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Singh R, Singh KP, Singh R, Singh V, Kumar P, Varshney R, Yadav A, Mote A, Gangwar M, Prasath NB. Preliminary investigation reveals novel pathological consequences of bluetongue virus-1 infection in the endocrine glands of pregnant Indian sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2269428. [PMID: 37850824 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2269428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a major peril to the sheep industry, infects a wide range of the cells in the infected animals including mononuclear, dendritic and epithelial cells. However, little is known about its tropism for the secretory epithelial cells of endocrine glands and the pathogenesis it induces. The aim of the study was to assess the BTV load, antigen distribution in the tissue of the pituitary, thyroid as well as adrenal glands and associated histopathological consequences. BTV antigens were localized using immunohistochemistry in the thyroid's epithelial cells, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells and the anterior pituitary epithelial cells. The real-time PCR portrayed the high viral load in adrenals at 7th days postinoculation (DPI) and in thyroid and pituitary glands at 15th DPI. Serum examination revealed variation in the T-3 and T-4 of infected animals in comparison to the control group. Caspase-3 immunolocalization revealed BTV-1 induces apoptosis in the affected cells of endocrine gland of infected animals. Further, this study signifies the tropism of BTV in the novel sites (endocrine glands) of the host that might be one of the reasons for the poor performance of infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- SOA Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, I.Ag.Scs, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, India
| | - Akanksha Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Akash Mote
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mukesh Gangwar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - N Babu Prasath
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Carpenter MJ, Rodgers CR, Torchetti MK, Fox KA, Burton M, Sherman TJ, Mayo CE. Recovery of multireassortant bluetongue virus serotype 6 sequences from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Dorset sheep (Ovis aries) in Colorado. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109944. [PMID: 38141398 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of two bluetongue virus serotype 6 (BTV-6) reassortants recovered from a domestic sheep and a free-ranging mule deer in northern Colorado. At the time of this publication, whole-genome sequencing of BTV-6 isolates in the Western U.S. have not been undertaken. These findings reflect the incursive movement of geographically distinct BTV serotypes into important agricultural areas of the U.S. and demonstrate reassortment with regionally circulating serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly J Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Case R Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Mia K Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1800 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Karen A Fox
- Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, 4330 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Mollie Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Tyler J Sherman
- Diagnostic Medicine Center, Colorado State University, 2450 Gillette Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Christie E Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1601 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
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Ferrara G, Improda E, Piscopo F, Esposito R, Iovane G, Pagnini U, Montagnaro S. Bluetongue virus seroprevalence and risk factor analysis in cattle and water buffalo in southern Italy (Campania region). Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:579-584. [PMID: 37682447 PMCID: PMC10810927 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral infection that is notifiable in several countries and causes significant economic losses and major concerns for ruminant trade. In this study, we investigated bluetongue 1seroprevalence in the Campania region, southern Italy, in cattle and buffalo populations, and assessed which factors were correlated with a high risk of exposure. The infection was widespread, as evidenced by the high individual (43.6%) and herd prevalence (85.4%). The highest prevalence was found in adult animals. Among the climatic factors analyzed, average temperature played a prominent role, being capable of affecting the probability of being positive for this infection. Surprisingly, exposure to Schmallenberg virus did not predispose animals to be positive for bluetongue virus, even though these infections share the same vector (Culicoides). Our data, consistent with those in the literature, suggest the transversal spread of bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean area, and indicate a limited co-exposure rate between Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Elvira Improda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Piscopo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino N.1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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Newbrook K, Khan N, Fisher A, Chong K, Gubbins S, Davies WC, Sanders C, Busquets MG, Cooke L, Corla A, Ashby M, Flannery J, Batten C, Stokes JE, Sanz-Bernardo B, Carpenter S, Moffat K, Darpel KE. Specific T-cell subsets have a role in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis but not viral dynamics or onwards vector transmission of an important livestock arbovirus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328820. [PMID: 38357545 PMCID: PMC10864546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne Orbivirus that is almost solely transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes a globally important haemorrhagic disease, bluetongue (BT), in susceptible ruminants. Infection with BTV is characterised by immunosuppression and substantial lymphopenia at peak viraemia in the host. Methods In this study, the role of cell-mediated immunity and specific T-cell subsets in BTV pathogenesis, clinical outcome, viral dynamics, immune protection, and onwards transmission to a susceptible Culicoides vector is defined in unprecedented detail for the first time, using an in vivo arboviral infection model system that closely mirrors natural infection and transmission of BTV. Individual circulating CD4+, CD8+, or WC1+ γδ T-cell subsets in sheep were depleted through the administration of specific monoclonal antibodies. Results The absence of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells was consistently associated with less severe clinical signs of BT, whilst the absence of CD4+ and WC1+ γδ T cells both resulted in an increased clinical severity. The absence of CD4+ T cells also impaired both a timely protective neutralising antibody response and the production of IgG antibodies targeting BTV non-structural protein, NS2, highlighting that the CD4+ T-cell subset is important for a timely protective immune response. T cells did not influence viral replication characteristics, including onset/dynamics of viraemia, shedding, or onwards transmission of BTV to Culicoides. We also highlight differences in T-cell dependency for the generation of immunoglobulin subclasses targeting BTV NS2 and the structural protein, VP7. Discussion This study identifies a diverse repertoire of T-cell functions during BTV infection in sheep, particularly in inducing specific anti-viral immune responses and disease manifestation, and will support more effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Newbrook
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nakibul Khan
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee Fisher
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences AND School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Chong
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences AND School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Davies
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | | | - Lyndsay Cooke
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Corla
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Ashby
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - John Flannery
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- Non Vesicular Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo
- Large Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Viruses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katy Moffat
- Flow Cytometry, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Karin E. Darpel
- Orbivirus Research, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Diagnostics and Development, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Gamsjäger L, Chigerwe M. Clinical presentation, medical management, and outcomes in 35 hospitalized sheep diagnosed with bluetongue virus disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:514-519. [PMID: 38038181 PMCID: PMC10800201 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is only limited information on the clinical presentation, medical management, and outcomes of hospitalized sheep diagnosed with bluetongue virus (BTV) disease. OBJECTIVES To describe the signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, medical management, and clinical outcomes of sheep diagnosed with BTV disease. ANIMALS Thirty-five hospitalized sheep with BTV disease. METHODS Retrospective case series. Medical records from 1989 to 2021 were evaluated. History, signalment, clinical signs, laboratory test results, treatments, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS BTV disease was diagnosed from July to December, with a peak proportion (43%; 15/35) of diagnoses recorded in October. Pyrexia and anorexia, respiratory disease, vasculitis, coronitis and lameness, and ulcerative mucosal lesions were present in 71%, 71%, 66%, 49%, and 22% of sheep, respectively. BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 were identified, with serotype 17 (75%) being the most frequent. Management of cases included administration of antimicrobials (89%), anti-inflammatories (77%), IV fluids (60%), vitamins (20%), proton-pump inhibitors (14%), diuretics (9%), and antioxidants (9%). Six ewes were pregnant on presentation, but none aborted. Six (17%) sheep died or were euthanized because of clinical deterioration, whereas 83% were discharged. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The proportion of sheep that survived BTV disease after treatment was relatively high. Serotyping of BTV is recommended because of the mismatch between frequently identified serotypes and the serotype present in the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Kirkland PD, Finlaison DS, Biddle A, Parsons M, Austin H, Boland S, Roach G, McKinnon R, Braddon E, Britton S. Bluetongue disease in sheep in New South Wales - April 2023. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:26-29. [PMID: 37772339 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, bluetongue virus (BTV), serotype 16 (BTV-16), was detected in New South Wales (NSW) in sentinel cattle for the first time. Over the next 6 years, BTV-16 has been detected regularly and over an increasing area of the BTV zone in NSW. In April 2023, disease was reported in sheep on two farms on the Northern Tablelands of NSW. The consistent clinical signs included reduced exercise tolerance, facial swelling, serous nasal discharges with encrustation of the nasal plane, subcutaneous oedema of the neck and brisket and variable congestion of the coronary band. Affected sheep were mainly mature ewes and rams, with an estimated morbidity of 20% over a period of 6-8 weeks. Although there were several unexpected deaths, no veterinary examination was sought. Predominantly BTV-16 RNA was detected in sick sheep, with an incidence of infection of approximately 40% in a cross section of one flock. These events represent the first confirmation of disease due to bluetongue virus in NSW. As these cases occurred in a region with a high density of sheep, if there is ongoing transmission of BTV-16 during subsequent summers, further disease might be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
| | - A Biddle
- Northern Tablelands Local Lands Services, Inverell, New South Wales, 2360, Australia
| | - M Parsons
- Northern Tablelands Local Lands Services, Glen Innes, New South Wales, 2370, Australia
| | - H Austin
- North-West Local Lands Services, Tamworth, New South Wales, 2340, Australia
| | - S Boland
- Northern Tablelands Local Lands Services, Inverell, New South Wales, 2360, Australia
| | - G Roach
- Inverell Veterinary Clinic, Inverell, New South Wales, 2360, Australia
| | - R McKinnon
- North-West Local Lands Services, Tamworth, New South Wales, 2340, Australia
| | - E Braddon
- Animal Biosecurity, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, 2800, Australia
| | - S Britton
- Animal Biosecurity, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, 2800, Australia
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8
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Farmer bluetongue hotline available. Vet Rec 2023; 193:434. [PMID: 38038308 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
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Gestier S, Finlaison DS, Parrish K, Kirkland PD. The potential for bluetongue virus serotype 16 to cause disease in sheep in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:510-521. [PMID: 37772318 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 16 DETECTION IN NSW: In coastal New South Wales (NSW), bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1 and 21 are endemic and transmitted in most years without evidence of disease. However, serotype 16 (BTV-16) infection was detected for the first time in NSW in November 2016 in cattle undergoing testing for export. Retrospective testing of blood samples collected from sentinel cattle as part of the National Arbovirus Monitoring Program (NAMP) established that the first detected transmission of BTV-16 in NSW occurred in April 2016 in sentinel cattle on the NSW North Coast. Subsequently, until 2022, BTV-16 has been transmitted in most years and was the predominant serotype in the 2018-2019 transmission season. The data available suggests that BTV-16 may have become endemic in NSW. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: During experimental infection studies with BTV-16, all sheep were febrile, with the peak of viremia occurring 6-10 days after inoculation. There was nasal and oral hyperaemia in most sheep with several animals developing a nasal discharge and nasal oedema. All sheep developed coronitis of varying severity, with most also developing haemorrhages along the coronary band. There was a high incidence of haemorrhage in the pulmonary artery, epicardial petechiae, extensive pericardial haemorrhages and moderate body cavity effusions including pericardial effusions. CONCLUSION: Overall, experimental pathogenicity findings suggest moderate disease may occur in sheep in the field. These findings, when combined with climatic variability that could result in an expansion of the range of Culicoides brevitarsis into major sheep-producing areas of the state, suggest that there is an increasing risk of bluetongue disease in NSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gestier
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Parrish
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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Sahoo PR, Singh P, Biswas S. Development and evaluation of gold nanoprobe based lateral flow device for rapid and sensitive serodetection of Bluetongue in sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4968-4977. [PMID: 37222605 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2214604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) disease is a viral, insect borne, noncontagious illness of small ruminants caused by Orbivirus, impacting huge economic loss worldwide. The existing BT diagnostic techniques are costly, time-consuming and require both specialized equipment and also skilled personnel. So there is need to develop a rapid, sensitive, on site detection assay for diagnosis of BT. This study utilized secondary antibody derivatized Gold nanoprobes for rapid and sensitive detection of BT over lateral flow device (LFD). The detection limit for this assay was found 1.875 µg of BT IgG/ml and a comparison between LFD and indirect ELISA was performed and the sensitivity and specificity was found at 96% and 99.23%, respectively, with observed kappa value of 0.952. This developed LFD may therefore offer a quick, affordable and accurate diagnosis of BT disease at the field level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravas Ranjan Sahoo
- Biochemistry Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Biochemistry Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Biophysics and Electron Microscopy Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanchay Biswas
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Banerjee P, Sarkar A, Mazumdar A. Effect of substrate salinity and pH on life history traits of the bluetongue virus vector Culicoides peregrinus. Bull Entomol Res 2023; 113:829-837. [PMID: 37997803 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Habitat selection of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is influenced by the physicochemical factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, moisture, conductivity, organic and inorganic compounds of substrates. These factors determine the life history traits of the vectors. We studied the influence of substrate salinity (0-40 parts per thousand, ppt) and pH (pH 1-13) on oviposition, egg hatching, larval survivability, and adult emergence of Culicoides peregrinus Kieffer under laboratory conditions. Most eggs (80.74%) were laid in 0 ppt and 95% in pH 7 but lowered with increased salinity and pH levels. It was observed that the females did not lay eggs in 30 ppt to 40 ppt salinity; pH 1 and pH 13 but interestingly up to 95% of the eggs were retained within the abdomen. Little effect of salinity and pH on egg hatching was observed up to 5 ppt and 10 ppt except at the extreme values of 40 ppt and pH 1, pH 13. Pupation did not occur in rearing plates with high salinities, 30 ppt and 40 ppt, although the few eggs hatched when exposed to such salinity. In low salinity (0 to 2 ppt), occurrence of adult emergence was more and then decreased with increasing salinity. Maximum emergence was seen when the rearing media was alkaline. This study deals with the suitability of breeding substrate of C. peregrinus when exposed to salinity and pH ranges. Our study suggests the ambient salinity and pH ranges to be maintained during laboratory rearing of this vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Entomology Research Unit, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Entomology Research Unit, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Department of Zoology, Entomology Research Unit, The University of Burdwan, Bardhaman 713104, West Bengal, India
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Jahanroshan N, Dalir‐Naghadeh B, Lotfollahzadeh S, Abdollahi M, Azarmi S, Moosakhani F. Bluetongue outbreak in a sheep flock from Iran. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2791-2795. [PMID: 37776265 PMCID: PMC10650254 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropodborne Orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. Bluetongue is one of the most important diseases of sheep. A flock of 300 Lacon sheep just arrived from France, located in the countryside of Qazvin city, Iran, was examined, in August 2022. In history taking and clinical examination, submandibular oedema (216/300, 72%), fever (216/300, 72%), inappetence (216/300, 72%), stomatitis (216/300, 72%), nasal discharge (90/300, 30%) and lameness (30/300, 10%) were recorded. Foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue (BT), contagious ecthyma and peste des petits ruminants were the most important differential diagnosis with reference to clinical signs. Tongue scraping samples from four clinically affected sheep were sent to the laboratory for PCR tests and, in all of them, BTV was detected. The affected flock had a history of vaccination with an attenuated live vaccine in the previous 4 months. The morbidity rate, mortality rate and case fatality rate were 72% (216/300), 7% (21/300) and 9.7% (21/216), respectively. This report is the first documented clinical form of BT in sheep from Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Jahanroshan
- Department of TheriogenologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- Private Veterinary PractitionerTehranIran
| | - Bahram Dalir‐Naghadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical PathologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Mostafa Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineSemnan UniversitySemnanIran
| | - Sareh Azarmi
- Reproduction BiotechnologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Farhad Moosakhani
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
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Gray A. Bluetongue virus outbreak in northern Europe. Vet Rec 2023; 193:306. [PMID: 37861165 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
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Louloudes-Lázaro A, Rojas JM, García-García I, Rodríguez-Martín D, Morel E, Martín V, Sevilla N. Comprehensive immune profiling reveals that Orbivirus infection activates immune checkpoints during acute T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255803. [PMID: 37920474 PMCID: PMC10619675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges that affects domestic and wild ruminants producing great economic losses. The infection induces an IFN response, followed by an adaptive immune response that is essential in disease clearance. BTV can nonetheless impair IFN and humoral responses. The main goal of this study was to gain a more detailed understanding of BTV pathogenesis and its effects on immune cell populations. To this end, we combined flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses of several immune cells at different times post-infection (pi). Four sheep were infected with BTV serotype 8 and blood samples collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 15pi to perform transcriptomic analysis of B-cell marker+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ sorted peripheral mononuclear cells. The maximum number of differentially expressed genes occurred at day 7pi, which coincided with the peak of infection. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that genes belonging to virus sensing and immune response initiation pathways were enriched at day 3 and 7 pi in all 4 cell population analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that at day 7pi T cell exhaustion pathway was enriched in CD4+ cells, while CD8+ cells downregulated immune response initiation pathways. T cell functional studies demonstrated that BTV produced an acute inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at the peak of replication. This coincided with PD-L1 upregulation on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as monocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that BTV could exploit the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to impair T cell responses. These findings identify several mechanisms in the interaction between host and BTV, which could help develop better tools to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel García-García
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Groschupp S, Kampen H, Werner D. Occurrence of putative Culicoides biting midge vectors (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) inside and outside barns in Germany and factors influencing their activity. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:307. [PMID: 37653421 PMCID: PMC10472570 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After several years without bluetongue disease, a ruminant illness caused by Culicoides-borne bluetongue virus (BTV), two new autochthonous cases were reported in 2018 in Germany. By contrast, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), another Culicoides-borne virus pathogenic to ruminants, has continuously circulated in Germany since its first emergence in 2011. The disease outbreaks have triggered numerous studies on the biology of the Culicoides vectors, but many ecological details are still obscure. METHODS Culicoides biting midge species were collected with UV-light traps on 10 farms in Germany, with one trap inside and one trap outside barns on each of the farms. Traps were run once a week for 24 h from January to December 2019. Collected biting midges were morphologically identified, counted and statistically evaluated, with a focus on the Obsoletus Group and the Pulicaris Complex of the ceratopogonid genus Culicoides, which are believed to contain the major virus vectors. Temperature and relative humidity recorded at each trap were linked to the quantity of caught Culicoides. Correlations between relative Culicoides abundance and presence of livestock or type of husbandry were also investigated. RESULTS A total of 38,886 Culicoides biting midges were trapped, with most of them belonging to the Obsoletus Group (51.0%) and the Pulicaris Complex (38.8%). The majority of captured specimens were collected in traps inside the barns. Obsoletus Group individuals were caught from late January to the last week of December while Pulicaris Complex individuals were captured from the end of March to early December. The lowest average temperatures at which members of the two groups were collected were 10.7 °C and 12.8 °C, respectively. While temperature had a statistically significant effect on the activity of both the Obsoletus Group and the Pulicaris Complex, relative humidity only significantly affected the activity of the latter. The presence of livestock significantly influenced the number of captured Obsoletus Group, but not of Pulicaris Complex specimens. Inside the barns, no statistical difference was found between numbers of caught Obsoletus Group and Pulicaris Complex specimens in livestock holdings with deep litter and manure scraper or slatted floor husbandry systems. CONCLUSIONS The almost year-round presence of Obsoletus Group biting midges and the demonstrated high relative abundance of other potential Culicoides vector species inside barns suggest a high risk of indoor virus transmission to ruminants should BTV or SBV circulate locally. Appropriate structural, organisational and vector control measures to reduce biting midge exposure should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Groschupp
- Research Area 2 “Landscape Use and Governance”, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut–Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Research Area 2 “Landscape Use and Governance”, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
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Li C, Wang W, Zhang X, Xiao P, Li Z, Wang P, Shi N, Zhou H, Lu H, Gao X, Zhang H, Jin N. Metavirome Analysis and Identification of Midge-Borne Viruses from Yunnan Province, China, in 2021. Viruses 2023; 15:1817. [PMID: 37766224 PMCID: PMC10535587 DOI: 10.3390/v15091817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Midges are widely distributed globally and can transmit various human and animal diseases through blood-sucking. As part of this study, 259,300 midges were collected from four districts in Yunnan province, China, to detect the viral richness and diversity using metavirome analysis techniques. As many as 26 virus families were detected, and the partial sequences of bluetongue virus (BTV), dengue virus (DENV), and Getah virus (GETV) were identified by phylogenetic analysis and PCR amplification. Two BTV gene fragments, 866 bps for the VP2 gene of BTV type 16 and 655 bps for the VP5 gene of BTV type 21, were amplified. The nucleotide sequence identities of the two amplified BTV fragments were 94.46% and 98.81%, respectively, with two classical BTV-16 (GenBank: JN671907) and BTV-21 strains (GenBank: MK250961) isolated in Yunnan province. Furthermore, the BTV-16 DH2021 strain was successfully isolated in C6/36 cells, and the peak value of the copy number reached 3.13 × 107 copies/μL after five consecutive BHK-21 cell passages. Moreover, two 2054 bps fragments including the E gene of DENV genotype Asia II were amplified and shared the highest identity with the DENV strain isolated in New Guinea in 1944. A length of 656 bps GETV gene sequence encoded the partial capsid protein, and it shared the highest identity of 99.68% with the GETV isolated from Shandong province, China, in 2017. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of implementing prevention and control strategies for viral diseases transmitted by midges in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Li
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (C.L.); (X.G.)
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.W.); (P.X.)
| | - Xuancheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Pengpeng Xiao
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.W.); (P.X.)
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, China;
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Xu Gao
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (C.L.); (X.G.)
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (C.L.); (X.G.)
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.W.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (W.W.); (P.X.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;
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17
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Lawson BE, McDermott EG. Topical, contact, and oral susceptibility of adult Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to fluralaner. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:281. [PMID: 37580834 PMCID: PMC10426106 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are economically important blood-feeding pests closely associated with livestock production. They are the principal vectors of two hemorrhagic disease viruses affecting both wild and domestic ruminants within the US: bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). BTV impacts the US agriculture sector through direct commodity loss and strict international livestock trade restrictions. Yet, despite posing a considerable threat to US livestock, Culicoides are understudied, and management strategies are lacking. Current control tools for Culicoides are limited to synthetic chemicals, predominantly pyrethroids. With limited products available for livestock producers, proper pesticide rotation is difficult. The present study investigates the efficacy of fluralaner, an isoxazoline insecticide, beyond its current labeled use as an ectoparasiticide in anticipation of adding a new class of pesticides into rotation for use against biting midges. METHODS The efficacy of fluralaner was evaluated by conducting contact, topical, and oral toxicity bioassays on adult female Culicoides sonorensis. Contact toxicity was assessed by using a modified WHO cone assay, which simulates exposure through landing on an insecticide-treated surface. A modified WHO topical toxicity assay, in which fluralaner dilutions were administered to the lateral thorax, was used to assess topical toxicity. For evaluation of oral toxicity, females were offered a blood meal spiked with fluralaner in an artificial membrane feeding system to simulate a systemic insecticide. RESULTS Contact exposure of fluralaner did not cause extensive or consistent mortality. Even the highest concentration tested (100 mg/ml) resulted in an average of only 24.3% mortality at 24 h, and mortality did not significantly differ between exposed and control midges at any concentration. One hundred percent mortality was consistently achieved at concentrations of 1 mg/ml when fluralaner was applied topically. The LC50 for topical exposure to fluralaner at 24 h was estimated to be 0.011 mg/ml. Oral exposure to fluralaner through ingestion of a spiked blood meal proved to be the most effective exposure method, significantly increasing mortality in a dose-dependent manner at 1 h post-exposure. The LC50 at 24 h following ingestion was 14.42 ng/ml. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that fluralaner is a viable candidate for use as an insecticide against adult biting midges if exposed orally, such as in a systemic given to livestock. As withdrawal period requirements for meat animals present unique yet definitive challenges, pharmacokinetic studies of isoxazoline drugs need to be pursued and finalized for livestock before fluralaner may be used as a management strategy in this manner. Alternatively, livestock not raised for consumption, such as hair sheep, would directly benefit from administering oral fluralaner as a component of a BTV disease management program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe E Lawson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Emily G McDermott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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18
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Selim A, Marzok M, Alkashif K, Kandeel M, Salem M, Sayed-Ahmed MZ. Bluetongue virus infection in cattle: serosurvey and its associated risk factors. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:285. [PMID: 37540299 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-borne virus that primarily affects sheep. However, the disease is usually asymptomatic in cattle without obvious clinical signs related to BTV infection. Although there is evidence of BTV antibodies through serology in Egypt, it is still unknown whether Egyptian cattle have ever been exposed to the virus in the north or south of the country. The study's aims were to determine the seroprevalence of BTV and evaluate the potential risk factors for BTV infection in cattle in Egypt. We used a competitive ELISA to screen 690 healthy cattle for BTV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in four governorates in Egypt. A total seroprevalence of BTV antibodies in examined cattle was 51.47%, 95%CI: 48.01-55.45. The odds of BTV seropositivity were higher in Aswan (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.71-2.36), females (OR=3.29, 95%CI: 1.87-5.79), and elder cattle >8 years (OR=12.91, 95%CI: 6.63-25.13). Moreover, cattle contacted with other animals (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 0.94-2.10), with history of abortion (OR=4.88, 95%CI: 3.14-7.59), and those living with presence of insects (OR=12.34, 95%CI: 8-19.30) were more likely to be infected with bluetongue (BT). To effectively predict and respond to a potential BTV outbreak in Egypt, surveillance for BTV infection should be expanded to cover other susceptible ruminants and the range of the insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Alkashif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12613, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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19
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Gladson SL, Stepien TL. An Agent-Based Model of Biting Midge Dynamics to Understand Bluetongue Outbreaks. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:69. [PMID: 37318632 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a well-known vector-borne disease that infects ruminants such as sheep, cattle, and deer with high mortality rates. Recent outbreaks in Europe highlight the importance of understanding vector-host dynamics and potential courses of action to mitigate the damage that can be done by BT. We present an agent-based model, entitled 'MidgePy', that focuses on the movement of individual Culicoides spp. biting midges and their interactions with ruminants to understand their role as vectors in BT outbreaks, especially in regions that do not regularly experience outbreaks. The results of our sensitivity analysis suggest that midge survival rate has a significant impact on the probability of a BTV outbreak as well as its severity. Using midge flight activity as a proxy for temperature, we found that an increase in environmental temperature corresponded with an increased probability of outbreak after identifying parameter regions where outbreaks are more likely to occur. This suggests that future methods to control BT spread could combine large-scale vaccination programs with biting midge population control measures such as the use of pesticides. Spatial heterogeneity in the environment is also explored to give insight on optimal farm layouts to reduce the potential for BT outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Gladson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tracy L Stepien
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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20
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Navarro Mamani DA, Ramos Huere H, Vera Buendia R, Rojas M, Chunga WA, Valdez Gutierrez E, Vergara Abarca W, Rivera Gerónimo H, Altamiranda-Saavedra M. Would Climate Change Influence the Potential Distribution and Ecological Niche of Bluetongue Virus and Its Main Vector in Peru? Viruses 2023; 15:v15040892. [PMID: 37112872 PMCID: PMC10145190 DOI: 10.3390/v15040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus that is transmitted between domestic and wild ruminants by Culicoides spp. Its worldwide distribution depends on competent vectors and suitable environmental ecosystems that are becoming affected by climate change. Therefore, we evaluated whether climate change would influence the potential distribution and ecological niche of BTV and Culicoides insignis in Peru. Here, we analyzed BTV (n = 145) and C. insignis (n = 22) occurrence records under two shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSP126 and SSP585) with five primary general circulation models (GCMs) using the kuenm R package v.1.1.9. Then, we obtained binary presence–absence maps and represented the risk of transmission of BTV and niche overlapping. The niche model approach showed that north and east Peru presented suitability in the current climate scenario and they would have a decreased risk of BTV, whilst its vector would be stable and expand with high agreement for the five GCMs. In addition, its niche overlap showed that the two niches almost overlap at present and would completely overlap with one another in future climate scenarios. These findings might be used to determine the areas of highest priority for entomological and virological investigations and surveillance in order to control and prevent bluetongue infections in Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A. Navarro Mamani
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
- Correspondence:
| | - Heydi Ramos Huere
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Renzo Vera Buendia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Miguel Rojas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Wilfredo Arque Chunga
- Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Metaxenicas y Zoonosis Bacterianas, Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Edgar Valdez Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal “M.V. Atilio Pacheco Pacheco”, Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08681, Peru
| | - Walter Vergara Abarca
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal “M.V. Atilio Pacheco Pacheco”, Escuela Profesional de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08681, Peru
| | - Hermelinda Rivera Gerónimo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología—Sección Virología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Investigación Bioforense, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín 050005, Colombia
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Banerjee P, Sarkar A, Ghosh K, Mazumdar A. A Metagenomic Based Approach on Abundance and Diversity of Bacterial Communities Across the Life Stages of Culicoides peregrinus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) a Vector of Bluetongue Virus. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:373-383. [PMID: 36744984 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During larval rearing of Culicoides peregrinus Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) it was obligatory to add a small quantity of mud from larval habitat to nutrient broth in culture plates. This initiated microbial growth in rearing plates which facilitated growth and development of immature. The primary aim was to enumerate gut microbial communities across the different life stages of C. peregrinus. Amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region (16S rDNA) was done on Illumina Miseq platform to detect gut bacterial communities at different life stages, while ITS regions (18S rRNA) were targeted for fungal communities of the 4th instar larvae. The major findings were: 1) Phylum Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant throughout the life stages, along with the highest bacterial alpha diversity in the egg, 2) bacterial compositions were similar to laboratory reared and field collected adults, and 3) abundant fungal phyla associated with the larval gut were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Furthermore, analyses of the gut microbiome with METAGENassist might be indicative of their likely function in the natural habitat. Abundant gut-associated bacteria and/or fungal genera detected in the present study could be used as dietary supplements to establish laboratory colonies for further vectorial research. While, individual roles of the bacteria or fungi in paratransgenesis are warned for their possible utilization to frame the management strategy in upcoming works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Banerjee
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Ghosh
- Aquaculture Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India
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22
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Ledda S, Foxi C, Puggioni G, Bechere R, Rocchigiani AM, Scivoli R, Coradduzza E, Cau S, Vento L, Satta G. Experimental infection of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus and Culex pipiens mosquitoes with Bluetongue virus. Med Vet Entomol 2023; 37:105-110. [PMID: 36193883 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue disease (BT), caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV), infects wild and domestic ruminants, causing severe economic damage in the cattle and sheep industry. Proven vectors of BTV are biting midges belonging to the Culicoides genus, but other arthropods are considered potential vectors, such as ticks, mosquitoes, wingless flies, and sand flies. The present study represents the first attempt to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus for BTV. Mosquitoes were artificially fed with blood containing BTV serotype 1. Infection, dissemination and transmission rates were evaluated at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after an infected blood meal. Viral RNA was only detected up to 3 days post infection in the bodies of both species. This study indicates that the two Italian populations of Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus are not susceptible to BTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Ledda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cipriano Foxi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Simona Cau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luigi Vento
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Satta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
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Fan Q, Xie Z, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Xie L, Huang J, Zeng T, Wang S, Luo S, Li M. Development of a visual multiplex fluorescent LAMP assay for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and bluetongue viruses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278451. [PMID: 36480573 PMCID: PMC9731490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification technique that can be used to amplify target genes at a constant temperature, and it has several advantages, including convenience, specificity and sensitivity. However, due to the special interpretation methods of this technology for reaction results, all the previously reported LAMP detection methods have been restricted to identifying a single target, which limits the application of this technology. In this study, we modified conventional LAMP to include a quencher-fluorophore composite probe complementary to the F1c segment of the inner primer FIP; upon strand separation, a gain in the visible fluorescent signal was observed. The probes could be labeled with different fluorophores, showing different colors at the corresponding wavelengths. Therefore, this multiplex LAMP (mLAMP) assay can simultaneously detect 1-3 target sequences in a single LAMP reaction tube, and the results are more accurate and intuitive. In this study, we comprehensively demonstrated a single-reaction mLAMP assay for the robust detection of three cattle viruses without nonspecific amplification of other related pathogenic cattle viruses. The detection limit of this mLAMP assay was as low as 526-2477 copies/reaction for the recombinant plasmids. It is expected that this mLAMP assay can be widely used in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - You Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China(Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Sailleau C, Postic L, Chatenet X, Salat O, Turpaud M, Durand B, Vitour D, Zientara S, Bréard E. Serological Responses in Cattle following Booster Vaccination against Serotypes 4 and 8 Bluetongue Virus with Two Bivalent Commercial Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122719. [PMID: 36560723 PMCID: PMC9781302 DOI: 10.3390/v14122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of bluetongue in Northern Europe in 2006, numerous outbreaks involving several serotypes have been observed. Since 2008, compulsory or voluntary vaccination campaigns with inactivated vaccines have been carried out to eradicate these serotypes. In France, serotypes 8 and 4 have been enzootic since 2017, and currently, the majority of vaccinations take place in the context of animal movements, to comply with the regulations of the importing countries. Several vaccine manufacturers have developed inactivated vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8 (mono or bivalent). In this study, we investigated and compared the serological responses to a booster vaccination with two different bivalent inactivated vaccines (BTVPUR suspension injectable® 4 + 8, Boehringer Ingelheim or SYVAZUL ® BTV 4 + 8, Biové) following a primary vaccination with BTVPUR® 4 + 8 in the previous year. The results show that using an alternative vaccine for booster vaccination is at least as effective as using the homologous vaccine. Indeed, the antibody response against BTV-8 is higher in the case of a heterologous vaccination and identical for BTV-4. This information could allow more flexibility in the choice of vaccines used for booster vaccination, particularly in cases where homologous vaccines are in short supply or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Olivier Salat
- Commissions Vaches Laitières et Qualité du Lait de la SNGTV, Clinique Vétérinaire de la Haute Auvergne, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kar S, Mondal B, Pal A, Harsha R, Mazumdar A. Blood meal analysis of Culicoides species associated with livestock in West Bengal, India. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:503-510. [PMID: 35599276 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge gaps exist on the feeding pattern and host range of bluetongue virus vectors, Culicoides species, associated with livestock in India. Adult midges were trapped with ultraviolet light traps at 13 household farms adjacent to human biotope. Host DNA was isolated from individual females (n = 101; blood engorged-82, gravid-4 and parous-15) and subjected to PCR amplification targeting CytB and 16S rRNA gene fragments followed by sequencing of amplified DNA samples. However, DNA sequences from only 71 individuals (70.3%) comprising of 10 Culicoides species were obtained. Blood meal analysis revealed at least 10 species that fed on five mammalian hosts including humans, but surprisingly none tested positive for birds. Results revealed that Culicoides innoxius tested positive for four not previously recognized species indicating a potential role as a vector species. Likewise, Culicoides shortti and Culicoides hegneri preferred goat and cattle respectively as hosts, whereas Culicoides palpifer preferred cattle along with buffalo as hosts, which is being reported for the first time. This is the first document on DNA-based blood meal identification and feeding preference of Culicoides midges associated with livestock in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Kar
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Mondal
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Arjun Pal
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupa Harsha
- Department of Zoology, Balurghat College, Balurghat, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Mazumdar
- Entomology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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26
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Zhang X, Mathias DK. The Effects of Light Wavelength and Trapping Habitat on Surveillance of Culicoides Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Alabama. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:2053-2065. [PMID: 36256531 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the southeastern United States, biting midges transmit agents of hemorrhagic diseases that are enzootic among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), Artiodactyla: Cervidae). Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the only confirmed vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) in the United States, is rarely collected in the Southeast, implying that other Culicoides Latreille species act as vectors. Despite multiple surveillance studies, the influence of trapping habitat and light wavelength on Culicoides sampling has yet to be investigated in Alabama. This study sampled Culicoides species at a deer research facility using CO2-baited CDC light traps with three distinct wavelengths. Traps were rotated within three habitats to examine impacts of habitat type and light wavelength on Culicoides abundance and parity status. For most species, midges were more abundant in a pine forest compared to a hardwood-forest riparian zone or a lightly wooded area adjacent to a seasonal pond. The pine forest generally had negative effects on parity status, suggesting that most females in this habitat were foraging for their first bloodmeal. Ultraviolet (UV) black-light (350 nm-360 nm) attracted more midges than incandescent light or UV LED light (385 nm-395 nm), but wavelength had less of an effect on parity than habitat. This study indicates that light wavelength and habitat significantly influence Culicoides sampling outcomes, and that when collecting parous females is desired (e.g., EHDV/BTV surveillance), targeting areas around oviposition sites may be a better strategy than trapping where midges are most abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Keck Science Center, 925 North Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Derrick K Mathias
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology & Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
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27
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Zhang X, Phillips RA, Gerry AC. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Species of the Southern California Desert. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:1589-1600. [PMID: 35833355 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges are vectors of important animal pathogens including bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). While some Culicoides species present in the southern California desert are implicated in the transmission of these viruses to ruminant animals, these species have not been extensively studied due in part to the challenge of identifying Culicoides to species and to the lack of published gene sequences for these species to support their molecular identification. In this study, Culicoides were captured using suction traps baited with either carbon dioxide or UV light from transitional habitat between the southern California peninsular mountain ranges and the Colorado desert of southeastern California. Captured midges were initially identified using traditional morphological methods, with species identification subsequently confirmed by sequence analysis of COI and 28S rDNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses support that some Culicoides subgenera are not monophyletic. Two recognized species (C. sitiens Wirth and Hubert and C. bakeri Vargas) shared the same COI and 28S sequences. An additional cryptic species may be present within C. sitiens. Two additional recognized species (C. cacticola Wirth and Hubert and C. torridus Wirth and Hubert) may be conspecific or cryptic to each other. In total, 19 Culicoides species (or species aggregate) were collected in this study, with genetic sequences published for the first time for 16 of them. Published genetic sequences will support future research on these species, including studies on the ecology and habits of their immature stages which are often tedious to identify using morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Qi Y, Wang F, Chang J, Jiang Z, Sun C, Lin J, Wu J, Yu L. Genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of the first bluetongue virus serotype 20 strain isolated in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2164-e2174. [PMID: 35403352 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae, is transmitted by biting midges and causes severe disease in domestic and wild ruminants. In the present study, a BTV strain, BTV-20/GX015/China/2013 (GX015), was isolated from sentinel cattle in Guangxi, China. Virus neutralization tests and phylogenetic analyses based on genomic segments 2 (S2) and 6 (S6) indicated that GX015 belongs to BTV serotype 20 (BTV-20) and represents a new topotype within BTV-20 strains, which makes GX015 the first BTV-20 strain isolated in China. Genomic analyses suggested that the 10 genomic segments of GX015 originated from a reassortment event, in which S2 and S6 are derived from exotic BTV-20 strains (South Africa or Australia), whereas the remaining eight genomic segments are apparently of Chinese origin and most likely share the same ancestor with a Taiwanese BTV-12 strain. Importantly, we evaluated the infectivity and pathogenicity of the BTV-20 strain in mice lacking the interferon receptor (IFNAR-/- mice, a good animal model for studying the pathogenesis, virulence and transmission of BTVs) and sheep for the first time, and found that GX015 causes severe disease and death in IFNAR-/- mice and clinical signs and viraemia in the natural host sheep. These results improve our understanding of the genetic characteristics, diversity and pathogenicity of BTVs, which is important for developing diagnostic methods and vaccines for the surveillance and prevention of bluetongue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - JiTao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Gahn MCB, Seck MT, Ciss M, Lo MM, Ndiaye M, Fall M, Biteye B, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Postic L, Zientara S, Bréard E, Fall AG. Insight on Bluetongue virus transmission in small ruminants in Senegal. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106487. [PMID: 35487295 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The disease causes animal mortality, production decrease and commercial limits for herds. Despite the active circulation of the disease in the world, few studies have been carried out in Senegal. The objective of this study was to assess the current prevalence of BT in small ruminants and the serotypes circulating in Senegal. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the fourteen regions of Senegal. After the sampling campaign, sera collected in sheep and goats herds were screened for the presence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) specific antibodies using c-Elisa. The whole blood of seropositive animals was further analyzed by RT-qPCR and positive samples were typed to identify BTV serotypes. Analysis of several risk factors such as age, sex and species of animals was performed using logistic regression. The overall seroprevalence of BTV in Senegal was 72.6% (95% CI: 70.3-74.9%) with 75.9% (95% CI: 72.2-79.5%) in goat and 70.6% (95% CI: 67.5-73.6%) in sheep. Female (prevalence=77.1%) and adult (prevalence=80%) animals showed the highest seropositivity to BTV compared respectively to male (55.7%, p=6.133e-09) and young (49.4%, p < 2.2e-16). The RT-qPCR results showed the presence of BT viral genome in 359 small ruminants. The results obtained from serological and genotyping studies showed an active spread of the Bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants and phylogenetic analysis showed that the BTV-2 is one of the circulating serotypes in Senegal. This study allows having baseline information for controlling Bluetongue in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cicille Ba Gahn
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal.
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Ciss
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Moussa Fall
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Biram Biteye
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maison Alfort 94700, France
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP: 2057 Dakar-Hann, Sénégal.
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Povolyaeva OS, Chadaeva AA, Lunitsin AV, Yurkov SG. [Dwarf bat's (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) lung diploid cell strains and their permissivity to orbiviruses (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) - pathogens of vector-borne animal diseases]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:227-236. [PMID: 35831965 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bat cell cultures are a popular model both for the isolation of vector-borne disease viruses and for assessing the possible role of these mammalian species in forming the natural reservoirs of arbovirus infection vectors. The goal of the research was to obtain and characterize strains of diploid lung cells of the bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) and evaluate their permissivity to bluetongue, African horse sickness (AHS), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) viruses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell cultures of the dwarf bat's lung were obtained by standard enzymatic disaggregation of donor tissue and selection of cells for adhesive properties. The permissivity of cell cultures was determined to bluetongue, AHL, and EHD orbiviruses. RESULTS Diploid cell strains (epithelium-like and fibroblast-like types) retaining cytomorphological characteristics and karyotype stability were obtained from tissue of the bat's lung. Their permissivity to viruses of the genus Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family, pathogens of transmissible animal diseases, has been established. DISCUSSION The permissivity of the obtained strains of bat's lung cells to bluetongue, AHL, and EHD viruses is consistent with the isolation of orbiviruses in bats of the species Pteropus poliocephalus, Pteropus hypomelanus, Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii, Syconycteris crassa, Myotis macrodactylus, and Eidolon helvum. CONCLUSION Strains of diploid lung cells of the dwarf bat are permissive to orbiviruses of bluetongue, AHS, and EHD, which allows us to recommend them for the isolation of these viruses, and the species Pipistrellus pipistrellus to be considered as a potential natural reservoir and carrier of pathogens of these vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A A Chadaeva
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology
| | - A V Lunitsin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology
| | - S G Yurkov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology
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31
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Ayala MM, Díaz F, Micieli MV, Spinelli GR, Ronderos MM. Rapid and Efficient Detection by PCR of Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the Main Vector of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in the Neotropical Region. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:1211-1216. [PMID: 35674704 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes a viral, non-contagious disease that mainly affects sheep, cattle, and wild and farmed ruminants causing damage to these animals and significant economic losses. Culicoides insignis Lutz, the major BTV vector in South America, is one of the most abundant species in Argentina and commonly associated with cattle farms. The morphological identification of Culicoides spp. is routinely carried out with the aid of morphological keys, which mainly refer to the wing patterns, sensillae of palpi, and antennal flagella. Molecular tools applied to taxonomy provide a rapid and efficient method of identification of vector species. An easy protocol for the extraction of total DNA from single midges is herein described, and a forward primer for rapid and reliably test detection by polymerase chain reaction of C. insignis is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahia Mariel Ayala
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CONICET-UNLP, Boulevard 120 S/N entre Avda 60 y calle 64, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florentina Díaz
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CONICET-UNLP, Boulevard 120 S/N entre Avda 60 y calle 64, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CONICET-UNLP, Boulevard 120 S/N entre Avda 60 y calle 64, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Ricardo Spinelli
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA) CONICET-UNLP Boulevard 120 y 62, Número 1437, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marcela Ronderos
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE) CONICET-UNLP, Boulevard 120 S/N entre Avda 60 y calle 64, (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hassine TB, Sghaier S, Thabet S, Ammar HH, Hammami S. Role of Eco-Climatic Factors in the Distribution of Bluetongue in Endemic Areas in Tunisia. Open Vet J 2022; 12:114-123. [PMID: 35342732 PMCID: PMC8956234 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thameur Ben Hassine
- General Directorate of Veterinary Services-CRDA of Nabeul, Nabeul, Tunisia
- Corresponding Author: Thameur Ben Hassine. General Directorate of Veterinary Services-CRDA of Nabeul, Nabeul, Tunisia.
| | - Soufiène Sghaier
- Virology Unit, Veterinary Research Institute of Tunisia (IRVT), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sarah Thabet
- National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi-Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Héni Haj Ammar
- General Directorate of Veterinary Services (DGSV), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine Sidi-Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana, Tunisia
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Mazzoni Baldini MH, De Moraes AN. Bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease in wildlife with emphasis on the South American scenario. Vet Ital 2021; 57. [PMID: 34971497 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.1679.8914.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease affect domestic ruminants and cervids. However, other species may act as pathogen carriers in the transition of bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). The wild species affected by these diseases manifest a variable range of clinical signs and lesions, and while some species appear to be extremely susceptible, showing high levels of mortality, some are resistant to these pathogens, acting as potential reservoirs of these orbiviruses. The purpose of the following review is to describe the clinical and pathological manifestations related to these diseases in wild species and to review studies performed on non-domestic species in South America, emphasizing the challenges of studying infectious diseases in free-living animals and the gaps in knowledge about bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease epidemiology. These gaps should be filled by more studies on the range of species affected and the transmission mechanisms, including in domestic species.
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Korkmaz C, Alten B, Erol U, Deniz A. Updated checklist of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Turkey with ten new records. J Vector Ecol 2021; 46:124-136. [PMID: 35230016 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the Culicoides fauna in Turkey during the years 2016-2019 in the process of entomological surveillance for arboviral diseases. The entomological survey was conducted at 104 sampling stations in 51 provinces in Turkey during four consecutive years. There were approximately 450,000 specimens and 59 identified species collected during the surveillance. Ten species were newly recorded for Turkey: C. chiopterus, C. grisescens, C. paradoxalis, C. santonicus, C. poperinghensis, C. sergenti, C. tbilisicus, C. comosioculatus, C. haranti, and C. univittatus. Identification of C. chiopterus and C. grisescens was confirmed using species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing. With our recent findings, previous data were critically reviewed and updated, and the number of Culicoides species has been increased to 71 for Turkey. The presence of C. chiopterus has particular importance due to its potential vector status for bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). This study presents result of the first large-scale integrated faunistic survey on Culicoides species in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Korkmaz
- Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey,
- Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Alten
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ecology Division, VERG laboratories, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Erol
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Deniz
- Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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Golender N, Bumbarov V, Kovtunenko A, David D, Guini-Rubinstein M, Sol A, Beer M, Eldar A, Wernike K. Identification and Genetic Characterization of Viral Pathogens in Ruminant Gestation Abnormalities, Israel, 2015-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112136. [PMID: 34834943 PMCID: PMC8619439 DOI: 10.3390/v13112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents including viruses are important abortifacients and can cause fetal abnormalities in livestock animals. Here, samples that had been collected in Israel from aborted or malformed ruminant fetuses between 2015 and 2019 were investigated for the presence of the following viruses: the reoviruses bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), the flaviviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), the peribunyaviruses Shuni virus (SHUV) and Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Domestic (cattle, sheep, goat) and wild/zoo ruminants were included in the study. The presence of viral nucleic acid or antigen could be confirmed in 21.8 % of abnormal pregnancies (213 out of 976 investigated cases), with peribunyaviruses, reoviruses and pestiviruses being the most prevalent. At least four different BTV serotypes were involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in Israel. The subtyping of pestiviruses revealed the presence of two BDV and several distinct BVDV type 1 strains. The peribunyaviruses AKAV and SHUV were identified annually throughout the study period, however, variation in the extent of virus circulation could be observed between the years. In 2018, AKAV even represented the most detected pathogen in cases of small domestic ruminant gestation abnormalities. In conclusion, it was shown that various viruses are involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in ruminants in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-8949; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Dan David
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Marisol Guini-Rubinstein
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Asaf Sol
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Avi Eldar
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
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Paslaru AI, Torgerson PR, Veronesi E. Summer seasonal prevalence of Culicoides species from pre-alpine areas in Switzerland. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:324-332. [PMID: 33320361 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are arthropods of veterinary importance since they can transmit pathogens and cause severe allergic dermatitis in horses. Very little is known about the species at higher altitudes and their seasonal dynamics. In this work, adult Culicoides were collected with Onderstepoort UV-light suction traps (OVI) from June to September 2016 at two areas situated at around 1600 m asl (pre-alpine area I, 2 farms) and 2030 m asl (pre-alpine area II, 1 farm) in the Canton of Grisons (south-east Switzerland). Overall, 17 049 Culicoides were collected, including 871 parous females. A total of 50 individuals/trap/night (n = 1050) were identified to species (17 species) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The remaining 15 128 Culicoides were classified to species groups' level. Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen, 1818), a multivoltine species, was mainly present at 1600 m asl, whereas at high altitudes (2030 m asl), C. grisescens Edwards, 1939 I&II were the most abundant species. In particular, C. grisescens II, which seems to be univoltine, occurred later in the season but significantly increasing over time. Species diversity was higher at pre-alpine I area (n = 16 species) compared to pre-alpine II (n = 10 species).
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Paslaru
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Veronesi
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Michel AL, Van Heerden H, Crossley BM, Al Dahouk S, Prasse D, Rutten V. Pathogen detection and disease diagnosis in wildlife: challenges and opportunities. REV SCI TECH OIE 2021; 40:105-118. [PMID: 34140737 DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.1.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The availability of rapid, highly sensitive and specific molecular and serologic diagnostic assays, such as competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), has expedited the diagnosis of emerging transboundary animal diseases, including bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS), and facilitated more thorough characterisation of their epidemiology. The development of assays based on real-time, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and identify the numerous serotypes of BT virus (BTV) and AHS virus (AHSV) has aided in-depth studies of the epidemiology of BTV infection in California and AHSV infection in South Africa. The subsequent evaluation of pan-serotype, real-time, RT-PCR-positive samples through the use of serotype-specific RT-PCR assays allows the rapid identification of virus serotypes, reducing the need for expensive and time-consuming conventional methods, such as virus isolation and serotype-specific virus neutralisation assays. These molecular assays and cELISA platforms provide tools that have enhanced epidemiologic surveillance strategies and improved our understanding of potentially altered Culicoides midge behaviour when infected with BTV. They have also supported the detection of subclinical AHSV infection of vaccinated horses in South Africa. Moreover, in conjunction with whole genome sequence analysis, these tests have clarified that the mechanism behind recent outbreaks of AHS in the AHS-controlled area of South Africa was the result of the reversion to virulence and/or genome reassortment of live attenuated vaccine viruses. This review focuses on the use of contemporary molecular diagnostic assays in the context of recent epidemiologic studies and explores their advantages over historic virus isolation and serologic techniques.
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Tomaszewski E, Jennings M, Munk B, Botta R, Lewison R. Landscape Seroprevalence of Three Hemorrhagic Disease-Causing Viruses in a Wild Cervid. Ecohealth 2021; 18:182-193. [PMID: 34515899 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disease plays a major role in shaping wildlife populations worldwide, and changes in landscape conditions can significantly influence risk of pathogen exposure, a threat to vulnerable wild species. Three viruses that cause hemorrhagic disease affect cervid populations in the USA (Odocoileus hemionus adenovirus, bluetongue virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus), but little is known of their distribution and prevalence in wild populations. We explored the distribution and co-occurrence of seroprevalence of these three pathogens in southern mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus fuliginatus), a subspecies of conservation concern and a harvested species native to southern California, to evaluate the distribution of exposure to these pathogens relative to landscape attributes. We found that habitat type, level of development, and proximity to livestock may affect hemorrhagic disease seroprevalence in southern mule deer. Continued monitoring of hemorrhagic disease-causing viruses in areas where deer are in proximity to cattle and human development is needed to better understand the implications of future outbreaks in wild populations and to identify opportunities to mitigate disease impacts in southern mule deer and other cervid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tomaszewski
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1416 9th St., 12th Floor, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA.
| | - Megan Jennings
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Brandon Munk
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1416 9th St., 12th Floor, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Randy Botta
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1416 9th St., 12th Floor, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Rebecca Lewison
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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Sudan Guray M, Minakshi P, Brar B, Rani R, Lambe UP. Development of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Based Immunobiosensor for the Detection of Bluetongue Virus. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2021; 21:3513-3523. [PMID: 34739802 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) disease is a noncontagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants (mainly sheep, cattle, deer) caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV) which is an orbivirus of the Reoviridae family and transmitted by vector Culicoides biting midges. It is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance for the international trade of animals and animal products. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as virus propagation and isolation, immunoassays and also various molecular methods have been developed for the detection of the BTV. Here, we present a novel, rapid and pen-side test for the detection of BTV using multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) based immunosensor. Though it is not reported yet. The MWCNTs were prepared, characterized and functionalized with carboxyl group. Viral antibodies were conjugated successfully with functionalized MWCNTs and coated on screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE). These SPCE were evaluated by using electrochemical sensor with an antigen specific to BTV antibodies, resulted in the self-assembled layer of antigen-antibody on the surface of SPCE. The approach described in the present study is a prototype for the development of simple and economic diagnostic tool which will provide the routine screening of BT disease at the door of farmers, thereby increasing the income of farmers by decreasing the cost of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudan Guray
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Prasad Minakshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Ruma Rani
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Upendra P Lambe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
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Grimaud Y, Tran A, Benkimoun S, Boucher F, Esnault O, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E, Garros C, Guis H. Spatio-temporal modelling of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:288. [PMID: 34044880 PMCID: PMC8161615 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reunion Island regularly faces outbreaks of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic diseases, two insect-borne orbiviral diseases of ruminants. Hematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of bluetongue (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHDV) viruses. In a previous study, statistical models based on environmental and meteorological data were developed for the five Culicoides species present in the island to provide a better understanding of their ecology and predict their presence and abundance. The purpose of this study was to couple these statistical models with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to produce dynamic maps of the distribution of Culicoides throughout the island. METHODS Based on meteorological data from ground weather stations and satellite-derived environmental data, the abundance of each of the five Culicoides species was estimated for the 2214 husbandry locations on the island for the period ranging from February 2016 to June 2018. A large-scale Culicoides sampling campaign including 100 farms was carried out in March 2018 to validate the model. RESULTS According to the model predictions, no husbandry location was free of Culicoides throughout the study period. The five Culicoides species were present on average in 57.0% of the husbandry locations for C. bolitinos Meiswinkel, 40.7% for C. enderleini Cornet & Brunhes, 26.5% for C. grahamii Austen, 87.1% for C. imicola Kieffer and 91.8% for C. kibatiensis Goetghebuer. The models also showed high seasonal variations in their distribution. During the validation process, predictions were acceptable for C. bolitinos, C. enderleini and C. kibatiensis, with normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) of 15.4%, 13.6% and 16.5%, respectively. The NRMSE was 27.4% for C. grahamii. For C. imicola, the NRMSE was acceptable (11.9%) considering all husbandry locations except in two specific areas, the Cirque de Salazie-an inner mountainous part of the island-and the sea edge, where the model overestimated its abundance. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides, for the first time to our knowledge, an operational tool to better understand and predict the distribution of Culicoides in Reunion Island. As it predicts a wide spatial distribution of the five Culicoides species throughout the year and taking into consideration their vector competence, our results suggest that BTV and EHDV can circulate continuously on the island. As further actions, our model could be coupled with an epidemiological model of BTV and EHDV transmission to improve risk assessment of Culicoides-borne diseases on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Grimaud
- GDS Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
- University of Reunion Island, 15 avenue René Cassin, Sainte-Clotilde, 97715 La Réunion, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- TETIS, University of Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Benkimoun
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- TETIS, University of Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Floriane Boucher
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Esnault
- GDS Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Guis
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- FOFIFA DRZVP, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Gao X, Wang L, Liu T, Xiao J, Wang H. Effect of agro-ecological landscape on the distribution of Culicoides obsoletus in northeast China. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:693-696. [PMID: 32841531 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides obsoletus is an important pest for animal husbandry. In the world, it is a major vector of bluetongue disease, which has been added to the list of Class A Animal Diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and must be reported in the event of an outbreak. Although numerous studies on Culicoides sampling in farms exist, the distribution of C. obsoletus in different landscapes remains unclear. RESULTS This study aimed to assess the effect of landscape type on the distribution of C. obsoletus. Samples were collected using light traps during spring and fall. The effect of landscape type on the distribution of C. obsoletus samples was measured by the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). Results show that C. obsoletus mainly appears in forests and pastures. CONCLUSION Our results may provide references for controlling the C. obsoletus population and provide suggestions of other areas that may also face the challenge of bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhua Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Christensen SA, Ruder MG, Williams DM, Porter WF, Stallknecht DE. The role of drought as a determinant of hemorrhagic disease in the eastern United States. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3799-3808. [PMID: 32227543 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (HD) virus are globally distributed, vector-borne viruses that infect and cause disease in domestic and wild ruminant species. The forces driving increases in resulting HD may be linked to weather conditions and increasing severity has been noted in northerly latitudes. We evaluated the role of drought severity in both space and time on changes in HD reports across the eastern United States for a recent 15 year period. The objectives of this study were to: (a) develop a spatiotemporal model to evaluate if drought severity explains changing patterns of HD presence; and (b) determine whether this potential risk factor varies in importance over the present range of HD in the eastern United States. Historic data (2000-2014) from an annual HD presence-absence survey conducted by the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study and from the United States Drought Monitor were used for this analysis. For every county in 23 states and for each of 15 years, data were based on reported drought status for August, wetland cover, the physiographic region, and the status of HD in the previous year. We used a generalized linear mixed model to explain HD presence and evaluated spatiotemporal predictors across the region. We found that drought severity was a significant predictor of HD presence and the significance of this relationship was dependent on latitude. In more northerly latitudes, where immunological naivety is most likely, we demonstrated the increasing strength of drought severity as a determinant of reported HD and established the importance of variation in drought severity as a risk factor over the present range of HD in the eastern United States. Our research provides spatially explicit evidence for the link between climate forces and emerging disease patterns across latitude for a globally distributed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Christensen
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David M Williams
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - William F Porter
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ciss M, Biteye B, Fall AG, Fall M, Gahn MCB, Leroux L, Apolloni A. Ecological niche modelling to estimate the distribution of Culicoides, potential vectors of bluetongue virus in Senegal. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:45. [PMID: 31676006 PMCID: PMC6825335 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-borne diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In the Afrotropical region, some are transmitted by Culicoides, such as Akabane, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic fever and African horse sickness viruses. Bluetongue virus infection has an enormous impact on ruminant production, due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. METHODS A nationwide Culicoides trapping campaign was organized at the end of the 2012 rainy season in Senegal. A Maximum Entropy approach (MaxEnt), Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method and Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) were used to develop a predictive spatial model for the distribution of Culicoides, using bio-climatic variables, livestock densities and altitude. RESULTS The altitude, maximum temperature of the warmest month, precipitation of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, temperature seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter and livestock density were among the most important factors to predict suitable habitats of Culicoides. Culicoides occurrences were, in most of the cases, positively correlated to precipitation variables and livestock densities; and negatively correlated to the altitude and temperature indices. The Niayes area and the Groundnut basin were the most suitable habitats predicted. CONCLUSION We present ecological niche models for different Culicoides species, namely C. imicola, C. oxystoma, C. enderleini and C. miombo, potential vectors of bluetongue virus, on a nationwide scale in Senegal. Through our modelling approach, we were able to determine the effect of bioclimatic variables on Culicoides habitats and were able to generate maps for the occurrence of Culicoides species. This information will be helpful in developing risk maps for disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Biram Biteye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Moussa Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
| | - Marie Cicille Ba Gahn
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Louise Leroux
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Dakar, Senegal
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Apolloni
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Senegal
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Murchie AK, Thompson GM, Clawson S, Brown A, Gordon AW, Jess S. Field Evaluation of Deltamethrin and Ivermectin Applications to Cattle on Culicoides Host-Alighting, Blood-Feeding, and Emergence. Viruses 2019; 11:E731. [PMID: 31398840 PMCID: PMC6722592 DOI: 10.3390/v11080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of topical applications of deltamethrin and ivermectin to cattle on Culicoides spp. landing and blood-feeding was studied in this work using sticky traps mounted on Friesian heifers' backs. There was no effect of the insecticides on total numbers of Culicoides trapped or the proportion engorged. Deltamethrin and ivermectin treatment did not prevent blood-feeding on these animals. Deltamethrin did result in significant Culicoides mortality as evidenced by the numbers of dead midges combed from heifers' upper flanks. The proximity of engorged midges on traps to dead midges in the hair suggests that blood-feeding took place despite midges receiving an ultimately lethal dose of deltamethrin. Ivermectin application resulted in a smaller proportion of nulliparous than parous females caught. There was no significant effect of ivermectin on the numbers of Culicoides that emerged from dung samples (but p was small at 0.095 for the Obsoletus group Culicoides). In cases of suspect animal imports, pour-on or spray applications of deltamethrin could reduce the risk of onward transmission of bluetongue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie K Murchie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Geoff M Thompson
- Ulster Farmers' Union, 475 Antrim Road, Belfast BT15 3DA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sam Clawson
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew Brown
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Large Park, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alan W Gordon
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen Jess
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK
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Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, infectious and non-contagious disease of ruminant animals. BT disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) of the genus Orbivirus (the family Reoviridae). BTV is transmitted by certain species of biting midges of the genus Culicoides. Although originally BT was restricted to African continent, now it is present in all the continents except Antarctica. Conventional BT vaccines such as live attenuated and inactivated vaccines showed different degree of success in BT control. However, conventional vaccines have certain disadvantages of reversion to virulent strain and frequent booster dose requirement. Several BT outbreaks in India and the rest of the world open a new insight for development of better vaccines. The development in molecular biology techniques allowed the development and validation of several modern vaccines such as subunit vaccine, recombinant vector vaccine, disabled infections single cycle (DISC) vaccine, differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) approach etc. Most of these vaccines are considered as safer, having better protective immune response and provided cross-protective immunization against more than one serotype. Keywords: bluetongue virus; live vaccine; inactivated vaccine; DISC; recombinant vaccine.
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Kangethe RT, Pichler R, Chuma FNJ, Cattoli G, Wijewardana V. Bovine monocyte derived dendritic cell based assay for measuring vaccine immunogenicity in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 197:39-48. [PMID: 29475505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During both human and animal vaccine development phases, animal testing is necessary to demonstrate vaccine efficacy. Since the number of antigen candidates for testing is usually large when developing a potential vaccine, it is too costly, time consuming and would involve higher risks to carry out selection using in vivo models. The currently available in vitro assays that measure immunogenicity do not adequately reproduce the in vivo state and this is especially true for vaccine research in livestock species. With this in mind, we have developed a bovine monocyte derived dendritic cell (MODC)s based assay to prime CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in order to investigate vaccine immunogenicity in vitro. MODCs were generated, pulsed with diphtheria toxoid (DT) and co-cultured with lymphocytes for priming. Immunogenicity was measured through antigen recall when antigen pulsed MODC were re-introduced to the co-culture and proliferation of CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes were quantified using expressed Ki-67. Having developed the protocol for the assay, we then employed two licenced vaccines against blue tongue virus and rabies virus to validate the assay. Our results show the ability of the assay to satisfactorily measure immunogenicity in cattle. The assay could be used to identify antigens that induce CD4 and CD8 T cell responses prior to embarking on in vivo experiments and can also be used for the quality control of established vaccines in vaccine production facilities as a supplement for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Pichler
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francis N J Chuma
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
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Mukhopadhyay E, Hazra S, Saha GK, Banerjee D. Altitudinal variation and bio-climatic variables influencing the potential distribution of Culicoides orientalis Macfie, 1932, suspected vector of Bluetongue virus across the North Eastern Himalayan belt of Sikkim. Acta Trop 2017; 176:402-411. [PMID: 28935556 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Culicoides orientalis was first recorded from Sikkim, in the year 1963, but no evidence based disease outbreak were available. In the last 50 years, 260 Bluetongue disease outbreaks caused by Culicoides species have been evidenced from India. Moreover, in recent years with increase of average temperature worldwide and increase in longevity of arthropod vectors like Culicoides along with a geographical range shift to new suitable warmer regions has increased the potentiality of vector borne disease outbreak throughout the world. The Himalayan range of Sikkim in India is a biodiversity hotspot and is extremely sensitive to such global climate changes. An attempt has been made to evaluate the altitude, climate and environmental data on selected study sites of Sikkim for a period of two years (2014-2015) for discerning potential distribution of C.orientalis in this region. The altitude, temperature, precipitation and potential distribution range maps of C. orientalis showed the areas of highest species abundance within the altitudinal range of 550-1830m, with some species extending its range up to 3750m, with average precipitation of 2010-2590mm and mean temperature of 11-18°C. The Maximum Entropy Modelling (MaxEnt) and the Jackknife test of the MaxEnt model further revealed that the major contributing factors governing C. orientalis distribution are annual precipitation (78.8%), followed by precipitation of driest quarter (8.3%) and mean temperature of the warmest quarter (3.3%). Accuracy of the study was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC=0.860). The Biplot on F1-F2 axes (N=16, α=0.05) in the PCA showed the linear depiction of all the variables considered in our study, major contributors were annual precipitation, precipitation of driest quarter and mean temperature of warmest quarter being the primary factors governing species distribution, as analogous to results of the MaxEnt model. This study would help in developing strategies for monitoring and managing surveillance programmes to control the chances of disease spread to livestock animals and also validate the predictions on the eventual spread of the vector midges to higher altitudes of Sikkim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emon Mukhopadhyay
- Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, India; Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India.
| | - Surajit Hazra
- Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | - Dhriti Banerjee
- Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, India
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Veggiani Aybar CA, Díaz Gomez RA, Dantur Juri MJ, Lizarralde de Grosso MS, Spinelli GR. Potential Distribution Map of Culicoides insignis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Vector of Bluetongue Virus, in Northwestern Argentina. J Insect Sci 2016; 16:iew028. [PMID: 28076283 PMCID: PMC7175915 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides insignis Lutz is incriminated as a vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) to ruminants in America. In South America, almost all countries have serological evidence of BTV infections, but only four outbreaks of the disease have been reported. Although clinical diseases have never been cited in Argentina, viral activity has been detected in cattle. In this study, we developed a potential distribution map of Culicoides insignis populations in northwestern Argentina using Maximum Entropy Modeling (Maxent). For the analyses, information regarding both data of specimen collections between 2003 and 2013, and climatic and environmental variables was used. Variables selection was based on the ecological relevance in relation to Culicoides spp. biology and distribution in the area. The best Maxent model according to the Jackknife test included 53 C. insignis presence records and precipitation of the warmest quarter, altitude, and precipitation of the wettest month. Accuracy was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC = 0.97). These results provide an important analytical resource of high potential for both the development of suitable control strategies and the assessment of disease transmission risk in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Veggiani Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Entomología "Dr. Abraham Willink," Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, Argentina (; ),
| | - Romina A Díaz Gomez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Crisóstomo Álvarez 722, Tucumán, Argentina (; ; du.ar)
- Cátedra Manejo Integral de Cuencas Hidrográficas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113, La Plata, Argentina , and
| | - María J Dantur Juri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Crisóstomo Álvarez 722, Tucumán, Argentina (; ; du.ar)
| | - Mercedes S Lizarralde de Grosso
- Instituto Superior de Entomología "Dr. Abraham Willink," Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, Tucumán, Argentina (; )
| | - Gustavo R Spinelli
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Crisóstomo Álvarez 722, Tucumán, Argentina (; ; du.ar)
- División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Napp S, Allepuz A, Purse BV, Casal J, García-Bocanegra I, Burgin LE, Searle KR. Understanding Spatio-Temporal Variability in the Reproduction Ratio of the Bluetongue (BTV-1) Epidemic in Southern Spain (Andalusia) in 2007 Using Epidemic Trees. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151151. [PMID: 26963397 PMCID: PMC4786328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Andalusia (Southern Spain) is considered one of the main routes of introduction of bluetongue virus (BTV) into Europe, evidenced by a devastating epidemic caused by BTV-1 in 2007. Understanding the pattern and the drivers of BTV-1 spread in Andalusia is critical for effective detection and control of future epidemics. A long-standing metric for quantifying the behaviour of infectious diseases is the case-reproduction ratio (Rt), defined as the average number of secondary cases arising from a single infected case at time t (for t>0). Here we apply a method using epidemic trees to estimate the between-herd case reproduction ratio directly from epidemic data allowing the spatial and temporal variability in transmission to be described. We then relate this variability to predictors describing the hosts, vectors and the environment to better understand why the epidemic spread more quickly in some regions or periods. The Rt value for the BTV-1 epidemic in Andalusia peaked in July at 4.6, at the start of the epidemic, then decreased to 2.2 by August, dropped below 1 by September (0.8), and by October it had decreased to 0.02. BTV spread was the consequence of both local transmission within established disease foci and BTV expansion to distant new areas (i.e. new foci), which resulted in a high variability in BTV transmission, not only among different areas, but particularly through time, which suggests that general control measures applied at broad spatial scales are unlikely to be effective. This high variability through time was probably due to the impact of temperature on BTV transmission, as evidenced by a reduction in the value of Rt by 0.0041 for every unit increase (day) in the extrinsic incubation period (EIP), which is itself directly dependent on temperature. Moreover, within the range of values at which BTV-1 transmission occurred in Andalusia (20.6°C to 29.5°C) there was a positive correlation between temperature and Rt values, although the relationship was not linear, probably as a result of the complex relationship between temperature and the different parameters affecting BTV transmission. Rt values for BTV-1 in Andalusia fell below the threshold of 1 when temperatures dropped below 21°C, a much higher threshold than that reported in other BTV outbreaks, such as the BTV-8 epidemic in Northern Europe. This divergence may be explained by differences in the adaptation to temperature of the main vectors of the BTV-1 epidemic in Andalusia (Culicoides imicola) compared those of the BTV-8 epidemic in Northern Europe (Culicoides obsoletus). Importantly, we found that BTV transmission (Rt value) increased significantly in areas with higher densities of sheep. Our analysis also established that control of BTV-1 in Andalusia was complicated by the simultaneous establishment of several distant foci at the start of the epidemic, which may have been caused by several independent introductions of infected vectors from the North of Africa. We discuss the implications of these findings for BTV surveillance and control in this region of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - A. Allepuz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B. V. Purse
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Bldg, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - J. Casal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Campus Universitario de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - L. E. Burgin
- Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB United Kingdom
| | - K. R. Searle
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Summary Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of non-African ungulates, principally sheep. The disease results from vascular injury analogous to that of human haemorrhagic viral fevers, with characteristic tissue infarction, haemorrhage, vascular leakage, oedema, and hypovolaemic shock. Importantly, BT is not zoonotic. Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection of ruminants and vector Culicoides midges is endemic throughout many tropical and temperate regions of the world; however, within this global range the virus exists within relatively discrete ecosystems (syn. episystems) where specific constellations of BTV serotypes are spread by different species of biting Culicoides midges. Recently discovered goat-associated BTVs, notably BTV serotype 25 (BTV-25) in central Europe, appear to have distinctive biological properties and an epidemiology that is not reliant on Culicoides midges as vectors for virus transmission. Bluetongue virus infection of ruminants is often subclinical, but outbreaks of severe disease occur regularly at the upper and lower limits of the virus's global range, where infection is distinctly seasonal. There have been recent regional alterations in the global distribution of BTV infection, particularly in Europe. It is proposed that climate change is responsible for these events through its impact on vector midges. However, the role of anthropogenic factors in mediating emergence of BTV into new areas remains poorly defined; for example, it is not clear to what extent anthropogenic factors were responsible for the recent translocation to northern and eastern Europe of live attenuated vaccine viruses and an especially virulent strain of BTV-8 with distinctive properties. Without thorough characterisation of all environmental and anthropogenic drivers of the recent emergence of BT in northern Europe and elsewhere, it is difficult to predict what the future holds in terms of global emergence of BTV infection. Accurate and convenient laboratory tests are available for the sensitive and specific serological and virological diagnosis of BTV infection and confirmation of BT in animals. Prevention and control strategies for BT are largely reactive in nature, and typically are reliant on vaccination of susceptible livestock and restrictions on animal trade and movement.
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