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Heo GB, Kang YM, An SH, Kim Y, Cha RM, Jang Y, Lee EK, Lee YJ, Lee KN. Concurrent Infection with Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N6 and H5N1 Viruses, South Korea, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30. [PMID: 38703023 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.240194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b were simultaneously introduced into South Korea at the end of 2023. An outbreak at a broiler duck farm consisted of concurrent infection by both viruses. Sharing genetic information and international surveillance of such viruses in wild birds and poultry is critical.
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Baek YG, Lee YN, Cha RM, Park MJ, Lee YJ, Park CK, Lee EK. Research Note: Comparative evaluation of pathogenicity in SPF chicken between different subgroups of H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103289. [PMID: 38103528 PMCID: PMC10764262 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, periodic outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAI virus (HPAIV) have resulted in huge economic losses in the Korean poultry industry. During the winter season of 2016-2017, clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIVs classified into 5 subgroups (C1-5) were introduced into South Korea. Interestingly, it was revealed that the subgroup C2 and C4 viruses were predominantly distributed throughout the country, whereas detection of the subgroup C3 viruses was confined in a specific local region. In the present study, we conducted comparative evaluation of the pathogenicity of viruses belonging to subgroups C2 and C3 (H15 and HN1 strains) in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, and further compared them with previously determined pathogenicity of subgroup C4 (ES2 strain) virus. The HN1 strain showed lower viral replication in tissues, less transmissibility, and higher mean chicken lethal dose than the H15 and ES2 strains in SPF chickens. Considering that the HN1 strain has a different NS gene segment from the H15 and ES2 strains, the reassortment of the NS gene segment likely affects their infectivity and transmissibility in chickens. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring the genetic characteristics and pathogenic features of HPAIVs to effectively control their outbreaks in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Shin J, Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Kim KS, An BH, Kim SY, Moon SH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Phylogenetic Analysis of G and P Genotypes of Bovine Group A Rotavirus Strains Isolated from Diarrheic Vietnam Cows in 2017 and 2018. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2314. [PMID: 37508089 PMCID: PMC10376762 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of G- and P-type bovine RVAs (BoRVAs) prevalent in Vietnam. Between 2017 and 2018, the prevalence of BoRVAs detected in diarrhea samples from 8 regions was as low as 1.9% (11/582). The prevalence of the G-type was 45.5% for G6 and 18.2% for G10; however, 36.3% remain unidentified. Interestingly, all BoRVAs were investigated as P[11], and there was no diversity within this P-type. Geographically, the G6 and G10 types were not identified in any specific area; rather, they occurred in both Northern and Southern Vietnam. G6P[11] and G10P[11], which are combined G- and P-types, were identified in 71.4% and 28.6% of BoRVA-positive samples, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the G6-type detected in Vietnamese cows is similar to strains derived from China, Japan, and Korea, whereas the G10 type is closely related to the Chinese strain. In addition, the P11 strain detected in Vietnamese cows is similar to the Spanish and Chinese strains. The BoRVA-positive rate was higher in cows aged less than 2 months (3.2%, 3/94) than in those aged 2 months or more (1.6%, 8/488). In summary, we detected the presence of G6P11 and G10P11 BoVRAs on Vietnamese cow farms, and found that they were more predominant in young calves than in older cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Moon
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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Cha RM, Lee YN, Park MJ, Baek YG, Shin JI, Jung CH, Sagong M, Heo GB, Kang YM, Lee KN, Lee YJ, Lee EK. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in South Korea during 2021-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1403. [PMID: 37376703 DOI: 10.3390/v15061403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx have been circulating in poultry and wild birds worldwide since 2014. In South Korea, after the first clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from wild birds in October 2021, additional HPAIV outbreaks occurred in poultry farms until April 2022. In this study, we genetically characterized clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolates in 2021-2022 and examined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of A/mandarin duck/Korea/WA585/2021 (H5N1) (WA585/21) in chickens and ducks. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI viruses caused 47 outbreaks in poultry farms and were also detected in multiple wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA genes indicated that Korean H5N1 HPAI isolates were closely related to Eurasian viruses isolated in 2021-2022. Four distinct genotypes of H5N1 HPAI viruses were identified in poultry, and the majority were also found in wild birds. WA585/21 inoculated chickens showed virulent pathogenicity with high mortality and transmission. Meanwhile, ducks infected with the virus showed no mortality but exhibited high rates of transmission and longer viral shedding than chickens, suggesting that they may play an important role as silent carriers. In conclusion, consideration of both genetic and pathogenic traits of H5N1 HPAI viruses is required for effective viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-In Shin
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
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Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Shin J, Kim KS, An BH, Kim SY, Hyun BH, An DJ. Genetic Diversity of Bovine Group A Rotavirus Strains Circulating in Korean Calves during 2014 and 2018. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243555. [PMID: 36552475 PMCID: PMC9774190 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate annual changes in BoRVA strains by examining the VP4 and VP7 genes of rotaviruses in Korean calves. Between 2014 and 2018, 35 out of 138 samples of calf diarrhea feces collected nationwide were positive for BoRVA. Further genetic characterization of the VP7 and VP4 genes of 35 BoRVA isolates identified three different G-genotypes (G6, G8, and G10) and two different P genotypes (P[5] and P[11]). The G6 genotype was most common (94.3%) in BoRVA-positive calves, followed by the P[5] genotype (82.9%). Four genotypes comprised combinations of VP4 and VP7: 80% were G6P[5], 14.2% were G6P[11], 2.9% were G8P[5], and 2.9% were G10P[11]. Susceptibility to infection was highest in calves aged < 10 days (35%) and lowest in calves aged 30−50 days (15.4%). The data presented herein suggest that the G6P[5] genotype is the main causative agent of diarrhea in Korean calves. In addition, it is predicted that G6P[5] will continue to act as a major cause of diarrhea in Korean calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, GwanAk-Ro 1, GwanAk-Gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Sagong M, Lee YN, Song S, Cha RM, Lee EK, Kang YM, Cho HK, Kang HM, Lee YJ, Lee KN. Emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b novel reassortant H5N1 High Pathogenicity avian influenza virus in South Korea during late 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3255-e3260. [PMID: 35413157 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity H5N1 avian influenza viruses pose a threat to both animal and human health worldwide. In late 2020, outbreaks of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b emerged in Europe, following on from outbreaks in East Asia in earlier years. However, very recent studies show that clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1, rather than 2.3.4.4b H5N8, has become predominant in wild birds and has infected poultry in several countries. In this study, we describe isolation of a novel H5N1 virus from a captured mandarin duck in South Korea, and another H5N1 virus from a quail farm. We performed genetic analysis of these two viruses to identify their origin and to determine their relationship with the clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses currently circulating in Europe. Based on our results, it is presumed that the novel H5N1 virus isolated in Korea originated from an unknown reassortant between clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses circulating from 2020 and other Eurasian viruses, with additional reassortment of genes and point mutations that discriminate them from the recently reported H5N1 virus in Europe. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - San Song
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
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Lee YN, Lee DH, Kwon JH, Shin JI, Hong SY, Cha RM, Baek YG, Lee EK, Sagong M, Heo GB, Lee KN, Lee YJ. Genetic Characterization of Novel H7Nx Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses from Wild Birds in South Korea during the Winter of 2020-2021. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112274. [PMID: 34835080 PMCID: PMC8624117 DOI: 10.3390/v13112274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of subtype H7, such as H7N9 and H7N4, has raised concerns worldwide. During the winter of 2020–2021, five novel H7 low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) containing different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes, including two H7N3, an H7N8, and two H7N9, were detected in wild bird feces in South Korea. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel H7Nx AIVs were reassortants containing two gene segments (hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix) that were related to the zoonotic Jiangsu–Cambodian H7 viruses causing zoonotic infection and six gene segments originating from LPAIVs circulating in migratory birds in Eurasia. A genomic constellation analysis demonstrated that all H7 isolates contained a mix of gene segments from different viruses, indicating that multiple reassortment occurred. The well-known mammalian adaptive substitution (E627K and D701N) in PB2 was not detected in any of these isolates. The detection of multiple reassortant H7Nx AIVs in wild birds highlights the need for intensive surveillance in both wild birds and poultry in Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0969; Fax: +82-54-912-0977
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, The University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3089, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Jae-In Shin
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Seo Yun Hong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Gyeong-Beum Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (J.-I.S.); (S.Y.H.); (R.M.C.); (Y.-G.B.); (E.-K.L.); (M.S.); (G.-B.H.); (K.-N.L.); (Y.-J.L.)
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Park GN, Song S, Cha RM, Choe S, Shin J, Kim SY, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Genetic analysis of porcine parvoviruses detected in South Korean wild boars. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2249-2254. [PMID: 33999261 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) is a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs. To date, six additional porcine parvoviruses (PPV2-PPV7) have been identified. In this study, we detected 11 PPV1 strains, five PPV3 strains, three PPV4 strains, six PPV5 strains, five PPV6 strains, and one PPV7 strain in Korean wild boars. PPV1, -3, and -5, and PPV6 from Korean wild boars harbor conserved motifs within the Ca2+ binding loop and the catalytic center of the PLA1 motif. Intra-species recombination among PPV7 strains was also identified. Genetic characterization revealed that PPV1 from Korean wild boars may be similar to virulent PPV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Choe S, Kim KS, Shin J, Song S, Park GN, Cha RM, Choi SH, Jung BI, Lee KW, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Comparative Analysis of the Productivity and Immunogenicity of an Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Vaccine (LOM) and an Attenuated Live Marker Classical Swine Fever Vaccine (Flc-LOM-BE rns) from Laboratory to Pig Farm. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040381. [PMID: 33924647 PMCID: PMC8070377 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we compared the productivity of pigs inoculated with one of two classical swine fever (CSF) vaccines (low virulent of Miyagi (LOM) or Flc-LOM-BErns) plus the swine erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (SE) vaccine. The feed intake and weight increase of the pigs inoculated with Flc-LOM-BErns + SE were normal. However, the feed intake of the pigs inoculated with LOM + SE dropped sharply from four days post-vaccination (dpv). In addition, the slaughter date was an average of eight days later than that of the pigs inoculated with Flc-LOM-BErns + SE. All pigs inoculated with the Flc-LOM-BErns + SE vaccine were completely differentiated at 14 days against CSF Erns antibody and at approximately 45 days against the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Erns antibody; the titers were maintained until slaughter. Leucopenia occurred temporarily in the LOM + SE group, but not in the Flc-LOM-BErns + SE group. Expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IFN-γ was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the LOM + SE group than in the mock (no vaccine) group. When conducting the same experiment on a breeding farm, the results were similar to those of the laboratory experiments. In conclusion, the biggest advantage of replacing the CSF LOM vaccine with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine is improved productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sung-Hyun Choi
- Korea Pork Producers Association, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06643, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (B.-I.J.)
| | - Byung-Il Jung
- Korea Pork Producers Association, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06643, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (B.-I.J.)
| | - Kyung-Won Lee
- Pig Integrated Control Center (PICC), Cheonan City 31008, Korea;
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (J.S.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Choe S, Park GN, Cha RM, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) Detected in South Korean Wild Boars. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060680. [PMID: 32599836 PMCID: PMC7354535 DOI: 10.3390/v12060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), currently classified as pestivirus K, causes congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in piglets. Eighteen APPV strains were identified from 2297 South Korean wild boars captured in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis of the structural protein E2 and nonstructural proteins NS3 and Npro classified the APPV viruses, including reference strains, into Clades I, II and III. Clade I was divided into four subclades; however, the strains belonging to the four subclades differed slightly, depending on the tree analysis, the NS3, E2, and Npro genes. The maximum-likelihood method was assigned to South Korean wild boar APPV strains to various subclades within the three trees: subclades I.1 and I.2 in the E2 tree, subclade I.1 in the Npro tree, and subclades I.1 and I.4 in the NS3 ML tree. In conclusion, APPV among South Korean wild boars belonging to Clade I may be circulating at a higher level than among the South Korean domestic pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Song S, Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Kim SY, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Isolated from Korean Wild Boars. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060457. [PMID: 32526932 PMCID: PMC7350290 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (PCV2a and PCV2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. Here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 PCV2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in South Korea between 2013 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses based on the complete ORF2 showed that the 91 PCV2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qPCR screening assay: PCV2a (2.2%, 2/91), PCV2b (16.5%, 15/91), PCV2d (80.2%, 73/91), and PCV2h (1.1%, 1/91). Only one intergenotype recombinant event was detected between PCV2 ORF2 in wild boars (PCV2b) and domestic pigs (PCV2a). Amino acid positions 86–89 within ORF2, which distinguishes the different genotypes, were conserved in all PCV2 genotypes isolated from South Korean wild boars, including TNKI in PCV2a/PCV2h, SNPR in PCV2b, and SNPL in PCV2d. The estimated nucleotide substitution rates in the ORF2 region of viruses from South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs were 5.8145 × 10−4 and 4.5838 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y), respectively. The times to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for South Korean domestic pig PCV2 were 1937 (PCV2a), 1972 (PCV2b), 1999 (PCV2d-1), and 2000 (PCV2d-2). By contrast, the tMRCA for South Korean wild boar PCV2b and PCV2d were 1989 and 2001, respectively. Thus, the PCV2d genotype is prevalent among South Korean wild boars and domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Choe S, Cha RM, Yu DS, Kim KS, Song S, Choi SH, Jung BI, Lim SI, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Rapid Spread of Classical Swine Fever Virus among South Korean Wild Boars in Areas near the Border with North Korea. Pathogens 2020; 9:E244. [PMID: 32218239 PMCID: PMC7238106 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a rapid increase in the number of classical swine fever (CSF) sero-positive wild boars captured near the demilitarized zone (DMZ), located the border with North Korea. In 2015-2016, few CSFV-positive antibody boars were detected; however, the number has increased steeply since 2017. Most occurred in the northern region of Gyeonggi before spreading slowly to Gangwon (west to east) in 2018-2019. Multi-distance spatial cluster analysis provided an indirect estimate of the time taken for CSFV to spread among wild boars: 46.7, 2.6, and 2.49 days/km. The average CSF serum neutralization antibody titer was 4-10 (log 2), and CSFV Ab B-ELISA PI values ranged from 65.5 to 111.5, regardless of the age and sex of wild boars. Full genome analysis revealed that 16 CSFV strains isolated from wild boars between 2017 and 2019 were identical to the YC16CS strain (sub-genotype 2.1d) isolated from an outbreak in breeding pigs near the border with North Korea in 2016. The rapid increase in CSF in wild boars may be due to a continuously circulating infection within hub area and increased population density. The distribution pattern of CSFV in Korean wild boars moves from west to southeast, affected by external factors, including small-scale hunting, geographical features and highways.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yu
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiological, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea;
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sung-Hyun Choi
- Korea Pork Producers Association, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06643, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (B.-I.J.)
| | - Byung-Il Jung
- Korea Pork Producers Association, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06643, Korea; (S.-H.C.); (B.-I.J.)
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (R.M.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (S.-I.L.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
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Choe S, Le VP, Shin J, Kim JH, Kim KS, Song S, Cha RM, Park GN, Nguyen TL, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Pathogenicity and Genetic Characterization of Vietnamese Classical Swine Fever Virus: 2014-2018. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030169. [PMID: 32121079 PMCID: PMC7157220 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we examined the pathogenicity and genetic differences between classical swine fever viruses (CSFV) isolated on pig farms in North Vietnam from 2014–2018. Twenty CSFV strains from 16 pig farms were classified as genotype 2 (sub-genotypes 2.1b, 2.1c, and 2.2). The main sub-genotype, 2.1c, was classified phylogenetically as belonging to the same cluster as viruses isolated from the Guangdong region in South China. Strain HY58 (sub-genotype 2.1c), isolated from pigs in Vietnam, caused higher mortality (60%) than the Vietnamese ND20 strain (sub-genotype 2.2). The Vietnamese strain of sub-genotype 2.1b was estimated to have moderate virulence; indeed, genetic analysis revealed that it belongs to the same cluster as Korean CSFV sub-genotype 2.1b. Most CSFVs circulating in North Vietnam belong to sub-genotype 2.1c. Geographical proximity means that this genotype might continue to circulate in both North Vietnam and Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan).
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.P.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Jihye Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sok Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.P.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Choe S, Song S, Piao D, Park GN, Shin J, Choi YJ, Kang SK, Cha RM, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Efficacy of orally administered porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate microspheres and RANKL-secreting L. lactis. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108604. [PMID: 32122610 PMCID: PMC7117268 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examined the efficacy of are combinant subunit antigen-based oral vaccine for preventing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). First, we generated a soluble recombinant partial spike S1 protein (aP2) from PEDV in E. coli and then evaluated the utility of aP2 subunit vaccine-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate microspheres (HPMCP) and RANKL-secreting L. lactis (LLRANKL) as a candidate oral vaccine in pregnant sows. Pregnant sows were vaccinated twice (with a 2 week interval between doses) at 4 weeks before farrowing. Titers of virus-specific IgA antibodies in colostrum, and neutralizing antibodies in serum, of sows vaccinated with HPMCP (aP2) plus LL RANKL increased significantly at 4 weeks post-first vaccination. Furthermore, the survival rate of newborn suckling piglets delivered by sows vaccinated with HPMCP (aP2) plus LL RANKL was similar to that of piglets delivered by sows vaccinated with a commercial killed porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PED) vaccine. The South Korean government promotes a PED vaccine program (live-killed-killed) to increase the titers of IgA and IgG antibodies in pregnant sows and prevent PEDV. The oral vaccine strategy described herein, which is based on a safe and efficient recombinant subunit antigen, is an alternative PED vaccination strategy that could replace the traditional strategy, which relies on attenuated live oral vaccines or artificial infection with virulent PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dachuan Piao
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-bio Science and Technology, Seoul University, Pyeongchang-gun, 232-916, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Choe S, Song S, Park GN, Shin J, Kim KS, Cha RM, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Detection of subtypes (3a, 4a and 4d) and high prevalence of hepatitis E virus in Korean wild boar. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108531. [PMID: 31902495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is known to have 4 genotypes but only one serotype. Genotype 1 and 2 infect humans only and genotype 3 and 4 infect humans, pigs and other animal species. Pig and wild boar are also known as reservoirs of HEV infection. Of the 2736 wild boars captured from 2011 to 2016 to investigate the HEV prevalence among Korean wild boars, 1041 serum samples were high seropositive (38.1%; 95% CI: 35.5-40.5) for HEV, which were detected using the anti-HEV antibody ELISA and the highest prevalence rate was 40.6% (684/1683) in 2016. Twenty four HEV strains were also identified from 1859 wild boar bloods captured between 2015 and 2016. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the partial ORF2 gene revealed that the 23 Korean wild boar HEV strains belonged to genotype 4 (4a and 4d) showing the nucleotide sequences identities 83.4-100 %. The one Korean wild boar HEV strain belonged to genotype 3, segregated into subgenotype 3a. This suggested that major circulating in Korean wild boars is genotype 4a whereas genotype 3a and -4d is minor. It is important to the human public health that HEV with wild boar have potential high risk factor for transmission to human due to eating culture of Korean people with undercooked wild boar gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea.
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Choe S, Kim JH, Kim KS, Song S, Kang WC, Kim HJ, Park GN, Cha RM, Cho IS, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Impact of a Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Introduced to Jeju Island, a CSF-Free Area. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040251. [PMID: 31756940 PMCID: PMC6963429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we examine the effects of LOM(Low virulence of Miyagi) strains isolated from pigs (Jeju LOM strains) of Jeju Island, where vaccination with a live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) LOM vaccine strain was stopped. The circulation of the Jeju LOM strains was mainly caused by a commercial swine erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) vaccine mixed with a LOM vaccine strain, which was inoculated into pregnant sows of 20 pig farms in 2014. The Jeju LOM strain was transmitted to 91 pig farms from 2015 to 2018. A histopathogenic investigation was performed for 25 farms among 111 farms affected by the Jeju LOM strain and revealed pigs infected with the Jeju LOM strain in combination with other pathogens, which resulted in the abortion of fetuses and mortality in suckling piglets. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical staining identified CSF-like lesions. Our results also confirm that the main transmission factor for the Jeju LOM strain circulation is the vehicles entering/exiting farms and slaughterhouses. Probability estimates of transmission between cohabiting pigs and pigs harboring the Jeju LOM strain JJ16LOM-YJK08 revealed that immunocompromised pigs showed horizontal transmission (r = 1.22). In a full genome analysis, we did not find genetic mutation on the site that is known to relate to pathogenicity between Jeju LOM strains (2014–2018) and the commercial LOM vaccine strain. However, we were not able to determine whether the Jeju LOM strain (2014–2018) is genetically the same virus as those of the commercial LOM vaccine due to several genetic variations in structure and non-structure proteins. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenicity of the Jeju LOM strain in pregnant sow and SPF pigs and to clarify the characteristics of Jeju LOM and commercial LOM vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medicine Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Island 63243, Korea;
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sok Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Wan-Choul Kang
- Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Island 63344, Korea; (W.-C.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyeon-Ju Kim
- Jeju Special Self-Governing Provincial Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Island 63344, Korea; (W.-C.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Colleage of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (G.-N.P.); (R.M.C.); (I.-S.C.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Lim SI, Choe S, Kim KS, Jeoung HY, Cha RM, Park GS, Shin J, Park GN, Cho IS, Song JY, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Assessment of the efficacy of an attenuated live marker classical swine fever vaccine (Flc-LOM-BE rns) in pregnant sows. Vaccine 2019; 37:3598-3604. [PMID: 31151802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we constructed an attenuated live marker classical swine fever (CSF) vaccine (Flc-LOM-BErns) to eradicate CSF. This was done by taking infectious clone Flc-LOM, which is based on an attenuated live CSF vaccine virus (LOM strain), and removing the full-length classical swine fever virus (CSFV) Erns sequences and the 3' end (52 base pairs) of the CSFV capsid. These regions were substituted with the full-length bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) Erns gene sequence and the 3' end (52 base pairs) of the BVDV capsid gene. Sows were vaccinated with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine 3 weeks before insemination and then challenged with virulent CSFV at the early, mid- or late stages of pregnancy. We then examined transplacental transmission to the foetuses. Piglets born to sows vaccinated with Flc-LOM-BErns did not show vertical infection, regardless of challenge time. In addition, CSFV challenge did not affect the delivery date, weight or length of the foetus. Pregnant sows inoculated with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were anti-CSF Erns antibody-negative and anti-BVDV Erns antibody-positive. Challenge of pregnant sows with virulent CSFV resulted in anti-CSF Erns antibody positivity. These results strongly indicate that differential diagnosis can be conducted between the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccinated animal and virulent CSFV affected animal by detecting antibody against BVDV Erns or CSF Erns gene. Therefore, the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine may fulfil the function of differential diagnosis which required for DIVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-In Lim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Gil-Soon Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea.
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Shin J, Tark D, Le VP, Choe S, Cha RM, Park GN, Cho IS, Nga BTT, Lan NT, An DJ. Genetic characterization of bovine coronavirus in Vietnam. Virus Genes 2019; 55:415-420. [PMID: 30771080 PMCID: PMC7088966 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A maximum clade credibility tree constructed using the full-length spike (S) and hemagglutinin-esterase genes revealed that Vietnamese Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains belong to a single cluster (C1); therefore, they might share a common origin with Cuban and Chinese BCoV strains. The omega values of cluster 1 (C1) and cluster 2 (C2) were 0.15734 and 0.11613, respectively, and naive empirical bayes analysis identified two amino acid positions (179 and 501) in the S protein in C1 and three amino acid positions (113, 501, and 525) in that of C2 that underwent positive selection (p > 99%). The evolutionary rate of C1 was estimated to be 7.6206 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year, and the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of Vietnamese BCoVs was estimated to date back to 1962 (95% HPD 1950-1973). The effective population sizes of C1 and C2 underwent a rapid reduction after 2000 and 2004, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Phan Le
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bui Thi To Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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An DJ, Lim SI, Choe S, Kim KS, Cha RM, Cho IS, Song JY, Hyun BH, Park BK. Evolutionary dynamics of classical swine fever virus in South Korea: 1987-2017. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:79-88. [PMID: 30322538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The 5' UTR (n=102) and full-length E2 (n=37) genes of classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs) circulating in South Korea over the past 30 years (1987-2017) were examined to determine the evolutionary rate and estimated time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA). From 2000, the Korean classical swine fever (CSF) antigen changed from genotype 3 to 2, which comprises subgenotypes 2.1b (2002-2013) and 2.1d (2011-2017). There are genotypic variations in the full-length E2 gene of Korean CSFV genotypes 2.1b and 2.1d (seven separate amino acid substitutions); these are useful distinguishing markers. The mean substitution rate (×103 substitutions/site/year) for Korean CSFV was estimated to be 2.2088 (95% highest posterior density (HPD): lower, 1.7045; upper, 2.7574) and the mean tMRCA was estimated to be 1901 (95% HPD: lower, 1865; upper, 1933). The effective population size of Korean CSFV genotype 2 increased rapidly from 2002 to 2003, after which it remained constant. The occurrence of CSF in Korea is expected to decline in the future; however, it will likely be more prevalent in wild boar than in domestic pigs. Thus, there is a risk of transmission from wild boar to breeding pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimchen, Gyeongbuk-do, 39660, South Korea; Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Costa-Hurtado M, Afonso CL, Miller PJ, Shepherd E, Cha RM, Smith D, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Previous infection with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens. Vet Res 2015; 46:97. [PMID: 26394750 PMCID: PMC4579609 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world where both viruses are endemic; but little is known about the interactions between these two viruses. The objective of this study was to determine if co-infection with NDV affects HPAIV replication in chickens. Only infections with virulent NDV strains (mesogenic Pigeon/1984 or velogenic CA/2002), and not a lentogenic NDV strain (LaSota), interfered with the replication of HPAIV A/chicken/Queretaro/14588-19/95 (H5N2) when the H5N2 was given at a high dose (106.9 EID50) two days after the NDV inoculation, but despite this interference, mortality was still observed. However, chickens infected with the less virulent mesogenic NDV Pigeon/1984 strain three days prior to being infected with a lower dose (105.3–5.5 EID50) of the same or a different HPAIV, A/chicken/Jalisco/CPA-12283-12/2012 (H7N3), had reduced HPAIV replication and increased survival rates. In conclusion, previous infection of chickens with virulent NDV strains can reduce HPAIV replication, and consequently disease and mortality. This interference depends on the titer of the viruses used, the virulence of the NDV, and the timing of the infections. The information obtained from these studies helps to understand the possible interactions and outcomes of infection (disease and virus shedding) when HPAIV and NDV co-infect chickens in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Costa-Hurtado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Claudio L Afonso
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Patti J Miller
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Eric Shepherd
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Diane Smith
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
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Cha RM, Smith D, Shepherd E, Davis CT, Donis R, Nguyen T, Nguyen HD, Do HT, Inui K, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood M. Suboptimal protection against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from Vietnam in ducks vaccinated with commercial poultry vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:4953-60. [PMID: 23994373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Domestic ducks are the second most abundant poultry species in many Asian countries including Vietnam, and play a critical role in the epizootiology of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) [FAO]. In this study, we examined the protective efficacy in ducks of two commercial H5N1 vaccines widely used in Vietnam; Re-1 containing A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 hemagglutinin (HA) clade 0 antigens, and Re-5 containing A/duck/Anhui/1/2006 HA clade 2.3.4 antigens. Ducks received two doses of either vaccine at 7 and at 14 or 21 days of age followed by challenge at 30 days of age with viruses belonging to the HA clades 1.1, 2.3.4.3, 2.3.2.1.A and 2.3.2.1.B isolated between 2008 and 2011 in Vietnam. Ducks vaccinated with the Re-1 vaccine were protected after infection with the two H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated in 2008 (HA clades 1.1 and 2.3.4.3) showing no mortality and limited virus shedding. The Re-1 and Re-5 vaccines conferred 90-100% protection against mortality after challenge with the 2010 H5N1 HPAI viruses (HA clade 2.3.2.1.A); but vaccinated ducks shed virus for more than 7 days after challenge. Similarly, the Re-1 and Re-5 vaccines only showed partial protection against the 2011 H5N1 HPAI viruses (HA clade 2.3.2.1.A and 2.3.2.1.B), with a high proportion of vaccinated ducks shedding virus for more than 10 days. Furthermore, 50% mortality was observed in ducks vaccinated with Re-1 and challenged with the 2.3.2.1.B virus. The HA proteins of the 2011 challenge viruses had the greatest number of amino acid differences from the two vaccines as compared to the viruses from 2008 and 2009, which correlates with the lesser protection observed with these viruses. These studies demonstrate the suboptimal protection conferred by the Re-1 and Re-5 commercial vaccines in ducks against H5N1 HPAI clade 2.3.2.1 viruses, and underscore the importance of monitoring vaccine efficacy in the control of H5N1 HPAI in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Abstract
Previously we identified a novel parvovirus from enteric contents of chickens that were affected by enteric diseases. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the chicken parvovirus (ChPV) represented a new member in the Parvoviridae family. Here, we describe some of the pathogenic characteristics of ChPV in young broilers. Following experimental infection, 2-day-old broiler chickens showed characteristic signs of enteric disease. Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) was observed in four of five experimental groups with significant growth retardation between 7 and 28 days postinoculation (DPI). Viral growth in small intestine and shedding was detected at early times postinoculation, which was followed by viremia and generalization of infection. ChPV could be detected in most of the major tissues for 3 to 4 wk postinoculation. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed parvovirus-positive cells in the duodenum of inoculated birds at 7 and 14 DPI. Our data indicate that ChPV alone induces RSS in broilers and is important determinant in the complex etiology of enteric diseases of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Zsak
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605. USA.
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Cha RM, Yu Q, Zsak L. The pathogenicity of avian metapneumovirus subtype C wild bird isolates in domestic turkeys. Virol J 2013; 10:38. [PMID: 23363433 PMCID: PMC3564841 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C) causes severe upper respiratory disease in turkeys. Previous report revealed the presence of aMPV/C in wild birds in the southeast regions of the U.S. Methods In this study, aMPV/C positive oral swabs from American coots (AC) and Canada geese (CG) were passaged three times in the respiratory tract of specific pathogen free (SPF) turkeys and used as aMPV/C P3 virus isolates in subsequent studies. Results Wild bird P3 isolates showed similar growth characteristics when compared to virulent aMPV/C in chicken embryo fibroblast ( CEF) cell cultures and their glycoprotein G gene sequence was closely related to the G gene of aMPV/C Colorado reference virus. Three-day-old commercial or SPF turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with wild bird aMPV/C P3 isolates. At 5 and 7 days post-inoculation (DPI), severe clinical signs were observed in both of the AC and CG virus-exposed groups. Viral RNA was detected in tracheal swabs by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, immunohistochemistry showed virus replication in the nasal turbinate and trachea. All virus-exposed turkeys developed positive antibody response by 14 DPI. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that aMPV/C wild bird isolates induced typical aMPV/C disease in the domestic turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Cha RM, Khatri M, Sharma JM. Protection against avian metapneumovirus subtype C in turkeys immunized via the respiratory tract with inactivated virus. Vaccine 2010; 29:459-65. [PMID: 21073989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C) causes a severe upper respiratory tract (URT) infection in turkeys. Turkeys were inoculated oculonasally with inactivated aMPV/C adjuvanted with synthetic double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (Poly IC). Immunized turkeys had elevated numbers of mucosal IgA+ cells in the URT and increased levels of virus-specific IgG and IgA in the lachrymal fluid and IgG in the serum. After 7 or 21 days post immunization, turkeys were challenged oculonasally with pathogenic aMPV/C. Immunized groups were protected against respiratory lesions induced by the challenge virus. Further, the viral copy number of the challenge virus in the URT were significantly lower in the immunized turkeys than in the unimmunized turkeys (P<0.05). These results showed that inactivated aMPV/C administered by the respiratory route induced protective immunity against pathogenic virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Mi Cha
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Palmquist JM, Khatri M, Cha RM, Goddeeris BM, Walcheck B, Sharma JM. In VivoActivation of Chicken Macrophages by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:305-15. [PMID: 16817773 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infects and replicates in the dividing B lymphocytes of chickens. In the present study, the in vivo effect of IBDV infection on chicken macrophage populations and macrophage activation were examined. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were exposed to virulent IBDV and splenic macrophages were recovered during the acute phase of the disease. At 3 and 5 days post-infection (dpi), spleens of virus-exposed chickens had fewer macrophages than those of virus-free controls (p < 0.05). Confocal microscopic examination revealed cells that were positive for both KUL01 (macrophage surface marker) and R63 (IBDVVP2), indicating presence of the virus in macrophages. MQ-NCSU cells, an avian macrophage cell line, were susceptible to replication of IBDV. In addition, splenic macrophages were activated and had temporarily increased levels of mRNA transcripts of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18, and iNOS. The robust expression of proinflammatory cytokine transcripts, along with a decrease in macrophage numbers, suggest that IBDV activates and may lead to a reduction of resident macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Palmquist
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Khatri M, Palmquist JM, Cha RM, Sharma JM. Infection and activation of bursal macrophages by virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Res 2005; 113:44-50. [PMID: 15893401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effect of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) on bursal macrophages during the acute phase of the infection was examined. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were exposed to virulent IBDV and bursal adherent cells were examined by immunohistochemisrty and RT-PCR for virus infection and by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) for mRNA transcripts of proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS. Viral genome was detected in bursal macrophages at 3, 5 and 7 days post-infection (dpi). Immuno-histochemical staining revealed double positive cells for KUL01 (macrophage marker) and intracellular viral proteins, showing viral replication in bursal macrophages of infected chickens. We noted a significant decrease in the total number of bursal macrophages in infected chickens, probably due to the lysis of infected cells. However, likely due to extensive necrosis of B cells, the relative proportion of bursal macrophages was significantly higher (P<0.05) in infected birds at 3 and 5 dpi than in controls. Among the cytokines examined, IL-6 showed the greatest upregulation (100-fold increase) at 3 dpi. Expression of IL-1beta was maximum at 3 dpi whereas IL-18 expression was highest at 1 dpi. Enhanced expression of iNOS mRNA was observed at 5 dpi. Increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS correlated well with the presence of the inflammatory response in the infected bursa. These data suggested that B cells may not be the sole targets for the virus; macrophages and possibly other cells may serve as host for IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Khatri
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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