is a key factors for the high prevalence of the disease in the areas besides the existence of the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Haile
- Mizan Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center, Mizan-aman, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Abera
- Mizan Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center, Mizan-aman, Ethiopia
| | | | - Demeke Sibhatu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Asres
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Barreiro-Piñeiro N, Pose-Boirazian T, Martínez-Costas J, Marín-López A, Ortego J. Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071124. [PMID: 35891288 PMCID: PMC9319458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
| | - Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Tomás Pose-Boirazian
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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Martinelle L, Haegeman A, Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Dal Pozzo F, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Saegerman C. Orbivirus Screening from Imported Captive Oryx in the United Arab Emirates Stresses the Importance of Pre-Import and Transit Measures. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060697. [PMID: 35745551 PMCID: PMC9229846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From 1975 to 2021, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) imported more than 1300 live Arabian oryxes (AOs) and scimitar-horned oryxes (SHOs) for conservation programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of orbiviruses Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in AOs and SHOs from captive herds in the UAE. Between October 2014 and April 2015, 16 AOs and 13 SHOs originating from Texas (USA) and 195 out of about 4000 SHOs from two locations in the UAE were blood sampled to be tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. Eight imported AOs (50% CI [24.7–75.4%]) and eight imported SHOs (61.5% CI [31.6–86.1%]) were found BTV seropositive, in contrast with three out of 195 SHOs (1.5% CI [0.3–4.4%]) from the Emirates. BTV-2 genome was detected in 6/16 of the Arabian Oryx, and amongst those, one out of six was seronegative. None of the tested samples was found positive for EHDV. Our results illustrate the wide local variation regarding BTV seroprevalence in domestic and wild ruminants in the Arabian Peninsula. These results stress the need for pre-import risk assessment when considering translocation of wild ruminant species susceptible to orbiviruses not only in the country of destination but also where transit happens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-40-39
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Louis Lignereux
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (I.D.L.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- CARE-FEPEX Experimental Station, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (L.L.); (F.D.P.); (C.S.)
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Sana K, Soufien S, Thameur BH, Liana T, Massimo S, Kaouther G, Raja G, Haikel H, Bassem BHM, Wiem K, Monia L, Ameni BS, Naouel F, Anissa D, Mehdi BA, Sarah T, Chedia S, Giovanni S, Salah H. Risk-based serological survey of bluetongue and the first evidence of bluetongue virus serotype 26 circulation in Tunisia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1671-1682. [PMID: 35510402 PMCID: PMC9297743 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue (BT), a vector-borne disease of wild and domestic ruminants, is responsible for severe economic losses in flocks. To reduce this impact, a surveillance and control plan was implemented in Tunisia. However, the epidemiological situation of BT remains incompletely understood, especially for the circulating serotypes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this survey was to determine the seroprevalence, to identify the circulating serotypes and to identify the associated risk factors for bluetongue virus (BTV) circulation in Tunisia using risk-based sampling (RBS). METHODS A total of 3314 blood samples were randomly collected from 67 sectors using risk-based sampling and screened by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (c-ELISAs). Out of the 1330 positive samples, 200 samples were analysed by serum neutralization test (SNT) to identify circulating BTV serotypes. RESULTS Of 3314 sera, 1330 were c-ELISA-positive (40.1%) for antibodies against the BTV structural protein VP7. The result of SNT showed the presence of BTV-1, BTV-2, BTV-3, BTV-4 and, for the first time in Tunisia, BTV-26. The logistic regression model revealed that older animals had nearly two times the odds of being infected with BTV compared to younger animals. Flocks with a history of BT were almost 1.5 times more likely to be at risk for contracting BTV infection. The flock size, housing indoors and intensive production system were significant protective factors. CONCLUSIONS High seroprevalence of BTV among sheep was highlighted in Tunisia. The neutralization test showed the presence of the following BTV serotypes: BTV-1, BTV-2, BTV-3, BTV-4 and, for the first time in Tunisia, BTV-26. Age, production system and flock size were important variables associated with BTV infection in sheep. This finding is crucial, as it will allow the adjustment of the BT control programme in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalthoum Sana
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sghaier Soufien
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ben Hassine Thameur
- Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole de Nabeul, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Teodori Liana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Giuseppe Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Spedicato Massimo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Giuseppe Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Guesmi Kaouther
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gharbi Raja
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajlaoui Haikel
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bel Haj Mohamed Bassem
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khalfaoui Wiem
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lachtar Monia
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ben Salem Ameni
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatnassi Naouel
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhaouadi Anissa
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ben Ali Mehdi
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thabet Sarah
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Seghaier Chedia
- National Centre of Zoosanitary Vigilance, Ministère de L'agriculture et des Ressources Hydrauliques, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Savini Giovanni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise Giuseppe Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Hammami Salah
- Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologie Générale, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Tunisia Universitè de la Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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Nelson E, Thurston W, Pearce-Kelly P, Jenkins H, Cameron M, Carpenter S, Guthrie A, England M. A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 35336912 DOI: 10.3390/v14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) cause economically important diseases that are currently exotic to the United Kingdom (UK), but have significant potential for introduction and onward transmission. Given the susceptibility of animals kept in zoo collections to vector-borne diseases, a qualitative risk assessment for the introduction of BTV and AHSV to ZSL London Zoo was performed. Risk pathways for each virus were identified and assessed using published literature, animal import data and outputs from epidemiological models. Direct imports of infected animals, as well as wind-borne infected Culicoides, were considered as routes of incursion. The proximity of ongoing disease events in mainland Europe and proven capability of transmission to the UK places ZSL London Zoo at higher risk of BTV release and exposure (estimated as low to medium) than AHSV (estimated as very low to low). The recent long-range expansion of AHSV into Thailand from southern Africa highlights the need for vector competence studies of Palearctic Culicoides for AHSV to assess the risk of transmission in this region.
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Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689244.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Conrady
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Goffredo M, Quaglia M, De Ascentis M, d'Alessio SG, Federici V, Conte A, Venter GJ. The Absence of Abdominal Pigmentation in Livestock Associated Culicoides following Artificial Blood Feeding and the Epidemiological Implication for Arbovirus Surveillance. Pathogens 2021; 10:1571. [PMID: 34959526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the vectors of economically important arboviruses such as bluetongue virus and African horse sickness virus, are of global importance. In the absence of transovarial transmission, the parity rate of a Culicoides population provides imperative information regarding the risk of virus dispersal. Abdominal pigmentation, which develops after blood feeding and ovipositioning, is used as an indicator of parity in Culicoides. During oral susceptibility trials over the last three decades, a persistent proportion of blood engorged females did not develop pigment after incubation. The present study, combining a number of feeding trials and different artificial feeding methods, reports on this phenomenon, as observed in various South African and Italian Culicoides species and populations. The absence of pigmentation in artificial blood-fed females was found in at least 23 Culicoides species, including important vectors such as C. imicola, C. bolitinos, C. obsoletus, and C. scoticus. Viruses were repeatedly detected in these unpigmented females after incubation. Blood meal size seems to play a role and this phenomenon could be present in the field and requires consideration, especially regarding the detection of virus in apparent “nulliparous” females and the identification of overwintering mechanisms and seasonally free vector zones.
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20
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Rojas JM, Martín V, Sevilla N. Vaccination as a Strategy to Prevent Bluetongue Virus Vertical Transmission. Pathogens 2021; 10:1528. [PMID: 34832683 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) produces an economically important disease in ruminants of compulsory notification to the OIE. BTV is typically transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp., however, some BTV strains can be transmitted vertically, and this is associated with fetus malformations and abortions. The viral factors associated with the virus potency to cross the placental barrier are not well defined. The potency of vertical transmission is retained and sometimes even increased in live attenuated BTV vaccine strains. Because BTV possesses a segmented genome, the possibility of reassortment of vaccination strains with wild-type virus could even favor the transmission of this phenotype. In the present review, we will describe the non-vector-based BTV infection routes and discuss the experimental vaccination strategies that offer advantages over this drawback of some live attenuated BTV vaccines.
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21
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De la Torre E, Moreira N, Saegerman C, De Clercq K, Salinas M, Maldonado A, Jarrín D, Sol Vaca M, Pachacama S, Espinoza J, Delgado H, Barrera M. Bluetongue Virus Infections in Cattle Herds of Manabí Province of Ecuador. Pathogens 2021; 10:1445. [PMID: 34832601 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease transmitted by Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to domestic and wild ruminants. Infections in cattle are mainly subclinical, but severe necrotic and hemorrhagic illness and death may occur depending on the strain of the virus and other factors; cattle act as a reservoir for the virus. Although the Ecuadorian coast has climatic conditions that favor the presence of the vector, there are few serologic or virologic BTV studies available. Manabí is a coastal province in which livestock farming is mostly implemented in the northern part. We conducted two studies to assess, for the first time, the presence of active BTV infections in Manabí province. We collected 430 serum samples from 38 randomly selected farms between March and July 2019 to perform BTV competitive ELISA. In addition, six seropositive farms were selected to place eight sentinel BTV-naive calves. All these calves were blood sampled and the presence of BTV RNA and antibodies was tested for by RT-PCR and competitive ELISA, respectively, once a week for 6-8 weeks until seroconversion was evidenced. A high individual seroprevalence (99%) was obtained, and all investigated farms had BTV seropositive animals. All sentinel calves became BTV viremic and seroconverted. The first viremia appeared after 2-5 weeks from arrival at the farm; they seroconverted 1-3 weeks later. We demonstrate for the first time that there is a high level of BTV circulation north of Manabí, with active infections on these farms. Integrated control strategies such as hygienic measures on farms to reduce midge populations would be advisable for the owners as mitigation measures.
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22
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Attoui H, Monsion B, Klonjkowski B, Zientara S, Mertens PPC, Mohd Jaafar F. Identification of the Genome Segments of Bluetongue Virus Type 26/Type 1 Reassortants Influencing Horizontal Transmission in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:2208. [PMID: 34835014 DOI: 10.3390/v13112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 to 24 are transmitted primarily by infected Culicoides midges, in which they also replicate. However, “atypical” BTV serotypes (BTV-25, -26, -27 and -28) have recently been identified that do not infect and replicate in adult Culicoides, or a Culicoides derived cell line (KC cells). These atypical viruses are transmitted horizontally by direct contact between infected and susceptible hosts (primarily small ruminants) causing only mild clinical signs, although the exact transmission mechanisms involved have yet to be determined. We used reverse genetics to generate a strain of BTV-1 (BTV-1 RGC7) which is less virulent, infecting IFNAR(−/−) mice without killing them. Reassortant viruses were also engineered, using the BTV-1 RGC7 genetic backbone, containing individual genome segments derived from BTV-26. These reassortant viruses were used to explore the genetic control of horizontal transmission (HT) in the IFNAR(−/−) mouse model. Previous studies showed that genome segments 1, 2 and 3 restrict infection of Culicoides cells, along with a minor role for segment 7. The current study demonstrates that genome segments 2, 5 and 10 of BTV-26 (coding for proteins VP2, NS1 and NS3/NS3a/NS5, respectively) are individually sufficient to promote HT.
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23
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Bréard E, Turpaud M, Beaud G, Postic L, Fablet A, Beer M, Sailleau C, Caignard G, Viarouge C, Hoffmann B, Vitour D, Zientara S. Development and Validation of an ELISA for the Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4-Specific Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091741. [PMID: 34578322 PMCID: PMC8473233 DOI: 10.3390/v13091741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe the development and evaluation of a double antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) able to detect serotype 4-specific antibodies from BTV-4 infected or vaccinated animals using a recombinant BTV-4 VP2 protein. The coding sequence of VP2 was inserted into a pVote plasmid by recombination in the Gateway® cloning system. Vaccinia virus (VacV) was used as a vector for the expression of the recombinant VP2. After production in BSR cells, recombinant VP2 was purified by immunoprecipitation using a FLAG tag and then used both as the coated ELISA antigen and as the HRP-tagged conjugate. The performance of the ELISA was evaluated with 1186 samples collected from BTV negative, infected or vaccinated animals. The specificity and sensitivity of the BTV-4 ELISA were above the expected standards for the detection of anti-BTV-4 VP2 antibodies in animals reared in Europe or in the Mediterranean basin. Cross-reactions were observed with reference sera for serotypes 10 and 20, and to a lesser extent with serotypes 12, 17 and 24, due to their genetic proximity to serotype 4. Nevertheless, these serotypes have never been detected in Europe and the Mediterranean area. This ELISA, which requires only the production of a recombinant protein, can be used to detect BTV serotype 4-specific antibodies and is therefore an attractive alternative diagnostic method to serum neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Georges Beaud
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Aurore Fablet
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR 1161 Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Department of Animal Health, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (M.T.); (G.B.); (L.P.); (A.F.); (C.S.); (G.C.); (C.V.); (D.V.); (S.Z.)
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24
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Abstract
Background: The non-mandatory regulation of animal diseases at the European Union (EU) level enables member states to implement mitigation programs based on their own country-specific conditions such as priority settings of the governments, availability of financial resources, and epidemiological situation. This can result in a heterogeneous distribution of mitigation activities and prevalence levels within and/or between countries, which can cause difficulties for intracommunity trade. This article aims to describe the past, current, and future mitigation activities and associated prevalence levels for four animal diseases, i.e., enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bluetongue disease (BT) for Austria. Over a period of 40 years (1978–2020), regulations concerning EBL, IBR/IPV, BVD, and BT were retraced to analyze the changes of legislation, focusing on sampling, testing, and mitigation activities in Austria, and were linked to the collected diagnostic testing results. The study results clearly demonstrate the adoption of the legislation by the Austrian governments in dependency of the epidemiological situations. Furthermore, our study shows that, related to the forthcoming Animal Health Law on April 21, 2021, Austria has a good initial situation to achieve disease-free status and/or free from infection status based on the current available epidemiological situation and previously implemented mitigation activities. The study results presented here are intended to contribute to a better comparison of the eradication status across European countries for cattle diseases by providing information about the mitigation activities and data of testing results over a period of 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Conrady
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Barceló C, Miranda MA. Development and lifespan of Culicoides obsoletus s.s. (Meigen) and other livestock-associated species reared at different temperatures under laboratory conditions. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:187-201. [PMID: 33103805 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) transmit arboviruses affecting wild and domestic ruminants such as bluetongue (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). The sub-adult development and lifespan of Culicoides obsoletus s.s. (Meigen), Culicoides circumscriptus Kieffer and Culicoides paolae Boorman were examined at three different temperatures under laboratory conditions. Insects were collected from field between spring and autumn 2015 in two livestock farms located in Majorca (Spain). Gravid females were held individually at 18, 25 or 30 °C. Low temperatures increased the adult lifespan, time to oviposit and rate of development, whereas high temperatures increased the number of eggs, successful pupation and adult emergence as well as the larvae growth rate. The results showed that C. obsoletus s.s. have optimum development at 18 °C, whereas the optimal rearing temperature for C. circumscriptus and C. paolae was under warmer conditions of 25-30 °C. Variations in temperature/humidity and assays with different materials and substrates for oviposition should be considered in future studies. Understanding the requirements of the different species of Culicoides optimizing the results should be of special interest for predicting environmental change effects on these species, in addition to determining the rearing conditions for candidate Culicoides vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barceló
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M A Miranda
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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26
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Guimerà Busquets M, Pullinger GD, Darpel KE, Cooke L, Armstrong S, Simpson J, Palmarini M, Fragkoudis R, Mertens PPC. An Early Block in the Replication of the Atypical Bluetongue Virus Serotype 26 in Culicoides Cells Is Determined by Its Capsid Proteins. Viruses 2021; 13. [PMID: 34063508 DOI: 10.3390/v13050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) replicate in arthropod vectors involved in their transmission between susceptible vertebrate-hosts. The "classical" BTV strains infect and replicate effectively in cells of their insect-vectors (Culicoides biting-midges), as well as in those of their mammalian-hosts (ruminants). However, in the last decade, some "atypical" BTV strains, belonging to additional serotypes (e.g., BTV-26), have been found to replicate efficiently only in mammalian cells, while their replication is severely restricted in Culicoides cells. Importantly, there is evidence that these atypical BTV are transmitted by direct-contact between their mammalian hosts. Here, the viral determinants and mechanisms restricting viral replication in Culicoides were investigated using a classical BTV-1, an "atypical" BTV-26 and a BTV-1/BTV-26 reassortant virus, derived by reverse genetics. Viruses containing the capsid of BTV-26 showed a reduced ability to attach to Culicoides cells, blocking early steps of the replication cycle, while attachment and replication in mammalian cells was not restricted. The replication of BTV-26 was also severely reduced in other arthropod cells, derived from mosquitoes or ticks. The data presented identifies mechanisms and potential barriers to infection and transmission by the newly emerged "atypical" BTV strains in Culicoides.
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Caballero-Gómez J, Cano Terriza D, Pujols J, Martínez-Nevado E, Carbonell MD, Guerra R, Recuero J, Soriano P, Barbero J, García-Bocanegra I. Monitoring of bluetongue virus in zoo animals in Spain, 2007-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1739-1747. [PMID: 33963677 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an emerging and re-emerging communicable vector-borne disease of animal health concern. A serosurvey was performed to assess exposure to BT virus (BTV) in zoo animals in Spain and to determine the dynamics of seropositivity in longitudinally sampled individuals during the study period. Serum samples were collected from 241 zoo animals belonging to 71 different species in five urban zoos (A-E) in Spain between 2007 and 2019. Twenty-four of these animals were longitudinally surveyed at three of the sampled zoos (zoos B, C and E) during the study period. Anti-BTV antibodies were found in 46 (19.1%; 95% CI: 14.1-24.1) of the 241 captive animals analysed by commercial ELISA. A virus neutralization test confirmed specific antibodies against BTV-1 and BTV-4 in 25 (10.7%; 95% CI: 6.7-14.6) and five (3.0%; 95% CI: 0.3-4.0) animals, respectively. Two of the 24 longitudinally sampled individuals (one African elephant (Loxodanta africana) and one aoudad (Ammotragus lervia)) showed anti-BTV antibodies at all samplings, whereas seroconversions were detected in one mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) in 2016, and one Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in 2019. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first large-scale survey on BTV conducted in both artiodactyl and non-artiodactyl zoo species worldwide. The results confirm BTV exposure in urban zoo parks in Spain, which could be of animal health and conservation concern. Circulation of BTV was detected in yearling animals in years when there were no reports of BTV outbreaks in livestock. Surveillance in artiodactyl and non-artiodactyl zoo species could be a valuable tool for epidemiological monitoring of BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Clinical Virology and Zoonoses Group, Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sofia Hospital, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Cano Terriza
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Animal Health Research Center (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jesús Recuero
- Veterinary and Conservation Department, Bioparc Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Barbero
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Animal Health and Zoonosis Research Group (GISAZ), Department of Animal Health, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
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28
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De Clercq K, Vandaele L, Vanbinst T, Riou M, Deblauwe I, Wesselingh W, Pinard A, Van Eetvelde M, Boulesteix O, Leemans B, Gélineau R, Vercauteren G, Van der Heyden S, Beckers JF, Saegerman C, Sammin D, de Kruif A, De Leeuw I. Transmission of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 by Artificial Insemination with Frozen-Thawed Semen from Naturally Infected Bulls. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040652. [PMID: 33918924 PMCID: PMC8069090 DOI: 10.3390/v13040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of bluetongue (BT) virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) via artificial insemination of contaminated frozen semen from naturally infected bulls was investigated in two independent experiments. Healthy, BT negative heifers were hormonally synchronized and artificially inseminated at oestrus. In total, six groups of three heifers received semen from four batches derived from three bulls naturally infected with BTV-8. Each experiment included one control heifer that was not inseminated and that remained BT negative throughout. BTV viraemia and seroconversion were determined in 8 out of 18 inseminated heifers, and BTV was isolated from five of these animals. These eight heifers only displayed mild clinical signs of BT, if any at all, but six of them experienced pregnancy loss between weeks four and eight of gestation, and five of them became BT PCR and antibody positive. The other two infected heifers gave birth at term to two healthy and BT negative calves. The BT viral load varied among the semen batches used and this had a significant impact on the infection rate, the time of onset of viraemia post artificial insemination, and the gestational stage at which pregnancy loss occurred. These results, which confirm unusual features of BTV-8 infection, should not be extrapolated to infection with other BTV strains without thorough evaluation. This study also adds weight to the hypothesis that the re-emergence of BTV-8 in France in 2015 may be attributable to the use of contaminated bovine semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris De Clercq
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leen Vandaele
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Tine Vanbinst
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.)
| | - Mickaël Riou
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Isra Deblauwe
- The Unit of Entomology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Wendy Wesselingh
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Anne Pinard
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Mieke Van Eetvelde
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Bart Leemans
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Robert Gélineau
- UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 37380 Nouzilly, France; (M.R.); (A.P.); (O.B.); (R.G.)
| | - Griet Vercauteren
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.V.); (S.V.d.H.)
| | - Sara Van der Heyden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (G.V.); (S.V.d.H.)
| | - Jean-François Beckers
- Département des Sciences Fonctionnelles (DSF), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4130 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Donal Sammin
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, W23 X3PH Co. Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Aart de Kruif
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (L.V.); (W.W.); (M.V.E.); (B.L.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Unit of Exotic and Particular Diseases, Scientific Directorate Infectious Diseases in Animals, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (I.D.L.)
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Athanasiou LV, Katsogiannou EG, Spanou VM, Dedousi A, Katsoulos PD. Potential Acute Renal Injury in Sheep with Bluetongue Serotype 4. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020159. [PMID: 33546448 PMCID: PMC7913749 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a vector-borne disease with epidemic potential. Recently, outbreaks of Bluetongue were reported across Greece, caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 4. Regarding its pathogenesis, BTV infection involves various target organs with limited data referring to the kidneys. The objective of this study was to identify the possible impact of BTV infection on kidneys using common renal biomarkers. Urine and blood samples collected from 30 sheep with clinical signs of bluetongue (BTV sheep) and 30 clinically healthy sheep (normal sheep) from the same farms were finally selected and included in the study from an initial population of 47 sheep per group, based on the absence of active urine sediment. Complete urinalysis was performed and urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine gamma-glutamyl transferase to creatinine (UGGTC) ratio were determined. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total proteins, albumin (ALB), and inorganic phosphate (P) were determined in serum samples. UPC and UGGTC were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in BTV sheep compared to normal, whereas urine specific gravity (USG) was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Cylindruria was also detected in BTV sheep, and absence of azotemia in BTV and normal sheep. All these findings are indicative of renal tubular injury and/or dysfunction and suggestive of an association between BTV infection and acute damage of renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labrini V. Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (E.G.K.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Eleni G. Katsogiannou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (E.G.K.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Victoria M. Spanou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (E.G.K.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Anna Dedousi
- Veterinary Research Institute, HAO-Demeter, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis D. Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-231-099-4455
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Swanepoel H, Crafford J, Quan M. A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020017. [PMID: 33499429 PMCID: PMC7912165 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention. In order to keep track of these diseases, it may be necessary to consider adding a “Wildlife disease and infection” category to the World Organisation for Animal Health-listed diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Swanepoel
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (H.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Crafford
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (H.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (H.S.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142
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Karthikeyan R, Rupner RN, Koti SR, Jaganathasamy N, Malik YS, Sinha DK, Singh BR, Vinodh Kumar OR. Spatio-temporal and time series analysis of bluetongue outbreaks with environmental factors extracted from Google Earth Engine (GEE) in Andhra Pradesh, India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3631-3642. [PMID: 33393214 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the spatial and temporal patterns of bluetongue (BT) outbreaks with environmental factors in undivided Andhra Pradesh, India. Descriptive analysis of the reported BT outbreaks (n = 2,697) in the study period (2000-2017) revealed a higher frequency of outbreaks during monsoon and post-monsoon months. Correlation analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), rainfall and relative humidity (RH) displayed a significant positive correlation with BT outbreaks (p < .05). Retrospective unadjusted space-time, adjusted temporal and spatial analysis detected two, five and two statistically significant (p < .05) clusters, respectively. Time series distribution lag analysis examined the temporal patterns of BT outbreaks with environmental, biophysical factors and estimated that a decrease in 1 unit of rainfall (mm) was associated with 0.2% increase in the outbreak at lag 12 months. Similarly, a 1°C increase in land surface temperature (LST) was associated with 6.54% increase in the outbreaks at lag 12 months. However, an increase in 1 unit of wind speed (m/s) was associated with a 16% decrease in the outbreak at lag 10 months. The predictive model indicated that the peak of BT outbreaks were from October to December, the post-monsoon season in Andhra Pradesh region. The findings suggest that environmental factors influence BT outbreaks, and due to changes in climatic conditions, we may notice higher numbers of BT outbreaks in the coming years. The knowledge of spatial and temporal clustering of BT outbreaks may assist in adopting proper measures to prevent and control the BT spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramkumar N Rupner
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Shiva Reddy Koti
- Department of Geoinformatics, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Yashpal S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Sinha
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Bhoj R Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
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Grace KEF, Papadopoulou C, Floyd T, Avigad R, Collins S, White E, Batten C, Flannery J, Gubbins S, Carpenter ST. Risk-based surveillance for bluetongue virus in cattle on the south coast of England in 2017 and 2018. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e96. [PMID: 32917835 PMCID: PMC7786256 DOI: 10.1136/vr.106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease of ruminants and camelids which can have a significant impact on animal health and welfare and cause severe economic loss. The UK has been officially free of bluetongue virus (BTV) since 2011. In 2015, BTV-8 re-emerged in France and since then BTV has been spreading throughout Europe. In response to this outbreak, risk-based active surveillance was carried out at the end of the vector seasons in 2017 and 2018 to assess the risk of incursion of BTV into Great Britain. METHOD Atmospheric dispersion modelling identified counties on the south coast of England at higher risk of an incursion. Blood samples were collected from cattle in five counties based on a sample size designed to detect at least one positive if the prevalence was 5 per cent or greater, with 95 per cent confidence. RESULTS No virus was detected in the 478 samples collected from 32 farms at the end of the 2017 vector season or in the 646 samples collected from 43 farms at the end of the 2018 vector season, when tested by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION The negative results from this risk-based survey provided evidence to support the continuation of the UK's official BTV-free status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Floyd
- Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Rachelle Avigad
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, APHA, Addlestone, UK
| | - Steve Collins
- Information Management and Technology, APHA, Worcester, UK
| | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - John Flannery
- The Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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Jyothi SJ, Patil SR, Reddy NY, Panduranga RP, Madala U, Prakash GM, Putty K. Implications of a conserved region of bluetongue virus protein VP2 in cross-neutralisation of bluetongue virus serotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 87:e1-e6. [PMID: 33054261 PMCID: PMC7564673 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v87i1.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). Twenty-nine different serotypes of BTV are currently reported throughout the world. The main objective of this study is the development of a subunit vaccine model that could potentially be adapted to provide broad spectrum protection against multiple BTV serotypes, which the conventional vaccines fail to address. To this end, three different BTV proteins (conserved region of viral protein [VP]2, VP5 and NS1) were expressed and purified in an Escherichia coli expression system. The immunogenicity of these proteins was tested in murine models using the MontanideTM ISA 201 VG adjuvant. BALB/c mice were immunised thrice (with individual proteins and a mixture of three proteins) at two-week intervals and were monitored until Day 40 post-infection/vaccination. Protein-specific antibodies directed against the recombinant proteins were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralising antibody (Nab) titres and cross-neutralisation against a range of BTV serotypes (BTV-1, -2, -4, -5, -9, -10, -12, -16, -21, -23 and -24) were determined by serum neutralisation test. The recombinant proteins elicited higher Nab titres compared with the inactivated vaccine group, except for BTV-1, where the inactivated vaccine group elicited higher Nab titres. Additive effect of the three proteins was not observed as the Nab titres generated with a combination of conserved VP2, VP5 and NS1 was similar to those of the individual protein groups. Whilst BTV-12 could only be neutralised by serum raised against the inactivated vaccine group, BTV-5 and -24 could not be neutralised by any of the groups tested. Our cumulative data suggest that the conserved regions of VP2 (cVP2), VP5 and NS1 could play an important part in the novel vaccine design against multiple BTV serotypes. Importantly, given that VP2 was already known to elicit a serotype-specific immune response against BT, we report, for the first time, that the conserved region of VP2 has the ability to induce cross-protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva J Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad.
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Chambaro HM, Sasaki M, Simulundu E, Silwamba I, Sinkala Y, Gonzalez G, Squarre D, Fandamu P, Lubaba CH, Munyeme M, Maseko A, Chimvwele C, Mataa L, Mooya LE, Mukubesa AN, Harima H, Samui KL, Munang’andu HM, Simuunza M, Nalubamba KS, Qiu Y, Carr MJ, Hall WW, Eshita Y, Sawa H, Orba Y. Co-Circulation of Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Zambia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090963. [PMID: 32878170 PMCID: PMC7552058 DOI: 10.3390/v12090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants with serious trade and socio-economic implications. Although the disease has been reported in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there is currently no information on circulating serotypes and disease distribution in Zambia. Following surveillance for BT in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia, BT virus (BTV) nucleic acid and antibodies were detected in eight of the 10 provinces of the country. About 40% (87/215) of pooled blood samples from cattle and goats were positive for BTV nucleic acid, while one hartebeest pool (1/43) was positive among wildlife samples. Sequence analysis of segment 2 revealed presence of serotypes 3, 5, 7, 12 and 15, with five nucleotypes (B, E, F, G and J) being identified. Segment 10 phylogeny showed Zambian BTV sequences clustering with Western topotype strains from South Africa, intimating likely transboundary spread of BTV in Southern Africa. Interestingly, two Zambian viruses and one isolate from Israel formed a novel clade, which we designated as Western topotype 4. The high seroprevalence (96.2%) in cattle from Lusaka and Central provinces and co-circulation of multiple serotypes showed that BT is widespread, underscoring the need for prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman M. Chambaro
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (H.H.); (H.S.)
- Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (E.S.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-80-1375-4174 (H.M.C.); +26-09-7746-9479 (E.S.); +81-11-706-5185 (Y.O.)
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (H.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 10101, Zambia
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (E.S.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-80-1375-4174 (H.M.C.); +26-09-7746-9479 (E.S.); +81-11-706-5185 (Y.O.)
| | - Isaac Silwamba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Yona Sinkala
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, Dublin DO4V1W8, Ireland; (G.G.); (M.J.C.); (W.W.H.)
| | - David Squarre
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK;
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Chilanga 10101, Zambia
| | - Paul Fandamu
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Caesar H. Lubaba
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Alikhadio Maseko
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Choopa Chimvwele
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Liywalii Mataa
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Lynnfield E. Mooya
- Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.S.); (P.F.); (C.H.L.); (A.M.); (C.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Andrew N. Mukubesa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Hayato Harima
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (H.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Kenny L. Samui
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Hetron M. Munang’andu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Martin Simuunza
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - King S. Nalubamba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (I.S.); (M.M.); (A.N.M.); (K.L.S.); (M.S.); (K.S.N.)
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.Q.); (Y.E.)
| | - Michael J. Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, Dublin DO4V1W8, Ireland; (G.G.); (M.J.C.); (W.W.H.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - William W. Hall
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, Dublin DO4V1W8, Ireland; (G.G.); (M.J.C.); (W.W.H.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yuki Eshita
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.Q.); (Y.E.)
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (H.H.); (H.S.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (M.S.); (H.H.); (H.S.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.M.C.); (E.S.); (Y.O.); Tel.: +81-80-1375-4174 (H.M.C.); +26-09-7746-9479 (E.S.); +81-11-706-5185 (Y.O.)
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Werner D, Groschupp S, Bauer C, Kampen H. Breeding Habitat Preferences of Major Culicoides Species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17145000. [PMID: 32664561 PMCID: PMC7400431 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopognidae) are demonstrably or putatively involved in the transmission of both bluetongue (BTV) and Schmallenberg viruses (SBV) in Central Europe. Although these insects are ubiquitous in Europe, relatively little is known about their requirements in terms of breeding habitats and substrates. Culicoides species composition and relative abundance in potential breeding habitats were therefore studied at various locations in Northeastern Germany and one location in Western Germany by emergence trap collections. Forty-three potential breeding sites were analyzed in ten landscape structures, with 28,091 adult biting midges emerging from them. Among these, 2116 specimens belonged to the genus Culicoides. Species of the culicoid subgenus Avaritia were most abundant (70.6% of all specimens) and widespread (91.6% of all sites), while the subgenus Culicoides accounted for 15.6% of the specimens registered but emerged from 70.8% of all sites sampled. Culicoides species of other subgenera were collected in 75.0% of all studied sites, with a relative abundance of 8.7%. The results indicate that various types of dung, but probably also some landscape habitats, offer suitable substrates for the development of potential Culicoides vector species. Adaptations in dung management on farms and landscape design and use might therefore be appropriate approaches to reduce the risk of BTV or SBV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Werner
- Research Area 2 “Land Use and Governance”, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-33432-82-363
| | - Sarah Groschupp
- Research Area 2 “Land Use and Governance”, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;
| | - Christian Bauer
- Working Group “Epidemiology”, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Helge Kampen
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
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Gómez-Guillamón F, Caballero-Gómez J, Agüero M, Camacho-Sillero L, Risalde MA, Zorrilla I, Villalba R, Rivero-Juárez A, García-Bocanegra I. Re-emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) and sympatric livestock in Spain, 2018-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:458-466. [PMID: 32573968 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Between early October and mid-December 2018, mortalities were detected in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) populations in southern Spain. In the same region and period, bluetongue virus (BTV) circulation was also reported in sentinel and clinically affected domestic ruminant herds. Molecular analyses confirmed BTV serotype 4 (BTV-4) infection in eight Iberian ibexes from six hunting areas, and in 46 domestic ruminants from seven herds in close proximity to affected hunting estates. Histopathological analyses revealed vascular changes in several organs, pneumonia, lymphoid depletion, inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate and fibrosis as the most frequently observed lesions in the affected Iberian ibexes. Epidemiological and laboratory results indicate that BTV-4 was the main aetiological agent involved in outbreaks detected in Iberian ibex populations during the study period. Sequence analyses indicated that the BTV-4 strain detected in Iberian ibex had high homology (99.4%-100%) with strains isolated in livestock during the same period, and with previous isolates (≥98.9%) from Spain and Mediterranean Basin countries. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of BTV-4 on the health status of Iberian ibex populations after the outbreaks. The inclusion of this species in the surveillance programme may be useful for early detection of BTV, especially in epidemiological scenarios at the wildlife-livestock interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Gómez-Guillamón
- Programa Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Montserrat Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Camacho-Sillero
- Programa Vigilancia Epidemiológica Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria A Risalde
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Zorrilla
- Centro de Análisis y Diagnóstico de la Fauna Silvestre en Andalucía, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua M.P., Junta de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rubén Villalba
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
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Flannery J, Frost L, Fay P, Hicks H, Henstock M, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Rajko-Nenow P, Darpel K, Batten C. BTV-14 Infection in Sheep Elicits Viraemia with Mild Clinical Symptoms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E892. [PMID: 32545731 PMCID: PMC7355590 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, Bluetongue virus serotype 14 (BTV-14) was detected in Russia during routine surveillance, and was subsequently found in a number of European countries. The strain had high sequence similarity to a BTV-14 vaccine strain. We aimed to determine the risk of this BTV-14 strain causing disease in a UK sheep breed. Four Poll Dorset sheep were infected with a Polish isolate of BTV-14 and infection kinetics were monitored over 28 days. BTV RNA was detected in EDTA blood by 4 days post-infection (dpi) and remained detectable at 28 days post-infection (dpi). Peak viraemia occurred at 6 and 7 dpi with Ct values ranging between 24.6 and 27.3 in all infected animals. BTV antibodies were detected by 10 dpi using a commercial ELISA and neutralising antibodies were detected from 10 dpi. BTV was isolated between 6 and 12 dpi. All infected sheep developed mild clinical signs such as reddening of conjunctiva and mucosal membranes, with one sheep demonstrating more overt clinical signs. Two uninoculated control animals remained clinically healthy and did not have detectable BTV RNA or antibodies. The overall mild clinical symptoms caused by this BTV-14 in this highly susceptible sheep breed were in accordance with the asymptomatic infections observed in the affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Lorraine Frost
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Petra Fay
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Hayley Hicks
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Mark Henstock
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Karin Darpel
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
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38
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Veronesi E, Darpel K, Gubbins S, Batten C, Nomikou K, Mertens P, Carpenter S. Diversity of Transmission Outcomes Following Co-Infection of Sheep with Strains of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 and 8. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060851. [PMID: 32516979 PMCID: PMC7356686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease, bluetongue (BT), in susceptible ruminants and is transmitted primarily by species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Since 2006, northern Europe has experienced multiple incursions of BTV through a variety of routes of entry, including major outbreaks of strains of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) and BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1), which overlapped in distribution within southern Europe. In this paper, we examined the variation in response to coinfection with strains of BTV-1 and BTV-8 using an in vivo transmission model involving Culicoides sonorensis, low passage virus strains, and sheep sourced in the United Kingdom. In the study, four sheep were simultaneously infected using BTV-8 and BTV-1 intrathoracically inoculated C. sonorensis and co-infections of all sheep with both strains were established. However, there were significant variations in both the initiation and peak levels of virus RNA detected throughout the experiment, as well as in the infection rates in the C. sonorensis that were blood-fed on experimentally infected sheep at peak viremia. This is discussed in relation to the potential for reassortment between these strains in the field and the policy implications for detection of BTV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Veronesi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simon Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
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Allen SE, Rothenburger JL, Jardine CM, Ambagala A, Hooper-McGrevy K, Colucci N, Furukawa-Stoffer T, Vigil S, Ruder M, Nemeth NM. Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in White-Tailed Deer, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:832-834. [PMID: 30882321 PMCID: PMC6433007 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.180743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease affects wild and domestic ruminants and has recently spread northward within the United States. In September 2017, we detected epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in wild white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in east-central Canada. Culicoides spp. midges of the subgenus Avaritia were the most common potential vectors identified on site.
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Teffera M, Babiuk S. Potential of Using Capripoxvirus Vectored Vaccines Against Arboviruses in Sheep, Goats, and Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:450. [PMID: 31921911 PMCID: PMC6932975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus consists of sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and lumpy skin disease virus, which affect sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. Together capripoxviruses cause significant economic losses to the sheep, goat, and cattle industry where these diseases are present. These diseases have spread into previously free bordering regions most recently demonstrated with the spread of lumpy skin disease virus into the Middle East, some Eastern European countries, and Russia. This recent spread has highlighted the transboundary nature of these diseases. To control lumpy skin disease virus, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries as well as in response to an outbreak. For sheeppox and goatpox, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries; these diseases can also be contained through slaughter of infected animals to stamp out the disease. The thermostability, narrow host range, and ability of capripoxviruses to express a wide variety of antigens make capripoxviruses ideal vectors. The ability to immunize animals against multiple diseases simultaneously increases vaccination efficiency by decreasing the number of vaccinations required. Additionally, the use of capripoxvirus vectored vaccines allows the possibility of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Arboviruses such as bluetongue virus and Rift Valley fever viruses are also responsible for significant economic losses in endemic countries. In the case of Rift Valley fever virus, vaccination is not routinely practiced unless there is an outbreak making vaccination not as effective, therefore, incorporating Rift Valley fever vaccination into routine capripoxvirus vaccination would be highly beneficial. This review will discuss the potential of using capripoxvirus as a vector expressing protective arboviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Teffera
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Georgaki A, Murchie A, McKeown I, Mercer D, Millington S, Thurston W, Burns K, Cunningham B, Harkin V, Menzies F. Bluetongue Disease Control in Northern Ireland During 2017 and 2018. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:456. [PMID: 31921914 PMCID: PMC6928110 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of bluetongue virus in central and northern Europe in 2006, Northern Ireland's (NI) surveillance programme has evolved to include the use of risk assessments and simulation models to monitor the risk of bluetongue incursion. Livestock production is of high economic importance to NI as it exports approximately 75% of its agricultural produce. Its surveillance programme is designed to enable effective mitigation measures to be identified to minimize disease risk, and to provide additional assurances to protect NI's export markets in the European Union (EU) and third countries. Active surveillance employs an atmospheric dispersion model to assess the likelihood of wind-borne midge transfer from Great Britain (GB) to NI and to identify high risk areas. In these areas, the number of cattle tested for bluetongue is proportionally increased. Targeted surveillance is directed to ruminants imported from restricted countries and regions at risk of bluetongue. Targeted surveillance on high risk imports assists in early detection of disease as, despite all controls and preventive measures, legally imported animals may still carry the virus. In November 2018, a bluetongue-positive heifer was imported into NI. A case specific risk assessment was commissioned to estimate the likelihood of spread of bluetongue as a result of this incursion. November is the tail end of the midges' active period and therefore there was considerable uncertainty pertaining to the survival of midges inside a cattle shed and the potential for incubation of the virus in the vectors. An evidenced-based approach was adopted where temperature and midge abundance was monitored in order to minimize uncertainty and give an accurate estimate of the likelihood of virus spread to other animals following the arrival of the positive heifer. The heifer was destroyed and the evidence indicated that the risk of successful completion of the extrinsic cycle within the local midge population was negligible. This paper describes NI's surveillance programme between January 2017 and December 2018 and the case of a positive imported animal into the country. The importance of effective surveillance in early detection of threats and the usefulness of risk assessments is highlighted through the case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Georgaki
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Archie Murchie
- Sustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ignatius McKeown
- Trade, Epizootics and Official Controls Division, Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - David Mercer
- Newtownards Divisional Veterinary Office, Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Millington
- Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - William Thurston
- Atmospheric Dispersion and Air Quality, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Burns
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Cunningham
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Harkin
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Virology, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Menzies
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a haemorrhagic disease of wild and domestic ruminants with a huge economic worldwide impact on livestock. The disease is caused by BT-virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and disease control without vaccination is hardly possible. Vaccination is the most feasible and cost-effective way to minimize economic losses. Marketed BT vaccines are successfully used in different parts of the world. Inactivated BT vaccines are efficacious and safe but relatively expensive, whereas live-attenuated vaccines are efficacious and cheap but are unsafe because of under-attenuation, onward spread, reversion to virulence, and reassortment events. Both manufactured BT vaccines do not enable differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and protection is limited to the respective serotype. The ideal BT vaccine is a licensed, affordable, completely safe DIVA vaccine, that induces quick, lifelong, broad protection in all susceptible ruminant species. Promising vaccine candidates show improvement for one or more of these main vaccine standards. BTV protein vaccines and viral vector vaccines have DIVA potential depending on the selected BTV antigens, but are less effective and likely more costly per protected animal than current vaccines. Several vaccine platforms based on replicating BTV are applied for many serotypes by exchange of serotype dominant outer shell proteins. These platforms based on one BTV backbone result in attenuation or abortive virus replication and prevent disease by and spread of vaccine virus as well as reversion to virulence. These replicating BT vaccines induce humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses to all viral proteins except to one, which could enable DIVA tests. Most of these replicating vaccines can be produced similarly as currently marketed BT vaccines. All replicating vaccine platforms developed by reverse genetics are classified as genetic modified organisms. This implies extensive and expensive safety trails in target ruminant species, and acceptance by the community could be hindered. Nonetheless, several experimental BT vaccines show very promising improvements and could compete with marketed vaccines regarding their vaccine profile, but none of these next generation BT vaccines have been licensed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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43
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Massó Sagüés E, Fernández-Carrión E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:293. [PMID: 31555676 PMCID: PMC6737002 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current growth of the human population, the intensification of animal production, climate change or globalization favors an increase in the transmission of infectious diseases. Risk analysis is the tool that allows the identification of the factors involved in the introduction and the spread of infectious diseases. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. A probabilistic formulation has been developed to obtain the probabilities of introduction of diseases associated with each possible route of entry in the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird's migration is the route with greater impact. It is confirmed a moderate probability of entry of some vector-borne diseases, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease, through wind flow from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Due to the absence of live dromedary movement to Europe, the more likely way of entry of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is through the infected people movement from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman. This study includes different methodologies. A model of vectors dispersion in wind currents has been established to assess the risk of introduction of vector borne diseases. It is applicable both in animal health and public health. A periodical update would be useful to obtain a periodically updated risk analysis and to allow early detection of potential hazard with an increased risk over the previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Massó Sagüés
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Carrión
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Animal Health Department, VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Möhlmann TWR, Bekendam AM, van Kemenade I, Wennergren U, Favia G, Takken W, Koenraadt CJM. Latitudinal diversity of biting midge species within the Obsoletus group across three habitats in Europe. Med Vet Entomol 2019; 33:420-426. [PMID: 31033029 PMCID: PMC6849825 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides species from the Obsoletus group are important vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus. This group consists of several species that cannot easily be identified using morphological characteristics. Therefore, limited information is available about their distribution and habitat preferences. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the species composition of the Obsoletus group in three habitat types at climatically different latitudes across Europe. Traps were placed in three habitat types in three countries at different latitudes. After DNA extraction, biting midges were identified using PCR and gel electrophoresis. Extraction of DNA using Chelex proved to be a cost and time efficient method for species identification. A latitudinal effect on the relative abundance of species from the Obsoletus group was found. Species composition was unique for most country-habitat combinations. The majority of biting midges were either C. obsoletus s.s. or C. scoticus, and both species were found at all latitudes and habitats. Their wide distribution and their high abundance at livestock farms make these species likely candidates for rapid farm-to-farm transmission of pathogens throughout Europe. Our results emphasize the need to differentiate Obsoletus group species to better understand their ecology and contribution to pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. W. R. Möhlmann
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- IFM Theory and ModellingLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - A. M. Bekendam
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - I. van Kemenade
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - U. Wennergren
- IFM Theory and ModellingLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - G. Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
| | - W. Takken
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - C. J. M. Koenraadt
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Murchie AK, Thompson GM, Clawson S, Brown A, Gordon AW, Jess S. Field Evaluation of Deltamethrin and Ivermectin Applications to Cattle on Culicoides Host-Alighting, Blood-Feeding, and Emergence. Viruses 2019; 11:E731. [PMID: 31398840 PMCID: PMC6722592 DOI: 10.3390/v11080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of topical applications of deltamethrin and ivermectin to cattle on Culicoides spp. landing and blood-feeding was studied in this work using sticky traps mounted on Friesian heifers' backs. There was no effect of the insecticides on total numbers of Culicoides trapped or the proportion engorged. Deltamethrin and ivermectin treatment did not prevent blood-feeding on these animals. Deltamethrin did result in significant Culicoides mortality as evidenced by the numbers of dead midges combed from heifers' upper flanks. The proximity of engorged midges on traps to dead midges in the hair suggests that blood-feeding took place despite midges receiving an ultimately lethal dose of deltamethrin. Ivermectin application resulted in a smaller proportion of nulliparous than parous females caught. There was no significant effect of ivermectin on the numbers of Culicoides that emerged from dung samples (but p was small at 0.095 for the Obsoletus group Culicoides). In cases of suspect animal imports, pour-on or spray applications of deltamethrin could reduce the risk of onward transmission of bluetongue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie K Murchie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Geoff M Thompson
- Ulster Farmers' Union, 475 Antrim Road, Belfast BT15 3DA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sam Clawson
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew Brown
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alan W Gordon
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen Jess
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
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46
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Sanders CJ, Shortall CR, England M, Harrington R, Purse B, Burgin L, Carpenter S, Gubbins S. Long-term shifts in the seasonal abundance of adult Culicoides biting midges and their impact on potential arbovirus outbreaks. J Appl Ecol 2019; 56:1649-1660. [PMID: 31341330 PMCID: PMC6618056 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of adult Culicoides biting midge flight activity is used as an applied ecological method to guide the management of arbovirus incursions on livestock production in Europe and Australia.To date the impact of changes in the phenology of adult vector activity on arbovirus transmission has not been defined. We investigated this at two sites in the UK, identifying 150,000 Culicoides biting midges taken from 2867 collections over a nearly 40 year timescale.Whilst we recorded no change in seasonal activity at one site, shifts in first adult appearance and last adult appearance increased the seasonal activity period of Culicoides species at the other site by 40 days over the time period.Lengthening of the adult activity season was driven by an increase in abundance of Culicoides and correlated with local increases in temperature and precipitation. This diversity in responses poses significant challenges for predicting future transmission and overwintering risk. Policy implications. Our analysis not only shows a dramatic and consistent increase in the adult active period of Culicoides biting midges, but also that this varies significantly between sites. This suggests broad-scale analyses alone are insufficient to understand the potential impacts of changes in climate on arbovirus vector populations. Understanding the impact of climate change on adult Culicoides seasonality and transmission of arboviruses requires the context of changes in a range of other local ecological drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beth Purse
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyWallingfordUK
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Aguilar-Vega C, Fernández-Carrión E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The possible route of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 3 into Sicily by windborne transportation of infected Culicoides spp. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1665-1673. [PMID: 30973674 PMCID: PMC6850078 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In October 2017, the first outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) began in Italy, specifically in western Sicily. The route of entrance remains unclear, although since 2016 the same strain had been circulating only 150 km away, on the Tunisian peninsula of Cape Bon. The present analysis assessed the feasibility that wind could have carried BTV-3-infected Culicoides spp. from Tunisia to Sicily. An advection-deposition-survival (ADS) model was used to estimate when and where Culicoides spp. were likely to be introduced prior to the first BTV-3 report in Italy. Additionally, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to support ADS outputs. The modelling suggests that during September 2017, strong wind currents and suitable climatic conditions could have allowed the transportation of Culicoides spp. from BTV-3-infected areas in Tunisia into Sicily. ADS simulations suggest that particles could have reached the province of Trapani in western Sicily on 2 and 12 September. These simulations suggest the feasibility of aerial transportation of infected Culicoides spp. from Tunisia into Sicily. They demonstrate the suitability of the ADS model for retrospective studies of long-range transportation of insects across large water bodies, which may enhance the early detection of vectorial disease introduction in a region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Aguilar-Vega
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Carrión
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Putty K, Shaik AM, Peera SJ, Reddy YN, Rao PP, Patil SR, Reddy MS, Susmitha B, Jyothi JS. Infection kinetics and antibody responses in Deccani sheep during experimental infection and superinfection with bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 16. Vet World 2019; 12:41-47. [PMID: 30936652 PMCID: PMC6431802 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.41-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was designed to understand the infection kinetics and antibody responses of major circulating serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) in India, i.e., BTV-4 and BTV-16 through experimental infection and superinfection of Deccani sheep, a popular breed of sheep found in the southern states of India. Materials and Methods: Experimental infection with 106 TCID50/ml BTV-4 was followed by superinfection with BTV-16 and vice versa. Along with observing for clinical signs and immunological responses in the experimentally infected sheep, the effect of infection of one specific serotype on the outcome of superinfection with a different serotype was also studied. Results: Certain interesting findings have been made in the course of experimental infection, such as prominent signs of infection in BTV-4 infection, mild or no clinical signs in BTV-16-infected and superinfected animals, and non-seroconversion of one of the BTV-16-superinfected animals. In addition, BTV was isolated from infected sheep in all the experimental conditions except BTV-16 superinfection. Furthermore, it was observed that immune response in the form of type-specific antibodies was slower with BTV-16 superinfection. Conclusion: Superinfection of a sheep with more than one serotype of BTV is a common phenomenon in BT endemic countries like India. Such situation was replicated in an experimental infection in the current study, and the findings to our knowledge are first of a kind and are likely to aid in unfolding the newer aspects of BTV pathogenesis and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Abdul Muzeer Shaik
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik Jahangeer Peera
- Veterinary Dispensary, Department of Animal Husbandry, Labbipet, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Y Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P P Rao
- Biovet, KIADB Industrial Area, Malur, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil R Patil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Shreekanth Reddy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - B Susmitha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - J Shiva Jyothi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, P V Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Karam A, Puro K, Das S, Shakuntala I, Sanjukta R, Milton AAP, Ghatak S, Sen A. Seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants and bluetongue in goat population of Meghalaya, India. Vet World 2018; 11:1689-1691. [PMID: 30774259 PMCID: PMC6362336 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1689-1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and bluetongue (BT) in goats’ population in the state of Meghalaya of Northeast India. Materials and Methods: The serosurveillance study was done from the random sampling (n=598) of blood collected from five districts (Ri-Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and West Garo Hills) of Meghalaya. The presence of antibodies against PPR and BT in the samples was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for PPR and competitive ELISA for BT. Results: The results showed the overall seropositivity of PPR and BT at 7.19% and 60.20%, respectively. West Garo Hills recorded the highest seroprevalence of both PPR (9.81%) and BT (68%) and 3.6% of the samples tested positive for both PPR and BT. Conclusion: The random survey results indicating the presence of PPR and BT have specific implication in epidemiological perspectives since it highlights the prevalence under natural situations, where the subclinical, inapparent, or non-lethal or recovery of infection was suspected in unvaccinated animals. It also warrants further studies to suggest appropriate control measures to prevent the spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karam
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - K Puro
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - S Das
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - I Shakuntala
- Mizoram Centre, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Kolasib- 796081, Mizoram, India
| | - R Sanjukta
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - A A P Milton
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - S Ghatak
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
| | - A Sen
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-RC for NEH Region, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India
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Cargnel M, Van der Stede Y, Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Méroc E, Welby S. Effectiveness and cost-benefit study to encourage herd owners in a cost sharing vaccination programme against bluetongue serotype-8 in Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:400-411. [PMID: 30281942 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a ruminant viral infectious disease transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. In 2006, when bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) appeared for the first time in Northern Europe, it rapidly spread and infected a large proportion of animals. BThas a significant economic impact due to a direct effect on animal health and to an indirect effect in disrupting international trade of animals and animal products. In spring 2008, a compulsory subsidized vaccination programme in Europe resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of reported cases. However, due to the turn-over of the population, without a continuous vaccination programme, the animal population was becoming progressively susceptible. Vaccination would enable Belgium to maintain its status of freedom from infection of BTV-8 that could possibly be re-introduced. Subsidizing it could be an incentive to convince more farmers to vaccinate. To finance this programme, both decision-makers and stakeholders need to be persuaded by the effectiveness and the cost-benefit of vaccination. The study evaluated the effectiveness of vaccination against BTV-8 in Belgium. The change in serology which has shown the effectiveness of the vaccine to induce antibody production has been significantly associated with the time between the first injection and the sampling date and the number of injections of the primo-vaccination. This study also clearly confirms the benefit of vaccination by reducing economic impact of treatment and production losses, especially in dairy cattle. Based on a participating epidemiological approach, a national voluntary and subsidized vaccination was accepted, and permitted Belgium to vaccinate more than 9,000 herds in 1 month. Because this mass vaccination occurred before the vector season, it probably helped Belgium remain free from BTV-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Cargnel
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Unit on Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Parma, Italy
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Méroc
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Welby
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium
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