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Moreno A, Canziani S, Lelli D, Castelli A, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, Maccarinelli F, Carlomagno M, Paini M, Rossato M, Delledonne M, Giacomelli S, Cordedda A, Nicoloso S, Bellinello E, Campagnoli A, Trogu T. Molecular and Serological Detection of Bovine Coronaviruses in Marmots ( Marmota marmota) in the Alpine Region. Viruses 2024; 16:591. [PMID: 38675932 PMCID: PMC11054042 DOI: 10.3390/v16040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, virological surveillance focused on coronaviruses in marmots in the Alpine region in 2022, captured as part of a population control reduction program in the Livigno area. Seventy-six faecal samples were randomly collected from marmots at the time of capture and release and tested for genome detection of pan-coronavirus, pan-pestivirus, canine distemper virus, and influenza A and D virus. Nine faecal samples were positive in the Pan-CoV RT-PCR, while all were negative for the other viruses. Pan-coronavirus positives were further identified using Illumina's complete genome sequencing, which showed the highest homology with Bovine Coronavirus previously detected in roe deer in the Alps. Blood samples (n.35) were collected randomly from animals at release and tested for bovine coronavirus (BCoV) antibodies using competitive ELISA and VNT. Serological analyses revealed that 8/35 sera were positive for BCoV antibodies in both serological tests. This study provides molecular and serological evidence of the presence of BCoV in an alpine marmot population due to a likely spillover event. Marmots share areas and pastures with roe deer and other wild ruminants, and environmental transmission is a concrete possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Anna Castelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Sondrio Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bormio, 30, 23100 Sondrio, Italy; (A.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Irene Bertoletti
- Sondrio Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bormio, 30, 23100 Sondrio, Italy; (A.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Federica Maccarinelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Marco Carlomagno
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Matteo Paini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.D.)
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.D.)
- Genartis s.r.l., Via IV Novembre 24, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.C.); (M.P.); (M.R.); (M.D.)
- Genartis s.r.l., Via IV Novembre 24, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Giacomelli
- ATS della Montagna, Via Nazario Sauro, 36/38, 23100 Sondrio, Italy; (S.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonella Cordedda
- ATS della Montagna, Via Nazario Sauro, 36/38, 23100 Sondrio, Italy; (S.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Sandro Nicoloso
- Dimensione Ricerca Ecologie e Ambiente Italia Società Cooperativa, Via Enrico Bindi n. 14, 51100 Pistoia, Italy; (S.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Enrica Bellinello
- Dimensione Ricerca Ecologie e Ambiente Italia Società Cooperativa, Via Enrico Bindi n. 14, 51100 Pistoia, Italy; (S.N.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Tiziana Trogu
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (T.T.)
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Gilioli G, Defilippo F, Simonetto A, Heinzl A, Migliorati M, Calzolari M, Canziani S, Lelli D, Lavazza A. Characterization of environmental drivers influencing the abundance of Anopheles maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:109. [PMID: 38449059 PMCID: PMC10916043 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Italy, malaria was endemic until the 1970s, when it was declared eradicated by WHO. Nowadays, with the persistence of competent mosquito populations, the effect of climate change, and increased possibility of importing malaria parasites from endemic counties due to growing migration, a malaria resurgence in Italy has become more likely. Hence, enhancing the understanding of the current distribution of the Anopheles maculipennis complex and the factors that influence the presence of this malaria vector is crucial, especially in Northern Italy, characterised by a high density of both human population and livestock. METHODS To assess the presence and abundance of malaria vectors, a 4-year field survey in the plain areas of Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna region in Italy was conducted. Every sampling point was characterised in space by the land use in a 500-m radius and in time considering meteorological data collected in the short and long time periods before sampling. We combined the results of a linear regression model with a random forest analysis to understand the relative importance of the investigated niche dimensions in determining Anopheles mosquito presence and abundance. RESULTS The estimated normalised variable importance indicates that rice fields were the most important land use class explaining the presence of Anopheles, followed by transitional woodlands and shrubland. Farm buildings were the third variable in terms of importance, likely because of the presence of animal shelters, followed by urbanised land. The two most important meteorological variables influencing the abundance of Anopheles in our study area were mean temperature in the 24 h before the sampling date and the sum of degree-days with temperature between 18 °C and 30 °C in the 14 days before the sampling date. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study could be helpful in predicting the risk of autochthonous malaria transmission, based on local information on land cover classes that might facilitate the presence of malaria vectors and presence of short- and medium-term meteorological conditions favourable to mosquito development and activity. The results can support the design of vector control measures through environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gilioli
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Defilippo
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Simonetto
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Heinzl
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manlio Migliorati
- Department of Civil Engineering Architecture Land and Environment and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Imposimato I, Muscatello LV, Ellero N, Lelli D, Mira F, Sarli G, Freccero F. Identification of asinine gamma herpesviruses in a donkey with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion and thrombocytopenia. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 134:105014. [PMID: 38311272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A 23-year-old domestic donkey (Equus asinus) referred for severe respiratory distress due to suspected equine asthma. Ultrasound of the chest revealed bilateral irregular pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion. Airway endoscopy and tracheal wash cytology showed severe neutrophilic inflammation and bacterial culture was positive for Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Despite aggressive treatment, the donkey died in 48 hours. On post-mortem examination, the lung was whitish, collapsed, and firm, with fibrotic multifocal nodular areas. Pleural effusion and pleuritis were detected. Histologically, the lung architecture was markedly replaced by interstitial fibrosis. The histological features observed were suggestive of a severe chronic fibrosing interstitial pleuropneumonia with type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia and intralesional syncytial cells. Pulmonary fibrosis was associated with the presence of asinine gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 infection, confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis. The macroscopic and histological pattern of fibrosis was diffuse and interstitial, and the nodular lesions were consistent with spared lung parenchyma, instead of the canonical nodular distribution of the fibrosis observed in equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Asinine herpesviral pulmonary fibrosis is uncommon, but should be considered by clinicians in the list of differentials in donkeys with chronic respiratory signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Imposimato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Ellero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Freccero
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Ricci I, Tofani S, Lelli D, Vincifori G, Rosone F, Carvelli A, Diaconu EL, La Rocca D, Manna G, Sabatini S, Costantini D, Conti R, Pacchiarotti G, Scicluna MT. First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:598. [PMID: 38396566 PMCID: PMC10886299 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious viral disease of equids characterized by pyrexia and respiratory signs. Like other influenza A viruses, antigenic drift or shift could lead to a vaccine-induced immunity breakdown if vaccine strains are not updated. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize EIV strains circulating in Italy, detected in PCR-positive samples collected from suspected cases, especially in the absence of formal active surveillance. METHODS Between February and April 2019, blood samples and nasal swabs collected from each of the 20 symptomatic horses from North and Central Italy were submitted to the National Reference Centre for Equine Diseases in Italy to confirm preliminary analysis performed by other laboratories. RESULTS None of the sera analysed using haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis presented a predominant serological reactivity pattern for any antigen employed. All nasal swabs were positive with IAV RRT-PCR. Only one strain, isolated in an embryonated chicken egg from a sample collected from a horse of a stable located in Brescia, Lombardy, was identified as H3N8 Florida lineage clade 1 (FC1). In the constructed phylogenetic trees, this strain is located within the FC1, together with the virus isolated in France in 2018 (MK501761). CONCLUSIONS This study reports the first detection of H3N8 FC1 in Italy, highlighting the importance of monitoring circulating EIV strains to verify the vaccine composition appropriateness for maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Silvia Tofani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rosone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Elena Lavinia Diaconu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide La Rocca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Samanta Sabatini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Donatella Costantini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Raffaella Conti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giulia Pacchiarotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy; (I.R.); (F.R.); (A.C.); (E.L.D.); (D.L.R.); (G.M.); (S.S.); (D.C.); (R.C.); (G.P.); (M.T.S.)
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Gaffuri A, Sassera D, Calzolari M, Gibelli L, Lelli D, Tebaldi A, Vicari N, Bianchi A, Pigoli C, Cerioli M, Zandonà L, Varisco G, Bertoletti I, Prati P. Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:341-344. [PMID: 38270164 PMCID: PMC10826753 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis was limited to northeast portions of Italy. We report in Lombardy, a populous region in the northwest, a chamois displaying clinical signs of tickborne encephalitis virus that had multiple virus-positive ticks attached, as well as a symptomatic man. Further, we show serologic evidence of viral circulation in the area.
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Sozzi E, Leo G, Bertasio C, Alborali GL, Salogni C, Tonni M, Formenti N, Lelli D, Moreno A, Trogu T, Canziani S, Tolini C, Cerioli MP, Lavazza A. Presence and Characterisation of Porcine Respirovirus 1 (PRV1) in Northern Italy. Pathogens 2024; 13:85. [PMID: 38251392 PMCID: PMC10819322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Respirovirus 1 (PRV1) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Respirovirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. Since its first detection in China in 2013, PRV1 has been identified in several American and European countries. Although its pathogenicity is uncertain, recent studies have suggested that it may play a role in the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) because of its capacity to replicate in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. This study aimed to determine the spread of PRV1 in Northern Italy and the phylogeny of the isolates. Therefore, PRV1 was investigated using real-time RT-PCR in 902 samples collected from September 2022 to September 2023 from pigs with respiratory symptoms in North Italy. Fourteen (1.55%) samples tested as PRV1-positive. The full-length fusion (F) gene, which codifies for a major surface protein, was amplified and used for phylogenetic analysis to help carry out molecular epidemiological studies on this virus. In addition, swine influenza virus (SIV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections were detected in most of the PRV1-positive samples. In conclusion, we report the detection of PRV1 in Italy and discuss its potential role as a co-factor in causing the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.L.); (C.B.); (G.L.A.); (C.S.); (M.T.); (N.F.); (D.L.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (S.C.); (C.T.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
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Antón-Herrero R, Chicca I, García-Delgado C, Crognale S, Lelli D, Gargarello RM, Herrero J, Fischer A, Thannberger L, Eymar E, Petruccioli M, D’Annibale A. Main Factors Determining the Scale-Up Effectiveness of Mycoremediation for the Decontamination of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Soil. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1205. [PMID: 38132804 PMCID: PMC10745009 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil contamination constitutes a significant threat to the health of soil ecosystems in terms of complexity, toxicity, and recalcitrance. Among all contaminants, aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons (APH) are of particular concern due to their abundance and persistence in the environment and the need of remediation technologies to ensure their removal in an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable way. Soil remediation technologies presently available on the market to tackle soil contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) include landfilling, physical treatments (e.g., thermal desorption), chemical treatments (e.g., oxidation), and conventional bioremediation. The first two solutions are costly and energy-intensive approaches. Conversely, bioremediation of on-site excavated soil arranged in biopiles is a more sustainable procedure. Biopiles are engineered heaps able to stimulate microbial activity and enhance biodegradation, thus ensuring the removal of organic pollutants. This soil remediation technology is currently the most environmentally friendly solution available on the market, as it is less energy-intensive and has no detrimental impact on biological soil functions. However, its major limitation is its low removal efficiency, especially for long-chain hydrocarbons (LCH), compared to thermal desorption. Nevertheless, the use of fungi for remediation of environmental contaminants retains the benefits of bioremediation treatments, including low economic, social, and environmental costs, while attaining removal efficiencies similar to thermal desorption. Mycoremediation is a widely studied technology at lab scale, but there are few experiences at pilot scale. Several factors may reduce the overall efficiency of on-site mycoremediation biopiles (mycopiles), and the efficiency detected in the bench scale. These factors include the bioavailability of hydrocarbons, the selection of fungal species and bulking agents and their application rate, the interaction between the inoculated fungi and the indigenous microbiota, soil properties and nutrients, and other environmental factors (e.g., humidity, oxygen, and temperature). The identification of these factors at an early stage of biotreatability experiments would allow the application of this on-site technology to be refined and fine-tuned. This review brings together all mycoremediation work applied to aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons (APH) and identifies the key factors in making mycoremediation effective. It also includes technological advances that reduce the effect of these factors, such as the structure of mycopiles, the application of surfactants, and the control of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Antón-Herrero
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-H.); (E.E.)
| | | | - Carlos García-Delgado
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Crognale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-Food and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Tuscia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-Food and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Tuscia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Romina Mariel Gargarello
- Water, Air and Soil Unit, Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 08242 Manresa, Spain; (R.M.G.); (J.H.)
| | - Jofre Herrero
- Water, Air and Soil Unit, Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, 08242 Manresa, Spain; (R.M.G.); (J.H.)
| | | | | | - Enrique Eymar
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.A.-H.); (E.E.)
| | - Maurizio Petruccioli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-Food and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Tuscia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Alessandro D’Annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-Food and Forestry Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Tuscia, Italy; (S.C.); (D.L.); (M.P.); (A.D.)
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Colombino E, Lelli D, Canziani S, Quaranta G, Guidetti C, Leopardi S, Robetto S, De Benedictis P, Orusa R, Mauthe von Degerfeld M, Capucchio MT. Main causes of death of free-ranging bats in Turin province (North-Western Italy): gross and histological findings and emergent virus surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:200. [PMID: 37821925 PMCID: PMC10566203 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are recognized as reservoir species for multiple viruses. However, little is known on bats' health and mortality. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the main causes of death of bats from Turin province (North-western Italy) and to describe gross and histopathological lesions potentially associated with the presence of selected bat viruses. RESULTS A total of 71 bats belonging to 9 different species of the families Vespertilionidae and Molossidae were necropsied and samples of the main organs were submitted to histopathological examination. Also, aliquots of the small intestine, liver, spleen, lung, and brain were collected and submitted to biomolecular investigation for the identification of Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, Reoviridae (Mammalian orthoreovirus species), Rhabdoviridae (Vaprio ledantevirus and Lyssavirus species) and Kobuvirus. The majority of bats died from traumatic lesions due to unknown trauma or predation (n = 40/71, 56.3%), followed by emaciation (n = 13/71,18.3%). The main observed gross lesions were patagium and skin lesions (n = 23/71, 32.4%), forelimbs fractures (n = 15/71, 21.1%) and gastric distension (n = 10/71,14.1%). Histologically, the main lesions consisted of lymphoplasmacytic pneumonia (n = 24/71, 33.8%), skin/patagium dermatitis (n = 23/71, 32.4%), liver steatosis and hepatitis (n = 12, 16.9%), and white pulp depletion in the spleen (n = 7/71, 9.8%). Regarding emergent bat viruses, only poxvirus (n = 2, 2.8%) and orthoreovirus (n = 12/71, 16.9%) were detected in a low percentage of bats. CONCLUSIONS Trauma is the main lesion observed in bats collected in Turin province (North-western Italy) associated with forelimb fractures and the detected viral positivity rate seems to suggest that they did not represent a threat for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
- Molecular Medicine PhD Program, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Quaranta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Guidetti
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Stefania Leopardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, National Reference Centre for Wild Animal Diseases (CeRMAS), Aosta, Italy
| | - Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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9
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Cassaniti I, Ferrari G, Senatore S, Rossetti E, Defilippo F, Maffeo M, Vezzosi L, Campanini G, Sarasini A, Paolucci S, Piralla A, Lelli D, Moreno A, Bonini M, Tirani M, Cerutti L, Paglia S, Regazzetti A, Farioli M, Lavazza A, Faccini M, Rovida F, Cereda D, Baldanti F. Preliminary results on an autochthonous dengue outbreak in Lombardy Region, Italy, August 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300471. [PMID: 37707980 PMCID: PMC10687988 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.37.2300471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In August 2023, six locally acquired dengue virus 1 infections were detected in Lodi province, Lombardy Region, in northern Italy, where the vector Aedes albopictus is present. Four cases were hospitalised, none died. The viruses clustered with Peruvian and Brazilian strains collected between 2021 and 2023. This preliminary report highlights the importance of continued integrated surveillance of imported vector-borne virus infections and the potential for tropical disease outbreaks in highly populated regions of northern Italy where competent vectors are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cassaniti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Ferrari
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Senatore
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency, Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Rossetti
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency, Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Defilippo
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuel Maffeo
- Postgraduate School in Public Health, Department Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzosi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency Val Padana, Mantova, Italy
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Campanini
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Sarasini
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolucci
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maira Bonini
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency, Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Tirani
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
- Health Director Staff, Health Protection Agency, Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cerutti
- SC Chemical-Clinical Analysis and Microbiology Laboratory, ASST Lodi, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefano Paglia
- Department of Emergency and Urgency, ASST Lodi, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Marco Farioli
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marino Faccini
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency, Metropolitan Area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rovida
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Danilo Cereda
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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10
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Moreno A, Bonfante F, Bortolami A, Cassaniti I, Caruana A, Cottini V, Cereda D, Farioli M, Fusaro A, Lavazza A, Lecchini P, Lelli D, Maroni Ponti A, Nassuato C, Pastori A, Rovida F, Ruocco L, Sordilli M, Baldanti F, Terregino C. Asymptomatic infection with clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in carnivore pets, Italy, April 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300441. [PMID: 37650905 PMCID: PMC10472752 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.35.2300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In April 2023, an outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses carrying the T271A mammalian adaptive mutation in the PB2 protein was detected in a backyard poultry farm in Italy. Five domestic dogs and one cat living on the premises had seroconverted in the absence of clinical signs. Virological and serological monitoring of individuals exposed to the virus proved the absence of human transmission, however, asymptomatic influenza A(H5N1) infections in mammalian pets may have important public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Caruana
- Dipartimento di Igiene e Prevenzione Sanitaria-ATS Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cottini
- Dipartimento Veterinario e Sicurezza degli Alimenti di origine animale-ATS Brescia Direzione Generale, Brescia, Italy
| | - Danilo Cereda
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Farioli
- General Directorate of Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Nassuato
- Dipartimento Veterinario e Sicurezza degli Alimenti di origine animale-ATS Brescia Direzione Generale, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ambra Pastori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Francesca Rovida
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sordilli
- Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- SC Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (Padua), Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share last authorship
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11
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Leopardi S, Desiato R, Mazzucato M, Orusa R, Obber F, Averaimo D, Berjaoui S, Canziani S, Capucchio MT, Conti R, di Bella S, Festa F, Garofalo L, Lelli D, Madrau MP, Mandola ML, Martin AMM, Peletto S, Pirani S, Robetto S, Torresi C, Varotto M, Citterio C, Terregino C. One health surveillance strategy for coronaviruses in Italian wildlife - CORRIGENDUM. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e104. [PMID: 37366049 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Leopardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Quart, Italy
| | - Matteo Mazzucato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Quart, Italy
- National Reference Center Wildlife Diseases, Aosta Valley, Quart, Italy
| | - Federica Obber
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Averaimo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centro Animali Non Convenzionali (C.A.N.C), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaella Conti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lazio e Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Santina di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Festa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luisa Garofalo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lazio e Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
- Molecular Medicine PhD Program, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Lucia Mandola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Quart, Italy
| | | | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Quart, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Umbria e Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serena Robetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Quart, Italy
| | - Claudia Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Umbria e Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Varotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Citterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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12
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Leopardi S, Desiato R, Mazzucato M, Orusa R, Obber F, Averaimo D, Berjaoui S, Canziani S, Capucchio MT, Conti R, di Bella S, Festa F, Garofalo L, Lelli D, Madrau MP, Mandola ML, Moreno Martin AM, Peletto S, Pirani S, Robetto S, Torresi C, Varotto M, Citterio C, Terregino C. One health surveillance strategy for coronaviruses in Italian wildlife. Epidemiol Infect 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37263583 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882300081x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
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13
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Sozzi E, Lelli D, Barbieri I, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Trogu T, Tosi G, Lavazza A. Isolation and Molecular Characterisation of Respirovirus 3 in Wild Boar. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1815. [PMID: 37889684 PMCID: PMC10252080 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are important pathogens affecting various animals, including humans. In this study, we identified a paramyxovirus in 2004 (180608_2004), isolated from a sample of the femoral marrow bone of a wild boar carcass imported from Australia. Antigenic and morphological characteristics indicated that this virus was similar to members of the family Paramyxoviridae. The complete genome phylogenetic analysis grouped this virus into genotype A of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), recently renamed bovine respirovirus type 3 (BRV3), which also includes two swine paramyxoviruses (SPMV)-Texas-81 and ISU-92-isolated from encephalitic pigs in the United States in 1982 and 1992, respectively. The wild boar 180608_2004 strain was more closely related to both the BRV3 shipping fever (SF) strain and the SPMV Texas-81 strain at the nucleotide and amino acid levels than the SPMV ISU-92 strain. The high sequence identity to BRV3 suggested that this virus can be transferred from cattle to wild boars. The potential for cross-species transmission in the Respirovirus genus makes it essential for intensified genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (G.T.); (A.L.)
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14
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Fesce E, Marini G, Rosà R, Lelli D, Cerioli MP, Chiari M, Farioli M, Ferrari N. Understanding West Nile virus transmission: Mathematical modelling to quantify the most critical parameters to predict infection dynamics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010252. [PMID: 37126524 PMCID: PMC10174579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile disease is a vector-borne disease caused by West Nile virus (WNV), involving mosquitoes as vectors and birds as maintenance hosts. Humans and other mammals can be infected via mosquito bites, developing symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe neurological infection. Due to the worldwide spread of WNV, human infection risk is high in several countries. Nevertheless, there are still several knowledge gaps regarding WNV dynamics. Several aspects of transmission taking place between birds and mosquitoes, such as the length of the infectious period in birds or mosquito biting rates, are still not fully understood, and precise quantitative estimates are still lacking for the European species involved. This lack of knowledge affects the precision of parameter values when modelling the infection, consequently resulting in a potential impairment of the reliability of model simulations and predictions and in a lack of the overall understanding of WNV spread. Further investigations are thus needed to better understand these aspects, but field studies, especially those involving several wild species, such as in the case of WNV, can be challenging. Thus, it becomes crucial to identify which transmission processes most influence the dynamics of WNV. In the present work, we propose a sensitivity analysis to investigate which of the selected epidemiological parameters of WNV have the largest impact on the spread of the infection. Based on a mathematical model simulating WNV spread into the Lombardy region (northern Italy), the basic reproduction number of the infection was estimated and used to quantify infection spread into mosquitoes and birds. Then, we quantified how variations in four epidemiological parameters representing the duration of the infectious period in birds, the mosquito biting rate on birds, and the competence and susceptibility to infection of different bird species might affect WNV transmission. Our study highlights that knowledge gaps in WNV epidemiology affect the precision in several parameters. Although all investigated parameters affected the spread of WNV and the modelling precision, the duration of the infectious period in birds and mosquito biting rate are the most impactful, pointing out the need of focusing future studies on a better estimate of these parameters at first. In addition, our study suggests that a WNV outbreak is very likely to occur in all areas with suitable temperatures, highlighting the wide area where WNV represents a serious risk for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fesce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DiVAS), Wildlife Health management & One Health Lab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Trento (TN), Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia (BS), Italy
| | - Monica Pierangela Cerioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia (BS), Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- Regional Veterinary Authority of Lombardy, Direzione Generale Welfare, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Marco Farioli
- Regional Veterinary Authority of Lombardy, Direzione Generale Welfare, Milano (MI), Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DiVAS), Wildlife Health management & One Health Lab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano (MI), Italy
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15
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Lelli D, Moreno A, Canziani S, Soliani L, Carrera M, Castelli A, Faccin F, Trogu T, Sozzi E, Cavallari GL, Mauri M, Ferrari F, Salogni C, Garbarino C, Chiapponi C, Farioli M, Lavazza A. Isolation of Batborne Neglected Zoonotic Agent Issyk-Kul Virus, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 30:786-790. [PMID: 38526237 PMCID: PMC10977857 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We isolated Issyk-Kul virus (ISKV) from a bat sampled from Italy in 2021 and conducted ISKV-specific surveillance in bats collected in Italy during 2017-2023. ISKV circulation among synanthropic and sedentary species of bat, such as Savi's pipistrelle bat (Hypsugo savii) in northern Italy, may have public health implications in this region.
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16
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Oberto F, Carella E, Caruso C, Acutis PL, Lelli D, Bertolotti L, Masoero L, Peletto S. A Qualitative PCR Assay for the Discrimination of Bubaline Herpesvirus 1, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Herpesvirus 5. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030577. [PMID: 36985151 PMCID: PMC10056083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) are classified in the genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. BoHV-1 is the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, BoHV-5 induces moderate disease in adult cattle while BuHV-1 has instead been associated with a decline in livestock production of water buffaloes. The aim of this study was to develop a qualitative PCR assay that allows the discrimination of BuHV-1, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The alignment of homologous genes identified specific nucleotide sequences of BuHV- 1, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The design of the primers and the optimization of the PCR assay were focused on the target sequences located on the portions of gD, gE and gG genes. This assay involved the use of three different PCR end-points: the PCR of a portion of the gD gene identified only the presence of BoHV-1; the PCR of a portion of the gE gene confirmed the presence of both BoHV-5 and BuHV-1; the PCR of a portion of the gG gene discriminated between BoHV-5 and BuHV-1, as the amplification product was observed only for BoHV-5. This qualitative PCR assay allowed the differentiation of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 infections both in cattle and water buffaloes and heterologous BuHV-1 infections in bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oberto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Caruso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale CN1, Via Pier Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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17
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Calzolari M, Bonilauri P, Grisendi A, Dalmonte G, Vismarra A, Lelli D, Chiapponi C, Bellini R, Lavazza A, Dottori M. Arbovirus Screening in Mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna (Italy, 2021) and Isolation of Tahyna Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0158722. [PMID: 36165787 PMCID: PMC9602283 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01587-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses can be transmitted by mosquitoes. We searched some of these viruses in 20,778 mosquitoes, collected in 95 traps on the plains of Emilia-Romagna (North of Italy) in 2021. We detected West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in pools of Culex (Cx.) pipiens. In addition, we detected two insect-specific flaviviruses in three pools of Aedes (Ae.) caspius and in two of Ae. vexans. Tahyna virus (TAHV) was detected in six pools, three of Ae. caspius and three of Cx. pipiens, and one isolated strain was obtained from one of the Ae. caspius pools. Moreover, we detected TAHV in pools of several mosquito species (Ae. caspius, Ae. vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles maculipennis s.l.) collected in the previous year of surveillance. Our data indicate Ae. caspius as the species most infected with TAHV in the surveyed area. Together with the likely plasticity of the cycle, we reported strong genome stability of the TAHV, probably linked to a successful adaptation of the virus to its ecological niche. Interestingly, in six pools of Cx. pipiens we detected two associated viruses among USUV, WNV, TAHV and all the three viruses in two pools. This result allows us to assume the presence of particular conditions that prompt the circulation of arboviruses, creating the conditions for viral hot spots. While no human diseases related to Tahyna virus were reported in Italy, its detection over the years suggests that it is worth investigating this virus as a potential cause of disease in humans in order to assess its health burden. IMPORTANCE We reported in this work the detection of three Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne viruses) in mosquitoes collected in Emilia-Romagna in 2021. In addition to West Nile and Usutu viruses, which were reported from more than 10 years in the study area, we detected and isolated Tahyna virus (TAHV). We also reported detections of TAHV obtained in previous years of surveillance in different species of mosquitoes. TAHV is the potential causative agent of summer influenza-like diseases and also of meningitis. Even if human cases of disease referable to this virus are not reported in Italy, its relevant presence in mosquitoes suggests investigating the possibility they could.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grisendi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gastone Dalmonte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, UO di Parassitologia e Malattie Parassitarie, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G.Nicoli,” Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Dottori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna “B. Ubertini” (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
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18
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Ratti G, Lelli D, Moreno A, Stranieri A, Trogu T, Giordano A, Grassi A, Luzzago C, Decaro N, Paltrinieri S, Lauzi S. Comparison of diagnostic performances of different serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in cats and dogs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3530-3539. [PMID: 36183165 PMCID: PMC9538080 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serosurveillance among animals, including pets, plays an important role in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, because severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in animal populations could result in the establishment of new virus reservoirs. Serological assays that offer the required sensitivity and specificity are essential. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of three different commercially available immunoassays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pets, namely two ELISA tests for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid [ID Screen SARS CoV-2 double antigen multispecies (Double antigen) and ID Screen® SARS-CoV-2-N IgG indirect ELISA (Indirect)] and one test for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding-domain [surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT)]. The obtained results were compared with those of conventional virus neutralization test (VNT), which was regarded as reference method. A total of 191 serum samples were analysed. Thirteen (6.8%) samples showed VNT-positive results. The overall sensitivity was higher for sVNT (100%) compared to nucleocapsid-based ELISA assays (23% for Double antigen and 60% for Indirect). The specificity was 100% for Indirect ELISA and sVNT, when a higher cut-off (>30%) was used compared to the one previously defined by the manufacturer (>20%), whereas the other test showed lower value (99%). The sVNT test showed the highest accuracy and agreement with VNT, with a perfect agreement when the higher cut-off was applied. The agreement between each nucleocapsid-based ELISA test and VNT was 96% for Indirect and 94% for Double antigen. Our findings showed that some commercially available serological tests may lead to a high rate of false-negative results, highlighting the importance of assays validation for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Davide Lelli
- Department of VirologyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of VirologyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Department of VirologyIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia‐RomagnaBresciaItaly
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Andrea Grassi
- I‐VET srl, Laboratorio di Analisi VeterinarieFleroBresciaItaly
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroValenzanoBariItaly
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesUniversity of MilanLodiItaly
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19
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Armentano I, Barbanera M, Belloni E, Crognale S, Lelli D, Marconi M, Calabrò G. Design and Analysis of a Novel Ultraviolet-C Device for Surgical Face Mask Disinfection. ACS Omega 2022; 7:34117-34126. [PMID: 36188306 PMCID: PMC9520726 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the design of a compact sanitization device and the definition of a specific protocol for UV-C disinfection of a surgical face mask. The system was designed considering the material properties, face mask shape, and UV-C light distribution. DIALux software was used to evaluate the irradiance distribution provided by the lamps emitting in the UV-C range. The irradiance needed for UV-C-decontaminated bacteria and virus, and other contaminating pathogens, without compromising their integrity and guaranteeing inactivation of the bacteria, was evaluated. The face mask's material properties were analyzed with respect to UV-C exposure in terms of physicochemical properties, breathability, and bacterial filtration performance. Information on the effect of time-dependent passive decontamination at room temperature storage was provided. Single and multiple cycles of UV-C sanitization did not adversely affect respirator breathability and bacterial filtration efficiency. This multidisciplinal approach may provide important information on how it is possible to correctly sanitize a face mask and, in case of shortage, safely reuse the face mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Armentano
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Marco Barbanera
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Elisa Belloni
- Department
of Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia 06125, Italy
| | - Silvia Crognale
- Department
for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Department
for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Marco Marconi
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calabrò
- Department
of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
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20
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Cavalera S, Pezzoni G, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Baselli S, Lelli D, Colitti B, Serra T, Nardo FD, Chiarello M, Testa V, Rosati S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Investigation of the "Antigen Hook Effect" in Lateral Flow Sandwich Immunoassay: The Case of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Detection. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12090739. [PMID: 36140124 PMCID: PMC9496205 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease affecting bovine with severe symptomatology. The implementation of effective control strategies to prevent infection outbreak requires rapid diagnostic tools. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), targeting different epitopes of the LSDV structural protein p32, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to set up a colorimetric sandwich-type lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). Combinations including one or two mAbs, used either as the capture or detection reagent, were explored to investigate the hook effect due to antigen saturation by the detector antibody. The mAb-AuNP preparations were optimized by a full-factorial design of experiment to achieve maximum sensitivity. Opposite optimal conditions were selected when one Mab was used for capture and detection instead of two mAbs; thus, two rational routes for developing a highly sensitive LFIA according to Mab availability were outlined. The optimal LFIA for LSDV showed a low limit of detection (103.4 TCID50/mL), high inter- and intra-assay repeatability (CV% < 5.3%), and specificity (no cross-reaction towards 12 other viruses was observed), thus proving to be a good candidate as a useful tool for the point-of-need diagnosis of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Stefano Baselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
- Correspondence:
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21
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Moreno A, Lelli D, Trogu T, Lavazza A, Barbieri I, Boniotti M, Pezzoni G, Salogni C, Giovannini S, Alborali G, Bellini S, Boldini M, Farioli M, Ruocco L, Bessi O, Maroni Ponti A, Di Bartolo I, De Sabato L, Vaccari G, Belli G, Margutti A, Giorgi M. SARS-CoV-2 in a Mink Farm in Italy: Case Description, Molecular and Serological Diagnosis by Comparing Different Tests. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081738. [PMID: 36016360 PMCID: PMC9415545 DOI: 10.3390/v14081738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study described a SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks on an Italian farm. Surveillance was performed based on clinical examination and a collection of 1879 swabs and 74 sera from dead and live animals. The farm was placed under surveillance for 4.5 months, from the end of July 2020, when a man working on the farm tested positive by RT-PCR, till mid-December 2020 when all the animals were sacrificed. Clinical examination revealed no clinical signs or increased mortality rates attributable to SARS-CoV-2, while diagnostic tests detected only four weak PCR-positive samples, but 100% of sera were positive for SARS-CoV-2 anti-S antibodies. The phylogenetic analysis of two SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two minks and the sequence of the worker showed that they belonged to different clades. It could be therefore assumed that two distinct introductions of the virus occurred on the farm, and that the first introduction probably occurred before the start of the surveillance period. From the data collected, and especially from the detection of specific antibodies through the combination of different tests, it can be postulated that syndromic surveillance combined with genome detection by PCR may not be sufficient to achieve a diagnosis in asymptomatic animals. In particular, the serological approach, especially when using tests directed towards the S protein, may be useful for improving the traceability of virus circulation in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - MariaBeatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Boldini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Farioli
- Direzione Generale Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Olivia Bessi
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Maroni Ponti
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Belli
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, ATS Valpadana, Via Belgiardino, 6-26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Alberto Margutti
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, ATS Valpadana, Via Belgiardino, 6-26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Maurilio Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, ATS Valpadana, Via Belgiardino, 6-26100 Cremona, Italy
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22
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Scungio M, Crognale S, Lelli D, Carota E, Calabrò G. Characterization of the bioaerosol in a natural thermal cave and assessment of the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Environ Geochem Health 2022; 44:2009-2020. [PMID: 33683533 PMCID: PMC7970810 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thermal caves represent an environment characterized by unique chemical/physical properties, often used for treatment and care of musculoskeletal, respiratory, and skin diseases.However, these environments are poorly characterized for their physical and microbiological characteristics; furthermore, the recent pandemic caused by COVID-19 has highlighted the need to investigate the potential transmission scenario of SARS-CoV-2 virus in indoor environments where an in-depth analysis of the aerosol concentrations and dimensional distributions are essential to monitor the spread of the virus.This research work was carried out inside a natural cave located in Viterbo (Terme dei Papi, Italy) where a waterfall of sulfur-sulfate-bicarbonate-alkaline earth mineral thermal water creates a warm-humid environment with 100% humidity and 48 °C temperature. Characterization of the aerosol and bioaerosol was carried out to estimate the personal exposure to aerosol concentrations, as well as particle size distributions, and to give an indication of the native microbial load.The data obtained showed a predominance of particles with a diameter greater than 8 µm, associated with low ability of penetration in the human respiratory system. A low microbial load was also observed, with a prevalence of noncultivable strains generated by the aerosolization of the thermal waters.Finally, the estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by means of mathematical modeling revealed a low risk of transmission, with a decisive effect given by the mechanical ventilation system, which together with the adoption of social distancing measures makes the risk of infection extremely low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scungio
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Crognale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Carota
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Calabrò
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, Viterbo, Italy
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23
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Bellin N, Calzolari M, Magoga G, Callegari E, Bonilauri P, Lelli D, Dottori M, Montagna M, Rossi V. Unsupervised machine learning and geometric morphometrics as tools for the identification of inter and intraspecific variations in the Anopheles Maculipennis complex. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106585. [PMID: 35787418 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Geometric morphometric analysis was combined with two different unsupervised machine learning algorithms, UMAP and HDBSCAN, to visualize morphological differences in wing shape among and within four Anopheles sibling species (An. atroparvus, An. melanoon, An. maculipennis s.s. and An. daciae sp. inq.) of the Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Specifically, we evaluated: 1) wing shape variation among and within species; 2) the consistencies between groups of An. maculipennis s.s. and An. daciae sp. inq. identified based on COI sequences and wing shape variability; and 3) the spatial and temporal distribution of different morphotypes. UMAP detected at least 13 main patterns of variation in wing shape among the four analyzed species and mapped intraspecific morphological variations. The relationship between the most abundant COI haplotypes of An. daciae sp. inq. and shape ordination/variation was not significant. However, morphological variation within haplotypes was reported. HDBSCAN also recognized different clusters of morphotypes within An. daciae sp. inq. (12) and An. maculipennis s.s. (4). All morphotypes shared a similar pattern of variation in the subcostal vein, in the anal vein and in the radio-medial cross-vein of the wing. On the contrary, the marginal part of the wings remained unchanged in all clusters of both species. Any spatial-temporal significant difference was observed in the frequency of the identified morphotypes. Our study demonstrated that machine learning algorithms are a useful tool combined with geometric morphometrics and suggest to deepen the analysis of inter and intra specific shape variability to evaluate evolutionary constrains related to wing functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Bellin
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/A 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ''B. Ubertini'' (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Magoga
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Callegari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ''B. Ubertini'' (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ''B. Ubertini'' (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ''B. Ubertini'' (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Dottori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna ''B. Ubertini'' (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Montagna
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rossi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze, 11/A 43124 Parma, Italy
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24
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Decataldo F, Giovannini C, Grumiro L, Marino MM, Faccin F, Brandolini M, Dirani G, Taddei F, Lelli D, Tessarolo M, Calienni M, Cacciotto C, De Pascali AM, Lavazza A, Fraboni B, Sambri V, Scagliarini A. Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Versatile Tool for Real-Time and Automatized Viral Cytopathic Effect Evaluation. Viruses 2022; 14:1155. [PMID: 35746627 PMCID: PMC9227436 DOI: 10.3390/v14061155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In-vitro viral studies are still fundamental for biomedical research since studying the virus kinetics on cells is crucial for the determination of the biological properties of viruses and for screening the inhibitors of infections. Moreover, testing potential viral contaminants is often mandatory for safety evaluation. Nowadays, viral cytopathic effects are mainly evaluated through end-point assays requiring dye-staining combined with optical evaluation. Recently, optical-based automatized equipment has been marketed, aimed at the real-time screening of cell-layer status and obtaining further insights, which are unavailable with end-point assays. However, these technologies present two huge limitations, namely, high costs and the possibility to study only cytopathic viruses, whose effects lead to plaque formation and layer disruption. Here, we employed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (Pedot:Pss) organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) for the real-time, electrical monitoring of the infection of cytolytic viruses, i.e., encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and non-cytolytic viruses, i.e., bovine coronavirus (B-CoV), on cells. OECT data on EMCV were validated using a commercially-available optical-based technology, which, however, failed in the B-CoV titration analysis, as expected. The OECTs proved to be reliable, fast, and versatile devices for viral infection monitoring, which could be scaled up at low cost, reducing the operator workload and speeding up in-vitro assays in the biomedical research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Catia Giovannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Grumiro
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Maria Michela Marino
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesca Faccin
- Experimental Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna“Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.F.); (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Giorgio Dirani
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesca Taddei
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Experimental Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna“Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.F.); (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Calienni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Experimental Zooprofilactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna“Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.F.); (D.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (F.D.); (M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
- Unit of Microbiology, The Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, 47522 Pievesestina, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.M.); (M.B.); (G.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Universtity of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.D.P.); (A.S.)
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25
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Defilippo F, Carrera M, Lelli D, Canziani S, Moreno A, Sozzi E, Manarolla G, Chiari M, Marco F, Cerioli MP, Lavazza A. Distribution of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Lombardy Region, Northern Italy. Insects 2022; 13:insects13050463. [PMID: 35621798 PMCID: PMC9146192 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogens transmitted to humans and animals by Phlebotomines are relatively neglected, as they cause infectious diseases which represent an underestimated burden in most European countries. Several sand fly species are competent vectors of Leishmaniasis, an endemic disease that has spread widely throughout the Mediterranean region in conjunction with sand flies’ movements. In the Lombardy region, information on sand flies is poor and/or outdated. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to preliminarily ascertain the species composition, distribution, and diversity in representative Lombardy localities. The sampling took advantage of regional surveillance plans namely, West Nile virus and leishmaniasis monitoring plans. A focused sampling was also performed in areas identified as favorable for vector presence. Sampling was conducted using CO2–CDC traps conducted every two and/or three weeks. From trapping for the West Nile monitoring plan, 21 out of 44 capture sites were positive for sand flies, while for the leishmaniasis monitoring plan, 11 out of the 40 trapping sites detected sand flies’ presence. Specimen identification was conducted by identifying morphological features. Phlebotomus perniciosus was the most abundant species (87.76% of specimens collected). Adequate and well-structured monitoring of sand fly populations is essential to provide information about distribution patterns of vector species present in defined geographical areas, as they could enhance pathogen circulation. Abstract This study investigated the species composition and density of sand flies in the Lombardy region (Northern Italy). Sand flies were collected using CDC traps baited with CO2 (CO2–CDC traps) between June and August 2021. A total of 670 sand flies were collected. The specimens were identified as seven species belonging to two genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, namely, S. minuta, Ph. perniciosus, Ph. perfiliewii, Ph. neglectus, Ph. mascitti, Ph. papatasi, and Ph. ariasi. Phlebotomus perniciosus was the most abundant species (87.76%), followed by Ph. perfiliewii (7.31%), Ph. neglectus (3.13%), S. minuta (0.75%), Ph. mascitti (0.6%), Ph. papatasi (0.3%), and Ph. ariasi, for which only one specimen was identified. Among these identified species, five are considered vectors of Leishmania, which causes cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. As vector presence increases the risk of vector-borne leishmaniasis, these results suggest that Northern Italy could be a potential area of pathogen circulation over the next few years. These preliminary results suggest that the risk of borne leishmaniasis is high in this region of Northern Italy. Monitoring the distribution of sand fly species in areas suitable for their persistence is important for control programs aimed at reducing the risk of leishmaniasis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Defilippo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maya Carrera
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Giovanni Manarolla
- Welfare Department, Lombardy Region, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Mario Chiari
- Welfare Department, Lombardy Region, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Farioli Marco
- Welfare Department, Lombardy Region, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Monica Pierangela Cerioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagnia, Via Bianchi 9, 24124 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.); (S.C.); (A.M.); (E.S.); (M.P.C.); (A.L.)
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Delcanale P, Uriati E, Mariangeli M, Mussini A, Moreno A, Lelli D, Cavanna L, Bianchini P, Diaspro A, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C. The Interaction of Hypericin with SARS-CoV-2 Reveals a Multimodal Antiviral Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:14025-14032. [PMID: 35302731 PMCID: PMC8972258 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin is a photosensitizing drug that is active against membrane-enveloped viruses and therefore constitutes a promising candidate for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The antiviral efficacy of hypericin is largely determined by its affinity toward viral components and by the number of active molecules loaded on single viruses. Here we use an experimental approach to follow the interaction of hypericin with SARS-CoV-2, and we evaluate its antiviral efficacy, both in the dark and upon photoactivation. Binding to viral particles is directly visualized with fluorescence microscopy, and a strong affinity for the viral particles, most likely for the viral envelope, is measured spectroscopically. The loading of a maximum of approximately 30 molecules per viral particle is estimated, despite with marked heterogeneity among particles. Because of this interaction, nanomolar concentrations of photoactivated hypericin substantially reduce virus infectivity on Vero E6 cells, but a partial effect is also observed in dark conditions, suggesting multiple mechanisms of action for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Delcanale
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Uriati
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Nanoscopy
@ Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Mariangeli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Nanoscopy
@ Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Mussini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto
Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia
Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto
Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia
Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavanna
- Dipartimento
di Oncologia-Ematologia, Azienda USL di
Piacenza, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchini
- Nanoscopy
@ Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy
@ Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genova, Italy
- DIFILAB,
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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27
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Daoudi M, Calzolari M, Boussaa S, Bonilauri P, Torri D, Romeo G, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Hafidi M, Dottori M, Boumezzough A. Identification of Toscana Virus in Natural Population of Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Moroccan Leishmaniasis foci. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:406-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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28
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Righi F, Arnaboldi S, Filipello V, Ianiro G, Di Bartolo I, Calò S, Bellini S, Trogu T, Lelli D, Bianchi A, Bonardi S, Pavoni E, Bertasi B, Lavazza A. Torque Teno Sus Virus (TTSuV) Prevalence in Wild Fauna of Northern Italy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020242. [PMID: 35208696 PMCID: PMC8875128 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) is a non-enveloped circular ssDNA virus which frequently infects swine and has been associated with hepatic, respiratory, and autoimmune disorders. TTSuV’s pathogenic role is still uncertain, and clear data in the literature on virus reservoirs are lacking. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of potentially zoonotic TTSuV in wild animals in Northern Italy and to evaluate their role as reservoirs. Liver samples were collected between 2016 and 2020 during four hunting seasons from wild boars (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Samples originated from areas in Northern Italy characterized by different traits, i.e., mountains and flatland with, respectively low and high farm density and anthropization. Viral identification was carried out by end-point PCR with specific primers for TTSuV1a and TTSuVk2a species. TTSuV prevalence in wild boars was higher in the mountains than in the flatland (prevalence of 6.2% and 2.3%, respectively). In wild ruminants only TTSuVk2a was detected (with a prevalence of 9.4%). Our findings shed light on the occurrence and distribution of TTSuV in some wild animal species, investigating their possible role as reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Arnaboldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-229-0781
| | - Virginia Filipello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Emerging Zoonoses Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.I.); (I.D.B.)
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Emerging Zoonoses Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.I.); (I.D.B.)
| | - Stefania Calò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 23100 Sondrio, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bonardi
- Veterinary Science Department, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy;
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Risks in Food Safety (CRESA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (F.R.); (V.F.); (S.C.); (S.B.); (T.T.); (D.L.); (E.P.); (B.B.); (A.L.)
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29
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Colitti B, Bonfante F, Grazioli S, Anfossi L, Nogarol C, Scalas D, Bertolotti L, Bortolami A, Pagliari M, Pezzoni G, Moreno A, Lelli D, Gennero MS, Dondo A, Brocchi E, Rosati S. Detailed epitope mapping of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein reveals specific immunoresponse in cats and dogs housed with COVID-19 patients. Res Vet Sci 2022; 143:81-87. [PMID: 34998208 PMCID: PMC8723757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the initial emergence in December 2019, the novel Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported in over 200 countries, representing an unprecedented challenge related to disease control worldwide. In this context, cases of human to animal transmission have been reported, raising concern about the potential role of companion animals in the pandemic and stressing the need for reliable animal testing. In the study, a detailed epitope mapping of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein, using both human and pet sera, allowed the identification of the most antigenic region in the C-terminus domain of the protein, which was used to develop an experimental double antigen-based ELISA. A panel of pre-pandemic sera and sera of animals immunized against (or naturally infected with) related coronaviruses was used to assess assay specificity at 99.5%. Positive sera belonging to animals housed with COVID-19 patients were confirmed with the experimental double-antigen ELISA using Plaque Reduction Neutralization test (PRNT) test as gold standard. The availability of a serological assay that targets a highly specific viral antigen represents a valuable tool for multispecies monitoring of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- National Reference Centre for Vesicular Diseases, Dpt. Biotechnology, OIE/FAO reference laboratories for FMD and for SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic s.r.l., Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Universita' 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- National Reference Centre for Vesicular Diseases, Dpt. Biotechnology, OIE/FAO reference laboratories for FMD and for SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Gennero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- National Reference Centre for Vesicular Diseases, Dpt. Biotechnology, OIE/FAO reference laboratories for FMD and for SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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30
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Trogu T, Canziani S, Salvato S, Tolini C, Grilli G, Chiari M, Farioli M, Alborali L, Gaffuri A, Sala G, Bianchi A, Rosignoli C, Prati P, Gradassi M, Sozzi E, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Moreno A. Survey on the Presence of Viruses of Economic and Zoonotic Importance in Avifauna in Northern Italy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1957. [PMID: 34576852 PMCID: PMC8471648 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds play an important role in the circulation and spread of pathogens that are potentially zoonotic or of high economic impact on zootechnical production. They include, for example, West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which, despite having mostly an asymptomatic course in wild birds, have a strong impact on public health and zootechnical production. This study investigated the presence of these viruses in several wild bird species from North Italy during the biennium 2019-2020. Wild birds derived from 76 different species belonging to 20 orders. Out of 679 birds, 27 were positive for WNV (lineage 2) with a prevalence of 4%; all birds were negative for USUV; one gull was positive for H13N6 influenza virus, and 12 samples were positive for NDV with a prevalence of 2%. Despite the low prevalence observed, the analyses performed on these species provide further data, allowing a better understanding of the diffusion and evolution of diseases of both economic and zoonotic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Sara Salvato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Clara Tolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Guido Grilli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Mario Chiari
- Direzione Generale Welfare, Regional Health Authority of Lombardy, 20124 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Farioli
- Direzione Generale Welfare, Regional Health Authority of Lombardy, 20124 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Gaffuri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Giovanni Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Carlo Rosignoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Paola Prati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Matteo Gradassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (T.T.); (S.S.); (C.T.); (L.A.); (A.G.); (G.S.); (A.B.); (C.R.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (E.S.); (D.L.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
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31
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Lelli D, Scanferla V, Moreno A, Sozzi E, Ravaioli V, Renzi M, Tosi G, Dottori M, Lavazza A, Calzolari M. Serological Evidence of Phleboviruses in Domestic Animals on the Pre-Apennine Hills (Northern Italy). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081577. [PMID: 34452442 PMCID: PMC8402779 DOI: 10.3390/v13081577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phleboviruses are arboviruses transmitted by sand flies, mosquitoes and ticks. Some sand fly-borne phleboviruses cause illnesses in humans, such as the summer fevers caused by the Sicilian and Naples viruses or meningitis caused by the Toscana virus. Indeed, traces of several phleboviral infections have been serologically detected in domestic animals, but their potential pathogenic role in vertebrates other than humans is still unclear, as is the role of vertebrates as potential reservoirs of these viruses. In this study, we report the results of a serological survey performed on domestic animals sampled in Northern Italy, against four phleboviruses isolated from sand flies in the same area. The sera of 23 dogs, 165 sheep and 23 goats were tested with a virus neutralization assay for Toscana virus, Fermo virus, Ponticelli I virus and Ponticelli III virus. Neutralizing antibodies against one or more phleboviruses were detected in four out of 23 dogs, 31 out of 165 sheep and 12 out of 23 goats. This study shows preliminary evidence for the distribution pattern of phleboviral infections in different animal species, highlighting the potential infection of the Toscana virus in dogs and the Fermo virus in goats.
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Mira F, Canuti M, Di Bella S, Puleio R, Lavazza A, Lelli D, Vicari D, Purpari G, Cannella V, Chiaramonte G, Schirò G, Castronovo C, Guercio A. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Two Gammaherpesviruses from Pantesco Breed Donkeys during an Outbreak of Mild Respiratory Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081527. [PMID: 34452391 PMCID: PMC8402663 DOI: 10.3390/v13081527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid and asinine gammaherpesviruses (GHVs; genus Percavirus) are members of the Herpesviridae family. Though GHVs have been reported in horse populations, less studies are available on gammaherpesviral infections in donkeys. This study reports the co-infection with two GHVs in Pantesco breed donkeys, an endangered Italian donkey breed. Samples (n = 124) were collected on a breeding farm in Southern Italy from 40 donkeys, some of which were healthy or presented erosive tongue lesions and/or mild respiratory signs. Samples were analysed by using a set of nested PCRs targeting the DNA polymerase, glycoprotein B, and DNA-packaging protein genes, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Twenty-nine donkeys (72.5%) tested positive, and the presence of Equid gammaherpesvirus 7 and asinine herpesvirus 5 was evidenced. In 11 animals, we found evidence for co-infection with viruses from the two species. Virions with herpesvirus-like morphology were observed by electron microscopic examination, and viruses were successfully isolated in RK-13-KY cell monolayers. The histological evaluation of tongue lesions revealed moderate lympho-granulocytic infiltrates and rare eosinophilic inclusions. The detection of GHVs in this endangered asinine breed suggests the need long-life monitoring within conservation programs and reinforces the need for further investigations of GHV’s pathogenetic role in asinine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Gabriele Chiaramonte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
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Lauzi S, Stranieri A, Giordano A, Lelli D, Elia G, Desario C, Ratti G, Decaro N, Paltrinieri S. Do Dogs and Cats Passively Carry SARS-CoV-2 on Hair and Pads? Viruses 2021; 13:1357. [PMID: 34372563 PMCID: PMC8310179 DOI: 10.3390/v13071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological role of domestic animals in the spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans has been investigated in recent reports, but some aspects need to be further clarified. To date, only in rare cases have dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients been found to harbour SARS-CoV-2, with no evidence of pet-to-human transmission. The aim of the present study was to verify whether dogs and cats act as passive mechanical carriers of SARS-CoV-2 when they live in close contact with COVID-19 patients. Cutaneous and interdigital swabs collected from 48 dogs and 15 cats owned by COVID-19 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR. The time elapsed between owner swab positivity and sample collection from pets ranged from 1 to 72 days, with a median time of 23 days for dogs and 39 days for cats. All samples tested negative, suggesting that pets do not passively carry SARS-CoV-2 on their hair and pads, and thus they likely do not play an important role in the virus transmission to humans. This data may contribute to confirming that the direct contact with the hair and pads of pets does not represent a route for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.E.); (C.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.E.); (C.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.E.); (C.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.L.); (A.S.); (G.R.); (S.P.)
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Stranieri A, Lauzi S, Giordano A, Galimberti L, Ratti G, Decaro N, Brioschi F, Lelli D, Gabba S, Amarachi NL, Lorusso E, Moreno A, Trogu T, Paltrinieri S. Absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in stray cats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2089-2095. [PMID: 34170624 PMCID: PMC8446966 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 positive or seropositive owned cats have been reported worldwide. The detection of seropositive stray cats in the proximity of farms of infected minks, coupled with the demonstration of cat‐to‐cat transmission in experimental settings, raise the question whether stray cats may have an epidemiological role in the COVID‐19 pandemic and may act as sentinel for the circulation of SARS‐CoV‐2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in free roaming cats belonging to colonies located in an area highly affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic and to correlate the results with the positivity rate in people sharing the same area. Interdigital, cutaneous, oropharyngeal, nasal and rectal swabs, as well as blood samples, were collected from 99 cats living in colonies and admitted to our hospital for neutering. This caseload corresponds to the 24.2% of the feline population living in the 25 sampled colonies and to the 5.6% of all the free‐roaming registered cats. The presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in swabs was assessed using real time RT‐PCR. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 serum antibodies were assessed using commercially available ELISA kits and confirmed by serum virus neutralization. In people, the SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity rate ranged from 3.0% to 5.1% (mean rate: 4.1%) and the seropositive rate from 12.1% to 16.3% (mean rate: 14.2%). Most of the colonies were in urban areas and resident cats had frequent contacts with external cats or people. A COVID‐19 positive caretaker was found, whereas all the cats were negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and seronegative. Although the negative results cannot exclude previous infections followed by decrease of antibodies, this study suggests that colony cats do not have an important epidemiological role in SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission dynamics. Further studies on larger caseloads are warranted, also in the light of the emerging new viral variants, on a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Galimberti
- Agenzia di Tutela della Salute - ATS città metropolitana di Milano Distretto Veterinario Alto Lodigiano, Sant'Angelo Lodigiano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ratti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Brioschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Ndiana Linda Amarachi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
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35
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Bohórquez JA, Sozzi E, Wang M, Alberch M, Abad X, Gaffuri A, Lelli D, Rosell R, Pérez LJ, Moreno A, Ganges L. The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1539-1555. [PMID: 33896109 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several emerging pestiviruses have been reported lately, some of which have proved to cause disease. Recently, a new ovine pestivirus (OVPV), isolated from aborted lambs, with high genetic identity to classical swine fever virus (CSFV), has proved to induce reproductive disorders in pregnant ewes. OVPV also generated strong serological and molecular cross-reaction with CSFV. To assess the capacity of OVPV to infect swine, twelve piglets were infected either by intranasal or intramuscular route. Daily clinical evaluation and weekly samplings were performed to determine pathogenicity, viral replication and excretion and induction of immune response. Five weeks later, two pigs from each group were euthanized and tissue samples were collected to study viral replication and distribution. OVPV generated only mild clinical signs in the piglets, including wasting and polyarthritis. The virus was able to replicate, as shown by the RNA levels found in sera and swabs and persisted in tonsil for at least 5 weeks. Viral replication activated the innate and adaptive immunity, evidenced by the induction of interferon-alpha levels early after infection and cross-neutralizing antibodies against CSFV, including humoural response against CSFV E2 and Erns glycoproteins. Close antigenic relation between OVPV and CSFV genotype 2.3 was detected. To determine the OVPV protection against CSFV, the OVPV-infected pigs were challenged with a highly virulent strain. Strong clinical, virological and immunological protection was generated in the OVPV-infected pigs, in direct contrast with the infection control group. Our findings show, for the first time, the OVPV capacity to infect swine, activate immunity, and the robust protection conferred against CSFV. In addition, their genetic and antigenic similarities, the close relationship between both viruses, suggest their possible coevolution as two branches stemming from a shared origin at the same time in two different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Abad
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Gaffuri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosa Rosell
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament d'Agricultura, Ramadería, Pesca i Alimentació (DARP), Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lester Josue Pérez
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Calzolari M, Desiato R, Albieri A, Bellavia V, Bertola M, Bonilauri P, Callegari E, Canziani S, Lelli D, Mosca A, Mulatti P, Peletto S, Ravagnan S, Roberto P, Torri D, Pombi M, Di Luca M, Montarsi F. Mosquitoes of the Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6421. [PMID: 33742019 PMCID: PMC7979756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of mosquito vectors is often hampered by the presence of morphologically indiscernible sibling species. The Maculipennis complex is one of these groups that include both malaria vectors of primary importance and species of low/negligible epidemiological relevance, of which distribution data in Italy are outdated. Our study was aimed at providing an updated distribution of Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy through the sampling and morphological/molecular identification of specimens from five regions. The most abundant species was Anopheles messeae (2032), followed by Anopheles maculipennis s.s. (418), Anopheles atroparvus (28) and Anopheles melanoon (13). Taking advantage of ITS2 barcoding, we were able to finely characterize tested mosquitoes, classifying all the Anopheles messeae specimens as Anopheles daciae, a taxon with debated rank to which we referred as species inquirenda (sp. inq.). The distribution of species was characterized by Ecological Niche Models (ENMs), fed by recorded points of presence. ENMs provided clues on the ecological preferences of the detected species, with An. daciae sp. inq. linked to stable breeding sites and An. maculipennis s.s. more associated to ephemeral breeding sites. We demonstrate that historical Anopheles malaria vectors are still present in Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Albieri
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "Giorgio Nicoli" S.r.L. (CAA), Via Sant'Agata, 835, 40014, Crevalcore, BO, Italy
| | - Veronica Bellavia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Callegari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mosca
- Territory and Agriculture Technical Area, Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente - IPLA SpA, Corso Casale, 476, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto
- Territory and Agriculture Technical Area, Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente - IPLA SpA, Corso Casale, 476, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Deborah Torri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.,Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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37
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Pagani G, Lai A, Bergna A, Rizzo A, Stranieri A, Giordano A, Paltrinieri S, Lelli D, Decaro N, Rusconi S, Gismondo MR, Antinori S, Lauzi S, Galli M, Zehender G. Human-to-Cat SARS-CoV-2 Transmission: Case Report and Full-Genome Sequencing from an Infected Pet and Its Owner in Northern Italy. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020252. [PMID: 33672421 PMCID: PMC7926546 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been previous reports of the human-to-cat transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but there are only a few molecular studies that have compared the whole genome of the virus in cats and their owners. We here describe a case of domestic SARS-CoV-2 transmission from a healthcare worker to his cat for which nasopharyngeal swabs of both the cat and its owner were used for full-genome analysis. The results indicate that quarantine measures should be extended to pets living in SARS-CoV-2-infected households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pagani
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Division, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-3904-2451
| | - Alessia Lai
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Statale di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.); (G.Z.)
| | - Annalisa Bergna
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Statale di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.); (G.Z.)
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Microbiology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.R.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 700010 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Division, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Statale di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.); (G.Z.)
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Microbiology Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.R.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Spinello Antinori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Division, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Statale di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (A.S.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Massimo Galli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 3rd Division, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST FBF-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy; (S.R.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Statale di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università Statale di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.L.); (A.B.); (G.Z.)
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38
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Percivalle E, Cassaniti I, Calzolari M, Lelli D, Baldanti F. Thirteen Years of Phleboviruses Circulation in Lombardy, a Northern Italy Region. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020209. [PMID: 33573092 PMCID: PMC7911539 DOI: 10.3390/v13020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phleboviruses transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies are endemic in the Mediterranean basin. Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV), Sicilian phlebovirus (SFSV), and Naples phlebovirus (SFNV) are responsible of summer fever, with well-known pathogenic potential for humans ranging from asymptomatic to mild fever, in addition to neuro-invasive infections during summer. Although TOSV, in particular, is a significant and well-known human pathogen, SFVs remain neglected, with many gaps in the relevant knowledge. Sero-epidemiological studies and case reports recently showed a geographical wider distribution than previously considered, although the real incidence of phleboviruses infections in the Mediterranean area is still unknown. Here we retrospectively evaluated the circulation of phleboviruses during summer seasons between 2007 and 2019 in 649 patients showing neurological symptoms using both molecular and serological approaches. We found that 42/649 (6.5%) subjects experienced phlebovirus infection and only 10/42 cases were detected by molecular assays, whereas the other 32/42 were identified using serological approaches, including neutralization assays. During the 2013 summer, an outbreak in the Lombardy region is described because the prevalence of phlebovirus infection reached 37.2% (19/51 subjects). Interestingly, only 5/19 (26.5%) reported traveling in endemic areas. Of note, no cross-neutralization was observed between different strains tested, showing the possibility to be reinfected by newly discovered phlebovirus strains. In conclusion, phlebovirus infections are still inadequately considered by physicians and are generally underestimated. However, based on our results, sandfly fever viruses should be routinely included in diagnostic panels during summer period, including in Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.P.); (I.C.)
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.P.); (I.C.)
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna B. Ubertini, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (M.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (E.P.); (I.C.)
- Department of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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Trogu T, Canziani S, Salvato S, Bianchi A, Bertoletti I, Gibelli LR, Alborali GL, Barbieri I, Gaffuri A, Sala G, Sozzi E, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Moreno A. Canine Distemper Outbreaks in Wild Carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010099. [PMID: 33450828 PMCID: PMC7828270 DOI: 10.3390/v13010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a fatal, highly contagious disease of wild and domestic carnivores. In the Alpine territory, several outbreaks have occurred in the past few decades within wild populations. This study investigated the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infections in wild carnivores in Lombardy, relating to the different circulating genotypes. From 2018 to 2020, foxes, badgers, and martens collected during passive surveillance were subjected to necropsy and histological examination, showing classical signs and microscopic lesions related to CDV. Pools of viscera from each animal were analysed by molecular methods and immunoelectron microscopy. Total prevalences of 39.7%, 52.6%, and 14.3% were recorded in foxes, badgers, and stone martens, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences obtained belonged to the European 1 lineage and were divided into two different clades (a and b) according to the geographical conformation of alpine valleys included in the study. Clade a was related to the European outbreaks originating from Germany in 2006–2010, while clade b was closely related to the CDV sequences originating from northeastern Italy during the 2011–2018 epidemic wave. Our results suggest that CDV is currently well adapted to wild carnivores, mostly circulating with subclinical manifestations and without severe impact on the dynamics of these populations.
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40
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De Sabato L, Di Bartolo I, De Marco MA, Moreno A, Lelli D, Cotti C, Delogu M, Vaccari G. Can Coronaviruses Steal Genes from the Host as Evidenced in Western European Hedgehogs by EriCoV Genetic Characterization? Viruses 2020; 12:v12121471. [PMID: 33419245 PMCID: PMC7765933 DOI: 10.3390/v12121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their need for living cells, viruses have developed adaptive evolutionary strategies to survive and perpetuate in reservoir hosts that play a crucial role in the ecology of emerging pathogens. Pathogenic and potentially pandemic betacoronaviruses arose in humans in 2002 (SARS-CoV, disappeared in July 2003), 2012 (MERS-CoV, still circulating in Middle East areas), and 2019 (SARS-CoV-2, causing the current global pandemic). As universally recognized, bats host ancestors of the above-mentioned zoonotic viruses. However, hedgehogs have been recently identified in Europe and Asia as possible reservoirs of MERS-CoV-like strains classified as Erinaceus coronavirus (EriCoV). To elucidate the evolution and genetics of EriCoVs, NGS (next generation sequencing) and Sanger sequencing were used to examine fecal samples collected in Northern Italy in 2018/2019 from 12 hedgehogs previously found EriCoV-positive by RT-PCR. By sequence analysis, eight complete EriCoV genomes, obtained by NGS, showed a high phylogenetic correlation with EriCoV strains previously reported in Eurasia. Interestingly, eight viral strains presented an additional ORF encoding for the CD200 ortholog located between the genes encoding for the Spike and the ORF3a proteins. The CD200 ortholog sequences were closely similar to the host CD200 protein but varying among EriCoVs. The result, confirmed by Sanger sequencing, demonstrates for the first time that CoVs can acquire host genes potentially involved in the immune-modulatory cascade and possibly enabling the virus to escape the host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.D.S.); (I.D.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.D.S.); (I.D.B.); (G.V.)
| | - Maria Alessandra De Marco
- ISPRA Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.M.); (A.M.); Tel.: +39-051-6512205 (M.A.D.M.); +39-030-2290347 (A.M.); Fax: +39-051-796628 (M.A.D.M.)
| | - Ana Moreno
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.A.D.M.); (A.M.); Tel.: +39-051-6512205 (M.A.D.M.); +39-030-2290347 (A.M.); Fax: +39-051-796628 (M.A.D.M.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Claudia Cotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy; (C.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.D.S.); (I.D.B.); (G.V.)
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Guarneri F, Tresoldi ET, Sarli G, Boniotti MB, Lelli D, Barbieri I, Bacci B, D'Annunzio G, Amadori M. Protective immunity in swine induced by Porcine Circovirus 2b inactivated vaccines with different antigen payload. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108887. [PMID: 33276254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) vaccines are poorly standardized in terms of antigen payload and correlates of protection. Therefore, twenty, 45-day old piglets were divided into four groups of 5 animals each and vaccinated with 800 / 266 / 88 / 0 nanograms, respectively, of an inactivated PCV2b strain formulated in the same oil adjuvant. Twenty-six days later, all the pigs were challenged intranasally with the homologous PCV2b strain. No clinical signs were observed in the pigs under study. Viremia was observed after challenge in all the control pigs, as well as in 3 pigs of the 266 and 88-ng groups (one and two, respectively). No pigs of the 800-ng group developed viremia. On the basis of post challenge viremia, the PCV2b vaccine under study had a titer of 11 Protective Doses (PD) 50 %, and 1 PD50 amounted to 74 ng of PCV2b Ag. Neutralizing and ELISA Ab titers showed no obvious correlation with protection in the single animals, even though the 800-ng group developed a significantly higher mean Ab response. All the pigs with a PCV2-specific, IFN-gamma response at 3 weeks after vaccination in whole blood samples were protected against viremia. In lymphoid tissues (mainly tonsils and ileum) the presence of sparse reactive histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells was the only PCV2-associated feature and, by immunohistochemistry, only 3 out of 20 subjects showed a low viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Guarneri
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Genomics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimo Amadori
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Clinical Chemistry and Veterinary Immunology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via A. Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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42
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Gallina L, Savini F, Canziani S, Frasnelli M, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A, Lelli D. Bovine Papillomatosis Hiding a Zoonotic Infection: Epitheliotropic Viruses in Bovine Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070583. [PMID: 32709033 PMCID: PMC7400346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two cases of skin co-infections with epitheliotropic viruses, detected in two cattle during lumpy skin disease (LSD) surveillance in northern Italy. A diagnostic protocol including different molecular methods as well as negative staining electron microscopy was applied to detect the most common viral agents belonging to the family Papillomaviridae, Poxviridae and Herpesviridae which cause skin diseases in cattle. Two specimens were collected from cases clinically diagnosed as papillomatosis and pseudo-LSD. Both skin lesions were shown to harbor more than one viral species. This case report shows, for the first time, co-infection of zoonotic parapoxvirus with bovine papillomavirus and herpesvirus in skin lesions of cattle. In particular, the simultaneous presence of virions morphologically referable to parapoxvirus and papillomavirus confirms that the replication of both viruses in the same lesion can happen and the so-called papillomatosis can bear zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05120-97085
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Matteo Frasnelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
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Calzolari M, Angelini P, Bolzoni L, Bonilauri P, Cagarelli R, Canziani S, Cereda D, Cerioli MP, Chiari M, Galletti G, Moirano G, Tamba M, Torri D, Trogu T, Albieri A, Bellini R, Lelli D. Enhanced West Nile Virus Circulation in the Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy Regions (Northern Italy) in 2018 Detected by Entomological Surveillance. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:243. [PMID: 32432132 PMCID: PMC7214930 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
With several human cases reported annually since 2008 and the unapparent risk of infection of blood donors, the West Nile virus (WNV) is emerging as an important health issue in Europe. Italy, as well as other European countries, experienced a recrudescence of the virus circulation in 2018, which led to an increased number of human cases. An integrated surveillance plan was activated in the Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy regions (Northern Italy) since 2008 in order to monitor the intensity and timing of WNV circulation. A fundamental part of this plan consists in entomological surveillance. In 2018, the surveillance plan made it possible to collect 385,293 mosquitoes in 163 stations in the two Regions. In total 269,147 Culex mosquitoes were grouped into 2,337 pools and tested for WNV, which was detected in 232 pools. Circulation started in the central part of the Emilia-Romagna region in the middle of June, about one month before the previous seasons. Circulation suddenly expanded to the rest of the region and reached the Lombardy region in the middle of July. WNV circulated more intensively in the eastern part of the surveyed area, as confirmed by the highest number of human cases. A relationship between the number of mosquitoes collected and the virus incidence emerged, but the data obtained highlighted that the probability of detecting the virus in a given site was less than expected with a higher number of collected mosquitoes. A significant relationship was observed between the temperature recorded one week before the sampling and the number of collected mosquitoes, as well as between the estimated number of WNV-positive mosquitoes and the temperature recorded two weeks before the sampling. The two weeks delay in the influence of temperature on the positive mosquitoes is in line with the time of the virus extrinsic incubation in the mosquito. This finding confirms that temperature is one of the principal drivers in WNV mosquito infection. The surveillance system demonstrated the ability to detect the virus circulation early, particularly in areas where circulation was more intense. This allowed evaluating the effect of mosquito abundance and weather factors on virus circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Angelini
- Regional Health Authority of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Bolzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Pierangela Cerioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- Regional Health Authority of Lombardy, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovenale Moirano
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit-CERMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Tamba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Deborah Torri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Romeo Bellini
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "G. Nicoli", Crevalcore, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, B. Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
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Gallina L, Savini F, Casà G, Bertoletti I, Bianchi A, Gibelli LR, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A. Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:229. [PMID: 32426384 PMCID: PMC7203578 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain chain of the Alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) at higher altitudes. Previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families Papillomaviridae and Poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the Stelvio National Park, situated in the area. To deepen our knowledge on the natural dynamics of the infections, a passive surveillance on all the cases of proliferative skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants was performed. Twenty-seven samples (11 chamois, 10 red deer and 6 ibex) collected from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed by negative staining electron microscopy, histology, and PCR followed by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results confirmed the spread of Parapoxvirus of Red Deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) in Italy, and its ability to cause severe lesions i.e., erosions and ulcers in the mouth. We showed for the first time a PVNZ/CePV1v (C. elaphus papillomavirus 1 variant) co-infection identified in one red deer. This result supports previous evidence on the ability of papillomavirus and parapoxvirus to mutually infect the same host tissue. Interestingly two ibex and one chamois showing orf virus (OV) skin lesions were shown to be co-infected with bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2. The presence of bovine papillomavirus, in orf virus induced lesions of chamois and ibex raises the question of its pathogenetic role in these animal species. For the first time, OV/CePV1v co-infection was demonstrated in another chamois. CePV1v is sporadically reported in red deer throughout Europe and is considered species specific, its identification in a chamois suggests its ability of cross-infecting different animal species. Poxviruses and papillomavirus have been simultaneously detected also in the skin lesions of cattle, bird and human suggesting a possible advantageous interaction between these viruses. Taken together, our findings add further information on the epidemiology and pathogenetic role of epitheliotropic viruses in wild ruminants living in the central Alps and in Stelvio National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Bertoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Rita Gibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Delogu M, Cotti C, Lelli D, Sozzi E, Trogu T, Lavazza A, Garuti G, Castrucci MR, Vaccari G, De Marco MA, Moreno A. Eco-Virological Preliminary Study of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus) Recovered at a Wildlife Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030407. [PMID: 32121543 PMCID: PMC7143230 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most of the newly emerging infections arise from animal reservoirs, frequently represented by wildlife species. Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are mammalian hibernators, mainly nocturnal and insectivorous, living in natural open and green spaces as well as artificial, rural and urban, areas. They are generalist predators of macro-invertebrates, but they may also eat meat, bird eggs and on occasion pet food. These ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possibility of intra- and interspecies interactions accounting for the possible involvement of E. europaeus in the ecology of several potentially emerging pathogens, including coronaviruses. Using PCR-based and virus isolation methods, we found that 58.3% of 24 hedgehogs’ fecal samples were PCR-positive for Erinaceus coronaviruses (EriCoVs). We did not observe any clinical disease related to the EriCoV infection in hedgehogs. However, the high mutation rates characterizing members of the Coronaviridae family and their potential successful interspecies host jumps—as that likely occurred in the Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergence—should be considered in the management of hedgehogs admitted to multi-species wildlife rehabilitation centers, recommending their return back to the original recovery areas. Abstract The Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus Erinaceus. Among them, E. amurensis is extant in East Asia’s areas only, whereas E. europaeus, E. roumanicus and E. concolor are mainly found in Europe. E. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern Europe, including Italy. Western European hedgehogs’ ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possible involvement of E. europaeus in the ecology of potentially emerging viruses, such as coronaviruses, influenza A and influenza D viruses, canine distemper virus, pestiviruses and Aujeszky’s disease virus. We examined 24 E. europaeus individuals found injured in urban and rural areas of Northern Italy. Of the 24 fecal samples collected and tested for the above-mentioned pathogens by both PCR-based and virus isolation methods, 14 were found PCR-positive for betacoronaviruses belonging to lineage C and related to the known Erinaceus coronaviruses (EriCoVs), as determined by partial sequencing of the virus genome. Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be considered natural reservoirs of CoVs, and also act as chronic shedding carriers of these potentially emerging RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 50 Via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (M.D.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Cotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 50 Via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (M.D.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Giacomo Garuti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 50 Via Tolara di Sopra, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (M.D.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Rita Castrucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Alessandra De Marco
- Wildlife Service, Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 9 Via Ca’ Fornacetta, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-651-2205
| | - Ana Moreno
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 7/9 Via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (E.S.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (A.M.)
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Sozzi E, Lavazza A, Gaffuri A, Bencetti FC, Prosperi A, Lelli D, Chiapponi C, Moreno A. Isolation and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Pestivirus from Aborted Lamb Fetuses in Italy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080744. [PMID: 31412585 PMCID: PMC6723841 DOI: 10.3390/v11080744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are distributed worldwide and are responsible for a variety of economically important diseases. They are not very host-specific, and thus sheep can be infected by well-known pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as well as by other recently discovered pestivirus species. The aim of this study is to describe the isolation and characterization of four pestivirus strains detected in aborted lamb fetuses from a single farm in the Brescia province (Northern Italy). A total of twelve aborted fetuses were collected and examined. After necropsy, organs were tested for the presence of infectious agents known as potential causes of abortion (Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii), and submitted to viral identification by isolation on Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell culture and by PCR assay for Schmallenberg virus and pan-pestivirus RT-PCR real time assay. Three viral strains (Ovine/IT/1756/2017, Ovine/IT/338710-2/2017, and Ovine/IT/338710-3/2017) were isolated in the absence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures and identified with RT-PCR. Another pestivirus strain (Ovine/IT/16235-2/2018) was detected by PCR, but was not successfully isolated. Complete sequence genomic data of the three isolated viruses showed that they were highly similar, differed genetically from known pestivirus species, and were closely related to classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Beyond the identification of new ovine pestiviruses, this study indicates that a systematic diagnostic approach is important to identify the presence and map the distribution of both known and emerging pestiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaffuri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Lelli D, Lavazza A, Prosperi A, Sozzi E, Faccin F, Baioni L, Trogu T, Cavallari GL, Mauri M, Gibellini AM, Chiapponi C, Moreno A. Hypsugopoxvirus: A Novel Poxvirus Isolated from Hypsugo savii in Italy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060568. [PMID: 31248065 PMCID: PMC6631891 DOI: 10.3390/v11060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in bat-related viruses has increased considerably during the last decade, leading to the discovery of a rising number of new viruses in several bat species. Poxviridae are a large, diverse family of DNA viruses that can infect a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. To date, only a few documented detections of poxviruses have been described in bat populations on three different continents (America, Africa, and Australia). These viruses are phylogenetically dissimilar and have diverse clinical impacts on their hosts. Herein, we report the isolation, nearly complete genome sequencing, and annotation of a novel poxvirus detected from an insectivorous bat (Hypsugo savii) in Northern Italy. The virus is tentatively named Hypsugopoxvirus (HYPV) after the bat species from which it was isolated. The nearly complete genome size is 166,600 nt and it encodes 161 genes. Genome analyses suggest that HYPV belongs to the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, with the highest nucleotide identity (85%) to Eptesipoxvirus (EPTV) detected from a microbat Eptesicus fuscus in WA, USA, in 2011. To date, HYPV represents the first poxvirus detected in bats in Europe; thus, its viral ecology and disease associations should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Faccin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Laura Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Gian Luca Cavallari
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center WWF of Valpredina via Pioda n.1, 24060 Cenate Sopra (BG), Italy.
| | - Matteo Mauri
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center WWF of Valpredina via Pioda n.1, 24060 Cenate Sopra (BG), Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Gibellini
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center WWF of Valpredina via Pioda n.1, 24060 Cenate Sopra (BG), Italy.
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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Amarasinghe GK, Ayllón MA, Bào Y, Basler CF, Bavari S, Blasdell KR, Briese T, Brown PA, Bukreyev A, Balkema-Buschmann A, Buchholz UJ, Chabi-Jesus C, Chandran K, Chiapponi C, Crozier I, de Swart RL, Dietzgen RG, Dolnik O, Drexler JF, Dürrwald R, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Fouchier RAM, Freitas-Astúa J, Griffiths A, Hewson R, Horie M, Hyndman TH, Jiāng D, Kitajima EW, Kobinger GP, Kondō H, Kurath G, Kuzmin IV, Lamb RA, Lavazza A, Lee B, Lelli D, Leroy EM, Lǐ J, Maes P, Marzano SYL, Moreno A, Mühlberger E, Netesov SV, Nowotny N, Nylund A, Økland AL, Palacios G, Pályi B, Pawęska JT, Payne SL, Prosperi A, Ramos-González PL, Rima BK, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Shī M, Simmonds P, Smither SJ, Sozzi E, Spann K, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Takada A, Tesh RB, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Towner JS, van den Hoogen B, Vasilakis N, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Zerbini FM, Zhāng T, Zhang YZ, Kuhn JH. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2019. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1967-1980. [PMID: 31089958 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - María A Ayllón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yīmíng Bào
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kim R Blasdell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Brown
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Université Bretagne Loire, Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick, National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan F Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - W Paul Duprex
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Easton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, UK
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Dàohóng Jiāng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Húběi Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huázhōng Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elliott W Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Hideki Kondō
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Gael Kurath
- US Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jiànróng Lǐ
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Piet Maes
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Unit, KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shin-Yi L Marzano
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arnfinn L Økland
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bernadett Pályi
- National Biosafety Laboratory, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Susan L Payne
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Bertus K Rima
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul Rota
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mǎng Shī
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kirsten Spann
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David M Stone
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Robert B Tesh
- The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Keizō Tomonaga
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arboviruses, OIE Reference Laboratory for RVFV and CCHF, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernadette van den Hoogen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John V Williams
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - F Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tāo Zhāng
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 2170, USA.
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Lelli D, Pérez Bazan LM, Calle Egusquiza A, Onder G, Morandi A, Ortolani E, Mesas Cervilla M, Pedone C, Inzitari M. 25(OH) vitamin D and functional outcomes in older adults admitted to rehabilitation units: the safari study. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:887-895. [PMID: 30652217 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency is associated with poor physical performance; little is known about its impact on geriatric rehabilitation. We found a positive non-linear relationship between 25(OH)D and functional gain, stronger in levels < 16 ng/ml (below the cutoff for "deficiency"). An early 25(OH)D dosage may be advisable for this population. INTRODUCTION Vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency is highly prevalent in older people, and it is associated with poor muscular strength and physical performance. Its impact on functional outcomes during geriatric rehabilitation has been poorly studied. We aim to analyze the association between 25(OH)D and functional recovery in geriatric rehabilitation units. METHODS We conducted a prospective multi-center cohort study including patients ≥ 65 years old admitted to 3 geriatric rehabilitation units in Italy and Spain, after orthopedic events or stroke. Outcomes were absolute functional gain (AFG, discharge-admission Barthel index) and ability to walk (AW) at 3 months after admission. The association between 25(OH)D quartiles (Q1-Q2-Q3-Q4) and outcomes was explored using linear or logistic regression models. RESULTS We included 420 patients (mean age = 81.2 years [SD = 7.7], 66.4% females, mean 25(OH)D concentration = 13.5 ng/ml [SD = 8.7]) (to convert to nmol/l multiply by 2.496). A non-linear relationship between 25(OH)D and AFG was found, with a stronger association for 25(OH)D levels < 16 ng/ml. Compared to Q1 (25(OH)D ≤ 6 ng/ml), participants in Q3 (25(OH)D 11.5-18.2 ng/ml) had the best AFG and AW (mean AFG [SD], Q1 = 28.9 [27.8], Q2 = 32.5 [23.5], Q3 = 43.1 [21.9], Q4 = 34.5 [29.3], R2 = 7.3%; AW, Q1-Q2 = 80%, Q3 = 91%, Q4 = 86%). Regression models adjusted for potential confounders confirmed these results (AGF Q2, β = 2.614, p = 0.49; Q3, β = 9.723, p < 0.01; Q4, β = 4.406, p = 0.22; AW Q2, OR [95% CI] = 1.84 [0.67-5.33]; Q3, OR [95% CI] = 4.01 [1.35-13.48]; Q4, OR [95% CI] = 2.18 [0.81-6.21]). CONCLUSIONS In our study, 25(OH)D concentration showed a positive association with functional outcomes at 3 months. The association is stronger below the usual cutoff for "deficiency." Dosage of 25(OH)D concentration may help identify geriatric rehabilitation patients at risk for a worse functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lelli
- Area di Geriatria, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - L M Pérez Bazan
- Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Calle Egusquiza
- Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Onder
- Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - A Morandi
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care of the Fondazione Camplani, Ancelle Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - E Ortolani
- Department of Rehabilitation and Aged Care of the Fondazione Camplani, Ancelle Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - M Mesas Cervilla
- Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Pedone
- Area di Geriatria, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - M Inzitari
- Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Sozzi E, Moreno A, Lelli D, Perulli S, Prosperi A, Brocchi E, Capucci L, Papetti A, Giacomini E, Alborali GL, Lavazza A. Development and validation of a monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV). Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:106-110. [PMID: 30384140 PMCID: PMC7111896 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae and causes severe diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in seronegative newborn piglets. Thus, a precise and rapid diagnosis of PEDV infection is important for the application of control measures to limit viral dissemination. In this investigation, a monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies against PEDV was developed and validated. The diagnostic performance of the test was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis using a panel of 829 known sera collected from different commercial pig farms, with or without a history of PED presence and from experimentally infected pigs. The competitive ELISA showed excellent diagnostic performance and discriminatory power with high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) values (Se = 96.5%, 95% IC 94.1-98.1; Sp = 98.2%, 95% IC 96.3-99.3). Moreover, this competitive ELISA method has other properties, such as high feasibility of testing sera without pre-treatment and automatic and instrument-mediated revealing, that makes it appropriate for large-scale screenings of affected pig farms in endemic regions or for monitoring plans in PEDV-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Perulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Capucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alice Papetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Giacomini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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