1
|
Mimura Y, Hiono T, Huynh LT, Ogino S, Kobayashi M, Isoda N, Sakoda Y. Establishment of a superinfection exclusion method for pestivirus titration using a recombinant reporter pestiviruses. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:389-395. [PMID: 38355118 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.24-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are classified into two biotypes based on their cytopathogenicity. As the majority of pestivirus field isolates are noncytopathogenic, their titration requires alternative methods rather than direct observation of cytopathogenic effects, such as immunostaining using specific antibodies or interference with cytopathogenic strains. However, these methods require microscopic observation to assess virus growth, which is time- and labor-intensive, especially when handling several samples. In this study, we developed a novel luciferase-based pestivirus titration method using the superinfection exclusion phenomenon with recombinant reporter pestiviruses that possessed an 11-amino-acid subunit derived from NanoLuc luciferase (HiBiT). In this method, swine kidney cells were inoculated with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and superinfected with the reporter CSFV vGPE-/HiBiT 5 days postinoculation. Virus titer was determined based on virus growth measured in luminescence using the culture fluid 3 days after superinfection; the resultant virus titer was comparable to that obtained by immunoperoxidase staining. Furthermore, this method has proven to be applicable for the titration of border disease virus (BDV) by superinfection with both the homologous reporter BDV and heterologous reporter CSFV, suggesting that this novel virus titration method is a simple technique for automated virus detection based on the luciferase system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yume Mimura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Loc Tan Huynh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Saho Ogino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Maya Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aitkenhead H, Riedel C, Cowieson N, Rümenapf HT, Stuart DI, El Omari K. Structural comparison of typical and atypical E2 pestivirus glycoproteins. Structure 2024; 32:273-281.e4. [PMID: 38176409 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pestiviruses, within the family Flaviviridae, are economically important viruses of livestock. In recent years, new pestiviruses have been reported in domestic animals and non-cloven-hoofed animals. Among them, atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) and Norway rat pestivirus (NRPV) have relatively little sequence conservation in their surface glycoprotein E2. Despite E2 being the main target for neutralizing antibodies and necessary for cell attachment and viral fusion, the mechanism of viral entry remains elusive. To gain further insights into the pestivirus E2 mechanism of action and to assess its diversity within the genus, we report X-ray structures of the pestivirus E2 proteins from APPV and NRPV. Despite the highly divergent structures, both are able to dimerize through their C-terminal domain and contain a solvent-exposed β-hairpin reported to be involved in host receptor binding. Functional analysis of this β-hairpin in the context of BVDV revealed its ability to rescue viral infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Aitkenhead
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christiane Riedel
- CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, University Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Hans Tillmann Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - David I Stuart
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sailer A, Wallner A, Haidegger M, Dünser M. [Pestiviruses in sheep and goats in Austria: Options for integration into the bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) monitoring program]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2023; 165:783-791. [PMID: 38014544 DOI: doi.org/10.17236/sat00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the successful eradication of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle in Austria, the risk of infections with the border disease virus (BDV) remains. Both viruses belong to the pestivirus genus. BDV infections lead to false-positive results in BVDV surveillance. This can be attributed to the contact to small ruminant populations. In particular, keeping cattle together with sheep or goats on a farm or alpine pasture are significant risk factors. Between 2015 and 2022, BDV type 3 was detected in 15 cattles in Austria. These animals were almost exclusively persistently infected calves. However, a positive antibody result for pestiviruses can lead to an extremely time-consuming and costly, and not always successful search for the source of the infection if no active virus excretor is found. This study documents how small ruminants can be integrated into pestivirus monitoring with a manageable amount of work and costs. 23 406 sheep and goat samples from two brucellosis surveillance programs in small ruminants were analyzed retrospectively. Blood samples were examined using pestivirus real-time pool RT-PCR (qPCR). Direct virus detection of BDV-3 was achieved in 40 sheep from five different federal states. Over the entire investigation period a further 37 detections of BDV-3 were found in cattle, sheep and goats outside of this study throughout Austria. This study accounts for 52 % of all border disease detections from 2015 to 2022. By including small ruminants in pestivirus monitoring, the disruptive factor BDV and the risk of its introduction into cattle herds can be significantly minimized in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sailer
- Institut für Veterinärmedizinische Untersuchungen Innsbruck
| | - A Wallner
- Institut für Veterinärmedizinische Untersuchungen Innsbruck
| | - M Haidegger
- Institut für Veterinärmedizinische Untersuchungen Innsbruck
| | - M Dünser
- Institut für Veterinärmedizinische Untersuchungen Innsbruck
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun X, Zhang Q, Shan H, Cao Z, Huang J. Genome characteristics of atypical porcine pestivirus from abortion cases in Shandong Province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:282. [PMID: 38031135 PMCID: PMC10688472 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a novel, highly variable porcine pestivirus. Previous reports have suggested that the virus is associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets, and little information is available about the correlation between the virus and sow abortion, or on coinfection with other viruses. In China, reported APPV strains were mainly isolated from South China and Central China, and data about the APPV genome from northern China are relatively scarce. METHODS Eleven umbilical cords, one placenta, and one aborted piglet, were collected from aborted sows of the same farm in Shandong Province of northern China. Nucleic acids were extracted from the above samples, and subsequently pooled for viral metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The viral coexistence status and complete genome characteristics of APPV in Shandong Province were determined. RESULTS In abortion cases, APPV was present with Getah virus, porcine picobirnavirus, porcine kobuvirus, porcine sapovirus, Po-Circo-like virus, porcine serum-associated circular virus, porcine bocavirus 1, porcine parvovirus 1, porcine parvovirus 3 and porcine circovirus 3, etc. The first complete genome sequence(11,556 nt) of APPV in Shandong Province of northern China, was obtained using viral metagenomics and designated APPV-SDHY-2022. Comparison with Chinese reference strains revealed that the polyprotein of APPV-SDHY-2022 shared 82.6-84.2%, 93.2-93.6%, and 80.7-85% nucleotide identity and 91.4-92.4%, 96.4-97.7%, and 90.6-92.2% amino acid identity with those of the Clade I, Clade II and Clade III strains, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete polyprotein CDS and NS5A sequences concluded that APPV-SDHY-2022 belongs to Clade II. Analysis of the NS5A nucleotide sequences revealed homology of greater than 94.6% for the same isoform, 84.7-94.5% for different isoforms of the same clade and 76.8-81.1% for different clades. Therefore, Clade II was further divided into three subclades, and APPV-SDHY-2022 belonged to subclade 2.3. Members of Clade II have 20 unique amino acids in individual proteins, distinguishing them from Clade I and Clade III members. The E2 protein showed the greatest diversity of putative N-glycosylation sites with 9 patterns, and APPV-SDHY-2022 along with other Chinese APPV strains shared the conserved B-cell conformational epitope residues 39E, 70R, 173R, 190K and 191N of the E2 protein. CONCLUSIONS We reported viral coexistence and the first complete genome sequence of APPV from abortion cases and from Shandong Province. The new APPV isolate belongs to an independent branch of Clade II. Our results increase the molecular and epidemiological understanding of APPV in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao, China.
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shiokawa M, Morita Y, Nagai M, Haritani M, Aoki H. Isolation and artificial production of atypical porcine pestivirus, using the swine-kidney-derived cell line SK-L. Arch Virol 2023; 168:294. [PMID: 37981594 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Congenital tremor (CT) in piglets was first reported in 1922, and although the causative pathogen was unknown for many years, atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was recently shown to be the cause. APPV is difficult to isolate, and there have been few reports of APPV isolated from field materials. Here, we successfully isolated infectious particles from a tonsillar emulsion from a CT-affected piglet using the established swine-kidney-derived cell line SK-L. In addition, we produced APPV artificially using these cells. Thus, SK-L cells are useful for both isolation and artificial production of APPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Shiokawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yui Morita
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Makoto Haritani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
- Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Graduate school of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stenberg H, Malmberg M, Hayer J. Screening for atypical porcine pestivirus in Swedish boar semen used for artificial insemination and a characterisation of the seminal RNA microbiome including the virome. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:219. [PMID: 37864222 PMCID: PMC10588136 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to characterise the RNA microbiome, including the virome of extended semen from Swedish breeding boars, with particular focus on Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). This neurotropic virus, associated with congenital tremor type A-II in piglets, was recently demonstrated to induce the disease through insemination with semen from infected boars. RESULTS From 124 Artificial Insemination (AI) doses from Swedish breeding boars, APPV was detected in one dose in addition to a sparse seminal RNA virome, characterised by retroviruses, phages, and some fecal-associated contaminants. The detected seminal microbiome was large and characterized by Gram-negative bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria, mainly consisting of apathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. The proportion of bacteria with a pathogenic potential was low, and no antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected in the datasets. CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicate a good health status among Swedish breeding boars. The detection of APPV in semen raises the question of whether routine screening for APPV in breeding boars should be instigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Stenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, P.O. Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juliette Hayer
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buckley AC, Mora-Díaz JC, Magtoto RL, Hulzen AV, Ferreyra FM, Falkenberg SM, Giménez-Lirola LG, Arruda BL. Dynamics of Infection of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in Commercial Pigs from Birth to Market: A Longitudinal Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1767. [PMID: 37632109 PMCID: PMC10458225 DOI: 10.3390/v15081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was found to be associated with pigs demonstrating congenital tremors (CT), and clinical signs in pigs have been reproduced after experimental challenge. Subsequently, APPV has been identified in both symptomatic and asymptomatic swine of all ages globally. The objective of this research was to perform a longitudinal study following two cohorts of pigs, those born in litters with pigs exhibiting CT and those born in litters without CT, to analyze the virus and antibody dynamics of APPV infection in serum from birth to market. There was a wide range in the percentage of affected pigs (8-75%) within CT-positive litters. After co-mingling with CT-positive litters at weaning, pigs from CT-negative litters developed viremia that was cleared after approximately 2 months, with the majority seroconverting by the end of the study. In contrast, a greater percentage of pigs exhibiting CT remained PCR positive throughout the growing phase, with less than one-third of these animals seroconverting. APPV RNA was present in multiple tissues from pigs in both groups at the time of marketing. This study improved our understanding of the infection dynamics of APPV in swine and the impact that the immune status and timing of infection have on the persistence of APPV in serum and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Ronaldo L. Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Amberly Van Hulzen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Franco Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Bailey L. Arruda
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giangaspero M, Zhang S. Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species genotypes circulating in China and Turkey. Open Vet J 2023; 13:903-931. [PMID: 37614735 PMCID: PMC10443820 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i7.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pestivirus A Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) is a heterogeneous species within the genus, affecting cattle and other ruminants, with economic impact on livestock production. Aim The study aimed to update the taxonomy of the Pestivirus A, BVDV-1 species and to verify the clustering of the strains reported as genotype 1v, originating from different countries. Methods Recently deposited strains from China, Turkey, and Iran have been evaluated by the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) genotyping method. Results Based on secondary structure analysis of the 5'-UTR sequences, strains reported as 1v from China were clustered as sub genotype 1.7.3 (1o). Genotype 1.19 (1w) was restricted to China and genotype 1.21 (1v) was present only in Turkey and Iran. Conclusion The application of the PNS method clarified the taxonomical status of strains, revealing the homonymy of genetically different clusters. Furthermore, these observations indicated geographic segregation in the Pestivirus A species, and confirmed the occurrence of new atypical genetic variants, with potential implications on control and prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuquin Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliver MR, Toon K, Lewis CB, Devlin S, Gifford RJ, Grove J. Structures of the Hepaci-, Pegi-, and Pestiviruses envelope proteins suggest a novel membrane fusion mechanism. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002174. [PMID: 37432947 PMCID: PMC10335668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encode specialised glycoproteins that mediate fusion of viral and host membranes. Discovery and understanding of the molecular mechanisms of fusion have been achieved through structural analyses of glycoproteins from many different viruses, and yet the fusion mechanisms of some viral genera remain unknown. We have employed systematic genome annotation and AlphaFold modelling to predict the structures of the E1E2 glycoproteins from 60 viral species in the Hepacivirus, Pegivirus, and Pestivirus genera. While the predicted structure of E2 varied widely, E1 exhibited a very consistent fold across genera, despite little or no similarity at the sequence level. Critically, the structure of E1 is unlike any other known viral glycoprotein. This suggests that the Hepaci-, Pegi-, and Pestiviruses may possess a common and novel membrane fusion mechanism. Comparison of E1E2 models from various species reveals recurrent features that are likely to be mechanistically important and sheds light on the evolution of membrane fusion in these viral genera. These findings provide new fundamental understanding of viral membrane fusion and are relevant to structure-guided vaccinology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Oliver
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kamilla Toon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte B. Lewis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Devlin
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wen S, Li X, Lv X, Liu K, Ren J, Zhai J, Song Y. Current progress on innate immune evasion mediated by Npro protein of pestiviruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1136051. [PMID: 37090696 PMCID: PMC10115221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1136051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN), the most effective antiviral cytokine, is involved in innate and adaptive immune responses and is essential to the host defense against virus invasion. Once the host was infected by pathogens, the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were recognized by the host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which activates interferon regulatory transcription factors (IRFs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway to induce IFN expression. Pathogens have acquired many strategies to escape the IFN-mediated antiviral immune response. Pestiviruses cause massive economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide every year. The immune escape strategies acquired by pestiviruses during evolution are among the major difficulties in its control. Previous experiments indicated that Erns, as an envelope glycoprotein unique to pestiviruses with RNase activity, could cleave viral ss- and dsRNAs, therefore inhibiting the host IFN production induced by viral ss- and dsRNAs. In contrast, Npro, the other envelope glycoprotein unique to pestiviruses, mainly stimulates the degradation of transcription factor IRF-3 to confront the IFN response. This review mainly summarized the current progress on mechanisms mediated by Npro of pestiviruses to antagonize IFN production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
- Beef Cattle Disease Control and Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Xintong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Lv
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Beef Cattle Disease Control and Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Beef Cattle Disease Control and Engineering Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingqiang Ren
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jingqiang Ren, ; Jingbo Zhai, ; Yang Song,
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
- *Correspondence: Jingqiang Ren, ; Jingbo Zhai, ; Yang Song,
| | - Yang Song
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
- *Correspondence: Jingqiang Ren, ; Jingbo Zhai, ; Yang Song,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
La Polla R, Goumaidi A, Daniau M, Legras-Lachuer C, De Saint-Vis B. NGS method by library enrichment for rapid pestivirus purity testing in biologics. Vaccine 2023; 41:855-861. [PMID: 36564275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NGS sequencing was evaluated to understand its added value for animal health vaccine candidates. We have previously established the proof of concept for its application in purity testing on several Master Seeds. Here we evaluate the NGS method after enrichment to detect pestiviruses. To achieve this, we conducted a spiking study using 6 viruses, consisting of 3 pestiviruses and 3 other RNA-viruses at different concentrations into cell suspension. A deep Illumina random sequencing of all nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) was performed. The bioinformatics analysis including both assembly into contigs and annotation were processed using viral public databases for the spiked viruses' identification. Here we present the results of spiking experiments for the simultaneous spike of 6 viruses at 100-10 and 1 TCID50/ml. Using Illumina sequencing, the 3 pestiviruses were all detected at the highest concentration, and even at the lowest one such as 1 TCID50/ml for CSFV. Regarding the other viruses, they were not detected at all. Overall, the study showed consistent results for specific detection of pestiviruses with an increase of sensitivity after enrichment. The sensitivity of NGS evaluated by virus spiking experiments of cells demonstrated that NGS method is a valuable and sensitive tool for specific agent detection required in purity testing during vaccine development. This NGS method should be considered as an alternative tool of current purity testing for the prospective testing of biological products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi La Polla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Site Lyon porte des Alpes, 813 cours du 3eme Millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France; Laboratoire d'Écologie Microbienne - UMR 5557, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Abdelghafar Goumaidi
- Viroscan3D, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Maïlys Daniau
- Viroscan3D, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Legras-Lachuer
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Microbienne - UMR 5557, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Blandine De Saint-Vis
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Site Lyon porte des Alpes, 813 cours du 3eme Millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yuan M, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Abid M, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Different Types of Vaccines against Pestiviral Infections: "Barriers" for " Pestis". Viruses 2022; 15:2. [PMID: 36680043 PMCID: PMC9860862 DOI: 10.3390/v15010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae mainly comprises classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), and multiple new pestivirus species such as atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), giraffe pestivirus, and antelope pestivirus. Pestiviruses cause infectious diseases, resulting in tremendous economic losses to animal husbandry. Different types of pestivirus vaccines have been developed to control and prevent these important animal diseases. In recent years, pestiviruses have shown great potential as viral vectors for developing multivalent vaccines. This review analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various pestivirus vaccines, including live attenuated pestivirus strains, genetically engineered marker pestiviruses, and pestivirus-based multivalent vaccines. This review provides new insights into the development of novel vaccines against emerging pestiviruses, such as APPV and ovine pestivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stokholm I, Fischer N, Baechlein C, Postel A, Galatius A, Kyhn LA, Thøstesen CB, Persson S, Siebert U, Olsen MT, Becher P. In the Search of Marine Pestiviruses: First Case of Phocoena Pestivirus in a Belt Sea Harbour Porpoise. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010161. [PMID: 35062365 PMCID: PMC8780987 DOI: 10.3390/v14010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are widespread pathogens causing severe acute and chronic diseases among terrestrial mammals. Recently, Phocoena pestivirus (PhoPeV) was described in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) of the North Sea, expanding the host range to marine mammals. While the role of the virus is unknown, intrauterine infections with the most closely related pestiviruses— Bungowannah pestivirus (BuPV) and Linda virus (LindaV)—can cause increased rates of abortions and deaths in young piglets. Such diseases could severely impact already vulnerable harbour porpoise populations. Here, we investigated the presence of PhoPeV in 77 harbour porpoises, 277 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seals (Pusa hispida) collected in the Baltic Sea region between 2002 and 2019. The full genome sequence of a pestivirus was obtained from a juvenile female porpoise collected along the coast of Zealand in Denmark in 2011. The comparative Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed a close relationship between the new PhoPeV sequence and previously published North Sea sequences with a recent divergence from genotype 1 sequences between 2005 and 2009. Our findings provide further insight into the circulation of PhoPeV and expand the distribution from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea region with possible implications for the vulnerable Belt Sea and endangered Baltic Proper harbour porpoise populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iben Stokholm
- Evolutionary Genomics Section, GLOBE, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.S.); (M.T.O.)
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstr. 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany;
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Christine Baechlein
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anders Galatius
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (A.G.); (L.A.K.)
| | - Line Anker Kyhn
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; (A.G.); (L.A.K.)
| | | | - Sara Persson
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstr. 6, 25761 Büsum, Germany;
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Evolutionary Genomics Section, GLOBE, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark; (I.S.); (M.T.O.)
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (C.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Golender N, Bumbarov V, Kovtunenko A, David D, Guini-Rubinstein M, Sol A, Beer M, Eldar A, Wernike K. Identification and Genetic Characterization of Viral Pathogens in Ruminant Gestation Abnormalities, Israel, 2015-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112136. [PMID: 34834943 PMCID: PMC8619439 DOI: 10.3390/v13112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents including viruses are important abortifacients and can cause fetal abnormalities in livestock animals. Here, samples that had been collected in Israel from aborted or malformed ruminant fetuses between 2015 and 2019 were investigated for the presence of the following viruses: the reoviruses bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), the flaviviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), the peribunyaviruses Shuni virus (SHUV) and Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Domestic (cattle, sheep, goat) and wild/zoo ruminants were included in the study. The presence of viral nucleic acid or antigen could be confirmed in 21.8 % of abnormal pregnancies (213 out of 976 investigated cases), with peribunyaviruses, reoviruses and pestiviruses being the most prevalent. At least four different BTV serotypes were involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in Israel. The subtyping of pestiviruses revealed the presence of two BDV and several distinct BVDV type 1 strains. The peribunyaviruses AKAV and SHUV were identified annually throughout the study period, however, variation in the extent of virus circulation could be observed between the years. In 2018, AKAV even represented the most detected pathogen in cases of small domestic ruminant gestation abnormalities. In conclusion, it was shown that various viruses are involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in ruminants in Israel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-8949; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Dan David
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Marisol Guini-Rubinstein
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Asaf Sol
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Avi Eldar
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
This focus article has been prepared by Arthur Otter, Nick Torrens and Lucy Martindale of the APHA Cattle Expert Group, Penrith Veterinary Investigation Centre and Surveillance Intelligence Unit, respectively.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lussi C, de Martin E, Schweizer M. Positively Charged Amino Acids in the Pestiviral E rns Control Cell Entry, Endoribonuclease Activity and Innate Immune Evasion. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081581. [PMID: 34452446 PMCID: PMC8402660 DOI: 10.3390/v13081581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes four economically important viruses of livestock, i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1) and -2 (BVDV-2), border disease virus (BDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Erns and Npro, both expressed uniquely by pestiviruses, counteract the host's innate immune defense by interfering with the induction of interferon (IFN) synthesis. The structural envelope protein Erns also exists in a soluble form and, by its endoribonuclease activity, degrades immunostimulatory RNA prior to their activation of pattern recognition receptors. Here, we show that at least three out of four positively-charged residues in the C-terminal glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding site of BVDV-Erns are required for efficient cell entry, and that a positively charged region more upstream is not involved in cell entry but rather in RNA-binding. Moreover, the C-terminal domain on its own determines intracellular targeting, as GFP fused to the C-terminal amino acids of Erns was found at the same compartments as wt Erns. In summary, RNase activity and uptake into cells are both required for Erns to act as an IFN antagonist, and the C-terminal amphipathic helix containing the GAG-binding site determines the efficiency of cell entry and its intracellular localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Lussi
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena de Martin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; (C.L.); (E.d.M.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Postel A, Smith DB, Becher P. Proposed Update to the Taxonomy of Pestiviruses: Eight Additional Species within the Genus Pestivirus, Family Flaviviridae. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081542. [PMID: 34452407 PMCID: PMC8402895 DOI: 10.3390/v13081542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are plus-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae. They comprise several important pathogens like classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus that induce economically important animal diseases. In 2017, the last update of pestivirus taxonomy resulted in demarcation of 11 species designated Pestivirus A through Pestivirus K. Since then, multiple new pestiviruses have been reported including pathogens associated with disease in pigs or small ruminants. In addition, pestivirus sequences have been found during metagenomics analysis of different non-ungulate hosts (bats, rodents, whale, and pangolin), but the consequences of this pestivirus diversity for animal health still need to be established. To provide a systematic classification of the newly discovered viruses, we analyzed the genetic relationship based on complete coding sequences (cds) and deduced polyprotein sequences and calculated pairwise distances that allow species demarcation. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed based on a highly conserved region within the non-structural protein NS5B. Taking into account the genetic relationships observed together with available information about antigenic properties, host origin, and characteristics of disease, we propose to expand the number of pestivirus species to 19 by adding eight additional species designated Pestivirus L through Pestivirus S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Donald B. Smith
- Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK;
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8840
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2014 and it can cause congenital tremors in pigs. Molecular epidemiology serves as an essential tool in monitoring and controlling the disease. Virus epidemiology mainly relies on genome sequencing and phylogenetic characterization. Previous molecular epidemiology studies have been using different genes/regions for phylogeny, namely whole genome, Npro, and E2 coding sequences. However, with increasing number of APPV sequences available in GenBank, no systemic studies have been performed for detailed classification of APPV strains around the globe. The goal of this study is to propose a classification strategy or taxonomy of APPV strains at genotype, subgenotype, and isolate levels. A total of 76 whole genomes and 16 partial polyprotein coding sequences were analyzed for genetic variability and suitability of all individual genes for viral phylogenies. Our results revealed that, among all the viral genes, NS5a coding sequences were proved to be the most suitable alternative for tracing APPV strains supported by its capability of reproducing the same phylogenetic and evolutionary information as the whole viral genome did. Also, a reliable cutoff to accurately classify APPV at different levels is established. We propose a genotyping scheme with three well-defined genotypes (1-3) and 7 subgenotypes for genotype 1 (1.1-1.7). For whole genome analysis, a threshold value of 84%-91% pairwise identity allows separation of all APPV subgenotypes, whereas 80% identity clearly segregate the three major APPV genotypes. For NS5a gene analysis, 82%-91% identity allows subgenotype separation and 76% identity segregate APPV genotypes. Additionally, genetic distance of whole genome exhibits ≤8% in isolate level, 9%-14% in subgenotype level, and 17%-22% in genotype level, while for NS5a encoding sequences the genetic distance displays ≤9% in isolate level, 9.9%-19.1% in subgenotype level, and 21.6%-29.7% in genotype level. These allow a clear segregation among APPV genotypes, subgenotypes, and isolates. Therefore, the proposed strategy in this study provides a solid and improved basis for molecular phylogenetics to understand APPV genetic diversity, trace the origins and control the spread of new disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfeng Yuan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mu Y, Tews BA, Luttermann C, Meyers G. Interaction of Pestiviral E1 and E2 Sequences in Dimer Formation and Intracellular Retention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147285. [PMID: 34298900 PMCID: PMC8306095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses contain three envelope proteins: Erns, E1, and E2. Expression of HA-tagged E1 or mutants thereof showed that E1 forms homodimers and -trimers. C123 and, to a lesser extent, C171, affected the oligomerization of E1 with a double mutant C123S/C171S preventing oligomerization completely. E1 also establishes disulfide linked heterodimers with E2, which are crucial for the recovery of infectious viruses. Co-expression analyses with the HA-tagged E1 wt/E1 mutants and E2 wt/E2 mutants demonstrated that C123 in E1 and C295 in E2 are the critical sites for E1/E2 heterodimer formation. Introduction of mutations preventing E1/E2 heterodimer formation into the full-length infectious clone of BVDV CP7 prevented the recovery of infectious viruses, proving that C123 in E1 and C295 in E2 play an essential role in the BVDV life cycle, and further support the conclusion that heterodimer formation is the crucial step. Interestingly, we found that the retention signal of E1 is mandatory for intracellular localization of the heterodimer, so that absence of the E1 retention signal directs the heterodimer to the cell surface even though the E2 retention signal is still present. The covalent linkage between E1 and E2 plays an essential role for this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mu
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (Y.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Birke Andrea Tews
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (Y.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (Y.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-3835-171-0
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Riedel C, Aitkenhead H, El Omari K, Rümenapf T. Atypical Porcine Pestiviruses: Relationships and Conserved Structural Features. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050760. [PMID: 33926056 PMCID: PMC8146772 DOI: 10.3390/v13050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For two decades, the genus pestivirus has been expanding and the host range now extends to rodents, bats and marine mammals. In this review, we focus on one of the most diverse pestiviruses, atypical porcine pestivirus or pestivirus K, comparing its special traits to what is already known at the structural and functional level from other pestiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Riedel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hazel Aitkenhead
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (H.A.); (K.E.O.)
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Kamel El Omari
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (H.A.); (K.E.O.)
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Oetter KM, Kühn J, Meyers G. Charged Residues in the Membrane Anchor of the Pestiviral E rns Protein Are Important for Processing and Secretion of E rns and Recovery of Infectious Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030444. [PMID: 33801849 PMCID: PMC8002126 DOI: 10.3390/v13030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pestivirus envelope protein Erns is anchored in membranes via a long amphipathic helix. Despite the unusual membrane topology of the Erns membrane anchor, it is cleaved from the following glycoprotein E1 by cellular signal peptidase. This was proposed to be enabled by a salt bridge-stabilized hairpin structure (so-called charge zipper) formed by conserved charged residues in the membrane anchor. We show here that the exchange of one or several of these charged residues reduces processing at the Erns carboxy-terminus to a variable extend, but reciprocal mutations restoring the possibility to form salt bridges did not necessarily restore processing efficiency. When introduced into an Erns-only expression construct, these mutations enhanced the naturally occurring Erns secretion significantly, but again to varying extents that did not correlate with the number of possible salt bridges. Equivalent effects on both processing and secretion were also observed when the proteins were expressed in avian cells, which points at phylogenetic conservation of the underlying principles. In the viral genome, some of the mutations prevented recovery of infectious viruses or immediately (pseudo)reverted, while others were stable and neutral with regard to virus growth.
Collapse
|
22
|
de Bernadi Schneider A, Jacob Machado D, Guirales S, Janies DA. FLAVi: An Enhanced Annotator for Viral Genomes of Flaviviridae. Viruses 2020; 12:E892. [PMID: 32824044 PMCID: PMC7472247 DOI: 10.3390/v12080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Responding to the ongoing and severe public health threat of viruses of the family Flaviviridae, including dengue, hepatitis C, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika, demands a greater understanding of how these viruses emerge and spread. Updated phylogenies are central to this understanding. Most cladograms of Flaviviridae focus on specific lineages and ignore outgroups, hampering the efficacy of the analysis to test ingroup monophyly and relationships. This is due to the lack of annotated Flaviviridae genomes, which has gene content variation among genera. This variation makes analysis without partitioning difficult. Therefore, we developed an annotation pipeline for the genera of Flaviviridae (Flavirirus, Hepacivirus, Pegivirus, and Pestivirus, named "Fast Loci Annotation of Viruses" (FLAVi; http://flavi-web.com/), that combines ab initio and homology-based strategies. FLAVi recovered 100% of the genes in Flavivirus and Hepacivirus genomes. In Pegivirus and Pestivirus, annotation efficiency was 100% except for one partition each. There were no false positives. The combined phylogenetic analysis of multiple genes made possible by annotation has clear impacts over the tree topology compared to phylogenies that we inferred without outgroups or data partitioning. The final tree is largely congruent with previous hypotheses and adds evidence supporting the close phylogenetic relationship between dengue and Zika.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano de Bernadi Schneider
- AntiViral Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA;
| | - Denis Jacob Machado
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (S.G.); (D.A.J.)
| | - Sayal Guirales
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (S.G.); (D.A.J.)
| | - Daniel A. Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (S.G.); (D.A.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dalmann A, Wernike K, Snijder EJ, Oreshkova N, Reimann I, Beer M. Single-Round Infectious Particle Production by DNA-Launched Infectious Clones of Bungowannah Pestivirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080847. [PMID: 32759644 PMCID: PMC7472241 DOI: 10.3390/v12080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetics systems are powerful tools for functional studies of viral genes or for vaccine development. Here, we established DNA-launched reverse genetics for the pestivirus Bungowannah virus (BuPV), where cDNA flanked by a hammerhead ribozyme sequence at the 5′ end and the hepatitis delta ribozyme at the 3′ end was placed under the control of the CMV RNA polymerase II promoter. Infectious recombinant BuPV could be rescued from pBuPV-DNA-transfected SK-6 cells and it had very similar growth characteristics to BuPV generated by conventional RNA-based reverse genetics and wild type BuPV. Subsequently, DNA-based ERNS deleted BuPV split genomes (pBuPV∆ERNS/ERNS)—co-expressing the ERNS protein from a separate synthetic CAG promoter—were constructed and characterized in vitro. Overall, DNA-launched BuPV genomes enable a rapid and cost-effective generation of recombinant BuPV and virus mutants, however, the protein expression efficiency of the DNA-launched systems after transfection is very low and needs further optimization in the future to allow the use e.g., as vaccine platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dalmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.); (K.W.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.); (K.W.)
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Nadia Oreshkova
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.J.S.); (N.O.)
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.); (K.W.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo Z, Wang L, Qiao S, Deng R, Zhang G. Genetic characterization and recombination analysis of atypical porcine pestivirus. Infect Genet Evol 2020; 81:104259. [PMID: 32087344 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is recognised as the etiology of congenital tremor (CT) Type A-II and poses a challenge to pig production. Here, we described a CT case in piglets caused by APPV infection in central China in 2017. Interestingly, different from a previous report, more CT litters were observed in the second and third parity sows compared to the first and fourth parity. Evolutionary analysis and recombination evaluation were conducted for the isolate and 61 APPV genomes were available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high level of genetic variation of APPV and the coexistence of three clades (Clades I-III) in China. The isolate was clustered into Clade I, which seemed to be prevalent worldwide and displayed higher genetic variability (Subgroups 1-4) compared with Clade II and Clade III, both of which were only reported in China. Notably, three putative recombinants were identified and characterized in APPV. The recombination events occurred in inter-clades (Clade II and III) or intra-clades (Clade I). To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first evidence of homologous recombination within Pestivirus K. These results provide new clinical presentations of APPV infection and may be helpful in better understanding the large amount of genetic variations in this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Choe S, Park GN, Cha RM, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) Detected in South Korean Wild Boars. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060680. [PMID: 32599836 PMCID: PMC7354535 DOI: 10.3390/v12060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), currently classified as pestivirus K, causes congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets. Eighteen APPV strains were identified from 2297 South Korean wild boars captured in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis of the structural protein E2 and nonstructural proteins NS3 and Npro classified the APPV viruses, including reference strains, into Clades I, II and III. Clade I was divided into four subclades; however, the strains belonging to the four subclades differed slightly, depending on the tree analysis, the NS3, E2, and Npro genes. The maximum-likelihood method was assigned to South Korean wild boar APPV strains to various subclades within the three trees: subclades I.1 and I.2 in the E2 tree, subclade I.1 in the Npro tree, and subclades I.1 and I.4 in the NS3 ML tree. In conclusion, APPV among South Korean wild boars belonging to Clade I may be circulating at a higher level than among the South Korean domestic pig populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sozzi E, Lavazza A, Gaffuri A, Bencetti FC, Prosperi A, Lelli D, Chiapponi C, Moreno A. Isolation and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Pestivirus from Aborted Lamb Fetuses in Italy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080744. [PMID: 31412585 PMCID: PMC6723841 DOI: 10.3390/v11080744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are distributed worldwide and are responsible for a variety of economically important diseases. They are not very host-specific, and thus sheep can be infected by well-known pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as well as by other recently discovered pestivirus species. The aim of this study is to describe the isolation and characterization of four pestivirus strains detected in aborted lamb fetuses from a single farm in the Brescia province (Northern Italy). A total of twelve aborted fetuses were collected and examined. After necropsy, organs were tested for the presence of infectious agents known as potential causes of abortion (Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii), and submitted to viral identification by isolation on Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell culture and by PCR assay for Schmallenberg virus and pan-pestivirus RT-PCR real time assay. Three viral strains (Ovine/IT/1756/2017, Ovine/IT/338710-2/2017, and Ovine/IT/338710-3/2017) were isolated in the absence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures and identified with RT-PCR. Another pestivirus strain (Ovine/IT/16235-2/2018) was detected by PCR, but was not successfully isolated. Complete sequence genomic data of the three isolated viruses showed that they were highly similar, differed genetically from known pestivirus species, and were closely related to classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Beyond the identification of new ovine pestiviruses, this study indicates that a systematic diagnostic approach is important to identify the presence and map the distribution of both known and emerging pestiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaffuri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ricci S, Bartolini S, Morandi F, Cuteri V, Preziuso S. Genotyping of Pestivirus A (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1) detected in faeces and in other specimens of domestic and wild ruminants at the wildlife-livestock interface. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:180-187. [PMID: 31383300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses are widespread in the world among ungulates and infect both domestic and wild animals causing severe economic losses in livestock. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus type 1 (BVDV-1), now re-designated as Pestivirus A, causes diseases mainly in cattle, while few data are available about infection in wild ruminants and about the role of these animals in viral maintenance and spread. In order to investigate BVDV-1 infection in domestic and wild ruminants, especially at the wildlife/livestock interface, bulk tank milk from dairy cattle and sheep and spleen from red deer, roe deer and fallow deer were analysed. Furthermore, faecal samples from Apennine chamois and from wild deer were evaluated as a suitable sample for detecting and genotyping pestiviruses. BVDV-1 RNA was found in all animal species tested but not sheep. Genotyping based on partial 5'UTR and Npro sequences detected BVDV-1a in samples from Apennine chamois, red deer, roe deer and pasture-raised cattle, while BVDV-1c was found in a faecal sample from Apennine chamois and in a spleen sample from roe deer. For the first time BVDV-1 RNA was found and genotyped from faecal samples of wild ruminants and of cattle. BVDV-1a detection in Apennine chamois, red deer, roe deer and pasture-raised cattle suggests that the eventuality of viral transmission at the wildlife/livestock interface should be carefully evaluated. BVDV subgenotype 1c was found for the first time in roe deer and Apennine chamois in Central Italy, therefore the epidemiological role of these animals and the viral ecology should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Sofia Bartolini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy
| | - Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Through this activity, they are implicated in almost every cellular process investigated to date. Hence, it is not surprising that miRNAs play diverse roles in regulation of viral infections and antiviral responses. Diverse families of DNA and RNA viruses have been shown to take advantage of cellular miRNAs or produce virally encoded miRNAs that alter host or viral gene expression. MiRNA-mediated changes in gene expression have been demonstrated to modulate viral replication, antiviral immune responses, viral latency, and pathogenesis. Interestingly, viruses mediate both canonical and non-canonical interactions with miRNAs to downregulate specific targets or to promote viral genome stability, translation, and/or RNA accumulation. In this review, we focus on recent findings elucidating several key mechanisms employed by diverse virus families, with a focus on miRNAs at the host–virus interface during herpesvirus, polyomavirus, retroviruses, pestivirus, and hepacivirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bernier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Postel A, Meyer D, Cagatay GN, Feliziani F, De Mia GM, Fischer N, Grundhoff A, Milićević V, Deng MC, Chang CY, Qiu HJ, Sun Y, Wendt M, Becher P. High Abundance and Genetic Variability of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in Pigs from Europe and Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2104-2107. [PMID: 29148382 PMCID: PMC5708225 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was recently reported to be associated with neurologic disorders in newborn piglets. Investigations of 1,460 serum samples of apparently healthy pigs from different parts of Europe and Asia demonstrate a geographically wide distribution of genetically highly variable APPV and high APPV genome and antibody detection rates.
Collapse
|
30
|
Silveira S, Falkenberg SM, Elderbrook MJ, Sondgeroth KS, Dassanayake RP, Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Canal CW. Serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in Wyoming domestic sheep. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:96-99. [PMID: 29778211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses including Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2 and Border disease virus (BDV) have been reported in both sheep and cattle populations, together with the HoBi-like, an emerging group of pestiviruses. Pestivirus control programs in the United States have focused on the control of BVDV-1 and 2. The incidence of pestivirus infection in sheep in the United States and the risk of transmission between cattle and sheep populations are unknown. The aim of this study was to perform serological surveillance for pestivirus exposure in sheep from an important sheep producing state in the Unites States, Wyoming. For this, sera from 500 sheep, collected across the state of Wyoming (US) in 2015-2016, were examined by comparative virus neutralization assay against four species/proposed species of pestiviruses: BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BDV and HoBi-like virus. Rates of exposure varied between geographic regions within the state. The overall pestivirus prevalence of antibodies was 5.6%. Antibodies were most frequently detected against BVDV-1 (4%), and the highest antibody titers were also against BVDV-1. Data from this study highlights understanding of the dynamics of sheep pestivirus exposure, consideration of reference strains used for VN assays, transmission patterns, and potential vaccination history should be taken into account in implementation of control measures against pestiviruses in sheep and for successful BVDV control programs in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - M J Elderbrook
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - K S Sondgeroth
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - R P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lamp B, Schwarz L, Högler S, Riedel C, Sinn L, Rebel-Bauder B, Weissenböck H, Ladinig A, Rümenapf T. Novel Pestivirus Species in Pigs, Austria, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 28628456 PMCID: PMC5512468 DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.170163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pestivirus species was discovered in a piglet-producing farm in Austria
during virologic examinations of congenital tremor cases. The emergence of this
novel pestivirus species, provisionally termed Linda virus, in domestic pigs may
have implications for classical swine fever virus surveillance and porcine
health management.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This article has been prepared by Susanna Williamson and colleagues from the Pig Expert Group at the APHA.
Collapse
|
33
|
Blomström AL, Fossum C, Wallgren P, Berg M. Viral Metagenomic Analysis Displays the Co-Infection Situation in Healthy and PMWS Affected Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166863. [PMID: 27907010 PMCID: PMC5131951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies have allowed the possibility to investigate and characterise the entire microbiome of individuals, providing better insight to the complex interaction between different microorganisms. This will help to understand how the microbiome influence the susceptibility of secondary agents and development of disease. We have applied viral metagenomics to investigate the virome of lymph nodes from Swedish pigs suffering from the multifactorial disease postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) as well as from healthy pigs. The aim is to increase knowledge of potential viruses, apart from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), involved in PMWS development as well as to increase knowledge on the virome of healthy individuals. In healthy individuals, a diverse viral flora was seen with several different viruses present simultaneously. The majority of the identified viruses were small linear and circular DNA viruses, such as different circoviruses, anelloviruses and bocaviruses. In the pigs suffering from PMWS, PCV2 sequences were, as expected, detected to a high extent but other viruses were also identified in the background of PCV2. Apart from DNA viruses also RNA viruses were identified, among them were a porcine pestivirus showing high similarity to a recently (in 2015) discovered atypical porcine pestivirus in the US. Majority of the viruses identified in the background of PCV2 in PMWS pigs could also be identified in the healthy pigs. PCV2 sequences were also identified in the healthy pigs but to a much lower extent than in PMWS affected pigs. Although the method used here is not quantitative the very clear difference in amount of PCV2 sequences in PMWS affected pigs and healthy pigs most likely reflect the very strong replication of PCV2 known to be a hallmark of PMWS. Taken together, these findings illustrate that pigs appear to have a considerable viral flora consisting to a large extent of small single-stranded and circular DNA viruses. Future research on these types of viruses will help to better understand the role that these ubiquitous viruses may have on health and disease of pigs. We also demonstrate for the first time, in Europe, the presence of a novel porcine pestivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lie Blomström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Wallgren
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Arruda BL, Arruda PH, Magstadt DR, Schwartz KJ, Dohlman T, Schleining JA, Patterson AR, Visek CA, Victoria JG. Identification of a Divergent Lineage Porcine Pestivirus in Nursing Piglets with Congenital Tremors and Reproduction of Disease following Experimental Inoculation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150104. [PMID: 26909691 PMCID: PMC4766193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital tremors is a sporadic disease of neonatal pigs characterized by action-related repetitive myoclonus. A majority of outbreaks of congenital tremors have been attributed to an unidentified virus. The objectives of this project were to 1) detect potential pathogen(s) in samples from piglets with congenital tremors and 2) develop an infection model to reproduce disease. Using next-generation sequencing, a divergent lineage pestivirus was detected in piglets with congenital tremors. The virus was originally most closely related to a bat pestivirus but is now more closely related to a recently published novel porcine pestivirus provisionally named atypical porcine pestivirus. A quantitative real-time PCR detected the virus in samples from neonatal piglets with congenital tremors from two separate farms, but not in samples from unaffected piglets from the same farm. To fulfill the second objective, pregnant sows were inoculated with either serum containing the pestivirus or PBS (control) by intravenous and intranasal routes simultaneously with direct inoculation of fetal amniotic vesicles by ultrasound-guided surgical technique. Inoculations were performed at either 45 or 62 days of gestation. All sows inoculated with the novel pestivirus farrowed piglets affected with congenital tremors while PBS-inoculated control piglets were unaffected. Tremor severity for each piglet was scored from videos taken 0, 1 and 2 days post-farrowing. Tremor severity remained relatively constant from 0 to 2 days post-farrowing for a majority of piglets. The prevalence of congenital tremors in pestivirus-inoculated litters ranged from 57% (4 out of 7 affected piglets) to 100% (10 out of 10 affected piglets). The virus was consistently detected by PCR in tissues from piglets with congenital tremors but was not detected in control piglets. Samples positive by PCR in greater than 90% of piglets sampled included brainstem (37 out of 41), mesenteric lymph node (37 out of 41), tracheobronchial lymph node (37 out of 41), and whole blood (19 out of 20). Although the first description of congenital tremors was in 1922, this is the first reported reproduction of congenital tremors following experimental inoculation with a divergent lineage porcine pestivirus. Studies investigating disease mechanism, epidemiology, and diagnostic assay development are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of congenital tremors due to this pestivirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey L. Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paulo H. Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Drew R. Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kent J. Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Schleining
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Abby R. Patterson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Callie A. Visek
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Victoria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Glotov AG, Glotova TI, Shulyak AF. [PESTIVIRUSES IN RUMINANTS]. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:59-62. [PMID: 27451496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pestivirus includes four species: bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, classical swine fever disease virus, and ovine border disease virus. Pestiviruses infect many species of domestic and wild animals. Bovine viral diarrhea virus is a prototypical representative of the pestiviruses of ruminant animals. Recently, new candidates appeared for including in this genus: two viruses of the wild ruminant animals that have not been officially classified and one HoBi-like virus discovered for the first time in the bovine fetal serum. The circulation of the ruminant animal pestiviruses within population of domestic and wild animals, the presence of these viruses in bioproducts stimulates studies of the infection reservoirs and their influence on the effect of the bovine viral diarrhea control programs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Postel A, Schmeiser S, Oguzoglu TC, Indenbirken D, Alawi M, Fischer N, Grundhoff A, Becher P. Close relationship of ruminant pestiviruses and classical Swine Fever virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:668-72. [PMID: 25811683 PMCID: PMC4378490 DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.141441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine why serum from small ruminants infected with ruminant pestiviruses reacted positively to classical swine fever virus (CSFV)–specific diagnostic tests, we analyzed 2 pestiviruses from Turkey. They differed genetically and antigenically from known Pestivirus species and were closely related to CSFV. Cross-reactions would interfere with classical swine fever diagnosis in pigs.
Collapse
|
37
|
Aberle D, Oetter KM, Meyers G. Lipid Binding of the Amphipathic Helix Serving as Membrane Anchor of Pestivirus Glycoprotein Erns. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135680. [PMID: 26270479 PMCID: PMC4536213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses express a peculiar protein named Erns representing envelope glycoprotein and RNase, which is important for control of the innate immune response and persistent infection. The latter functions are connected with secretion of a certain amount of Erns from the infected cell. Retention/secretion of Erns is most likely controlled by its unusual membrane anchor, a long amphipathic helix attached in plane to the membrane. Here we present results of experiments conducted with a lipid vesicle sedimentation assay able to separate lipid-bound from unbound protein dissolved in the water phase. Using this technique we show that a protein composed of tag sequences and the carboxyterminal 65 residues of Erns binds specifically to membrane vesicles with a clear preference for compositions containing negatively charged lipids. Mutations disturbing the helical folding and/or amphipathic character of the anchor as well as diverse truncations and exchange of amino acids important for intracellular retention of Erns had no or only small effects on the proteins membrane binding. This result contrasts the dramatically increased secretion rates observed for Erns proteins with equivalent mutations within cells. Accordingly, the ratio of secreted versus cell retained Erns is not determined by the lipid affinity of the membrane anchor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aberle
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kay-Marcus Oetter
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gritsun DJ, Jones IM, Gould EA, Gritsun TS. Molecular archaeology of Flaviviridae untranslated regions: duplicated RNA structures in the replication enhancer of flaviviruses and pestiviruses emerged via convergent evolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92056. [PMID: 24647143 PMCID: PMC3960163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA secondary structures in the 3'untranslated regions (3'UTR) of the viruses of the family Flaviviridae, previously identified as essential (promoters) or beneficial (enhancers) for replication, have been analysed. Duplicated enhancer elements are revealed as a global feature in the evolution of the 3'UTR of distantly related viruses within the genera Flavivirus and Pestivirus. For the flaviviruses, duplicated structures occur in the 3'UTR of all four distantly related ecological virus subgroups (tick-borne, mosquito-borne, no known vector and insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFV). RNA structural differences distinguish tick-borne flaviviruses with discrete pathogenetic characteristics. For Aedes- and Culex-associated ISFV, secondary RNA structures with different conformations display numerous short ssRNA direct repeats, exposed as loops and bulges. Long quadruplicate regions comprise almost the entire 3'UTR of Culex-associated ISFV. Extended duplicated sequence and associated RNA structures were also discovered in the 3'UTR of pestiviruses. In both the Flavivirus and Pestivirus genera, duplicated RNA structures were localized to the enhancer regions of the 3'UTR suggesting an adaptive role predominantly in wild-type viruses. We propose sequence reiteration might act as a scaffold for dimerization of proteins involved in assembly of viral replicase complexes. Numerous nucleotide repeats exposed as loops/bulges might also interfere with host immune responses acting as a molecular sponge to sequester key host proteins or microRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri J. Gritsun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest A. Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Tamara S. Gritsun
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Members of the genus Pestivirus, are causative agents of economically important diseases for livestock and wild animals that occur worldwide, such as bovine viral diarrhea, classical swine fever, and border disease of sheep. Pestivirus have novel insertions of host genes in the viral genome and functions of unique viral proteins, N(pro) and E(rns), related to the pathogenicity although genomic structure is closely related to the other viruses of Flaviviridae family, especially hepatitis C virus. In this review, recent studies on the molecular basis of pathogenicity of pestivirus infections were summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Finlaison DS, King KR, Frost MJ, Kirkland PD. Field and laboratory evidence that Bungowannah virus, a recently recognised pestivirus, is the causative agent of the porcine myocarditis syndrome (PMC). Vet Microbiol 2008; 136:259-65. [PMID: 19157727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2003 an outbreak of sudden deaths occurred in 2-3-week-old piglets on a piggery in New South Wales, Australia. There was a marked increase in the birth of stillborn piglets and preweaning losses associated with a multifocal non-suppurative myocarditis with myonecrosis. The aim of this study was to review existing data and to undertake further investigations of specimens from naturally infected pigs to provide evidence to support the hypothesis that Bungowannah virus, a recently recognised pestivirus, causes the porcine myocarditis syndrome (PMC). Sera collected from gilts and sows from affected and unaffected units were tested for Bungowannah virus antibody by a peroxidase-linked assay and Bungowannah virus RNA by qRT-PCR in selected cases. Stillborn piglets from affected and an unaffected unit were also tested for Bungowannah virus antibody and RNA. Body fluid IgG levels and the incidence of myocardial lesions in these stillborn piglets are summarised. Tissue sections from stillborn piglets with myocarditis/myonecrosis were examined for Bungowannah virus RNA by in situ hybridisation. A clear temporal association between the occurrence of PMC on a unit or module and exposure to Bungowannah virus was identified by serological tests in both breeding aged animals and stillborn pigs. In addition, at the individual animal level on affected units, Bungowannah virus RNA was detected in stillborn piglets in large amounts by qRT-PCR and in association with myocardial lesions by in situ hybridisation. The examination of field material from cases of PMC by serology, qRT-PCR and in situ hybridisation provides strong indirect evidence that Bungowannah virus is the causative agent for PMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, PMB 8, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mishra N, Vilcek S, Rajukumar K, Dubey R, Tiwari A, Galav V, Pradhan HK. Identification of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 in yaks (Bos poephagus grunniens) in the Himalayan region. Res Vet Sci 2008; 84:507-10. [PMID: 17663013 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since cattle are widely infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in India, we searched for pestivirus infection in yaks. Of 71 pure and crossbred yaks from Himalayan region, pestivirus antigen was detected by Ag-ELISA in three animals. Pestivirus in leukocyte and cell culture isolated virus samples originating from positive yaks was also confirmed by RT-PCR using panpestivirus specific primers selected from 5'-untranslated region (5' UTR). The 5' UTR, N(pro) and E2 regions were sequenced and used for genetic typing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that pestiviruses detected in three Himalayan yaks were similar genetically, belonging to BVDV-1. Antigenic characterisation of yak pestivirus also confirmed the typing as BVDV-1. This is the first report on the identification of BVDV type 1 in yaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Mishra
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 021, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
E(rns) is a structural glycoprotein of pestiviruses found to be attached to the virion and to membranes within infected cells via its COOH terminus, although it lacks a hydrophobic anchor sequence. The COOH-terminal sequence was hypothesized to fold into an amphipathic alpha-helix. Alanine insertion scanning revealed that the ability of the E(rns) COOH terminus to bind membranes is considerably reduced by the insertion of a single amino acid at a wide variety of positions. Mutations decreasing the hydrophobicity of the apolar face of the putative helix led to reduction of membrane association. Proteinase K protection assays showed that E(rns) translated in vitro in the presence of microsomal membranes was protected, whereas a mutant with an artificial transmembrane region and a short cytosolic tag was shortened by the protease treatment. A tag fused to the COOH terminus of wild type E(rns) was not accessible for antibodies within digitonin-permeabilized cells, but the variant with the tag located downstream of the artificial transmembrane region was detected under the same conditions. These results are in accordance with the model that the COOH-terminal membrane anchor of E(rns) represents an amphipathic helix embedded in plane into the membrane. The integrity of the membrane anchor was found to be important for recovery of infectious virus.
Collapse
|
43
|
Giangaspero M, Harasawa R. Numerical taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus based on palindromic nucleotide substitutions in the 5' untranslated region. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:375-88. [PMID: 17719098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) at the three variable loci (V1, V2 and V3) in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of Pestivirus RNA have been considered for taxonomical segregation of species, through the evaluation of 430 genomic sequences. On the basis of qualitative and quantitative secondary structure characteristics, six species have been identified: Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Border disease virus (BDV), the tentative species Giraffe and a new proposed taxon named Pronghorn. The first step was qualitative and consisted in the characterization of the different positions of the three stems and loops in the 5' UTR sequences of all the strains under consideration belonging to the genus. Secondary structure sequences showing divergent base-pair combinations have been aligned for comparison. Palindromic positions have been characterized according to changes in nucleotide base-pairs identifying low-variable positions (LVP) including base-pairs present in less than 80% of the genus. The second step was quantitative, allowing the identification of genomic groups by clustering the base-pair combinations according to LVP. Relatedness among types was evaluated to identify homogeneous groups. Cross comparisons between types within the genus have been evaluated by computing the divergence percentage thus clarifying borderline and multirelated sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Giangaspero
- Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3 Chome, Morioka 020-8550, Iwate, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kirkland PD, Frost MJ, Finlaison DS, King KR, Ridpath JF, Gu X. Identification of a novel virus in pigs--Bungowannah virus: a possible new species of pestivirus. Virus Res 2007; 129:26-34. [PMID: 17561301 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2003 an outbreak of sudden deaths occurred in 3-4-week-old piglets on a farm in New South Wales, Australia. There was a marked increase in the birth of stillborn foetuses. Pathological changes consisted of a multifocal non-suppurative myocarditis. A viral infection was suspected but a wide range of known agents were excluded. A modified sequence independent single primer amplification (SISPA) method was used to identify a novel virus associated with this outbreak. Conserved 5'UTR motifs, the presence of a putative N(pro) coding region and limited antigenic cross-reactivity with other members of the Pestivirus genus, support the placement of this virus in the Pestivirus genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5'UTR, N(pro) and E2 coding regions showed this virus to be the most divergent pestivirus identified to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 8, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ståhl K, Kampa J, Alenius S, Persson Wadman A, Baule C, Aiumlamai S, Belák S. Natural infection of cattle with an atypical `HoBi'-like pestivirus – Implications for BVD control and for the safety of biological products. Vet Res 2007; 38:517-23. [PMID: 17506974 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2007012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During a study on Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) epidemiology in Thailand, a pestivirus was detected in serum from a calf. Comparative nucleotide sequence analysis showed that this virus was closely related to a recently described atypical pestivirus (D32/00_'HoBi') that was first isolated from a batch of foetal calf serum collected in Brazil. The results from virus neutralisation tests performed on sera collected from cattle in the herd of the infected calf, showed that these cattle had markedly higher antibody titres against the atypical pestivirus 'HoBi' than against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus types 1 and 2, or Border Disease Virus. The results also supported, consequently, the results from the molecular analysis, and demonstrated that a 'HoBi'-like pestivirus had been introduced to, and was now circulating in the herd. This study is the first to report a natural infection in cattle with a virus related to this atypical pestivirus, and it suggests that this group of pestiviruses may already be spread in cattle populations. The findings have implications for BVD control and for the biosafety of vaccines and other biological products produced with foetal calf serum. Consequently, these atypical pestiviruses should be included in serological assays, and any diagnostic assay aimed at detection of pestiviruses in biological products or animals should be tested for its ability to detect them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ståhl
- Joint R&D Division, Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute (SVA) & The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hellen CUT, de Breyne S. A distinct group of hepacivirus/pestivirus-like internal ribosomal entry sites in members of diverse picornavirus genera: evidence for modular exchange of functional noncoding RNA elements by recombination. J Virol 2007; 81:5850-63. [PMID: 17392358 PMCID: PMC1900287 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02403-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of the RNA genomes of Flaviviridae of the Hepacivirus and Pestivirus genera contain internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) that are unrelated to the two principal classes of IRESs of Picornaviridae. The mechanism of translation initiation on hepacivirus/pestivirus (HP) IRESs, which involves factor-independent binding to ribosomal 40S subunits, also differs fundamentally from initiation on these picornavirus IRESs. Ribosomal binding to HP IRESs requires conserved sequences that form a pseudoknot and the adjacent IIId and IIIe domains; analogous elements do not occur in the two principal groups of picornavirus IRESs. Here, comparative sequence analysis was used to identify a subset of picornaviruses from multiple genera that contain 5' UTR sequences with significant similarities to HP IRESs. They are avian encephalomyelitis virus, duck hepatitis virus 1, duck picornavirus, porcine teschovirus, porcine enterovirus 8, Seneca Valley virus, and simian picornavirus. Their 5' UTRs are predicted to form several structures, in some of which the peripheral elements differ from the corresponding HP IRES elements but in which the core pseudoknot, domain IIId, and domain IIIe elements are all closely related. These findings suggest that HP-like IRESs have been exchanged between unrelated virus families by recombination and support the hypothesis that RNA viruses consist of modular coding and noncoding elements that can exchange and evolve independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher U T Hellen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 44, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pioz M, Loison A, Gibert P, Dubray D, Menaut P, Le Tallec B, Artois M, Gilot-Fromont E. Transmission of a pestivirus infection in a population of Pyrenean chamois. Vet Microbiol 2007; 119:19-30. [PMID: 17092662 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of a previously unrecorded disease have recently affected Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) populations across the mountain range. A pestivirus was hypothesized to be the cause of this emerging disease and this type of virus can cross the species barrier and be transmitted to or from wildlife. Using an epidemiological survey conducted from 1995 to 2004 at Orlu, France, we characterized the virus and analyzed its transmission. A phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences and virus neutralization tests showed that the virus belonged to the newly described border disease virus-4 group. The increase of seroprevalence with age indicated that infection can occur at any age and resulted in lifelong immunity. Overall, 70.3% of 323 samples were positive for anti-p80 antibodies and 10.2% of 167 samples showed viremia, as demonstrated by either positive ELISA antigen test or RT-PCR. Infection has thus been widespread in this population since 1995, whereas no mass mortality or clinical signs have been observed. Incidence and seroprevalence varied seasonally and according to number of individuals aged less than 2 years old in the population, so viral transmission was dependent on host population age structure. We propose that the virus is now endemic in this population and is likely detrimental for reproduction and juveniles. Further investigation is needed to estimate the impact of pestivirus on host population dynamics and the risk of cross-transmission to farm animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Pioz
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558), CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Boulevard 11 Nov 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Pestiviruses are not strictly host-species specific and can infect not only domestic but also wild animals. The most important pestivirus, CSFV, infects domestic pigs and wild boars, which may cause a major problem for successful CSFV eradication programmes. Mainly BVDV specific antibodies have been reported in captive and free-living animals. Virus has been isolated from some of these animal species, but since BVDV can contaminate cell cultures and foetal calf serum, early reports of BVDV isolation have to be considered with caution. Genetic typing of early pestivirus isolates from wild species revealed that the majority were BVDV-1. Of the pestiviruses identified so far three species (CSFV, BVDV-1, giraffe pestivirus) and three genotypes (BDV-2, BDV-4, pronghorn) appear to circulate in wildlife animal populations. The potential for pestiviruses to spread between farm animals and free-living animals is discussed as are epidemiological and technical problems, and the future direction of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vilcek
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Depatment of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
A method to amplify long genomic regions (up to approximately 12.3 kb) from pestiviruses in one RT-PCR is described. The difficulty in designing conserved Pestivirus primers for the amplification of genomes from highly divergent isolates simply by means of overlapping segments is demonstrated using new bioinformatic tools. An alternative procedure consisting of optimizing the length of the genomic cDNA fragments and their subsequent amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a limited set of specific primers is described. The amplification of long DNA fragments from a variety of sources, including genomic, mitochondrial, and viral DNAs as well as cDNA produced by reverse transcription (RT) has been achieved using this methodology, known as long distance PCR. In the case of viruses, it is necessary to obtain viral particles from infected cells prior to RT procedures. This work provides improvements in four steps of long distance RT-PCR (L-RT-PCR): (i) preparation of a viral stock, (ii) preparation of template RNA, (iii) reverse transcription and (iv) amplification of the cDNA by LD-PCR. The usefulness of L-RT-PCR is discussed in the light of current knowledge on pestivirus diversity. The genomic sequence of Singer_Arg reference strain obtained using this method is presented and characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro R. Jones
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25, (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rubén O. Zandomeni
- Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25, (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E. Laura Weber
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, CC 25, (1712) Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deregt D, Gilbert SA, Dudas S, Pasick J, Baxi S, Burton KM, Baxi MK. A multiplex DNA suspension microarray for simultaneous detection and differentiation of classical swine fever virus and other pestiviruses. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:17-23. [PMID: 16690139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An oligonucleotide suspension microarray (Luminex microsphere system) was developed for detection and differentiation of animal pestiviruses: classical swine fever virus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV1 and BVDV2), and border disease virus (BDV). Species-specific and pestivirus-common oligonucleotide probes were designed to the 5' UTR region and conjugated to individual color-coded Luminex carboxy beads (probe beads). Target pestivirus sequences were amplified by asymmetric PCR using a biotinylated reverse primer and a forward and reverse primer ratio of 1:5. The biotinylated products were hybridized to eight probe beads in a multiplex assay and analyzed using streptavidin conjugated to a fluorescent reporter molecule. The assay was able to detect and differentiate all 40 strains of CSFV, BVDV1, BVDV2 and BDV tested. The analytical sensitivity was determined to be 0.2-10 TCID50/ml. The major advantages of the DNA-microsphere suspension microarray, as a low density array, are its ease of handling and ability to simultaneously detect and type multiple infectious agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alta., Canada T1J 3Z4.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|