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Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Testa V, Baggiani C, Rosati S, Colitti B, Brienza L, Colasanto I, Nogarol C, Cosseddu D, Guiotto C, Anfossi L. A semi-quantitative visual lateral flow immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection for the follow-up of immune response to vaccination or recovery. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2139-2149. [PMID: 38315042 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technique is largely employed for the point-of-care detection of antibodies especially for revealing the immune response in serum. Visual LFIAs usually provide the qualitative yes/no detection of antibodies, while quantification requires some equipment, making the assay more expensive and complicated. To achieve visual semi-quantification, the alignment of several lines (made of the same antigen) along a LFIA strip has been proposed. The numbering of the reacting lines has been used to correlate with the quantity of some biomarkers in serum. Here, we designed the first semiquantitative LFIA for detecting antibodies and applied it to classify the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 raised by vaccination or natural infection. We used a recombinant spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) as the specific capture reagent to draw two test lines. The detection reagent was selected among three possible ligands that are able to bind to anti-spike human antibodies: the same RBD, staphylococcal protein A, and anti-human immunoglobulin G antibodies. The most convenient detector, adsorbed on gold nanoparticles, was chosen based on the highest correlation with an antibody titre of 171 human sera, measured by a reference serological method, and was the RBD (Spearman's rho = 0.84). Incorporated into the semiquantitative LFIA, it confirmed the ability to discriminate high- and low-titre samples and to classify them into two classes (Dunn's test, P < 0.05). The proposed approach enabled the semiquantification of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 by the unaided eye observation, thus overcoming the requirement of costly and complicated equipment, and represents a general strategy for the development of semiquantitative serological LFIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Ludovica Brienza
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Irene Colasanto
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3diagnostic srl, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Domenico Cosseddu
- A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Ospedale Umberto I di Torino, Via Magellano 1, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Guiotto
- A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Ospedale Umberto I di Torino, Via Magellano 1, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, Turin, Italy.
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Testa V, Anfossi L, Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Baggiani C. The Amount of Cross-Linker Influences Affinity and Selectivity of NanoMIPs Prepared by Solid-Phase Polymerization Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:532. [PMID: 38399910 PMCID: PMC10892272 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The cross-linker methylene-bis-acrylamide is usually present in nanoMIPs obtained by solid-phase polymerization synthesis at 2 mol% concentration, with very few exceptions. Here, we studied the influence of variable amounts of methylene-bis-acrylamide in the range between 0 (no cross-linker) and 50 mol% concentration on the binding properties of rabbit IgG nanoMIPs. The binding parameters were determined by equilibrium binding experiments and the results show that the degree of cross-linking defines three distinct types of nanoMIPs: (i) those with a low degree of cross-linking, including nanoMIPs without cross-linker (0-05 mol%), showing a low binding affinity, high density of binding sites, and low selectivity; (ii) nanoMIPs with a medium degree of cross-linking (1-18 mol%), showing higher binding affinity, low density of binding sites, and high selectivity; (iii) nanoMIPs with a high degree of cross-linking (32-50 mol%), characterized by non-specific nanopolymer-ligand interactions, with low binding affinity, high density of binding sites, and no selectivity. In conclusion, the results are particularly relevant in the synthesis of high-affinity, high-selectivity nanoMIPs as they demonstrate that a significant gain in affinity and selectivity could be achieved with pre-polymerization mixtures containing quantities of cross-linker up to 10-20 mol%, well higher than those normally used in this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Baggiani
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (V.T.); (L.A.); (S.C.); (F.D.N.); (T.S.)
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Miglione A, Di Nardo F, Cavalera S, Serra T, Baggiani C, Cinti S, Anfossi L. Merging Lateral Flow Immunoassay with Electroanalysis as a Novel Sensing Platform: Prostate Specific Antigen Detection as Case of Study. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2297-2302. [PMID: 38289028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips as the most known point-of-care (POC) devices enabling rapid and easy detection of relevant biomarkers by nonspecialists. However, these diagnostic tests are usually associated with the qualitative detection of the biomarker of interest. Alternatively, electrochemical-based diagnostics, especially known for diabetes care, enable quantitative determination of biomarkers. From an analytical point perspective, the combination of the two approaches might represent a step forward for the POC world: in fact, electrochemical transduction is attractive to be integrated into LFIA strips due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, fast signal generation, and cost effectiveness. In this work, a LFIA strip has been combined with an electrochemical transduction, yielding an electrochemical LFIA (eLFIA). As a proof-of-concept method, the detection of prostate-specific antigen has been carried out by combining a printed-electrochemical strip with the traditional LFIA tests. The electrochemical detection has been based on the measurement of Au ions produced from the dissolution of the gold nanoparticles previously captured on the test line. The analytical performances obtained at LFIA and eLFIA were compared, highlighting how the use of differential pulse voltammetry allowed for a lower detection limit (2.5-fold), respectively, 0.38 and 0.15 ng/mL, but increasing the time of analysis. Although the correlation between the two architectures confirmed the satisfactory agreement of outputs, this technical note has been thought to provide the reader a fair statement with regard to the strength and drawbacks about combining the two (apparently) competitor devices in a diagnostics field, namely, LFIA and electrochemical strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Miglione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
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Cavalera S, Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C. Mycotoxins-Imprinted Polymers: A State-of-the-Art Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:47. [PMID: 38251263 PMCID: PMC10818578 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of molds which can contaminate food and beverages. Because of their acute and chronic toxicity, they can have harmful effects when ingested or inhaled, posing severe risks to human health. Contemporary analytical methods have the sensitivity required for contamination detection and quantification, but the direct application of these methods on real samples is not straightforward because of matrix complexity, and clean-up and preconcentration steps are needed, more and more requiring the application of highly selective solid-phase extraction materials. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors mimicking the natural antibodies that are increasingly being used as a solid phase in extraction methods where selectivity towards target analytes is mandatory. In this review, the state-of-the-art about molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction materials in mycotoxin contamination analysis will be discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of mimic molecules in the synthesis of mycotoxin-imprinted materials, to the application of these materials to food real samples, and to the development of advanced extraction methods involving molecular imprinting technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudio Baggiani
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (S.C.); (L.A.); (F.D.N.)
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Cavalera S, Alladio E, Foglia EA, Grazioli S, Colitti B, Rosati S, Nogarol C, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Testa V, Baggiani C, Maccabiani G, Brocchi E, Anfossi L. Experimental design for the development of a multiplex antigen lateral flow immunoassay detecting the Southern African Territory (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:9. [PMID: 38052755 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigenic lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) rely on the non-competitive sandwich format, including a detection (labelled) antibody and a capture antibody immobilised onto the analytical membrane. When the same antibody is used for the capture and the detection (single epitope immunoassay), the saturation of analyte epitopes by the probe compromises the capture and lowers the sensitivity. Hence, several factors, including the amount of the probe, the antibody-to-label ratio, and the contact time between the probe and the analyte before reaching the capture antibody, must be adjusted. We explored different designs of experiments (full-factorial, optimal, sub-optimal models) to optimise a multiplex sandwich-type LFIA for the diagnosis and serotyping of two Southern African Territory (SAT) serotypes of the foot-and-mouth disease virus, and to evaluate the reduction of the number of experiments in the development. Both assays employed single epitope sandwich, so most influencing variables on the sensitivity were studied and individuated. We upgraded a previous device increasing the sensitivity by a factor of two and reached the visual limit of detection of 103.7 and 104.0 (TCID/mL) for SAT 1 and SAT 2, respectively. The positioning of the capture region along the LFIA strip was the most influent variable to increase the detectability. Furthermore, we confirmed that the 13-optimal DoE was the most convenient approach for designing the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Alladio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Efrem Alessandro Foglia
- National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 5, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 5, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3diagnostic s.r.l., Largo P. Braccini, 2, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Giampietro Maccabiani
- National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
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Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. MIP-based immunoassays: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341547. [PMID: 37604627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers, MIPs, are man-made receptors mimicking the thermodynamic and kinetic binding behaviour of natural antibodies. Therefore, it is not surprising that many researchers have thought about MIPs as artificial receptors in immunoassay-like analytical applications, where the general machinery of the assay is maintained, but the molecular recognition is no longer assured by an antibody but by an artificial receptor. However, the number of papers devoted explicitly to applications of MIPs in the immunoassay field is quite limited if compared to the huge number of papers covering the multifaceted molecular imprinting technology. For this reason, this critical review wants to give a general view of MIP-based immunoassays, trying to highlight the critical points that have so far prevented a wider application of molecular imprinting technology in the immunoassay field and, possibly, try to suggest strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Calvetti C, Salomone A, Verzeletti A, Di Nardo F, Begni PMG, Vezzoli S. Are the NPS commonly used? An extensive investigation in Northern Italy based on hair analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:574-579. [PMID: 37506041 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are present on the Italian illicit markets, but data from the analysis of biological samples to evaluate their real consumption are rare. For this reason, an epidemiological study was carried out by means of a ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method for the determination of 115 NPS on the keratin matrix. A total of 847 hair samples were collected in 2020 and 2021 and analyzed. The sample donors were in the age range of 18-40 years, from both genders, and were tested either for driving relicensing or for drug withdrawal monitoring. The UPLC-MS-MS system consisted of a Waters ACQUITY UPLC® I-Class, coupled with a Waters XEVO TQ-XS triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The method was developed and fully validated according to international guidelines. Limits of detection were set as the minimum criterion to identify positive samples. Overall, 56 samples resulted positive for ketamine, 35 for norketamine, 6 for fentanyl, 3 for norfentanyl, 3 for 4-ANPP, 3 for MDMB-4en-PINACA, 2 for N,N-DMT, 2 for 5-chloro AB-PINACA, 1 for α-PHP and 1 for methcathinone. NPS were detected in a small part of samples (8.4%), which seems in contrast with their apparent wide diffusion in Italy, yet it is congruent with similar investigations based on hair analysis. Future studies will be performed to expand the investigated population, especially in terms of age and origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Calvetti
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Andrea Verzeletti
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Paola Maria Giulia Begni
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Sara Vezzoli
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia 25123, Italy
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Cavalera S, Serra T, Abad-Fuentes A, Mercader JV, Abad-Somovilla A, Nardo FD, D'Avolio A, De Nicolò A, Testa V, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Development and In-House Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Dosage of Tenofovir in Human Saliva. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:667. [PMID: 37367032 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) includes very potent drugs that are often characterized by high toxicity. Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used drug prescribed mainly for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The therapeutic range of TFV is narrow, and adverse effects occur with both underdose and overdose. The main factor contributing to therapeutic failure is the improper management of TFV, which may be caused by low compliance or patient variability. An important tool to prevent inappropriate administration is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of compliance-relevant concentrations (ARCs) of TFV. TDM is performed routinely using time-consuming and expensive chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry. Immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), are based on antibody-antigen specific recognition and represent key tools for real-time quantitative and qualitative screening for point-of-care testing (POCT). Since saliva is a non-invasive and non-infectious biological sample, it is well-suited for TDM. However, saliva is expected to have a very low ARC for TFV, so tests with high sensitivity are required. Here, we have developed and validated a highly sensitive ELISA (IC50 1.2 ng/mL, dynamic range 0.4-10 ng/mL) that allows the quantification of TFV in saliva at ARCs and an extremely sensitive LFIA (visual LOD 0.5 ng/mL) that is able to distinguish between optimal and suboptimal ARCs of TFV in untreated saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Amedeo De Nicolò
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Cavalera S, Colitti B, De Mia GM, Feliziani F, Giudici SD, Angioi PP, D'Errico F, Scalas D, Scollo A, Serra T, Chiarello M, Testa V, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C, Oggiano A, Rosati S, Anfossi L. Development of molecular and antigenic-based rapid tests for the identification of African swine fever virus in different tissues. Talanta 2023; 258:124443. [PMID: 36933298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe haemorrhagic infectious disease affecting suids, thus representing a great economic concern. Considering the importance of the early diagnosis, rapid point of care testing (POCT) for ASF is highly demanded. In this work, we developed two strategies for the rapid onsite diagnosis of ASF, based on Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) techniques. The LFIA was a sandwich-type immunoassay exploiting a monoclonal antibody directed towards the p30 protein of the virus (Mab). The Mab was anchored onto the LFIA membrane to capture the ASFV and was also labelled with gold nanoparticles for staining the antibody-p30 complex. However, the use of the same antibody for capturing and as detector ligand showed a significant competitive effect for antigen binding, so required an experimental design to minimize reciprocal interference and maximize the response. The RPA assay, employing primers to the capsid protein p72 gene and an exonuclease III probe, was performed at 39 °C. The limit of detection of the method was assessed using a plasmid encoding the target gene and resulted in 5 copy/μL. The new LFIA and RPA were applied for ASFV detection in the animal tissues usually analysed by conventional assays (i.e., real-time PCR), such as kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes. A simple and universal virus extraction protocol was applied for sample preparation, followed by DNA extraction and purification for the RPA. The LFIA only required the addition of 3% H2O2 to limit matrix interference and prevent false positive results. The two rapid methods (25 min and 15 min were needed to complete the analysis for RPA and LFIA, respectively) showed high diagnostic specificity (100%) and sensitivity (93% and 87% for LFIA and RPA, respectively) for samples with high viral load (Ct < 27). False negative results were observed for samples with low viral load (Ct > 28) and/or also containing specific antibodies to ASFV, which decreased antigen availability and were indicative of a chronic, poorly transmissible infection. The simple and rapid sample preparation and the diagnostic performance of the LFIA suggested its large practical applicability for POC diagnosis of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Federica D'Errico
- National Reference Laboratory for Asfivirus and Pestivirus Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell'Umbria e Delle Marche (IZSUM), Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy
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Testa V, Anfossi L, Cavalera S, Chiarello M, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Baggiani C. Effect of Surfactants on the Binding Properties of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235210. [PMID: 36501605 PMCID: PMC9741244 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In molecularly imprinted polymers, non-specific interactions are generally based on weak forces between the polymer surface and the sample matrix. Thus, additives able to interfere with such interactions should be able to significantly reduce any non-specific binding effect. Surfactants represent an interesting class of substances as they are cheap and easily available. Here, we present a study of the effect of three surfactants (the anionic sodium dodecylsulphate, SDS, the cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the non-ionic polyoxyethylene-(20)-sorbitan monolaurate Tween 20) on the binding affinity of a 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)-imprinted polymer for the template and its analogue 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The experimental results indicate that increasing amounts of surfactant decrease the binding affinity for the ligands strongly for the ionic ones, and more weakly for the non-ionic one. This effect is general, as it occurs for both 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D and for both the imprinted and the not-imprinted polymers. It also proves that the magnitude of this effect mainly depends on the presence or absence of an ionic charge, and that the hydrophobic "tail" of surfactants plays only a minor role.
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Mousivand M, Javan-Nikkhah M, Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Salina M, Bagherzadeh K. High performance aptasensing platform development through in silico aptamer engineering for aflatoxin B1 monitoring. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
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Chiarello M, Anfossi L, Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Sordello F, Baggiani C. Rabbit IgG-imprinted nanoMIPs by solid phase synthesis: the effect of cross-linkers on their affinity and selectivity. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6724-6731. [PMID: 35343553 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase synthesis (SPS) of molecularly imprinted nanopolymers (nanoMIPs) represents an innovative method to prepare nanomaterials with tailor-made molecular recognition properties towards peptides and proteins. The synthesis of nanoMIPs by SPS usually involves a pre-polymerization formulation, where the cross-linker is invariably N,N'-methylen-bis-acrylamide (BIS). To date, the effect of cross-linkers on the binding properties of nanoMIPs prepared using cross-linkers other than BIS has never been reported. In this work, in order to investigate the effect of different cross-linkers in protein-imprinted nanoMIPs prepared by SPS, alongside BIS we considered other similar cross-linkers: N,N'-ethylene dimethacrylamide (EDAM), N,O-bis-methacryloylethanolamine (NOBE), ethylene glycol dimethacrilate (EDMA) and glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), replacing BIS with them in pre-polymerization mixtures. The synthetized nanoMIPs were homogeneous, with a polydispersity index of 0.24-0.30 and a mean diameter of 129-169 nm in water. The binding properties of the nanoMIPs were measured via equilibrium partition experiments with the template, rabbit IgG (RIgG), and the selectivity was evaluated with respect to bovine IgG (BIgG), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hen egg lysozyme (LZM). The experimental results show that all the cross-linkers, with the exception of EDMA, endowed nanoMIPs with high binding affinities for the template (BIS: 16.0 × 106 mol-1 L, EDAM: 8.8 × 106 mol-1 L, NOBE: 15.8 × 106 mol-1 L, and GDMA: 12.8 × 106 mol-1 L), medium to high imprinting factors (BIS: 12.3, EDAM: 5.5, NOBE: 7.2, and GDMA: 11.6) and good selectivity towards other proteins but markedly dependent on the structure of the cross-linker, confirming the importance of the latter in the SPS of imprinted nanopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 - Torino, Italy.
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13
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Cavalera S, Pezzoni G, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Baselli S, Lelli D, Colitti B, Serra T, Nardo FD, Chiarello M, Testa V, Rosati S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Investigation of the "Antigen Hook Effect" in Lateral Flow Sandwich Immunoassay: The Case of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Detection. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12090739. [PMID: 36140124 PMCID: PMC9496205 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease affecting bovine with severe symptomatology. The implementation of effective control strategies to prevent infection outbreak requires rapid diagnostic tools. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), targeting different epitopes of the LSDV structural protein p32, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used to set up a colorimetric sandwich-type lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). Combinations including one or two mAbs, used either as the capture or detection reagent, were explored to investigate the hook effect due to antigen saturation by the detector antibody. The mAb-AuNP preparations were optimized by a full-factorial design of experiment to achieve maximum sensitivity. Opposite optimal conditions were selected when one Mab was used for capture and detection instead of two mAbs; thus, two rational routes for developing a highly sensitive LFIA according to Mab availability were outlined. The optimal LFIA for LSDV showed a low limit of detection (103.4 TCID50/mL), high inter- and intra-assay repeatability (CV% < 5.3%), and specificity (no cross-reaction towards 12 other viruses was observed), thus proving to be a good candidate as a useful tool for the point-of-need diagnosis of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Stefano Baselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, National/OIE/FAO Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via Antonio Bianchi 7, 25124 Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Valentina Testa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10137 Turin, TO, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Cavalera S, Russo A, Foglia EA, Grazioli S, Colitti B, Rosati S, Nogarol C, Di Nardo F, Serra T, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Pezzoni G, Brocchi E, Anfossi L. Design of multiplexing lateral flow immunoassay for detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus using pan-reactive and serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies: Evidence of a new hook effect. Talanta 2021; 240:123155. [PMID: 34942474 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most important transboundary viral disease of livestock in the international context, because of its extreme contagiousness, widespread diffusion, and severe impact on animal trade and animal productions. The rapid and on-field detection of the virus responsible for the FMD represents an urgent demand to efficiently control the diffusion of the infection, especially in low resource setting where the FMD is endemic. Colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is largely used for the development of rapid tests, due to the extreme simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and on-field operation. In this work, two multiplex LFIA devices were designed for the diagnosis of FMD and the simultaneous identification of major circulating serotypes of the FMD virus. The LFIAs relied on the sandwich-type immunoassay and combined a set of well-characterised monoclonal antibodies (mAb) pairs. One LFIA aimed at detecting and identifying O, A and Asia-1 serotypes, the second device enabled the detection and differentiation of the SAT 1 and SAT 2 serotypes. Both devices also incorporated a broad-specific test line reporting on infection from FMDV, regardless the strain and the serotype involved. Accordingly, five and four reactive zones were arranged in the two devices to achieve a total of six simultaneous analyses. The development of the two multiplex systems highlighted for the first time the relevance of the mAb positioning along the LFIA strip in connection with the use of the same or different mAb as capture and detector ligands. In fact, the excess of detector mAb typically employed for increasing the sensitivity of sandwich immunoassay induced a new type of hook effect when combined with the same ligand used as the capture. This effect strongly impacted assay sensitivity, which could be improved by an intelligent alignment of the mAb pairs along the LFIA strip. The analytical and diagnostic performances of the two LFIAs were studied by testing reference FMDV strains grown in cell cultures and some representative field samples (epithelium homogenates). Almost equivalent sensitivity and specificity to those of a reference Ag-ELISA kit were shown, except for the serotype SAT 2. These simple devices are suitable in endemic regions for in-field diagnosis of FMD accompanied by virus serotyping and, moreover, could be deployed and used for rapid confirmation of secondary outbreaks after FMD incursions in free-areas, thus contributing to promptly implement control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Alida Russo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy; Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Efrem Alessandro Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 5, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 5, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic, Largo P.Braccini, 2, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Thea Serra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National/OIE/FAO, Reference Centre for FMD and SVD, Via A. Bianchi 9, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, Turin, TO, Italy.
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Vázquez M, Anfossi L, Ben-Yoav H, Diéguez L, Karopka T, Della Ventura B, Abalde-Cela S, Minopoli A, Di Nardo F, Shukla VK, Teixeira A, Tvarijonaviciute A, Franco-Martínez L. Use of some cost-effective technologies for a routine clinical pathology laboratory. Lab Chip 2021; 21:4330-4351. [PMID: 34664599 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Classically, the need for highly sophisticated instruments with important economic costs has been a major limiting factor for clinical pathology laboratories, especially in developing countries. With the aim of making clinical pathology more accessible, a wide variety of free or economical technologies have been developed worldwide in the last few years. 3D printing and Arduino approaches can provide up to 94% economical savings in hardware and instrumentation in comparison to commercial alternatives. The vast selection of point-of-care-tests (POCT) currently available also limits the need for specific instruments or personnel, as they can be used almost anywhere and by anyone. Lastly, there are dozens of free and libre digital tools available in health informatics. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art on cost-effective alternatives with applications in routine clinical pathology laboratories. In this context, a variety of technologies including 3D printing and Arduino, lateral flow assays, plasmonic biosensors, and microfluidics, as well as laboratory information systems, are discussed. This review aims to serve as an introduction to different technologies that can make clinical pathology more accessible and, therefore, contribute to achieve universal health coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vázquez
- National Centre For Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Hadar Ben-Yoav
- Nanobioelectronics Laboratory (NBEL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ilse Katz Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Lorena Diéguez
- Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Bartolomeo Della Ventura
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Abalde-Cela
- Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonio Minopoli
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Vikas Kumar Shukla
- Nanobioelectronics Laboratory (NBEL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ilse Katz Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Alexandra Teixeira
- Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory - INL, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Chiarello M, Anfossi L, Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Artusio F, Pisano R, Baggiani C. Effect of Polymerization Time on the Binding Properties of Ciprofloxacin-Imprinted nanoMIPs Prepared by Solid-Phase Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2656. [PMID: 34451197 PMCID: PMC8398629 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative approach to imprinted nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) is represented by solid-phase synthesis. Since the polymeric chains grow over time and rearrange themselves around the template, the binding properties of nanoMIPs could depend on the polymerization time. Here we present an explorative study about the effect of different polymerization times on the binding properties of ciprofloxacin-imprinted nanoMIPs. The binding properties towards ciprofloxacin were studied by measuring the binding affinity constants (Keq) and the kinetic rate constants (kd, ka). Furthermore, selectivity and nonspecific binding were valued by measuring the rebinding of levofloxacin onto ciprofloxacin-imprinted nanoMIPs and ciprofloxacin onto diclofenac-imprinted nanoMIPs, respectively. The results show that different polymerization times produce nanoMIPs with different binding properties: short polymerization times (15 min) produced nanoMIPs with high binding affinity but low selectivity (Keq > 107 mol L-1, α ≈ 1); medium polymerization times (30 min-2 h) produced nanoMIPs with high binding affinity and selectivity (Keq ≥ 106 mol L-1, α < 1); and long polymerization times (>2 h) produced nanoMIPs with low binding affinity, fast dissociation kinetics and low selectivity (Keq ≤ 106 mol L-1, kdis > 0.2 min-1, α ≈ 1). The results can be explained as the combined effect of rearrangement and progressive stiffening of the polymer chains around the template molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (L.A.); (S.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (L.A.); (S.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (L.A.); (S.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (L.A.); (S.C.); (F.D.N.)
| | - Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (L.A.); (S.C.); (F.D.N.)
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Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Ten Years of Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technique Applications: Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:5185. [PMID: 34372422 PMCID: PMC8348896 DOI: 10.3390/s21155185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is by far one of the most successful analytical platforms to perform the on-site detection of target substances. LFIA can be considered as a sort of lab-in-a-hand and, together with other point-of-need tests, has represented a paradigm shift from sample-to-lab to lab-to-sample aiming to improve decision making and turnaround time. The features of LFIAs made them a very attractive tool in clinical diagnostic where they can improve patient care by enabling more prompt diagnosis and treatment decisions. The rapidity, simplicity, relative cost-effectiveness, and the possibility to be used by nonskilled personnel contributed to the wide acceptance of LFIAs. As a consequence, from the detection of molecules, organisms, and (bio)markers for clinical purposes, the LFIA application has been rapidly extended to other fields, including food and feed safety, veterinary medicine, environmental control, and many others. This review aims to provide readers with a 10-years overview of applications, outlining the trends for the main application fields and the relative compounded annual growth rates. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (S.C.); (C.B.); (L.A.)
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Cavalera S, Chiarello M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Effect of experimental conditions on the binding abilities of ciprofloxacin-imprinted nanoparticles prepared by solid-phase synthesis. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Calabria D, Calabretta MM, Zangheri M, Marchegiani E, Trozzi I, Guardigli M, Michelini E, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Mirasoli M. Recent Advancements in Enzyme-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3358. [PMID: 34065971 PMCID: PMC8150770 DOI: 10.3390/s21103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based lateral-flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have achieved considerable commercial success and their impact in diagnostics is continuously growing. LFIA results are often obtained by visualizing by the naked eye color changes in given areas, providing a qualitative information about the presence/absence of the target analyte in the sample. However, this platform has the potential to provide ultrasensitive quantitative analysis for several applications. Indeed, LFIA is based on well-established immunological techniques, which have known in the last year great advances due to the combination of highly sensitive tracers, innovative signal amplification strategies and last-generation instrumental detectors. All these available progresses can be applied also to the LFIA platform by adapting them to a portable and miniaturized format. This possibility opens countless strategies for definitively turning the LFIA technique into an ultrasensitive quantitative method. Among the different proposals for achieving this goal, the use of enzyme-based immunoassay is very well known and widespread for routine analysis and it can represent a valid approach for improving LFIA performances. Several examples have been recently reported in literature exploiting enzymes properties and features for obtaining significative advances in this field. In this review, we aim to provide a critical overview of the recent progresses in highly sensitive LFIA detection technologies, involving the exploitation of enzyme-based amplification strategies. The features and applications of the technologies, along with future developments and challenges, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Calabretta
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Marchegiani
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Ilaria Trozzi
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Michelini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.D.N.); (L.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.D.N.); (L.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy; (F.D.N.); (L.A.); (C.B.)
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.Z.); (E.M.); (I.T.); (M.G.); (E.M.)
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20
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Zangheri M, Di Nardo F, Calabria D, Marchegiani E, Anfossi L, Guardigli M, Mirasoli M, Baggiani C, Roda A. Smartphone biosensor for point-of-need chemiluminescence detection of ochratoxin A in wine and coffee. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1163:338515. [PMID: 34024424 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins, which may contaminate food and feed commodities, represents a serious health risk for consumers. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most abundant and toxic mycotoxins, thus specific regulations for fixing its maximum admissible levels in foodstuff have been established. Lateral Flow ImmunoAssay (LFIA)-based devices have been proposed as screening tools to avoid OTA contamination along the whole food chain. We report a portable, user-friendly smartphone-based biosensor for the detection and quantification of OTA in wine and instant coffee, which combines the LFIA approach with chemiluminescence (CL) detection. The device employs the smartphone camera as a light detector and uses low-cost, disposable analytical cartridges containing the LFIA strip and all the necessary reagents. The analysis can be carried out at the point of need by non-specialized operators through simple manual operations. The biosensor allows OTA quantitative detection in wine and coffee samples up to 25 μg L-1 and with limits of detection of 0.3 and 0.1 μg L-1, respectively, which are below the European law-fixed limits. These results demonstrate that the developed device can be used for routine monitoring of OTA contamination, enabling rapid and reliable identification of positive samples requiring confirmatory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI Agrifood), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521, Cesena, FC, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Marchegiani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Research "Renewable Sources, Environment, Blue Growth, Energy", University of Bologna, Via Angherà 22, Rimini, 47921, Italy
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium "Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi" (INBB) - Viale Delle Medaglie D'Oro 305, 00136, Roma, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Research "Renewable Sources, Environment, Blue Growth, Energy", University of Bologna, Via Angherà 22, Rimini, 47921, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium "Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi" (INBB) - Viale Delle Medaglie D'Oro 305, 00136, Roma, Italy
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21
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Roda A, Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Calabria D, Rosati S, Simoni P, Colitti B, Baggiani C, Roda M, Anfossi L. Dual lateral flow optical/chemiluminescence immunosensors for the rapid detection of salivary and serum IgA in patients with COVID-19 disease. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 172:112765. [PMID: 33126179 PMCID: PMC7586100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To accurately diagnose COVID-19 infection and its time-dependent progression, the rapid, sensitive, and noninvasive determination of immunoglobulins A specific to SARS-CoV-2 (IgA) in saliva and serum is needed to complement tests that detect immunoglobulins G and M. We have developed a dual optical/chemiluminescence format of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) immunosensor for IgA in serum and saliva. A recombinant nucleocapsid antigen specifically captures SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patient specimens. A labelled anti-human IgA reveals the bound IgA fraction. A dual colorimetric and chemiluminescence detection enables the affordable and ultrasensitive determination of IgA to SARS-CoV-2. Specifically, a simple smartphone-camera-based device measures the colour signal provided by nanogold-labelled anti-human IgA. For the ultrasensitive chemiluminescence transduction, we used a contact imaging portable device based on cooled CCD, and measured the light signal resulting from the reaction of the HRP-labelled anti-human IgA with a H2O2/luminol/enhancers substrate. A total of 25 serum and 9 saliva samples from infected and/or recovered individuals were analysed by the colorimetric LFIA, which was sensitive and reproducible enough for the semi-quantification of IgA in subjects with a strong serological response and in the early stage of COVID-19 infection. Switching to CL detection, the same immunosensor exhibited higher detection capability, revealing the presence of salivary IgA in infected individuals. For the patients included in the study (n = 4), the level of salivary IgA correlated with the time elapsed from diagnosis and with the severity of the disease. This IgA-LFIA immunosensor could be useful for noninvasively monitoring early immune responses to COVID-19 and for investigating the diagnostic/prognostic utility of salivary IgA in the context of large-scale screening to assess the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Italy; INBB, Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Matilde Roda
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Italy.
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22
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Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Spano G, Anfossi L, Manesiotis P, Baggiani C. Stoichiometric molecular imprinting using polymerisable urea and squaramide receptors for the solid phase extraction of organo-arsenic compound roxarsone. Anal Methods 2020; 12:5729-5736. [PMID: 33220662 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design, preparation and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymers for roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonic acid), an organo-arsenic swine and poultry feed additive, using bi-substituted ureas and squaramide receptors as the functional monomers, are demonstrated. Pre-polymerisation studies of the template-monomer complexation performed by 1H NMR experiments show that squaramide-based monomers provide association equilibrium constant values higher than urea-based monomers. Equilibrium rebinding experiments in methanol show that two squaramide-based materials have good molecular recognition properties towards roxarsone, with high affinity (Keq = 16.85 × 103 L mol-1 and 14.65 × 103 L mol-1, respectively), high imprinting factors (4.73 and 3.64 respectively) and good selectivity towards two roxarsone-related compounds, acetarsone (3-acetamido-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) and nitarsone (4-nitrophenylarsonic acid). Polymer MIP-SQ2 was successfully used to setup an experimental protocol for the direct solid phase extraction of roxarsone from surface water samples. The method gives clean HPLC traces, with recoveries between 91% and 95% at concentration levels of 5.0, 10, and 25 mg L-1. Sample preconcentration with good recoveries between 87% and 97%, are shown, confirming that it is possible to employ the developed materials to measure roxarsone down to 1 μg L-1 in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125-Torino, Italy.
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Cavalera S, Di Nardo F, Forte L, Marinoni F, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. Switching from Multiplex to Multimodal Colorimetric Lateral Flow Immunosensor. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6609. [PMID: 33218125 PMCID: PMC7698945 DOI: 10.3390/s20226609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is largely used for point-of-care testing to detect different pathogens or biomarkers in a single device. The increasing demand for multitargeting diagnostics requires multi-informative single tests. In this study, we demonstrated three strategies to upgrade standard multiplex LFIA to multimodal capacity. As a proof-of-concept, we applied the strategies to the differential diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, a widespread pathogen, for which conventional multiplex LFIA testing is well-established. In the new two-parameter LFIA (x2LFIA), we exploited color encoding, in which the binding of multiple targets occurs in one reactive band and the color of the probe reveals which one is present in the sample. By combining the sequential alignment of several reactive zones along the membrane of the LFIA strip and gold nanoparticles and gold nanostars for the differential visualization, in this demonstration, the x2LFIA can furnish information on HIV serotype and stage of infection in a single device. Three immunosensors were designed. The use of bioreagents as the capturing ligand anchored onto the membrane or as the detection ligand labelled with gold nanomaterials affected the performance of the x2LFIA. Higher detectability was achieved by the format involving the HIV-specific antigens as capturing agent and labelled secondary bioligands (anti-human immunoglobulins M and protein G) as the probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.D.N.); (M.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.D.N.); (M.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Luca Forte
- PRIMA Lab SA, 6828 Balerna, Switzerland; (L.F.); (F.M.)
| | | | - Matteo Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.D.N.); (M.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.D.N.); (M.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.D.N.); (M.C.); (C.B.)
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Cavalera S, Agulló C, Mercader JV, Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, D'Avolio A, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Monoclonal antibodies with subnanomolar affinity to tenofovir for monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapies: from hapten synthesis to prototype development. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10439-10449. [PMID: 33124633 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 32 million people have died of HIV infection since the beginning of the outbreak, and 38 million are currently infected. Among strategies adopted by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to end the AIDS global epidemic, the treatment, diagnosis, and viral suppression of the infected subjects are considered crucial for HIV prevention and transmission. Although several antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are successfully used to manage HIV infection, their efficacy strictly relies on perfect adherence to the therapy, which is seldom achieved. Patient supervision, especially in HIV-endemic, low-resource settings, requires rapid, easy-to-use, and affordable analytical tools, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and especially the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). In this work, high-affinity monoclonal antibodies were generated to develop ELISA and LFIA prototypes for monitoring tenofovir (TFV), an ARV drug present in several HIV treatments. TFV was functionalized by inserting a carboxylated C5-linker at the phosphonic group of the molecule, and the synthetic derivative was conjugated to proteins for mice immunization. Through a rigorous screening strategy of hybridoma supernatants, a panel of monoclonal antibodies strongly binding to TFV was obtained. Following antibody characterization for affinity and selectivity by competitive ELISA, a LFIA prototype was developed and tentatively applied to determine TFV in simulated urine. The point-of-care test showed ultra-high detectability (the visual limit of detection was 2.5 nM, 1.4 ng mL-1), excellent selectivity, and limited proneness to matrix interference, thus potentially making this rapid method a valuable tool for the on-site assessment of patient adherence to ARV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | | | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Cavalera S, Colitti B, Rosati S, Ferrara G, Bertolotti L, Nogarol C, Guiotto C, Cagnazzo C, Denina M, Fagioli F, Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Baggiani C, Anfossi L. A multi-target lateral flow immunoassay enabling the specific and sensitive detection of total antibodies to SARS COV-2. Talanta 2020; 223:121737. [PMID: 33303174 PMCID: PMC7534878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid test for detecting total immunoglobulins directed towards the nucleocapsid protein (N) of severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) was developed, based on a multi-target lateral flow immunoassay comprising two test lines. Both test lines bound to several classes of immunoglobulins (G, M, and A). Specific anti-SARS immunoglobulins were revealed by a colorimetric probe formed by N and gold nanoparticles. Targeting the total antibodies response to infection enabled achieving 100% diagnostic specificity (95.75-100, C.I. 95%, n = 85 healthy and with other infections individuals) and 94.6% sensitivity (84.9-98.9, C.I. 95%, n = 62 SARS CoV-2 infected subjects) as early as 7 days post confirmation of positivity. Agreeing results with a reference serological ELISA were achieved, except for the earlier detection capability of the rapid test. Follow up of the three seroconverting patients endorsed the hypothesis of the random rise of the different immunoglobulins and strengthened the 'total antibodies' approach for the trustworthy detection of serological response to SARS CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine an Animal Productions, University of Naples "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic S.r.l., Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Cristina Guiotto
- A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Ospedale Umberto I di Torino, Via Magellano 1, 10128, Torino, Italy
| | - Celeste Cagnazzo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Denina
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics. Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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Di Nardo F, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Chiarello M, Pazzi M, Anfossi L. Enzyme Immunoassay for Measuring Aflatoxin B1 in Legal Cannabis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040265. [PMID: 32326118 PMCID: PMC7232199 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of the legalization of cannabis for recreational, medicinal and nutraceutical uses requires the development of adequate analytical methods to assure the safety and security of such products. In particular, aflatoxins are considered to pose a major risk for the health of cannabis consumers. Among analytical methods that allows for adequate monitoring of food safety, immunoassays play a major role thanks to their cost-effectiveness, high-throughput capacity, simplicity and limited requirement for equipment and skilled operators. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive enzyme immunoassay has been adapted to measure the most hazardous aflatoxin B1 in cannabis products. The assay was acceptably accurate (recovery rate: 78–136%), reproducible (intra- and inter-assay means coefficients of variation 11.8% and 13.8%, respectively), and sensitive (limit of detection and range of quantification: 0.35 ng mL−1 and 0.4–2 ng mL−1, respectively corresponding to 7 ng g−1 and 8–40 ng g−1 ng g−1 in the plant) and provided results which agreed with a HPLC-MS/MS method for the direct analysis of aflatoxin B1 in cannabis inflorescence and leaves. In addition, the carcinogenic aflatoxin B1 was detected in 50% of the cannabis products analyzed (14 samples collected from small retails) at levels exceeding those admitted by the European Union in commodities intended for direct human consumption, thus envisaging the need for effective surveillance of aflatoxin contamination in legal cannabis.
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Di Nardo F, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, Anfossi L. Direct vs Mediated Coupling of Antibodies to Gold Nanoparticles: The Case of Salivary Cortisol Detection by Lateral Flow Immunoassay. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:32758-32768. [PMID: 31381297 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable and efficient conjugates between antibodies and gold nanoparticles (GNP-Ab) are sought to develop highly sensitive and robust biosensors with applications in medicine, toxicology, food safety controls, and targeted drug delivery. Several strategies have been proposed for directing the antibody attachment to GNPs thus preserving antibody activity, including covalently coupling the antibody to a polymer grafted on GNP surface and exploiting the high affinity of bioreceptors as mediators for the binding. Both approaches also allow for shielding GNPs with a protective layer that guarantees the robustness of the conjugate. Notwithstanding, antibodies freely adsorb to GNP with high binding efficiency. The nonspecific adsorption is far more simple, fast, and inexpensive than any mediated coupling. Therefore, it is preferred for most applications, although it is considered to produce GNP-Ab with a limited activity. In this work, we compared three strategies for producing GNP-Ab, such as (i) covalent coupling mediated by a chemical layer, (ii) affinity-based binding mediated by a biomolecular layer composed of Staphylococcal protein A, and (iii) direct attachment via adsorption. The so-prepared GNP-Ab were employed as probes in a colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for measuring salivary cortisol as a model biosensor that relies on the use of active GNP-Ab conjugates. Unexpectedly, the biosensors fabricated using the three probes were completely comparable in terms of their ability to measure salivary cortisol. Furthermore, we observed that the sensitivity of the LFIA primarily depended on the amount of the antibody bound to GNPs rather than on the method by which it was bound. The probes prepared using both the direct adsorption approach and mediated coupling via the biochemical mediator enabled development of point-of-care devices for the fast, sensitive, and reliable measurement of human salivary cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Turin , Via P. Giuria 5 , 10125 Torino , Italy
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Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Cavalera S, Giovannoli C, Baggiani C. Multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay: An Overview of Strategies towards High-throughput Point-of-Need Testing. Biosensors (Basel) 2018; 9:E2. [PMID: 30587769 PMCID: PMC6468474 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurement of different substances from a single sample is an emerging issue for achieving efficient and high-throughput detection in several fields of application. Although immunoanalytical techniques have well-established and prevailing advantages over alternative screening analytical platforms, one of the incoming challenges for immunoassay is exact multiplexing. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a leading immunoanalytical technique for onsite analysis, thanks to its simplicity, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, LFIA architecture is adaptable to multiplexing, and is therefore a possible answer to the pressing demand of multiplexing point-of-need analysis. This review presents an overview of diverse approaches for multiplex LFIA, with a special focus on strategies based on new types of magnetic, fluorescent, and colored labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
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Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Russo A, Cavalera S, Giovannoli C, Spano G, Baumgartner S, Lauter K, Baggiani C. Silver and gold nanoparticles as multi-chromatic lateral flow assay probes for the detection of food allergens. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:1905-1913. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Di Nardo F, Alladio E, Baggiani C, Cavalera S, Giovannoli C, Spano G, Anfossi L. Colour-encoded lateral flow immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 and type-B fumonisins in a single Test line. Talanta 2018; 192:288-294. [PMID: 30348391 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay was developed based on the use of a single Test line and multicolour gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as signal reporters. Red and blue GNPs were linked to antibodies directed towards two different analytes and included in a typical lateral flow immunoassay configuration, in which the Test line was formed by the mixture of two antigens. As a result of the immunoreactions occurring at the Test zone, diverse combinations of red and blue GNPs labels were captured. Therefore, the Test line assumed different colours depending on which - and how much - analyte is present in the sample. The multiplexing capability of the 'colour-encoded assay' is illustrated by the simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and type-B fumonisins (FMs) in wheat and food products that made with wheat. Reproducible detection of AFB1 and FMs contamination in raw and processed food was achieved with visual cut-off levels at 1 ng mL-1 and 50 ng mL-1, respectively. The contaminant was identified based on the colour of the label according with a specific colour code. Furthermore, strips images were acquired by means of a common smartphone and analysed through RGB data analysis providing semi-quantitative detection of the two mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Eugenio Alladio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Spano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria, 5, I-10125 Turin, Italy.
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Zangheri M, Mirasoli M, Guardigli M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Simoni P, Benassai M, Roda A. Chemiluminescence-based biosensor for monitoring astronauts' health status during space missions: Results from the International Space Station. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 129:260-268. [PMID: 30292340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During space missions, real-time monitoring of astronauts' health status is of crucial importance and therefore there is a strong demand for simple analytical devices that astronauts can use to perform clinical chemistry analyses directly onboard. As part of the "IN SITU Bioanalysis" project, we designed a biosensor for analysing salivary levels of cortisol in astronauts, a marker of chronic stress. The biosensor is based on the Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) approach coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection and comprises a 3D-printed plastic cartridge containing a sealed fluidic element with the LFIA strip, in which the flow of sample and reagents is activated by pressing buttons on the cartridge and sustained by exploiting capillary forces. For measurement, the photon emission is imaged employing a CL reader based on an ultrasensitive cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The payload was designed to operate in microgravity and to withstand mechanical stress, such as take-off vibrations, and onboard depressurization events, while the microfluidics was developed considering alterations of physical phenomena occurring in microgravity, such as bubble formation, surface wettability and liquid evaporation. The biosensor, which was successfully used by the Italian astronaut Paolo Nespoli during the VITA mission (July-December 2017), demonstrated the feasibility of performing sensitive LFIA analysis of salivary cortisol down to 0.4 ng/mL directly onboard the International Space Station. It could be easily adapted for the analysis of other clinical biomarkers, thus enabling the early diagnosis of diseases and the timely activation of appropriate countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Sciutto G, Zangheri M, Anfossi L, Guardigli M, Prati S, Mirasoli M, Di Nardo F, Baggiani C, Mazzeo R, Roda A. Miniaturized Biosensors to Preserve and Monitor Cultural Heritage: from Medical to Conservation Diagnosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7385-7389. [PMID: 29637676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The point-of-care testing concept has been exploited to design and develop portable and cheap bioanalytical systems that can be used on-site by conservators. These systems employ lateral flow immunoassays to simultaneously detect two proteins (ovalbumin and collagen) in artworks. For an in-depth study on the application of these portable biosensors, both chemiluminescent and colorimetric detections were developed and compared in terms of sensitivity and feasibility. The chemiluminescent system displayed the best analytical performance (that is, two orders of magnitude lower limits of detection than the colorimetric system). To simplify its use, a disposable cartridge was designed ad hoc for this specific application. These results highlight the enormous potential of these inexpensive, easy-to-use, and minimally invasive diagnostic tools for conservators in the cultural heritage field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sciutto
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Prati
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Rocco Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory (M2ADL), Via Guaccimanni 42, 48121, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna-Alma Mater Studiorum, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Profiti M, Nogarol C, Cavalera S, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, Spano G, Ferroglio E, Mignone W, Rosati S. A versatile and sensitive lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4123-4134. [PMID: 29687248 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic infectious disease with a severe impact on humans and animals. Infection is transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, and several domestic and wild mammals act as reservoirs for the infection, so the prompt detection of infected hosts is crucial to preventing and controlling the spread of the disease and its transmission to humans. A rapid and portable tool for VL diagnosis based on the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technology is described herein. The device exploits a highly specific chimeric recombinant antigen as the recognition element for capturing anti-leishmanial antibodies, and protein A labelled with gold nanoparticles as the signal reporter. The LFIA shows excellent diagnostic sensitivity (98.4%), specificity (98.9%), and agreement with serological reference methods for diagnosing canine VL. The long-term stability of the LFIA device was confirmed based on six months of storage at room temperature or 4 °C, and the qualitative response of the device was not affected by limited thermal stress. The use of the broadly specific protein A means that the LFIA can be readily adapted to diagnose VL in dogs (the main reservoir for human infection) and other mammals, thus further assisting efforts to control the spread of VL. Graphical abstract A rapid and portable diagnostic tool for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) technology. The presence of anti-leishmanial antibodies is revealed through the binding of these antibodies to a highly specific chimeric antigen. Employing a broadly specific signal reporter (protein A labelled with gold nanoparticles) enables the LFIA to be easily adapted to diagnose VL in different animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Profiti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3Diagnostic s.r.l., Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Spano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Giuria 5, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ferroglio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Mignone
- Sez. Imperia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124, Turin, Italy
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Anfossi L, Di Nardo F, Cavalera S, Giovannoli C, Spano G, Speranskaya ES, Goryacheva IY, Baggiani C. A lateral flow immunoassay for straightforward determination of fumonisin mycotoxins based on the quenching of the fluorescence of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots by gold and silver nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Giovannoli C, Spano G, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Screening of a Combinatorial Library of Organic Polymers for the Solid-Phase Extraction of Patulin from Apple Juice. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9050174. [PMID: 28531103 PMCID: PMC5450722 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin is a water-soluble mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi. Governmental bodies have placed it under scrutiny for its potential negative health effects, and maximum residue limits are fixed in specific food matrices to protect consumers’ health. Confirmatory analysis of patulin in complex food matrices can be a difficult task, and sample clean-up treatments are frequently necessary before instrumental analyses. With the aim of simplifying the clean-up step, we prepared a 256-member combinatorial polymeric library based on 16 functional monomers, four cross-linkers and four different porogenic solvents. The library was screened for the binding towards patulin in different media (acetonitrile and citrate buffer at pH 3.2), with the goal of identifying polymer formulations with good binding properties towards the target compound. As a proof of concept, a methacrylic acid-co-pentaerithrytole tetraacrylate polymer prepared in chloroform was successfully used as a solid-phase extraction material for the clean-up and extraction of patulin from apple juice. Clean chromatographic patterns and acceptable recoveries were obtained for juice spiked with patulin at concentration levels of 25 (64 ± 12%), 50 (83 ± 5.6%) and 100 μg L−1 (76 ± 4.5%). The within-day and between-day reproducibility evaluated at a concentration level of 25 μg L−1 were 5.6 and 7.6%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giovannoli
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Giulia Spano
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy.
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Di Nardo F, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, Spano G, Anfossi L. Multicolor immunochromatographic strip test based on gold nanoparticles for the determination of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Zangheri M, Di Nardo F, Mirasoli M, Anfossi L, Nascetti A, Caputo D, De Cesare G, Guardigli M, Baggiani C, Roda A. Chemiluminescence lateral flow immunoassay cartridge with integrated amorphous silicon photosensors array for human serum albumin detection in urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8869-8879. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Giovannoli C, Passini C, Volpi G, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Peptide-based affinity media for solid-phase extraction of Ochratoxin A from wine samples: Effect of the solid support on binding properties. Talanta 2015; 144:496-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Giovannoli C, Passini C, Anfossi L, Nardo FD, Spano G, Maurino V, Baggiani C. Comparison of binding behavior for molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by hierarchical imprinting or Pickering emulsion polymerization. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3661-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cinzia Passini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; via Giuria 5 Torino Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; via Giuria 5 Torino Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; via Giuria 5 Torino Italy
| | - Giulia Spano
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; via Giuria 5 Torino Italy
| | - Valter Maurino
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; via Giuria 5 Torino Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; via Giuria 5 Torino Italy
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40
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Zangheri M, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Giovannoli C, Baggiani C, Roda A, Mirasoli M. A multiplex chemiluminescent biosensor for type B-fumonisins and aflatoxin B1 quantitative detection in maize flour. Analyst 2015; 140:358-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex chemiluminescence biosensor based on a lateral flow immunoassay was developed for on-site quantitative detection of fumonisins and aflatoxin B1 in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Turin
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Turin
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | | | | | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB)
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
- National Institute for Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB)
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41
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Zangheri M, Cevenini L, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Simoni P, Di Nardo F, Roda A. A simple and compact smartphone accessory for quantitative chemiluminescence-based lateral flow immunoassay for salivary cortisol detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 64:63-8. [PMID: 25194797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and accurate biosensor based on a chemiluminescent (CL)-lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) method integrated in a smartphone to quantitatively detect salivary cortisol. The biosensor is based on a direct competitive immunoassay using peroxidase-cortisol conjugate, detected by adding the chemiluminescent substrate luminol/enhancer/hydrogen peroxide. The smartphone camera is used as light detector, for image acquisition and data handling via a specific application. We 3D-printed simple accessories to adapt the smartphone. The system comprises a cartridge, which houses the LFIA strip, and a smartphone adaptor with a plano-convex lens and a cartridge-insertion slot. This provides a mini-darkbox and aligned optical interface between the camera and the LFIA membrane for acquiring CL signals. The method is simple and fast, with a detection limit of 0.3 ng/mL. It provides quantitative analysis in the range of 0.3-60 ng/mL, which is adequate for detecting salivary cortisol in the clinically accepted range. It could thus find application in the growing area of home-self-diagnostic device technology for clinical biomarker monitoring, overcoming the current difficulties in achieving sensitive and quantitative information with conventional systems taking the advantage of smartphone connectivity and the enhanced performance of the included camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Cevenini
- Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Baggiani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Giovannoli C, Passini C, Di Nardo F, Anfossi L, Baggiani C. Determination of ochratoxin A in Italian red wines by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction and HPLC analysis. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:5220-5225. [PMID: 24823614 DOI: 10.1021/jf5010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An extraction method based on molecularly imprinted polymer prepared through a mimic template approach was used for the determination of ochratoxin A in 17 red wines from different geographical regions of Italy. Sample loading (wine sample diluted 1:1 with 1% v/v aqueous solution of PEG 8000), washing (2 mL water/acetonitrile 4:1 v/v), and elution (2 mL of acetonitrile/acetic acid 98:2 v/v) conditions allowed the optimization of the extraction method, capable of preconcentrating ochratoxin A below the maximum permitted level of 2 ng/mL. Under optimized conditions, recoveries of ochratoxin A from spiked samples ranged from 88 to 102% with sample volumes up to 20 mL. The HPLC determination by fluorescence detection allowed limits of detection and quantification, respectively, of 0.075 and 0.225 ng/mL. Sample extractions by an immunoaffinity protocol showed the method to be comparable, demonstrating the potential of the imprinting approach to substitute for the current immunoaffinity method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giovannoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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