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Haga IR, Shih BB, Tore G, Polo N, Ribeca P, Gombo-Ochir D, Shura G, Tserenchimed T, Enkhbold B, Purevtseren D, Ulziibat G, Damdinjav B, Yimer L, Bari FD, Gizaw D, Adedeji AJ, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Kumarawadu PL, Batten C, Corla A, Freimanis GL, Tennakoon C, Law A, Lycett S, Downing T, Beard PM. Sequencing and Analysis of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Whole Genomes Reveals a New Viral Subgroup in West and Central Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:557. [PMID: 38675899 PMCID: PMC11053774 DOI: 10.3390/v16040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the capripoxvirus (CPPV) genus of the Poxviridae family. LSDV is a rapidly emerging, high-consequence pathogen of cattle, recently spreading from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia. We have sequenced the whole genome of historical LSDV isolates from the Pirbright Institute virus archive, and field isolates from recent disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. These genome sequences were compared to published genomes and classified into different subgroups. Two subgroups contained vaccine or vaccine-like samples ("Neethling-like" clade 1.1 and "Kenya-like" subgroup, clade 1.2.2). One subgroup was associated with outbreaks of LSD in the Middle East/Europe (clade 1.2.1) and a previously unreported subgroup originated from cases of LSD in west and central Africa (clade 1.2.3). Isolates were also identified that contained a mix of genes from both wildtype and vaccine samples (vaccine-like recombinants, grouped in clade 2). Whole genome sequencing and analysis of LSDV strains isolated from different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia have provided new knowledge of the drivers of LSDV emergence, and will inform future disease control strategies.
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Grants
- BB/R002606/1, BB/R008833/1, BB/X011038/1, BB/X011046/1, BB/CCG2250, BB/CCG1780/1, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D, , BBS/E/I/00007039, /1, BB/IDG2250/1, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismar R. Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Barbara B. Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Gessica Tore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Genomics and Enabling Data, Mathematics Institute, Zeeman Builing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, Ronald Ross Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Maxwell Clerk Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Delgerzul Gombo-Ochir
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gansukh Shura
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Tsagaan Tserenchimed
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Bazarragchaa Enkhbold
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance, State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia; (D.G.-O.); (G.S.); (T.T.); (B.E.); (D.P.); (G.U.)
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- General Authority for Veterinary Service, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry, Ulaanbaatar 13381, Mongolia;
| | - Lama Yimer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte P.O. Box 395, Ethiopia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Fufa D. Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 3434, Ethiopia;
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- Animal Health Institute (AHI), Sebata P.O. Box 04, Ethiopia;
| | - Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Rebecca Bitiyong Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | - Jolly Amoche Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930103, Nigeria; (A.J.A.); (R.B.A.); (J.A.A.); (B.B.D.)
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Graham L. Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (B.B.S.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Tim Downing
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (I.R.H.); (N.P.); (P.R.); (C.B.); (G.L.F.); (C.T.); (T.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
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2
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Goatley LC, Freimanis G, Tennakoon C, Foster TJ, Quershi M, Dixon LK, Batten C, Forth JH, Wade A, Netherton C. Full genome sequence analysis of African swine fever virus isolates from Cameroon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293049. [PMID: 38512923 PMCID: PMC10956809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease of domestic pigs that has spread across the globe since its introduction into Georgia in 2007. The etiological agent is a large double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of 170 to 180 kb in length depending on the isolate. Much of the differences in genome length between isolates are due to variations in the copy number of five different multigene families that are encoded in repetitive regions that are towards the termini of the covalently closed ends of the genome. Molecular epidemiology of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is primarily based on Sanger sequencing of a few conserved and variable regions, but due to the stability of the dsDNA genome changes in the variable regions occur relatively slowly. Observations in Europe and Asia have shown that changes in other genetic loci can occur and that this could be useful in molecular tracking. ASFV has been circulating in Western Africa for at least forty years. It is therefore reasonable to assume that changes may have accumulated in regions of the genome other than the standard targets over the years. At present only one full genome sequence is available for an isolate from Western Africa, that of a highly virulent isolate collected from Benin during an outbreak in 1997. In Cameroon, ASFV was first reported in 1981 and outbreaks have been reported to the present day and is considered endemic. Here we report three full genome sequences from Cameroon isolates of 1982, 1994 and 2018 outbreaks and identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion-deletions that may prove useful for molecular epidemiology studies in Western Africa and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette C. Goatley
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Foster
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mehnaz Quershi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K. Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hendrik Forth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
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Newbrook K, Khan N, Fisher A, Chong K, Gubbins S, Davies WC, Sanders C, Busquets MG, Cooke L, Corla A, Ashby M, Flannery J, Batten C, Stokes JE, Sanz-Bernardo B, Carpenter S, Moffat K, Darpel KE. Specific T-cell subsets have a role in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis but not viral dynamics or onwards vector transmission of an important livestock arbovirus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328820. [PMID: 38357545 PMCID: PMC10864546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne Orbivirus that is almost solely transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes a globally important haemorrhagic disease, bluetongue (BT), in susceptible ruminants. Infection with BTV is characterised by immunosuppression and substantial lymphopenia at peak viraemia in the host. Methods In this study, the role of cell-mediated immunity and specific T-cell subsets in BTV pathogenesis, clinical outcome, viral dynamics, immune protection, and onwards transmission to a susceptible Culicoides vector is defined in unprecedented detail for the first time, using an in vivo arboviral infection model system that closely mirrors natural infection and transmission of BTV. Individual circulating CD4+, CD8+, or WC1+ γδ T-cell subsets in sheep were depleted through the administration of specific monoclonal antibodies. Results The absence of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells was consistently associated with less severe clinical signs of BT, whilst the absence of CD4+ and WC1+ γδ T cells both resulted in an increased clinical severity. The absence of CD4+ T cells also impaired both a timely protective neutralising antibody response and the production of IgG antibodies targeting BTV non-structural protein, NS2, highlighting that the CD4+ T-cell subset is important for a timely protective immune response. T cells did not influence viral replication characteristics, including onset/dynamics of viraemia, shedding, or onwards transmission of BTV to Culicoides. We also highlight differences in T-cell dependency for the generation of immunoglobulin subclasses targeting BTV NS2 and the structural protein, VP7. Discussion This study identifies a diverse repertoire of T-cell functions during BTV infection in sheep, particularly in inducing specific anti-viral immune responses and disease manifestation, and will support more effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Newbrook
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nakibul Khan
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee Fisher
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences AND School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Chong
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences AND School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Davies
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Lyndsay Cooke
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Corla
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Ashby
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - John Flannery
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo
- Large Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Viruses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katy Moffat
- Flow Cytometry, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Karin E. Darpel
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Diagnostics and Development, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Crofts F, Al-Majali A, Gerring D, Gubbins S, Hicks H, Campbell D, Wilson S, Chesang L, Stuke K, Cordel C, Parida S, Batten C. Evaluation of a novel liquid stabilised peste des petits ruminants vaccine: Safety and immunogenic efficacy in sheep and goats in the field in Jordan. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100363. [PMID: 37583870 PMCID: PMC10423892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel liquid stabiliser was tested with the Nigeria 75/1 Peste des Petit Ruminants (PPR) vaccine over two field studies carried out in sheep and goats. PPR seronegative sheep and goats were selected from farms surrounding Amman, Jordan and were vaccinated with either a stabilised liquid PPR vaccine that had been formulated 3 months prior to use and stored at 2-8 °C or a reconstituted lyophilised PPRV vaccine reconstituted on the day of vaccination. Sera were taken immediately before vaccination and at approximately 1.5, 3 and 6 months following vaccination, then subsequently tested using IDVet ID Screen® PPR competition ELISA and Serum Neutralisation tests to determine the presence of PPRV anti-N antibodies and neutralising antibodies, respectively. It was observed that the liquid-stabilised vaccine was able to provide comparable antibody responses in both species to those induced by the lyophilized vaccine. The ability to store liquid stabilised PPRV vaccine for field use would positively impact PPRV eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Crofts
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Al-Majali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Abu Dhabi 62072, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Gerring
- Arecor Therapeutics PLC, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Campbell
- Dana Campbell Consultants Ltd, 15 Justice Park, Oxton, Lauderdale TD2 6NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wilson
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Chesang
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristin Stuke
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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King S, Baron MD, Kidane M, Aklilu F, Kapur V, Herzog CM, Batten C. Complete genome of a 2014 isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus from Ethiopia. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0024223. [PMID: 37462384 PMCID: PMC10508127 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00242-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the complete genome sequence of a peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolate from Ethiopia in 2014. The strain (PPRV/Ethiopia/Habru/2014), which showed a normal virulence and relatively low morbidity in the field, belongs to the North African subclade of Lineage IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Vivek Kapur
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Catherine M. Herzog
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Tully M, Batten C, Ashby M, Mahapatra M, Parekh K, Parida S, Njeumi F, Willett B, Bataille A, Libeau G, Kwiatek O, Caron A, Berguido FJ, Lamien CE, Cattoli G, Misinzo G, Keyyu J, Mdetele D, Gakuya F, Bodjo SC, Taha FA, Elbashier HM, Khalafalla AI, Osman AY, Kock R. The evaluation of five serological assays in determining seroconversion to peste des petits ruminants virus in typical and atypical hosts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14787. [PMID: 37684280 PMCID: PMC10491793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an infectious viral disease, primarily of small ruminants such as sheep and goats, but is also known to infect a wide range of wild and domestic Artiodactyls including African buffalo, gazelle, saiga and camels. The livestock-wildlife interface, where free-ranging animals can interact with captive flocks, is the subject of scrutiny as its role in the maintenance and spread of PPR virus (PPRV) is poorly understood. As seroconversion to PPRV indicates previous infection and/or vaccination, the availability of validated serological tools for use in both typical (sheep and goat) and atypical species is essential to support future disease surveillance and control strategies. The virus neutralisation test (VNT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been validated using sera from typical host species. Still, the performance of these assays in detecting antibodies from atypical species remains unclear. We examined a large panel of sera (n = 793) from a range of species from multiple countries (sourced 2015-2022) using three tests: VNT, ID VET N-ELISA and AU-PANVAC H-ELISA. A sub-panel (n = 30) was also distributed to two laboratories and tested using the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) and a pseudotyped virus neutralisation assay (PVNA). We demonstrate a 75.0-88.0% agreement of positive results for detecting PPRV antibodies in sera from typical species between the VNT and commercial ELISAs, however this decreased to 44.4-62.3% in sera from atypical species, with an inter-species variation. The LIPS and PVNA strongly correlate with the VNT and ELISAs for typical species but vary when testing sera from atypical species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Ashby
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (UoG), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Genevieve Libeau
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO and IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO and IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO and IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Julius Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Francis Gakuya
- Wildlife Research & Training Institute (WRTI), Karagita, Kenya
| | - Sanne Charles Bodjo
- Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre for African Union (AU-PANVAC), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
- Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdinasir Y Osman
- National Institute of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Kock
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
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Loundras EA, Netherton CL, Flannery J, Bowes MJ, Dixon L, Batten C. The Effect of Temperature on the Stability of African Swine Fever Virus BA71V Isolate in Environmental Water Samples. Pathogens 2023; 12:1022. [PMID: 37623982 PMCID: PMC10459264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is known to be very stable and can remain infectious over long periods of time especially at low temperatures and within different matrices, particularly those containing animal-derived organic material. However, there are some gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the survivability and infectivity of ASFV in groundwater. This study aims to determine the stability and infectivity of the cell culture-adapted ASFV strain BA71V by plaque assay after incubation of the virus within river water samples at three different environmentally relevant temperatures (4 °C, 15 °C, and 21 °C) over the course of 42 days. The results from this study indicate that ASFV can remain stable and infectious when maintained at 4 °C in river water for more than 42 days, but as incubation temperatures are increased, the stability is reduced, and the virus is no longer able to form plaques after 28 days and 14 days, respectively, when stored at 15 °C and 21 °C. Characterizing the survivability of ASFV in groundwater can allow us to develop more appropriate inactivation and disinfection methods to support disease control and mitigate ASFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Anna Loundras
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Christopher L. Netherton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
- Department of Animal Health, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone Campus, N37HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Michael J. Bowes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford Oxon OX10 8BB, UK;
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (E.-A.L.); (C.L.N.); (J.F.); (L.D.)
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8
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Frost L, Tully M, Dixon L, Hicks HM, Bennett J, Stokes I, Marsella L, Gubbins S, Batten C. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants against African Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:855. [PMID: 37513703 PMCID: PMC10384970 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an economically important disease due to high morbidity and mortality rates and the ability to affect all ages and breeds of pigs. Biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of the causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), include prescriptive cleaning and disinfection procedures. The aim of this study was to establish the biocidal effects of twenty-four commercially available disinfectants including oxidizing agents, acids, aldehydes, formic acids, phenol, and mixed-class chemistries against ASFV. The products were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and a suspension assay was performed with ASFV strain, BA71V using Vero cells (African green monkey cells) to test efficacy in reducing ASFV infection of cells. Generally, disinfectants containing formic acid and phenolic compounds, as well as oxidizing agents reduced viral titers of ASFV by over 4 log10 at temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 20 °C. Hydrogen peroxide, aldehyde, and quaternary ammonium compounds containing disinfectants were cytotoxic, limiting the detection of viral infectivity reductions to less than 4 log10. These preliminary results can be used to target research on disinfectants which contain active ingredients with known efficacy against ASFV under conditions recommended for the country where their use will be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Tully
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Isobel Stokes
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stag Hill Campus, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Laura Marsella
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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9
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Flannery J, Shih B, Haga IR, Ashby M, Corla A, King S, Freimanis G, Polo N, Tse ACN, Brackman CJ, Chan J, Pun P, Ferguson AD, Law A, Lycett S, Batten C, Beard PM. A novel strain of lumpy skin disease virus causes clinical disease in cattle in Hong Kong. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e336-e343. [PMID: 34448540 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an emerging poxviral pathogen of cattle that is currently spreading throughout Asia. The disease situation is of high importance for farmers and policy makers in Asia. In October 2020, feral cattle in Hong Kong developed multi-focal cutaneous nodules consistent with lumpy skin disease (LSD). Gross and histological pathology further supported the diagnosis and samples were sent to the OIE Reference Laboratory at The Pirbright Institute for confirmatory testing. LSDV was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and additional molecular analyses. This is the first report of LSD in Hong Kong. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the strain LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 and phylogenetic analysis were carried out in order to identify connections to previous outbreaks of LSD, and better understand the drivers of LSDV emergence. Analysis of the 90 core poxvirus genes revealed LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 was a novel strain most closely related to the live-attenuated Neethling vaccine strains of LSDV and more distantly related to wildtype LSDV isolates from Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Analysis of the more variable regions located towards the termini of the poxvirus genome revealed genes in LSDV/Hong Kong/2020 with different patterns of grouping when compared to previously published wildtype and vaccine strains of LSDV. This work reveals that the LSD outbreak in Hong Kong in 2020 was caused by a different strain of LSDV than the LSD epidemic in the Middle East and Europe in 2015-2018. The use of WGS is highly recommended when investigating LSDV disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Anne Ching-Nga Tse
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher J Brackman
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chan
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Pun
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew D Ferguson
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.,CityU Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Law
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Samantha Lycett
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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10
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Frost L, Batten C. African Swine Fever Virus Plaque Assay and Disinfectant Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2503:187-194. [PMID: 35575896 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2333-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the titer of African swine fever virus is critical for disease control, viral infection studies, and disinfectant efficacy tests. Techniques such as real-time PCR and virus isolation provide an understanding as to whether viral genome is present or gives a qualitative assessment of live viral presence in a sample respectively, but neither provide a quantitative measurement of live virus. Here we describe a plaque assay for the titration of a Vero-adapted African swine fever virus strain (BA71V) and describe how to apply this method to determine disinfectant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Frost
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
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11
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Netherton CL, Goatley LC, Flannery J, Ashby M, Batten C. Laboratory Diagnosis and Quantification of African Swine Fever Virus Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2503:95-104. [PMID: 35575888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2333-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the tool of choice for the diagnostic laboratory and is a robust and easily scalable method for the researcher analyzing viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. In this chapter, we describe protocols for both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and non-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (real-time PCR) for the detection of African swine fever virus genome in a range of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynnette C Goatley
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - John Flannery
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Martin Ashby
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Molecular methods are routinely used for the differential diagnosis and genetic characterization of viral diseases of livestock. Real-time PCR (qPCR) is known as the gold standard diagnostic method for most diseases and is also used for the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) DNA in clinical specimens. To determine the ASFV genotype or identify additional genome markers, endpoint PCR is usually performed on ASFV-positive specimens, followed by Sanger sequencing and data analysis. Here, we describe the ASFV genotyping method used at the OIE Reference Laboratory for ASF at the Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
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13
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King S, Flannery J, Batten C, Rajko-Nenow P. Development of real-time RT-qPCR assays for the typing of two novel bluetongue virus genotypes derived from sheeppox vaccine. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114288. [PMID: 34536487 PMCID: PMC8543067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the detection of two novel bluetongue virus (BTV) strains (SPvvvv/02 and SPvvvv/03), possibly representing new BTV genotypes, in a batch of sheeppox vaccine. We developed type-specific RT-qPCR assays (targeting genome segment 2) for these two new BTV strains. The limit of detection of both assays was 10 genome copies/μl and no cross-reactivity with other BTV genotypes was observed. The performance of three other BTV group-specific diagnostic assays was also tested against the putative novel genotypes. RT-qPCR assays targeting BTV segment 9 and 10 detected both strains (SPvvvv/02 and SPvvvv/03) whereas a BTV segment 1 RT-qPCR assay was unable to detect either BTV strain. The work presented here expands upon the current repertoire of RT-qPCR assays for BTV genotype determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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14
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Ropiak HM, King S, Busquets MG, Newbrook K, Pullinger GD, Brown H, Flannery J, Gubbins S, Batten C, Rajko-Nenow P, Darpel KE. Identification of a BTV-Strain-Specific Single Gene That Increases Culicoides Vector Infection Rate. Viruses 2021; 13:1781. [PMID: 34578362 PMCID: PMC8472919 DOI: 10.3390/v13091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV) has changed, leading to numerous epidemics and economic losses in Europe. Previously, we found a BTV-4 field strain with a higher infection rate of a Culicoides vector than a BTV-1 field strain has. We reverse-engineered parental BTV-1 and BTV-4 strains and created BTV-1/BTV-4 reassortants to elucidate the influence of individual BTV segments on BTV replication in both C. sonorensis midges and in KC cells. Substitution of segment 2 (Seg-2) with Seg-2 from the rBTV-4 significantly increased vector infection rate in reassortant BTV-14S2 (30.4%) in comparison to reverse-engineered rBTV-1 (1.0%). Replacement of Seg-2, Seg-6 and Seg-7 with those from rBTV-1 in reassortant BTV-41S2S6S7 (2.9%) decreased vector infection rate in comparison to rBTV-4 (30.2%). However, triple-reassorted BTV-14S2S6S7 only replicated to comparatively low levels (3.0%), despite containing Seg-2, Seg-6 and Seg-7 from rBTV-4, indicating that vector infection rate is influenced by interactions of multiple segments and/or host-mediated amino acid substitutions within segments. Overall, these results demonstrated that we could utilize reverse-engineered viruses to identify the genetic basis influencing BTV replication within Culicoides vectors. However, BTV replication dynamics in KC cells were not suitable for predicting the replication ability of these virus strains in Culicoides midges.
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15
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Fay PC, Mohd Jaafar F, Batten C, Attoui H, Saunders K, Lomonossoff GP, Reid E, Horton D, Maan S, Haig D, Daly JM, Mertens PPC. Serological Cross-Reactions between Expressed VP2 Proteins from Different Bluetongue Virus Serotypes. Viruses 2021; 13:1455. [PMID: 34452321 PMCID: PMC8402635 DOI: 10.3390/v13081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a severe and economically important disease of ruminants that is widely distributed around the world, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). More than 28 different BTV serotypes have been identified in serum neutralisation tests (SNT), which, along with geographic variants (topotypes) within each serotype, reflect differences in BTV outer-capsid protein VP2. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies, although the basis for cross-reactions and serological variations between and within BTV serotypes is poorly understood. Recombinant BTV VP2 proteins (rVP2) were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, based on sequence data for isolates of thirteen BTV serotypes (primarily from Europe), including three 'novel' serotypes (BTV-25, -26 and -27) and alternative topotypes of four serotypes. Cross-reactions within and between these viruses were explored using rabbit anti-rVP2 sera and post BTV-infection sheep reference-antisera, in I-ELISA (with rVP2 target antigens) and SNT (with reference strains of BTV-1 to -24, -26 and -27). Strong reactions were generally detected with homologous rVP2 proteins or virus strains/serotypes. The sheep antisera were largely serotype-specific in SNT, but more cross-reactive by ELISA. Rabbit antisera were more cross-reactive in SNT, and showed widespread, high titre cross-reactions against homologous and heterologous rVP2 proteins in ELISA. Results were analysed and visualised by antigenic cartography, showing closer relationships in some, but not all cases, between VP2 topotypes within the same serotype, and between serotypes belonging to the same 'VP2 nucleotype'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Fay
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, Woking GU24 ONF, UK;
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (H.A.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, Woking GU24 ONF, UK;
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (H.A.)
| | - Keith Saunders
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (K.S.); (G.P.L.)
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (K.S.); (G.P.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Reid
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Daniel Horton
- Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - David Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
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16
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Ankhanbaatar U, Sainnokhoi T, Khanui B, Ulziibat G, Jargalsaikhan T, Purevtseren D, Settypalli TBK, Flannery J, Dundon WG, Basan G, Batten C, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. African swine fever virus genotype II in Mongolia, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2787-2794. [PMID: 33818903 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). In recent years, ASF has steadily spread towards new geographical areas, reaching Europe and Asia. On January 15th, 2019, Mongolia reported its first ASF outbreak to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), becoming, after China, the second country in the region affected by the disease. Following an event of unusual mortality in domestic pigs in Bulgan Province, a field team visited four farms and a meat market in the region to conduct an outbreak investigation and collect samples for laboratory analysis. Different organs were examined for ASF associated lesions, and total nucleic acid was extracted for real-time PCR, virus isolation and molecular characterization. The real-time PCR results confirmed ASFV DNA in 10 out of 10 samples and ASFV was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis established that ASFVs from Mongolia belong to genotype II and serogroup 8. The viruses were identical to each other, and to domestic pig isolates identified in China and Russia, based on the comparison of five genomic targets. Our results suggest a cross-border spread of ASFV, without indicating the source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ganzorig Basan
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Grace KEF, Papadopoulou C, Floyd T, Avigad R, Collins S, White E, Batten C, Flannery J, Gubbins S, Carpenter ST. Risk-based surveillance for bluetongue virus in cattle on the south coast of England in 2017 and 2018. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e96. [PMID: 32917835 PMCID: PMC7786256 DOI: 10.1136/vr.106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease of ruminants and camelids which can have a significant impact on animal health and welfare and cause severe economic loss. The UK has been officially free of bluetongue virus (BTV) since 2011. In 2015, BTV-8 re-emerged in France and since then BTV has been spreading throughout Europe. In response to this outbreak, risk-based active surveillance was carried out at the end of the vector seasons in 2017 and 2018 to assess the risk of incursion of BTV into Great Britain. METHOD Atmospheric dispersion modelling identified counties on the south coast of England at higher risk of an incursion. Blood samples were collected from cattle in five counties based on a sample size designed to detect at least one positive if the prevalence was 5 per cent or greater, with 95 per cent confidence. RESULTS No virus was detected in the 478 samples collected from 32 farms at the end of the 2017 vector season or in the 646 samples collected from 43 farms at the end of the 2018 vector season, when tested by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION The negative results from this risk-based survey provided evidence to support the continuation of the UK's official BTV-free status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Floyd
- Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Rachelle Avigad
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, APHA, Addlestone, UK
| | - Steve Collins
- Information Management and Technology, APHA, Worcester, UK
| | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - John Flannery
- The Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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18
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Flannery J, King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Popova Z, Krstevski K, Djadjovski I, Batten C. Re-emergence of BTV serotype 4 in North Macedonia, July 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:220-223. [PMID: 33108681 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 4 (BTV-4) was confirmed in sheep in North Macedonia in July 2020. The full genome of this BTV-4 strain (MKD2020/06) was shown to be most closely related (99.74% nt identity) to the Greek GRE2014/08 and the Hungarian HUN1014 strains, indicating the re-emergence of this BTV serotype in the Balkan region since it was last reported in 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zagorka Popova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Igor Djadjovski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
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19
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Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating viral disease of pigs and wild boar, and it threatens global food security. We aimed to identify suitable sample matrices for use in ASF surveillance programs. Six pigs inoculated with ASFV were sampled at postmortem. Blood, bone marrow, ear biopsies, and oral, nasal, and rectal swabs were taken from all pigs. All samples were analyzed using 3 real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays and a LAMP assay. ASFV was detected at > 107 genome copies/mL in blood; bone marrow was found to provide the highest viral load. Ct values provided by the rtPCR assays were correlated, and ASFV was detected in all oral, nasal, and rectal swabs and in all ear biopsy samples irrespective of the location from which they were taken. The LAMP assay had lower sensitivity, and detected ASFV in 54 of 66 positive samples, but delivered positive results within 17 min. We identified additional sample matrices that can be considered depending on the sampling situation: bone marrow had a high probability of detection, which could be useful for decomposed carcasses. However, ear biopsies provide an appropriate, high-throughput sample matrix to detect ASFV and may be useful during surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Martin Ashby
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Rebecca Moore
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Sian Wells
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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20
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Ashby M, Rajko-Nenow P, Batten C, Flannery J. Simultaneous Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotypes Using xMAP Technology. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101564. [PMID: 33050655 PMCID: PMC7650804 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV is serologically diverse, which complicates vaccination strategies. Rapid identification of the causative BTV serotypes is critical, however, real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) can be costly and time consuming to perform when the circulating serotypes are unknown. The Luminex xMAP technology is a high-throughput platform that uses fluorescent beads to detect multiple targets simultaneously. We utilized existing BTV serotyping RT-qPCR assays for BTV-1 to BTV-24 and adapted them for use with the xMAP platform. The xMAP assay specifically detected all 24 BTV serotypes when testing reference strains. In all BTV-positive samples, the sensitivity of the BTV xMAP was 87.55% whereas the sensitivity of the serotype-specific RT-qPCR was 79.85%. The BTV xMAP assay allowed for the specific detection of BTV serotypes 1-24 at a lower cost than current RT-qPCR assays. Overall, the assay provides a useful novel diagnostic tool, particularly when analyzing large sample sets. The use of the BTV xMAP assay will allow for the rapid assessment of BTV epidemiology and may inform decision-making related to control and prevention measures.
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King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Ashby M, Frost L, Carpenter S, Batten C. Outbreak of African horse sickness in Thailand, 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1764-1767. [PMID: 32593205 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness was confirmed in horses in Thailand during March 2020. The virus was determined to belong to serotype 1 and is phylogenetically closely related to isolates from South Africa. This is the first incidence of African horse sickness occurring in South East Asia and of serotype 1 outside of Africa.
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Flannery J, Moore R, Marsella L, Harris K, Ashby M, Rajko-Nenow P, Roberts H, Gubbins S, Batten C. Towards a Sampling Rationale for African Swine Fever Virus Detection in Pork Products. Foods 2020; 9:E1148. [PMID: 32825271 PMCID: PMC7554881 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal disease of pigs caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), which presents a serious threat to global food security. The movement of contaminated pork products has previously been postulated as contributing to the introduction of ASF into new areas. To evaluate the performance of ASFV detection systems in multi-component pork products, we spiked sausage meat with four different ASFV-containing materials (ASFV cell culture, pork loin, meat juice and bone marrow). DNA was extracted using two manual systems (MagMAX CORE, Qiagen) and one automated (MagMAX CORE) one, and three qPCR assays (VetMAX, King, UPL) were used. The performance of the DNA extraction systems was as follows; automated MagMAX > manual MagMAX > manual Qiagen. The commercial VetMAX qPCR assay yielded significantly lower CT values (p < 0.001), showing greater sensitivity than the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-prescribed assays (King, UPL). Detection probability was the highest for matrices contaminated with bone marrow compared with pork loin or meat juice. An estimated minimum sample size of one 1-g sample is sufficient to detect ASFV in a homogenous pork product if bone marrow from infected pigs comprises 1 part in 10,000. We demonstrated that existing ASFV detection systems are appropriate for use in a food-testing capacity, which can provide an additional control measure for ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Rebecca Moore
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Laura Marsella
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Katie Harris
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Martin Ashby
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Helen Roberts
- Defra, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, UK;
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (R.M.); (L.M.); (K.H.); (M.A.); (P.R.-N.); (S.G.); (C.B.)
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23
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King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Ropiak H, Ribeca P, Batten C, D. Baron M. ‘Seq & Destroy’: the full genome sequencing of archived wild type and vaccine rinderpest virus isolates prior to their destruction. Access Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2020.po0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rinderpest, a once much feared livestock disease, was declared eradicated in 2011, however virus-containing material is still held in laboratories worldwide. Prior to the destruction of our institute’s stocks, we determined the full genome sequence of the distinct samples of rinderpest virus (RPV) in our repository. This data would decipher the historical epidemiology of RPV and allow for recovery of the virus should the need arise.
For each sample (n=123), sequencing libraries were prepared using either transposon-based fragmentation of cDNA (Nextera XT DNA Library Prep kit) or single primer isothermal amplification (Trio RNA-Seq kit) and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq. Regions of low or no coverage were re-sequenced using a Sanger sequencing approach.
Examination of the sequences of RPV isolates has shown that the African isolates form a single disparate clade, rather than two separate clades as was previously believed. We have also identified two groups of goat-passaged viruses which have acquired an extra 6 bases in the long untranslated region between the matrix and fusion protein coding sequences, and a group of African isolates where translation of the fusion protein begins from a non-standard start codon (AUA). In addition, the viruses that were force-passaged through alternate hosts such as rabbits or goats, appear to diverge from the clades that represent viruses which were maintained in the wild.
Our unique set of sequence data will be invaluable for forensic epidemiology investigations in the event of an unforeseen outbreak and aid in the understanding of the evolution of related morbilliviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute,Pirbright,United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute,Pirbright,United Kingdom
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Flannery J, Frost L, Fay P, Hicks H, Henstock M, Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Rajko-Nenow P, Darpel K, Batten C. BTV-14 Infection in Sheep Elicits Viraemia with Mild Clinical Symptoms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E892. [PMID: 32545731 PMCID: PMC7355590 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, Bluetongue virus serotype 14 (BTV-14) was detected in Russia during routine surveillance, and was subsequently found in a number of European countries. The strain had high sequence similarity to a BTV-14 vaccine strain. We aimed to determine the risk of this BTV-14 strain causing disease in a UK sheep breed. Four Poll Dorset sheep were infected with a Polish isolate of BTV-14 and infection kinetics were monitored over 28 days. BTV RNA was detected in EDTA blood by 4 days post-infection (dpi) and remained detectable at 28 days post-infection (dpi). Peak viraemia occurred at 6 and 7 dpi with Ct values ranging between 24.6 and 27.3 in all infected animals. BTV antibodies were detected by 10 dpi using a commercial ELISA and neutralising antibodies were detected from 10 dpi. BTV was isolated between 6 and 12 dpi. All infected sheep developed mild clinical signs such as reddening of conjunctiva and mucosal membranes, with one sheep demonstrating more overt clinical signs. Two uninoculated control animals remained clinically healthy and did not have detectable BTV RNA or antibodies. The overall mild clinical symptoms caused by this BTV-14 in this highly susceptible sheep breed were in accordance with the asymptomatic infections observed in the affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Lorraine Frost
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Petra Fay
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Hayley Hicks
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Mark Henstock
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Marcin Smreczak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Karin Darpel
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-Vesicular Reference Laboratories, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.F.); (P.F.); (H.H.); (M.H.); (P.R.-N.); (K.D.); (C.B.)
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25
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Veronesi E, Darpel K, Gubbins S, Batten C, Nomikou K, Mertens P, Carpenter S. Diversity of Transmission Outcomes Following Co-Infection of Sheep with Strains of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 and 8. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060851. [PMID: 32516979 PMCID: PMC7356686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease, bluetongue (BT), in susceptible ruminants and is transmitted primarily by species of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Since 2006, northern Europe has experienced multiple incursions of BTV through a variety of routes of entry, including major outbreaks of strains of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) and BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1), which overlapped in distribution within southern Europe. In this paper, we examined the variation in response to coinfection with strains of BTV-1 and BTV-8 using an in vivo transmission model involving Culicoides sonorensis, low passage virus strains, and sheep sourced in the United Kingdom. In the study, four sheep were simultaneously infected using BTV-8 and BTV-1 intrathoracically inoculated C. sonorensis and co-infections of all sheep with both strains were established. However, there were significant variations in both the initiation and peak levels of virus RNA detected throughout the experiment, as well as in the infection rates in the C. sonorensis that were blood-fed on experimentally infected sheep at peak viremia. This is discussed in relation to the potential for reassortment between these strains in the field and the policy implications for detection of BTV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Veronesi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Simon Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (K.D.); (S.G.); (C.B.); (K.N.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
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King S, Rajko-Nenow P, Ropiak HM, Ribeca P, Batten C, Baron MD. Full genome sequencing of archived wild type and vaccine rinderpest virus isolates prior to their destruction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6563. [PMID: 32300201 PMCID: PMC7162898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When rinderpest virus (RPV) was declared eradicated in 2011, the only remaining samples of this once much-feared livestock virus were those held in various laboratories. In order to allow the destruction of our institute's stocks of RPV while maintaining the ability to recover the various viruses if ever required, we have determined the full genome sequence of all our distinct samples of RPV, including 51 wild type viruses and examples of three different types of vaccine strain. Examination of the sequences of these virus isolates has shown that the African isolates form a single disparate clade, rather than two separate clades, which is more in accord with the known history of the virus in Africa. We have also identified two groups of goat-passaged viruses which have acquired an extra 6 bases in the long untranslated region between the M and F protein coding sequences, and shown that, for more than half the genomes sequenced, translation of the F protein requires translational frameshift or non-standard translation initiation. Curiously, the clade containing the lapinised vaccine viruses that were developed originally in Korea appears to be more similar to the known African viruses than to any other Asian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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27
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Pascall DJ, Nomikou K, Bréard E, Zientara S, Filipe ADS, Hoffmann B, Jacquot M, Singer JB, De Clercq K, Bøtner A, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Batten C, Puggioni G, Ligios C, Savini G, van Rijn PA, Mertens PPC, Biek R, Palmarini M. "Frozen evolution" of an RNA virus suggests accidental release as a potential cause of arbovirus re-emergence. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000673. [PMID: 32343693 PMCID: PMC7188197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying virus emergence are rarely well understood, making the appearance of outbreaks largely unpredictable. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8), an arthropod-borne virus of ruminants, emerged in livestock in northern Europe in 2006, spreading to most European countries by 2009 and causing losses of billions of euros. Although the outbreak was successfully controlled through vaccination by early 2010, puzzlingly, a closely related BTV-8 strain re-emerged in France in 2015, triggering a second outbreak that is still ongoing. The origin of this virus and the mechanisms underlying its re-emergence are unknown. Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses of 164 whole BTV-8 genomes sampled throughout the two outbreaks. We demonstrate consistent clock-like virus evolution during both epizootics but found negligible evolutionary change between them. We estimate that the ancestor of the second outbreak dates from the height of the first outbreak in 2008. This implies that the virus had not been replicating for multiple years prior to its re-emergence in 2015. Given the absence of any known natural mechanism that could explain BTV-8 persistence over this long period without replication, we hypothesise that the second outbreak could have been initiated by accidental exposure of livestock to frozen material contaminated with virus from approximately 2008. Our work highlights new targets for pathogen surveillance programmes in livestock and illustrates the power of genomic epidemiology to identify pathways of infectious disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Pascall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maude Jacquot
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- INRAE-VetAgro Sup, UMR Epidemiology of Animal and Zoonotic Diseases, Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Joshua B. Singer
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Duca degli Abruzzi, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Teramo, Italy
| | - Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- The School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Biek
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Rajko-Nenow P, Golender N, Bumbarov V, Brown H, Frost L, Darpel K, Tennakoon C, Flannery J, Batten C. Complete Coding Sequence of a Novel Bluetongue Virus Isolated from a Commercial Sheeppox Vaccine. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e01539-19. [PMID: 32139561 PMCID: PMC7171223 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The full genome sequences of two isolates of bluetongue virus (BTV) from a commercial sheeppox vaccine were determined. Strain SPvvvv/02 shows low sequence identity to its closest relative, strain BTV-26 KUW2010/02, indicating the probable detection of a novel BTV genotype, whereas strain SPvvvv/03 shows high sequence identity to strain BTV-28/1537/14.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Hannah Brown
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Frost
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
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29
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Rajko-Nenow P, Christodoulou V, Thurston W, Ropiak HM, Savva S, Brown H, Qureshi M, Alvanitopoulos K, Gubbins S, Flannery J, Batten C. Origin of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 Outbreak in Cyprus, September 2016. Viruses 2020; 12:E96. [PMID: 31947695 PMCID: PMC7019704 DOI: 10.3390/v12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2016, clinical signs, indicative of bluetongue, were observed in sheep in Cyprus. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was detected in sheep, indicating the first incursion of this serotype into Cyprus. Following virus propagation, Nextera XT DNA libraries were sequenced on the MiSeq instrument. Full-genome sequences were obtained for five isolates CYP2016/01-05 and the percent of nucleotide sequence (% nt) identity between them ranged from 99.92% to 99.95%, which corresponded to a few (2-5) amino acid changes. Based on the complete coding sequence, the Israeli ISR2008/13 (98.42-98.45%) was recognised as the closest relative to CYP2016/01-05. However, the phylogenetic reconstruction of CYP2016/01-05 revealed that the possibility of reassortment in several segments: 4, 7, 9 and 10. Based on the available sequencing data, the incursion BTV-8 into Cyprus most likely occurred from the neighbouring countries (e.g., Israel, Lebanon, Syria, or Jordan), where multiple BTV serotypes were co-circulating rather than from Europe (e.g., France) where a single BTV-8 serotype was dominant. Supporting this hypothesis, atmospheric dispersion modelling identified wind-transport events during July-September that could have allowed the introduction of BTV-8 infected midges from Lebanon, Syria or Israel coastlines into the Larnaca region of Cyprus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Honorata M. Ropiak
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Savvas Savva
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia 1417, Cyprus; (V.C.); (S.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Hannah Brown
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Mehnaz Qureshi
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Simon Gubbins
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - John Flannery
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
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Rajko-Nenow P, Flannery J, Arnold H, Howson ELA, Darpel K, Stedman A, Corla A, Batten C. A rapid RT-LAMP assay for the detection of all four lineages of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113730. [PMID: 31513860 PMCID: PMC6859475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of small ruminants that is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV) and is a significant burden on subsistence farmers across the developing world. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides cost-effective, rapid, specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acid and has been demonstrated to have field application for a range of viruses. We describe the development of a novel PPRV RT-LAMP assay utilising carefully-selected primers (targeting the N-gene) allowing for the detection of all known PPRV lineages in < 20 min. The assay was evaluated in comparison with a "gold standard" real-time RT-PCR assay using more than 200 samples, comprising samples from recent PPRV outbreaks, experimentally-infected goats, well-characterised cell culture isolates and samples collected from uninfected animals. The RT-LAMP assay demonstrated 100% diagnostic specificity and greater than 97% diagnostic sensitivity in comparison with the real-time RT-PCR assay. The limit of detection was between 0.3 and 0.8 log10 TCID50 ml-1 equating to a CT value of 31.52 to 33.48. In experimentally-infected animals, the RT-LAMP could detect PPRV as early as 4 days post infection (dpi) - before clinical signs were observed at 7 dpi. The RT-LAMP assay can support the global PPR eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hannah Arnold
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Emma L A Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin Darpel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna Stedman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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31
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Rajko-Nenow P, Brown-Joseph T, Tennakoon C, Flannery J, Oura CAL, Batten C. Detection of a novel reassortant epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in cattle in Trinidad, West Indies, containing nine RNA segments derived from exotic EHDV strains with an Australian origin. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 74:103931. [PMID: 31238112 PMCID: PMC6857627 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a Culicoides-transmitted orbivirus that infects domestic and wild ruminants in many parts of the world. Of the eight proposed serotypes, only EHDV-1, 2 and 6 have been reported to be present in the Americas. Following the identification of a virulent EHD-6 reasssortant virus in the USA in 2007 (EHDV-6 Indiana), with outer coat protein segments derived from an Australian strain of EHDV and all remaining segments derived from a locally circulating EHDV-2 strain, questions have remained about the origin of the Australian parent strain and how it may have arrived in the USA. When EHDV-6 was identified in asymptomatic cattle imported into the Caribbean island of Trinidad in 2013, full genome sequencing was carried out to further characterise the virus. The EHDV-6 Trinidad was a reassortant virus, with 8 of its 10 segments, being derived from the same exotic Australian EHDV-6 strain as the VP2 and VP5 present in the EHDV-6 Indiana strain from the USA. Analyses of the two remaining segments revealed that segment 8 showed the highest nucleotide identity (90.4%) with a USA New Jersey strain of EHDV-1, whereas segment 4 had the highest nucleotide identity (96.5%) with an Australian EHDV-2 strain. This data strongly suggests that the Trinidad EHDV-6 has an Australian origin, receiving its segment 4 from a reassortment event with an EHDV-2 also from Australia. This reassortant virus likely came to the Americas, where it received its segment 8 from a locally-circulating (as yet unknown) EHDV strain. This virus then may have gained entry into the USA, where it further reassorted with a known locally-circulating EHDV-2, the resulting strain being EHDV-6 Indiana. This study therefore identifies, for the first time, the likely minor parent virus of the EHDV-6 currently circulating in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Non-vesicular reference laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Tamiko Brown-Joseph
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Chandana Tennakoon
- Integrative Biology & Bioinformatics, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - John Flannery
- Non-vesicular reference laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Christopher A L Oura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-vesicular reference laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Flannery J, Rajko-Nenow P, Arnold H, van Weezep E, van Rijn PA, Ngeleja C, Batten C. Improved PCR diagnostics using up-to-date in silico validation: An F-gene RT-qPCR assay for the detection of all four lineages of peste des petits ruminants virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113735. [PMID: 31526766 PMCID: PMC6853160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Designed F-gene RT-qPCR using all full-genomes available on genbank. Performed in silico evaluation of existing and new PPRV RT-qPCR assays. F-gene RT-qPCR assay shows the greatest in silico performance. The assay demonstrates excellent diagnostic and analytical sensitivity. The assay may be useful during the global PPR eradication campaign.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a globally significant disease of small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) that is considered for eradication by 2030 by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Critical to the eradication of PPR are accurate diagnostic assays. RT-qPCR assays targeting the nucleocapsid gene of PPRV have been successfully used for the diagnosis of PPR. We describe the development of an RT-qPCR assay targeting an alternative region (the fusion (F) gene) based on the most up-to-date PPRV sequence data. In silico analysis of the F-gene RT-qPCR assay performed using PCRv software indicated 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity against all PPRV sequences published in Genbank. The assay indicated the greatest in silico sensitivity in comparison to other previously published and recommended PPRV RT-qPCR assays. We evaluated the assay using strains representative of all 4 lineages in addition to samples obtained from naturally and experimentally-infected animals. The F-gene RT-qPCR assay showed 100% diagnostic specificity and demonstrated a limit of detection of 10 PPRV genome copies per μl. This RT-qPCR assay can be used in isolation or in conjunction with other assays for confirmation of PPR and should support the global efforts for eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Arnold
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Erik van Weezep
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Chanasa Ngeleja
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Fay PC, Attoui H, Batten C, Mohd Jaafar F, Lomonossoff GP, Daly JM, Mertens PP. Bluetongue virus outer-capsid protein VP2 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana raises neutralising antibodies and a protective immune response in IFNAR -/- mice. Vaccine X 2019; 2:100026. [PMID: 31384743 PMCID: PMC6668234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a severe, economically important disease of ruminants that is widely distributed in tropical and temperate regions around the world. It is associated with major production losses, restrictions of animal movements and trade, as well as costs associated with developing and implementing effective surveillance and control measures. Mammalian hosts infected with bluetongue virus (BTV) generate a protective neutralising antibody response targeting the major BTV outer-capsid protein and serotype-specific antigen, VP2. BTV VP2 proteins that have been expressed in plants are soluble, with a native conformation displaying neutralising epitopes and can assemble with other BTV structural proteins to form virus-like particles (VLPs). His-tagged VP2 proteins of BTV serotypes 4 and 8 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana then purified by immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Antisera from IFNAR -/- mice prime/boost vaccinated with the purified proteins, were shown to contain VP2-specific antibodies by Indirect ELISA (I-ELISA), western blotting and serum neutralisation tests (SNT). Vaccinated mice, subsequently challenged with either the homologous or heterologous BTV serotype, developed viraemia by day 3 post-infection. However, no clinical signs were observed in mice challenged with the homologous serotype (either prime-boost or single-shot vaccinated), all of which survived for the duration of the study. In contrast, all of the vaccinated mice challenged with a heterologous serotype, died, showing no evidence of cross-protection or suppression of viraemia, as detected by real-time RT-qPCR or virus isolation. The induction of protective, serotype-specific neutralising antibodies in IFNAR -/- mice, indicates potential for the use of plant-expressed BTV VP2s as subunit vaccine components, or as a basis for serotype-specific serological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | | | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P.C. Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Mahapatra M, Howson E, Fowler V, Batten C, Flannery J, Selvaraj M, Parida S. Rapid Detection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) Nucleic Acid Using a Novel Low-Cost Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assay for Future Use in Nascent PPR Eradication Programme. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080699. [PMID: 31370329 PMCID: PMC6723471 DOI: 10.3390/v11080699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a disease of small ruminants caused by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and is endemic in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Effective control combines the application of early warning systems, accurate laboratory diagnosis and reporting, animal movement restrictions, suitable vaccination and surveillance programs, and the coordination of all these measures by efficient veterinary services. Molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) have improved the sensitivity and rapidity of diagnosing PPR. However, currently these assays are only performed within laboratory settings; therefore, the development of field diagnostics for PPR would improve the fast implementation of control policies, particularly when PPR has been targeted to be eradicated by 2030. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are simple to use, rapid, and have sensitivity and specificity within the range of RT-qPCR; and can be performed in the field using disposable consumables and portable equipment. This study describes the development of a novel RT-LAMP assay for the detection of PPRV nucleic acid by targeting the N-protein gene. The RT-LAMP assay was evaluated using cell culture propagated PPRVs, field samples from clinically infected animals and samples from experimentally infected animals encompassing all four lineages (I-IV) of PPRV. The test displayed 100% concordance with RT-qPCR when considering an RT-qPCR cut-off value of CT >40. Further, the RT-LAMP assay was evaluated using experimental and outbreak samples without prior RNA extraction making it more time and cost-effective. This assay provides a solution for a pen-side, rapid and inexpensive PPR diagnostic for use in the field in nascent PPR eradication programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Emma Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Veronica Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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35
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Flannery J, Sanz-Bernardo B, Ashby M, Brown H, Carpenter S, Cooke L, Corla A, Frost L, Gubbins S, Hicks H, Qureshi M, Rajko-Nenow P, Sanders C, Tully M, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Darpel K, Batten C. Evidence of reduced viremia, pathogenicity and vector competence in a re-emerging European strain of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in sheep. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1177-1185. [PMID: 30661301 PMCID: PMC6563110 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 (BTV-8) during 2006-2009 in Europe was the most costly epidemic of the virus in recorded history. In 2015, a BTV-8 strain re-emerged in France which has continued to circulate since then. To examine anecdotal reports of reduced pathogenicity and transmission efficiency, we investigated the infection kinetics of a 2007 UK BTV-8 strain alongside the re-emerging BTV-8 strain isolated from France in 2017. Two groups of eight BTV-naïve British mule sheep were inoculated with 5.75 log10 TCID50 /ml of either BTV-8 strain. BTV RNA was detected by 2 dpi in both groups with peak viraemia occurring between 5-9 dpi. A significantly greater amount of BTV RNA was detected in sheep infected with the 2007 strain (6.0-8.8 log10 genome copies/ml) than the re-emerging BTV-8 strain (2.9-7.9 log10 genome copies/ml). All infected sheep developed BTV-specific antibodies by 9 dpi. BTV was isolated from 2 dpi to 12 dpi for 2007 BTV-8-inoculated sheep and from 5 to 10 dpi for sheep inoculated with the remerging BTV-8. In Culicoides sonorensis feeding on the sheep over the period 7-12 dpi, vector competence was significantly higher for the 2007 strain than the re-emerging strain. Both the proportion of animals showing moderate (as opposed to mild or no) clinical disease (6/8 vs. 1/8) and the overall clinical scores (median 5.25 vs. 3) were significantly higher in sheep infected with the 2007 strain, compared to those infected with the re-emerging strain. However, one sheep infected with the re-emerging strain was euthanized at 16 dpi having developed severe lameness. This highlights the potential of the re-emerging BTV-8 to still cause illness in naïve ruminants with concurrent costs to the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Bréard
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA,, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA,, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA,, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Durán-Ferrer M, Agüero M, Zientara S, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Sailleau C, Smith S, Potgieter C, Rueda P, Sastre P, Monaco F, Villalba R, Tena-Tomás C, Batten C, Frost L, Flannery J, Gubbins S, Lubisi BA, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Emery M, Sturgill T, Ostlund E, Castillo-Olivares J. Assessment of reproducibility of a VP7 Blocking ELISA diagnostic test for African horse sickness. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:83-90. [PMID: 30070433 PMCID: PMC6378617 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory diagnosis of African horse sickness (AHS) is important for: (a) demonstrating freedom from infection in a population, animals or products for trade (b) assessing the efficiency of eradication policies; (c) laboratory confirmation of clinical diagnosis; (d) estimating the prevalence of AHS infection; and (e) assessing postvaccination immune status of individual animals or populations. Although serological techniques play a secondary role in the confirmation of clinical cases, their use is very important for all the other purposes due to their high throughput, ease of use and good cost-benefit ratio. The main objective of this study was to support the validation of AHS VP7 Blocking ELISA up to the Stage 3 of the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) assay validation pathway. To achieve this, a collaborative ring trial, which included all OIE Reference Laboratories and other AHS-specialist diagnostic centres, was conducted in order to assess the diagnostic performance characteristics of the VP7 Blocking ELISA. In this trial, a panel of sera of different epidemiological origin and infection status was used. Through this comprehensive evaluation we can conclude that the VP7 Blocking ELISA satisfies the OIE requirements of reproducibility. The VP7 Blocking ELISA, in its commercial version is ready to enter Stage 4 of the validation pathway (Programme Implementation). Specifically, this will require testing the diagnostic performance of the assay using contemporary serum samples collected during control campaigns in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- UMR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Christiaan Potgieter
- Deltamune, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Brown-Joseph T, Rajko-Nenow P, Hicks H, Sahadeo N, Harrup LE, Carrington CV, Batten C, Oura CAL. Identification and characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in cattle co-infected with bluetongue virus in Trinidad, West Indies. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:1-6. [PMID: 30642583 PMCID: PMC6340808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 (EHDV-6) is circulating in Trinidad. EHDV is infecting cattle at a slower rate than BTV. EHDV appears to have a faster viral evolution rate than BTV. The EHDV-6 Trinidad strain (VP-2) falls within the eastern topotype clade that is likely to have originated from Australia.
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is an economically important virus that can cause severe clinical disease in deer and to a lesser extent cattle. This study set out to determine and characterize which EHDV serotypes were circulating in Trinidad. Serum and whole blood samples were collected monthly for six months from a cohort of cattle imported to Trinidad from the USA. Results revealed that all the cattle seroconverted to EHDV within six months of their arrival, with EHDV RNA being detected in the samples just prior to antibodies, as expected. Serotyping assays revealed that a single serotype (EHDV-6) was circulating in the cattle. Sequencing of the surface viral protein (VP2) of EHDV-6, followed by phylogenetic analysis, revealed that the Trinidad EHDV-6 strain was closely related to EHDV-6 viruses found in Guadeloupe (2010), Martinique (2010) and USA (2006), with 96–97.2% nucleotide identity. The Trinidad EHDV-6 VP-2 shared 97.2% identity with the Australian EHDV-6 prototype strain, classifying it within the eastern topotype clade. Bayesian coalescent analysis support Australia as the most probable source for the EHDV-6 VP2 sequences in the Americas and Caribbean region and suggests that the they diverged from the Australian prototype strain around 1966 (95% HPD 1941–1979).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiko Brown-Joseph
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies.
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Non-vesicular reference laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hayley Hicks
- Non-vesicular reference laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nikita Sahadeo
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
| | - Lara E Harrup
- Entomology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Christine V Carrington
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non-vesicular reference laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Christopher A L Oura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of theWest Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies
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Romette JL, Prat CM, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X, Charrel R, Coutard B, Fooks AR, Bardsley M, Carroll M, Drosten C, Drexler JF, Günther S, Klempa B, Pinschewer D, Klimkait T, Avsic-Zupanc T, Capobianchi MR, Dicaro A, Ippolito G, Nitsche A, Koopmans M, Reusken C, Gorbalenya A, Raoul H, Bourhy H, Mettenleiter T, Reiche S, Batten C, Sabeta C, Paweska JT, Eropkin M, Zverev V, Hu Z, Mac Cullough S, Mirazimi A, Pradel F, Lieutaud P. The European Virus Archive goes global: A growing resource for research. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:127-134. [PMID: 30059721 PMCID: PMC7127435 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The European Virus Archive (EVA) was created in 2008 with funding from the FP7-EU Infrastructure Programme, in response to the need for a coordinated and readily accessible collection of viruses that could be made available to academia, public health organisations and industry. Within three years, it developed from a consortium of nine European laboratories to encompass associated partners in Africa, Russia, China, Turkey, Germany and Italy. In 2014, the H2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme (INFRAS projects) provided support for the transformation of the EVA from a European to a global organization (EVAg). The EVAg now operates as a non-profit consortium, with 26 partners and 20 associated partners from 21 EU and non-EU countries. In this paper, we outline the structure, management and goals of the EVAg, to bring to the attention of researchers the wealth of products it can provide and to illustrate how end-users can gain access to these resources. Organisations or individuals who would like to be considered as contributors are invited to contact the EVAg coordinator, Jean-Louis Romette, at jean-louis.romette@univmed.fr.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Romette
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.
| | - C M Prat
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - E A Gould
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - X de Lamballerie
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - R Charrel
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - B Coutard
- Architectures et Fonctions, des Macromolécules, Biologiques, Marseille, France
| | - A R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Bardsley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Carroll
- Department of Health-Special Pathogens Laboratory, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - C Drosten
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J F Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Klempa
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - D Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Bales, Switzerland
| | - T Klimkait
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Bales, Switzerland
| | - T Avsic-Zupanc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Lubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - A Dicaro
- UOC, Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Roma, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- UOC, Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Roma, Italy
| | - A Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Koopmans
- ERASMUS Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Reusken
- ERASMUS Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Gorbalenya
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Raoul
- Laboratoire Merieux, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | | | - T Mettenleiter
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S Reiche
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - C Sabeta
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Praetoria, South Africa
| | - J T Paweska
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Eropkin
- Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Zverev
- Mechnikov Scientific Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China
| | - S Mac Cullough
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia Disease, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - F Pradel
- Fondation Mérieux, réseau GABRIEL, Lyon, France
| | - P Lieutaud
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
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Schulz C, Sailleau C, Bréard E, Flannery J, Viarouge C, Zientara S, Beer M, Batten C, Hoffmann B. Experimental infection of sheep, goats and cattle with a bluetongue virus serotype 4 field strain from Bulgaria, 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e243-e250. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - C. Sailleau
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - E. Bréard
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute; Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory; Woking UK
| | - C. Viarouge
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - S. Zientara
- Université Paris Est; ANSES, ENVA, INRA; UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE; Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - M. Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
| | - C. Batten
- The Pirbright Institute; Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory; Woking UK
| | - B. Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Institute of Diagnostic Virology; Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany
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40
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Muniraju M, Munir M, Parthiban AR, Banyard AC, Bao J, Wang Z, Ayebazibwe C, Ayelet G, El Harrak M, Mahapatra M, Libeau G, Batten C, Parida S. Molecular evolution of peste des petits ruminants virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2023-33. [PMID: 25418782 PMCID: PMC4257836 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence data will increase understanding of virus evolution, adaptability, and pathogenicity. Despite safe and efficacious vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), this virus has emerged as the cause of a highly contagious disease with serious economic consequences for small ruminant agriculture across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. We used complete and partial genome sequences of all 4 lineages of the virus to investigate evolutionary and epidemiologic dynamics of PPRV. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of all PPRV lineages mapped the time to most recent common ancestor and initial divergence of PPRV to a lineage III isolate at the beginning of 20th century. A phylogeographic approach estimated the probability for root location of an ancestral PPRV and individual lineages as being Nigeria for PPRV, Senegal for lineage I, Nigeria/Ghana for lineage II, Sudan for lineage III, and India for lineage IV. Substitution rates are critical parameters for understanding virus evolution because restrictions in genetic variation can lead to lower adaptability and pathogenicity.
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41
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Manley R, Harrup LE, Veronesi E, Stubbins F, Stoner J, Gubbins S, Wilson A, Batten C, Koenraadt CJM, Henstock M, Barber J, Carpenter S. Testing of UK Populations of Culex pipiens L. for Schmallenberg Virus Vector Competence and Their Colonization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134453. [PMID: 26291533 PMCID: PMC4546389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schmallenberg virus (SBV), an arboviral pathogen of ruminants, emerged in northern Europe during 2011 and has subsequently spread across a vast geographic area. While Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) have been identified as a biological transmission agent of SBV, the role of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as potential vectors has not been defined beyond small-scale field collections in affected areas. Culex pipiens L. are one of the most widespread mosquitoes in northern Europe; they are present on farms across the region and have previously been implicated as vectors of several other arboviruses. We assessed the ability of three colony lines of Cx. pipiens, originating from geographically diverse field populations, to become fully infected by SBV using semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR (sqPCR). Findings Two colony lines of Cx. pipiens were created in the UK (‘Brookwood’ and ‘Caldbeck’) from field collections of larvae and pupae and characterised using genetic markers. A third strain of Cx. pipiens from CVI Wageningen, The Netherlands, was also screened during experiments. Intrathoracic inoculation of the Brookwood line resulted in infections after 14 days that were characterised by high levels of RNA throughout individuals, but which demonstrated indirect evidence of salivary gland barriers. Feeding of 322 individuals across the three colony lines on a membrane based infection system resulted in no evidence of full dissemination of SBV, although infections did occur in a small proportion of Cx. pipiens from each line. Conclusions/Significance This study established two novel lines of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes of UK origin in the laboratory and subsequently tested their competence for SBV. Schmallenberg virus replication and dissemination was restricted, demonstrating that Cx. pipiens is unlikely to be an epidemiologically important vector of the virus in northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Manley
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Lara E. Harrup
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Veronesi
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Stubbins
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Stoner
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Wilson
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Henstock
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James Barber
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Carpenter
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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42
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Abstract
In recent years, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) has become one of the most widely used methods for the diagnosis of infectious pathogens. The combined properties of high sensitivity, specificity, and speed, along with a low contamination risk, have made real-time PCR technology a highly attractive alternative to more conventional diagnostic methods. Numerous robust rRT-PCR systems have been developed and validated for important epizootic diseases of livestock, and in this chapter we describe an rRT-PCR protocol for the detection of bluetongue virus. The assay uses oligonucleotide primers to specifically amplify target regions of the viral genome and a dual-labeled fluorogenic (TaqMan®) probe which allows for the assay to be performed in a closed-tube format, thus minimizing the potential for cross-contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK,
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43
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Muniraju M, Mahapatra M, Ayelet G, Babu A, Olivier G, Munir M, Libeau G, Batten C, Banyard AC, Parida S. Emergence of Lineage IV Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus in Ethiopia: Complete Genome Sequence of an Ethiopian Isolate 2010. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:435-42. [PMID: 25400010 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) can be segregated genetically into four lineages. For decades, lineages I-III have been reported across Africa whilst lineage IV has predominantly circulated across Asia. However, the lineage distribution is currently changing in Africa. Importantly, full genome sequence data for African field isolates have been lacking. Here, we announce the first complete genome sequence of a field isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) from East Africa. This isolate was derived from the intestine of a goat suffering from severe clinical disease during the 2010 outbreak in Ethiopia. The full genome sequence of this isolate, PPRV Ethiopia/2010, clusters genetically with other lineage IV isolates of PPRV, sharing high levels of sequence identity across the genome. Further, we have carried out a phylogenetic analysis of all of the available African partial N gene and F gene PPRV sequences to investigate the epidemiology of PPRV with a focus on the emergence of different lineages of PPRV in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muniraju
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - G Ayelet
- National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - A Babu
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - G Olivier
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France
| | - M Munir
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - G Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France
| | - C Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - A C Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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44
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Muniraju M, Mahapatra M, Buczkowski H, Batten C, Banyard AC, Parida S. Rescue of a vaccine strain of peste des petits ruminants virus: In vivo evaluation and comparison with standard vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 33:465-71. [PMID: 25444790 PMCID: PMC4315076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rescue of a vaccine strain of peste des petits ruminants virus. In vivo evaluation of rescued vaccine strain and comparison with standard vaccine. 1SStrategy for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA).
Across the developing world peste des petits ruminants virus places a huge disease burden on agriculture, primarily affecting the production of small ruminant. The disease is most effectively controlled by vaccinating sheep and goats with live attenuated vaccines that provide lifelong immunity. However, the current vaccines and serological tests are unable to enable Differentiation between naturally Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). This factor precludes meaningful assessment of vaccine coverage and epidemiological surveillance based on serology, in turn reducing the efficiency of control programmes. The availability of a recombinant PPRV vaccine with a proven functionality is a prerequisite for the development of novel vaccines that may enable the development of DIVA tools for PPRV diagnostics. In this study, we have established an efficient reverse genetics system for PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain and, further rescued a version of PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain that expresses eGFP as a novel transcription cassette and a version of PPRV Nigeria 75/1 vaccine strain with mutations in the haemagglutinin (H) gene to enable DIVA through disruption of binding to H by the C77 monoclonal antibody used in the competitive (c) H-ELISA. All three rescued viruses showed similar growth characteristics in vitro in comparison to parent vaccine strain and, following in vivo assessment the H mutant provided full protection in goats. Although the C77 monoclonal antibody used in the cH-ELISA was unable to bind to the mutated form of H in vitro, the mutation was not sufficient to enable DIVA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Muniraju
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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45
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Lembo T, Oura C, Parida S, Hoare R, Frost L, Fyumagwa R, Kivaria F, Chubwa C, Kock R, Cleaveland S, Batten C. Peste des petits ruminants infection among cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2037-40. [PMID: 24274684 PMCID: PMC3840886 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania. No wildlife from protected ecosystems were seropositive. However, cattle from villages where an outbreak had occurred among small ruminants showed high PPR seropositivity, indicating that spillover infection affects cattle. Thus, cattle could be of value for PPR serosurveillance.
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46
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Batten C, Darpel K, Henstock M, Fay P, Veronesi E, Gubbins S, Graves S, Frost L, Oura C. Evidence for transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 26 through direct contact. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96049. [PMID: 24797910 PMCID: PMC4010411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms of transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 26 (BTV-26) in goats. A previous study, which investigated the pathogenicity and infection kinetics of BTV-26 in goats, unexpectedly revealed that one control goat may have been infected through a direct contact transmission route. To investigate the transmission mechanisms of BTV-26 in more detail an experimental infection study was carried out in which three goats were infected with BTV-26, three goats were kept uninfected, but were housed in direct contact with the infected goats, and an additional four goats were kept in indirect contact separated from infected goats by metal gates. This barrier allowed the goats to have occasional face-to-face contact in the same airspace, but feeding, watering, sampling and environmental cleaning was carried out separately. The three experimentally infected goats did not show clinical signs of BTV, however high levels of viral RNA were detected and virus was isolated from their blood. At 21 dpi viral RNA was detected in, and virus was isolated from the blood of the three direct contact goats, which also seroconverted. The four indirect barrier contact goats remained uninfected throughout the duration of the experiment. In order to assess replication in a laboratory model species of Culicoides biting midge, more than 300 Culicoides sonorensis were fed a BTV-26 spiked blood meal and incubated for 7 days. The dissemination of BTV-26 in individual C. sonorensis was inferred from the quantity of virus RNA and indicated that none of the insects processed at day 7 possessed transmissible infections. This study shows that BTV-26 is easily transmitted through direct contact transmission between goats, and the strain does not seem to replicate in C. sonorensis midges using standard incubation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Batten
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Darpel
- Vaccinology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Henstock
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Fay
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Veronesi
- Entomology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Centre for Integrative Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Graves
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Frost
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Oura
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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47
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Bachanek-Bankowska K, Maan S, Castillo-Olivares J, Manning NM, Maan NS, Potgieter AC, Di Nardo A, Sutton G, Batten C, Mertens PPC. Real time RT-PCR assays for detection and typing of African horse sickness virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93758. [PMID: 24721971 PMCID: PMC3983086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although African horse sickness (AHS) can cause up to 95% mortality in horses, naïve animals can be protected by vaccination against the homologous AHSV serotype. Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer capsid protein VP2, the most variable of the AHSV proteins. VP2 is also a primary target for AHSV specific neutralising antibodies, and consequently determines the identity of the nine AHSV serotypes. In contrast VP1 (the viral polymerase) and VP3 (the sub-core shell protein), encoded by Seg-1 and Seg-3 respectively, are highly conserved, representing virus species/orbivirus-serogroup-specific antigens. We report development and evaluation of real-time RT-PCR assays targeting AHSV Seg-1 or Seg-3, that can detect any AHSV type (virus species/serogroup-specific assays), as well as type-specific assays targeting Seg-2 of the nine AHSV serotypes. These assays were evaluated using isolates of different AHSV serotypes and other closely related orbiviruses, from the ‘Orbivirus Reference Collection’ (ORC) at The Pirbright Institute. The assays were shown to be AHSV virus-species-specific, or type-specific (as designed) and can be used for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection and identification (typing) of AHSV RNA in infected blood, tissue samples, homogenised Culicoides, or tissue culture supernatant. None of the assays amplified cDNAs from closely related heterologous orbiviruses, or from uninfected host animals or cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola M. Manning
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham C. Potgieter
- Deltamune (Pty) Ltd, Lyttelton, Centurion, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Sutton
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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48
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Herbert R, Baron J, Batten C, Baron M, Taylor G. Recombinant adenovirus expressing the haemagglutinin of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) protects goats against challenge with pathogenic virus; a DIVA vaccine for PPR. Vet Res 2014; 45:24. [PMID: 24568545 PMCID: PMC3941483 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. The socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. Current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of PPRV, which induce a similar antibody profile to that induced by natural infection. Generation of a vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) would benefit PPR control and eradication programmes, particularly in the later stages of an eradication campaign and for countries where the disease is not endemic. In order to create a vaccine that would enable infected animals to be distinguished from vaccinated ones (DIVA vaccine), we have evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant fowlpox (FP) and replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad), expressing PPRV F and H proteins, in goats. The Ad constructs induced higher levels of virus-specific and neutralising antibodies, and primed greater numbers of CD8+ T cells than the FP-vectored vaccines. Importantly, a single dose of Ad-H, with or without the addition of Ad expressing ovine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and/or ovine interleukin-2, not only induced strong antibody and cell-mediated immunity but also completely protected goats against challenge with virulent PPRV, 4 months after vaccination. Replication-defective Ad-H therefore offers the possibility of an effective DIVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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49
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Breard E, Belbis G, Viarouge C, Riou M, Desprat A, Moreau J, Laloy E, Martin G, Sarradin P, Vitour D, Batten C, Doceul V, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 experimentation on adult cattle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:794-8. [PMID: 23899717 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), an arthropod-borne orbivirus (family Reoviridae), is an emerging pathogen of wild and domestic ruminants closely related to bluetongue virus (BTV). EHDV serotype 6 (EHDV6) has recently caused outbreaks close to Europe in Turkey and Morocco and a recent experimental study performed on calves inoculated with these two EHDV6 strains showed that the young animals have remained clinically unaffected. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of an EHDV6 strain from La Reunion Island in adult Holstein (18-month-old heifers). This EHDV6 strain has induced clinical signs in cattle in the field. Samples taken throughout the study were tested with commercially available ELISA and real-time RT-PCR kits. Very mild clinical manifestations were observed in cattle during the experiment although high levels of viral RNA and virus were found in their blood. EHDV was isolated from the blood of infected animals at 8 dpi. Antibodies against EHDV were first detected by 7 dpi and persisted up to the end of the study. Virus was detected in various tissue samples until 35 dpi, but was not infectious. In view of the recent circulation of different arboviruses in Europe, this study demonstrates what the EHD induces a strong viraemia in adult Holstein cattle and shows that a spread of EHD on European livestock cattle is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Arenas-Montes AJ, Arenas A, García-Bocanegra I, Mertens P, Batten C, Nomikou K. Serosurveillance of orbiviruses in wild cervids from Spain. Vet Rec 2013; 172:508-9. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.f2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Arenas-Montes
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba; Agri-food Excellence International Campus 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - Antonio Arenas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba; Agri-food Excellence International Campus 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba; Agri-food Excellence International Campus 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - Peter Mertens
- The Pirbright Institute; Ash Road, Pirbright Woking Surrey GU24 0NF
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute; Ash Road, Pirbright Woking Surrey GU24 0NF
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- The Pirbright Institute; Ash Road, Pirbright Woking Surrey GU24 0NF
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