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Li XB, Yang G, Zhu L, Tang YL, Zhang C, Ju Z, Yang X, Teng Y. Gastric Lgr5(+) stem cells are the cellular origin of invasive intestinal-type gastric cancer in mice. Cell Res 2016; 26:838-49. [PMID: 27091432 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular origin of gastric cancer remains elusive. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is the first identified marker of gastric stem cells. However, the role of Lgr5(+) stem cells in driving malignant gastric cancer is not fully validated. Here, we deleted Smad4 and PTEN in murine gastric Lgr5(+) stem cells by the inducible Cre-LoxP system and marked mutant Lgr5(+) stem cells and their progeny with Cre-reporter Rosa26(tdTomato). Rapid onset and progression from microadenoma and macroscopic adenoma to invasive intestinal-type gastric cancer (IGC) were found in the gastric antrum with the loss of Smad4 and PTEN. In addition, invasive IGC developed at the murine gastro-forestomach junction, where a few Lgr5(+) stem cells reside. In contrast, Smad4 and PTEN deletions in differentiated cells, including antral parietal cells, pit cells and corpus Lgr5(+) chief cells, failed to initiate tumor growth. Furthermore, mutant Lgr5(+) cells were involved in IGC growth and progression. In the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database, an increase in LGR5 expression was manifested in the human IGC that occurred at the gastric antrum and gastro-esophageal junction. In addition, the concurrent deletion of SMAD4 and PTEN, as well as their reduced expression and deregulated downstream pathways, were associated with human IGC. Thus, we demonstrated that gastric Lgr5(+) stem cells were cancer-initiating cells and might act as cancer-propagating cells to contribute to malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yan Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie, Beijing 100071, China
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Srinivasan T, Walters J, Bu P, Than EB, Tung KL, Chen KY, Panarelli N, Milsom J, Augenlicht L, Lipkin SM, Shen X. NOTCH Signaling Regulates Asymmetric Cell Fate of Fast- and Slow-Cycling Colon Cancer-Initiating Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3411-21. [PMID: 27197180 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer cells with stem-like properties, referred to as colon cancer-initiating cells (CCIC), have high tumorigenic potential. While CCIC can differentiate to promote cellular heterogeneity, it remains unclear whether CCIC within a tumor contain distinct subpopulations. Here, we describe the co-existence of fast- and slow-cycling CCIC, which can undergo asymmetric division to generate each other, highlighting CCIC plasticity and interconvertibility. Fast-cycling CCIC express markers, such as LGR5 and CD133, rely on MYC for their proliferation, whereas slow-cycling CCIC express markers, such as BMI1 and hTERT, are independent of MYC. NOTCH signaling promotes asymmetric cell fate, regulating the balance between these two populations. Overall, our results illuminate the basis for CCIC heterogeneity and plasticity by defining a direct interconversion mechanism between slow- and fast-cycling CCIC. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3411-21. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jewell Walters
- Departments of Medicine, Genetic Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Elaine Bich Than
- Departments of Medicine, Genetic Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Kuei-Ling Tung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kai-Yuan Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Nicole Panarelli
- Departments of Medicine, Genetic Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jeff Milsom
- Departments of Medicine, Genetic Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Leonard Augenlicht
- Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Departments of Medicine, Genetic Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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53
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Huang T, Qiu X, Xiao J, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Bai D. The prognostic role of Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 in gastric cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; 40:246-53. [PMID: 26387842 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The prognostic value of Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) in gastric cancer remains controversial. To further investigate this relationship, we performed meta-analyses to systematically review the association between LGR5 expression and various clinical parameters in gastric cancer patients. METHOD Eligible studies from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure), Wangfang (Database of Chinese Ministry of Science & Technology) and CBM (China Biological Medicine) databases were evaluated to investigate the association of LGR5 expression with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer. RESULTS LGR5 overexpression was significantly associated with poor OS in patients with gastric cancer (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.02-2.69). LGR5 overexpression was also significantly associated with TNM stage (TIII/TIV vs TI/TII: OR 5.42, 95% CI 1.02-28.72) and lymph node metastasis (positive vs negative: OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.06-5.0). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis indicates that LGR5 may be a predictive factor for invasion and metastasis, and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 28, Jianshe Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China; Anyang cancer hospital, 455000 Anyang, China
| | - Xinguang Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 28, Jianshe Road, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jianan Xiao
- Anyang cancer hospital, 455000 Anyang, China
| | | | - Yanjun Wang
- Anyang cancer hospital, 455000 Anyang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Anyang cancer hospital, 455000 Anyang, China
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54
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Andrikou K, Santoni M, Piva F, Bittoni A, Lanese A, Pellei C, Conti A, Loretelli C, Mandolesi A, Giulietti M, Scarpelli M, Principato G, Falconi M, Cascinu S. Lgr5 expression, cancer stem cells and pancreatic cancer: results from biological and computational analyses. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1037-45. [PMID: 25804119 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the relationship between Lgr5 and other stemness markers and pathologic features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples. MATERIALS & METHODS In 69 samples, Lgr5 was analyzed by qRT-PCR together with a panel of 29 genes. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out to identify a possible pathway regulating Lgr5 expression in PDAC. RESULTS Lgr5 expression was not associated with the expression of tested cancer stem cell markers. Moreover, it was not an independent predictor of survival neither at univariate analysis (p = 0.21) nor at multivariate analysis (p = 0.225). CONCLUSION Based on the lack of correlation between Lgr5 and tested cancer stem cell markers, Lgr5 does not seem to be a potential stemness marker or prognostic factor in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Andrikou
- Medical Oncology, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Böger C, Haag J, Egberts JH, Röcken C. Complex APC germline mutation associated metaplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia (CAM-IEN) of the gallbladder. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 212:54-8. [PMID: 26643927 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Preneoplasic and neoplastic changes of the gallbladder of patients with a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are rare, and very little is known about their incidence in patients with an attenuated FAP. We herein report on a unique case of a woman with an attenuated FAP who shows eight distinct, partially preneoplastic differentiation patterns within the gallbladder mucosa, which are: (1) regular gallbladder epithelium, (2) low grade biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, (3) papillary adenoma, (4) Paneth cell metaplasia, (5) goblet cell metaplasia, (6) pancreatic metaplasia, (7) pseudopyloric metaplasia, and (8) neuroendocrine differentiation. Moreover, this is the first case of a KRAS mutation in a gallbladder adenoma of a patient with an APC germline mutation, which is highly suggestive of an early event of malignant transformation. As a consequence of our findings, clinicians should draw special attention to the gallbladder of FAP patients, and a simultaneous protective cholecystectomy of FAP patients, which undergo colectomy and show conspicuous changes of the gallbladder mucosa, should be performed in these patients in order to eliminate the risk of a synchronous or metachronous gallbladder neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böger
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jochen Haag
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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56
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Cancer stem cells in human digestive tract malignancies. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Böger C, Warneke VS, Behrens HM, Kalthoff H, Goodman SL, Becker T, Röcken C. Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 as prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic targets in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:784-95. [PMID: 25315085 PMCID: PMC4572058 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the expression of two αv integrins, αvβ3 and αvβ5, in gastric cancer (GC) by testing the following hypotheses: that these molecules are expressed in GC; that they are implicated in GC biology; that they help to distinguish between the two major histological subtypes of GC, according to Laurén; and that they are prognostically relevant. METHODS Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 482 GC samples were stained immunohistochemically using rabbit monoclonal antibodies directed against αvβ3 (EM22703) and αvβ5 (EM09902). Immunostaining of tumor, stroma, and endothelial cells was evaluated separately by the quantity and intensity, generating an immunoreactivity score. The immunoreactivity score of both antibodies was correlated with clinicopathology data and patient survival. RESULTS Each integrin was expressed in at least one tumor component in all GCs. Both were expressed significantly more often in the intestinal phenotype according to Laurén. Moreover, patients who grouped as "positive" for expression of αvβ3 on endothelial cells, and patients with an intestinal type GC, grouped as "negative" for expression of αvβ5 on stroma cells, had significantly longer survival. The expression of αvβ5 on stroma cells was confirmed to be an independent prognostic factor of intestinal-type GC. CONCLUSION The expression of αvβ3 and αvβ5 in at least one tumor component in all GC samples is an interesting new result that should form a basis for further investigations; for example, regarding selective integrin antagonists and the value of αvβ3 and αvβ5 as putative prognostic biomarkers. Moreover, both markers might be helpful in the routine classification of GC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böger
- Department of Pathology, Christian Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 14, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Viktoria S Warneke
- Department of Pathology, Christian Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 14, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Behrens
- Department of Pathology, Christian Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 14, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Department of Experimental Cancer Research, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon L Goodman
- Oncology Platform, Department of Translational and Biomarkers Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian Albrechts University, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 14, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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58
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Guidolin D, Marinaccio C, Tortorella C, Ruggieri S, Rizzi A, Maiorano E, Specchia G, Ribatti D. A fractal analysis of the spatial distribution of tumoral mast cells in lymph nodes and bone marrow. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:96-102. [PMID: 26358232 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of mast cells inside the tumor stroma has been little investigated. In this study, we have evaluated tumor mast cells distribution through the analysis of the morphological features of the spatial patterns generated by these cells, including size, shape, and architecture of the cell pattern. We have compared diffuse large B cells lymphoma (DLBCL) and systemic mastocytosis in two different anatomical localizations (lymph nodes for DLBCL and, respectively, bone marrow for mastocytosis). Results have indicated that, despite the high difference in size exhibited by the mast cells patterns in the two conditions, the spatial relationship between the mast cells forming the aggregates resulted similar, characterized by a significant tendency of the mast cells to self-organize in clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Christian Marinaccio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Ruggieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Rizzi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Department of Emergency and Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- Department of Emergency and Transplantation, Hematology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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59
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Vange P, Bruland T, Beisvag V, Erlandsen SE, Flatberg A, Doseth B, Sandvik AK, Bakke I. Genome-wide analysis of the oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone reveals ASPM as a possible gastric stem/progenitor cell marker over-expressed in cancer. J Pathol 2015; 237:447-59. [PMID: 26178168 PMCID: PMC5049620 DOI: 10.1002/path.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone contains the main stem/progenitor cells that provide for physiological renewal of the distinct mature cell lineages in the oxyntic epithelium of the stomach. These cells are also proposed to be the potential cells-of-origin of gastric cancer, although little is known about their molecular characteristics and specific biological markers are lacking. In this study, we developed a method for serial section-navigated laser microdissection to isolate cells from the proliferative isthmus zone of rat gastric oxyntic mucosa for genome-wide microarray gene expression analysis. Enrichment analysis showed a distinct gene expression profile for the isthmus zone, with genes regulating intracellular processes such as the cell cycle and ribosomal activity. The profile was also related to stem cell transcriptional networks and stomach neoplasia. Genes expressed uniquely in the isthmus zone were associated with E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), which participates in the self-renewal of stem cells and in gastric carcinogenesis. One of the unique genes was Aspm [Asp (abnormal spindle) homologue, microcephaly-associated (Drosophila)]. Here we show ASPM in single scattered epithelial cells located in the proliferative isthmus zone of rat, mouse and human oxyntic mucosa, which do not seem to be actively dividing. The ASPM-expressing cells are mainly mature cell marker-deficient, except for a limited overlap with cells with neuroendocrine and tuft cell features. Further, both ASPM and E2F1 were expressed in human gastric cancer cell lines and increased and correlated in human gastric adenocarcinomas compared to non-tumour mucosa, as shown by expression profile analyses and immunohistochemistry. The association between ASPM and the transcription factor E2F1 in gastric tissue is relevant, due to their common involvement in crucial cell fate-regulatory mechanisms. Our results thus introduce ASPM as a novel possible oxyntic stem/progenitor cell marker that may be involved in both normal gastric physiology and gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Vange
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Even Erlandsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Doseth
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
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Rios-Doria J, Sabol D, Chesebrough J, Stewart D, Xu L, Tammali R, Cheng L, Du Q, Schifferli K, Rothstein R, Leow CC, Heidbrink-Thompson J, Jin X, Gao C, Friedman J, Wilkinson B, Damschroder M, Pierce AJ, Hollingsworth RE, Tice DA, Michelotti EF. A Monoclonal Antibody to ADAM17 Inhibits Tumor Growth by Inhibiting EGFR and Non-EGFR-Mediated Pathways. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1637-49. [PMID: 25948294 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ADAM17 is the primary sheddase for HER pathway ligands. We report the discovery of a potent and specific ADAM17 inhibitory antibody, MEDI3622, which induces tumor regression or stasis in many EGFR-dependent tumor models. The inhibitory activity of MEDI3622 correlated with EGFR activity both in a series of tumor models across several indications as well in as a focused set of head and neck patient-derived xenograft models. The antitumor activity of MEDI3622 was superior to that of EGFR/HER pathway inhibitors in the OE21 esophageal model and the COLO205 colorectal model suggesting additional activity outside of the EGFR pathway. Combination of MEDI3622 and cetuximab in the OE21 model was additive and eradicated tumors. Proteomics analysis revealed novel ADAM17 substrates that function outside of the HER pathways and may contribute toward the antitumor activity of the monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darrin Sabol
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Dave Stewart
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Linda Xu
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Li Cheng
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Qun Du
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - Ray Rothstein
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | - Xiaofang Jin
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Changshou Gao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Tice
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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Rao CV, Mohammed A. New insights into pancreatic cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:547-555. [PMID: 25914762 PMCID: PMC4404390 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has been one of the deadliest of all cancers, with almost uniform lethality despite aggressive treatment. Recently, there have been important advances in the molecular, pathological and biological understanding of pancreatic cancer. Even after the emergence of recent new targeted agents and the use of multiple therapeutic combinations, no treatment option is viable in patients with advanced cancer. Developing novel strategies to target progression of PC is of intense interest. A small population of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been found to be resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. CSCs are believed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. The CSC research has recently achieved much progress in a variety of solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer to some extent. This leads to focus on understanding the role of pancreatic CSCs. The focus on CSCs may offer new targets for prevention and treatment of this deadly cancer. We review the most salient developments in important areas of pancreatic CSCs. Here, we provide a review of current updates and new insights on the role of CSCs in pancreatic tumor progression with special emphasis on DclK1 and Lgr5, signaling pathways altered by CSCs, and the role of CSCs in prevention and treatment of PC.
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Vochem R, Einenkel J, Horn LC, Ruschpler P. [Importance of the tumor stem cell hypothesis for understanding ovarian cancer]. DER PATHOLOGE 2015; 35:361-70. [PMID: 24992976 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite complex surgical and systemic therapies epithelial ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis. A small quantity of tumorigenic cells termed cancer stem cells (CSC) are responsible for the development of chemoresistance and high rates of recurrence. OBJECTIVES This review presents the CSC hypothesis and describes methods of identification and enrichment of CSCs as well as approaches for the therapeutic use of these findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic literature review based on PubMed and Web of Science was carried out. RESULTS The CSC model is based on a hierarchical structure of tumors with few CSCs and variably differentiated tumor cells constituting the tumor bulk. Only the CSCs possess tumorigenic potential. Other essential functional characteristics of CSCs are their potential for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into further cell types. The CSCs are structurally characterized by different surface markers and changes in certain signaling pathways. Currently there are phase I and II studies in progress investigating specific influences on CSCs. CONCLUSION Various clinical characteristics of the course of disease in ovarian cancer are aptly represented by the tumor stem cell model. In spite of precisely defined functional characteristics of CSCs, surface markers and signaling pathways show individual differences and vary between tumor entities. This complicates identification and enrichment. Current experimental findings in various approaches and even first clinical studies raise hopes for a personalized cancer therapy targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vochem
- Zentrum für Frauen- und Kindermedizin, Gynäkologische Onkologie, Universitätsfrauenklinik Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
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Sun B, Ye X, Li Y, Zhang W. Lgr5 is a potential prognostic marker in patients with cervical carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:1783-1789. [PMID: 25973068 PMCID: PMC4396218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the Lgr5 (Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5) expression in cervical carcinoma and to estimate its clinical significance. METHODS The expression of Lgr5 mRNA was evaluated by Real-time PCR in 8 pairs of surgically removed cervical cancer and adjacent normal cervical tissues. Lgr5 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 94 paraffin-embedded cervical carcinoma specimens. The correlation between Lgr5 expression and clinicopathological features were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Lgr5 expression was significantly higher in cervical cancer tissues compared with that in adjacent normal cervix. High Lgr5 expression was positively correlated with tumor size (P = 0.025) and parametrial infiltration (P = 0.027). Moreover, high levels of Lgr5 was associated with lower overall survival (P = 0.021) and recurrent-free survival (P = 0.008), especially in stage II patients (P = 0.035). Multivariate analysis showed that the expression of Lgr5 was an independent factor of recurrent-free survival for the patients with cervical carcinoma (P = 0.135). CONCLUSION Lgr5 may play an important role in the development and progression of cervical carcinoma, and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xiufeng Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518035, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100026, China
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100026, China
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64
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Dalley AJ, Abdul Majeed AA, Pitty LP, Major AG, Farah CS. LGR5 expression in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 119:436-40.e1. [PMID: 25592865 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LGR5 is pivotal to oral cavity development and is implicated in epithelial malignancy whereby stimulation of LGR5 potentiates canonical Wnt signaling. This investigation tested our hypothesis of a correlation between LGR5 expression and the severity of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). STUDY DESIGN Immunoreactive LGR5 protein expression was quantified in 342 tissue samples ranging in disease severity from normal through mild and moderate or severe OED to OSCC. RESULTS LGR5 was restricted to the basal layers for normal tissues, projected to the stratum granulosum in severe dysplasia, intense in carcinoma nests of well-differentiated OSCC, but uniformly diffuse throughout poorly differentiated OSCC. Median LGR5 immunoreactivity index scores increased with disease severity: mild dysplasia = 1 < moderate or severe dysplasia = 2.5 < OSCC = 6. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of LGR5 in a panel of immunohistochemical biomarkers may improve identification of increased potential for malignancy in OED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Dalley
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ahmad A Abdul Majeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke P Pitty
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aidan G Major
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Camile S Farah
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; The Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Effendi K, Yamazaki K, Fukuma M, Sakamoto M. Overexpression of Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5 (LGR5) Represents a Typical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway-Activated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer 2014; 3:451-7. [PMID: 26280006 PMCID: PMC4531428 DOI: 10.1159/000343873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and most frequently lethal cancers worldwide. Although many advances have been made in the analysis of multistage hepatocarcinogenesis, we still lack information to guide adequate clinical management options for HCC. A large number of genetic alterations occur during hepatocarcinogenesis, and many genetic studies have indicated that one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes found in HCC is β-catenin. SUMMARY Molecular subclassification of HCC based on gene expression signatures has identified a typical hepatocyte-like subclass of HCC harboring β-catenin mutations; this subclass is characterized by better histological differentiation and a less aggressive nature. We previously identified overexpression of the leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), also known as GPR49, in HCC with β-catenin mutations. LGR5 has been indicated as one of the downstream target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway; however, the functional role of LGR5 in cancer is largely unknown. We demonstrated that HCC cells transfected with LGR5 exhibited higher colony forming activity and were more resistant to a cytotoxic drug than the control HCC cells were. Overexpression of LGR5 also retarded cell migration. LGR5-transfected HCC cells formed nodule-type tumors in the livers of immunodeficient mice, whereas control cells formed more invasive tumors. Results of our recent research suggest that aberrant expression of LGR5 could regulate the epithelial cell phenotype and promotes HCC cell survival. HCC cells overexpressing LGR5 seem to represent a typical phenotype of a less aggressive HCC. KEY MESSAGES Recent efforts on the molecular classification of HCC have led us to new strategies for dealing with HCC. These specific signatures may predict the risk of recurrence or the patient survival rate, which affect the outlook and may suggest treatment strategies for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michiie Sakamoto
- *Michiie Sakamoto, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 (Japan), Tel. +81 3 5363 3764, E-Mail
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66
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Refining the role for adult stem cells as cancer cells of origin. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:11-20. [PMID: 25242116 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made to identify the cells at the foundation of tumorigenesis, the cancer cell of origin (CCO). The majority of data points towards resident adult stem cells (ASCs) or primitive progenitors as the CCO for those cancers studied, highlighting the importance of stem cells not only as propagators but also as initiators of cancer. Recent data suggest tumor initiation at the CCOs can be regulated through both intrinsic and extrinsic signals and that the identity of the CCOs and their propensity to initiate tumorigenesis is context dependent. In this review, we summarize some of the recent findings regarding CCOs and solid tumor initiation and highlight its relation with bona fide human cancer.
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67
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Xi HQ, Cui JX, Shen WS, Wu XS, Bian SB, Li JY, Song Z, Wei B, Chen L. Increased expression of Lgr5 is associated with chemotherapy resistance in human gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:181-8. [PMID: 24859092 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), a marker of adult stem cells and cancer stem cells, plays important roles in tumor progression. Furthermore, Lgr5 also contributes to chemoradiotherapy resistance. However, the function of Lgr5 in the prediction of preoperative chemotherapy efficacy has not been reported. We evaluated the potential of Lgr5 in predicting tumor response and overall survival in advanced gastric cancer treated with preoperative chemotherapy. The association between Lgr5 and chemotherapy resistance was also investigated in gastric cancer cell lines. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis of Lgr5 expression were performed in 68 cases of gastric cancer treated with preoperative chemotherapy. Lgr5 expression was specifically silenced in the AGS gastric cancer cell lines by RNA interference. Levels of Lgr5 mRNA and protein in cell lines were detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or western blotting. Cell viability was evaluated by an MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide dual staining analysis. We found that Lgr5 expression was significantly associated with tumor regression grade after preoperative chemotherapy. The rate of positive Lgr5 expression was significantly higher in patients with poor tumor regression compared with those exhibiting tumor regression (P=0.001). Lgr5-positive patients had a significantly shorter survival time than Lgr5-negative patients (P=0.001). Inhibition of Lgr5 expression with small interfering RNA increased the sensitivity of AGS gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that Lgr5 expression may be implicated in the chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells and is a potential novel biomarker for predicting response to chemotherapy and prognosis in gastric cancer patients, and may also represent a potential new therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Song Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Bo Bian
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Guo SL, Ye H, Teng Y, Wang YL, Yang G, Li XB, Zhang C, Yang X, Yang ZZ, Yang X. Akt-p53-miR-365-cyclin D1/cdc25A axis contributes to gastric tumorigenesis induced by PTEN deficiency. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2544. [PMID: 24149576 PMCID: PMC3826643 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although PTEN/Akt signaling is frequently deregulated in human gastric cancers, the in vivo causal link between its dysregulation and gastric tumorigenesis has not been established. Here we show that inactivation of PTEN in mouse gastric epithelium initiates spontaneous carcinogenesis with complete penetrance by 2 months of age. Mechanistically, activation of Akt suppresses the abundance of p53, leading to decreased transcription of miR-365, thus causing upregulation of cyclin D1 and cdc25A, which promotes gastric cell proliferation. Importantly, genetic ablation of Akt1 restores miR-365 expression and effectively rescues gastric tumorigenesis in PTEN-mutant mice. Moreover, orthotopic restoration of miR-365 represses PTEN-deficient-induced hyperplasia. In human gastric cancer tissues, miR-365 reduction correlates with poorly differentiated histology, deep invasion and advanced stage, as well as the deregulation of PTEN, phosphorylated Akt, p53, cyclin D1 and cdc25A. These data demonstrate that the PTEN-Akt-p53-miR-365-cyclin D1/cdc25A axis serves as a new mechanism underlying gastric tumorigenesis, providing potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Long Guo
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Disease, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China [2] Institute of Geriatrics, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China [3]
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69
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common tumor and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Approximately 70 % of the patients already have lymph node metastases at the time of the diagnosis leading to a median overall survival time of 16.7 months. Complete resection of the primary tumor with D2 lymphadenectomy offers the only chance of cure in the early stages of the disease. Survival of more locally advanced gastric cancer was improved by the introduction of perioperative, adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy of gastric cancer; however, the identification of novel predictive and diagnostic targets is urgently needed. Our own studies on gastric cancer biology identified several putative tumor biologically relevant G-protein-coupled receptors (e.g. AT1R, AT2R, CXCR4, FZD7, LGR4, LGR5, LGR6). Some of these receptors are also putative stem cell markers and may serve as future targets of an individualized therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Röcken
- Institut für Pathologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3/14, Kiel, Germany.
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70
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He S, Zhou H, Zhu X, Hu S, Fei M, Wan D, Gu W, Yang X, Shi D, Zhou J, Zhou J, Zhu Z, Wang L, Li D, Zhang Y. Expression of Lgr5, a marker of intestinal stem cells, in colorectal cancer and its clinicopathological significance. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:507-13. [PMID: 24751002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been the focus of intense investigations in cancer research although the cellular origin of CSCs has not been clearly determined. Lgr5 is a regulated target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which was first identified as a marker of intestinal stem cells. However, the expression of Lgr5 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and its clinical clinicopathological significance in CRC patients as well as its correlation with Wnt/β-catenin pathway are not fully explored. Localization and expression of Lgr5 in CRC tissues was performed by immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between its expression levels and clinicopathological features as well as clinical outcomes of patients was analysed. The quantitative expression levels of Lgr5 in various CRC cell lines were determined using real-time RT-PCR. The relationship between Lgr5 expression and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in CRC was also investigated. Obviously elevated expression of Lgr5 was observed in CRC tissues, compared to the paired nontumor tissues. mRNA expression levels of Lgr5 was positively correlated with the expression of β-catenin in CRC tissues. The expression of Lgr5 was various in different CRC cell lines. Low and high expression levels of Lgr5 were significantly correlated with clinicopathological features such as TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and vascular invasion of CRC patients. More importantly, Lgr5 expression in CRC tissues was also associated with tumor angiogenesis as well as clinical outcomes. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated Lgr5 expression might contribute to the development and progression of CRC, and it could also be used a potential unfavorable prognostic biomarker for CRC. A better understanding of molecule mechanisms and the relevance of potential value for Lgr5 in the progression of CRC will help to identify a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbing He
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shuiqing Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Min Fei
- Jiangsu Institute Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Daiwei Wan
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Dongtao Shi
- Department of gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital, Suzhou 215228, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Dechun Li
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Gao FJ, Chen JY, Wu HY, Shi J, Chen M, Fan XS, Huang Q. Lgr5 over-expression is positively related to the tumor progression and HER2 expression in stage pTNM IV colorectal cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:1572-1579. [PMID: 24817953 PMCID: PMC4014237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies display that Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) appears to involve the initiation of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its role in the progression of CRC is not clear at present. In the present study, the expression of Lgr5, HER2, VEGF, and Ki-67 was detected by immunohistochemistry in primary cancer tissue and the matched normal mucosa, metastatic lymph node and distant metastatic tissues in 42 CRC cases staged as pTNM IV. The correlation of Lgr5 over-expression with the CRC progression, survival time, and expression of HER2, VEGF, and Ki-67 was evaluated. Moreover, the Lgr5 expression at the invasive front or residual cancer cells around coagulation necrosis was compared with that at the center of CRC in 51 paraffin embedded tissues. The results revealed that Lgr5 over-expression was more frequently found in the metastatic tissues of both lymph nodes and distant area when compared with primary CRC tissue (P<0.05). Additionally, cancer cells in the invasive front and residual cancer cells around or among the coagulation necrosis presented stronger Lgr5 immunoreactivity than that at tumor center (P<0.05), and strong positive staining was often observed in tumor budding cells. While, HER2 over-expression was detected in 28.9% (IHC 3+) and 42.1% (IHC 3+/2+) of CRC patients, neither Lgr5 nor HER2 expression was significantly related to the prognosis of CRC patients, though there was a positive correlation between Lgr5 and HER2 (P<0.05) or Ki-67 expression (P<0.05). In conclusions, Lgr5 over-expression might involve the proliferation, invasion, and distant and regional metastasis of CRC cells, and has potential positive relation to HER2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang-Shan Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical SchoolWest Roxbury, Massachusetts 02132, USA
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72
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Jang BG, Lee BL, Kim WH. Distribution of LGR5+ cells and associated implications during the early stage of gastric tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82390. [PMID: 24340024 PMCID: PMC3858308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5 was identified as a promising gastrointestinal tract stem cell marker in mice. Lineage tracing indicates that Lgr5+ cells may not only be the cells responsible for the origin of tumors; they may also be the so-called cancer stem cells. In the present study, we investigated the presence of Lgr5+ cells and their biological significance in normal human gastric mucosa and gastric tumors. RNAscope, a newly developed RNA in situ hybridization technique, specifically labeled Lgr5+ cells at the basal glands of the gastric antrum. Notably, the number of Lgr5+ cells was remarkably increased in intestinal metaplasia. In total, 76% of gastric adenomas and 43% of early gastric carcinomas were positive for LGR5. Lgr5+ cells were found more frequently in low-grade tumors with active Wnt signaling and an intestinal gland type, suggesting that LGR5 is likely involved in the very early stages of Wnt-driven tumorigenesis in the stomach. Interestingly, similar to stem cells in normal tissues, Lgr5+ cells were often restricted to the base of the tumor glands, and such Lgr5+ restriction was associated with high levels of intestinal stem cell markers such as EPHB2, OLFM4, and ASCL2. Thus, our findings show that Lgr5+ cells are present at the base of the antral glands in the human stomach and that this cell population significantly expands in intestinal metaplasias. Furthermore, Lgr5+ cells are seen in a large number of gastric tumors ; their frequent basal arrangements and coexpression of ISC markers support the idea that Lgr5+ cells act as stem cells during the early stage of intestinal-type gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Lan Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Integrins and their ligands are expressed in non-small cell lung cancer but not correlated with parameters of disease progression. Virchows Arch 2013; 464:69-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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74
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Wang D, Zhou J, Fan C, Jiao F, Liu B, Sun P, Miao J, Zhang Q. Knockdown of LGR5 suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:41-9. [PMID: 24172981 PMCID: PMC3868492 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), one of the target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway, has recently been identified as a marker for brain cancer stem-like cells. However, the role of LGR5 in glioma is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between LGR5 expression and pathological grade in glioma, and the impact of LGR5 on the proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Firstly, LGR5 expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 54 resected gliomas of different pathologic grades, and its association with Ki-67 was evaluated. Subsequently, using western blotting and qRT-PCR, the expression of LGR5 was assessed in three glioma cell lines U87, U118 and U251. Moreover, the effects of LGR5 knockdown by siRNA on glioma cell proliferation, cell cycle, clone formation and tumorsphere formation in vitro and gliomagenesis in vivo were assessed. The results revealed that i) LGR5 was positively expressed in all glioma specimens and its expression increased with pathologic grade and Ki-67 expression; ii) LGR5 was highly expressed in three glioma cell lines and its expression was reduced significantly by siRNA; and iii) RNAi-mediated downregulation of endogenous LGR5 in U87 cells resulted in the suppression of cell proliferation, arrest of the cell cycle, and reduction in clone and tumorsphere formation in vitro. In addition, LGR5 depletion significantly inhibited tumor orthotopic xenograft growth in nude mice. These findings indicate that LGR5 plays a major role in gliomagenesis by promoting neoplastic cell proliferation, suggesting LGR5 as a molecular marker for pathology and a novel therapeutic target for malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Mizuno N, Yatabe Y, Hara K, Hijioka S, Imaoka H, Shimizu Y, Ko SBH, Yamao K. Cytoplasmic expression of LGR5 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Front Physiol 2013; 4:269. [PMID: 24133453 PMCID: PMC3783903 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CD133 has been identified as a cancer stem cell marker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a marker of intestinal stem cells, has been shown to be on a higher level of the stem cell hierarchy than CD133, the expression and function of LGR5 in pancreatic cancer tissue remains unclear. This study investigated tissue expression of LGR5 and CD133 in resected pancreatic cancer tissue. Methods: LGR5 and CD133 expression was immunohistochemically examined in 9 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent resection. Results: LGR5 was expressed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic cancer cells in 4 of 9 cases. CD133 was not detected in cancerous tissue. In non-neoplastic tissue, LGR5 was expressed in the basolateral membrane of a subset of endocrine cells. Conversely, CD133 was expressed in the apical membrane of small duct cells. Co-localization of LGR5 and CD133 was not found in either neoplastic or non-neoplastic tissue. LGR5 expression in pancreatic cancer cells showed no statistically significant correlation with survival after surgery. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that LGR5 is expressed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, and the basolateral membrane of a subset of endocrine cells of the human pancreas. Further investigation is required to clarify any prognostic significance of LGR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital Nagoya, Japan
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Ko H, Park SY, Cha EJ, Sohn JS. Colonic adenocarcinoma arising from gastric heterotopia: a case study. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:289-92. [PMID: 23837024 PMCID: PMC3701827 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic gastric mucosa occurs in all areas of the gastrointestinal tract including the nasopharynx, tongue, esophagus, small intestine, colon, and rectum. Gastric heterotopia of the large bowel is infrequent, and most cases have been reported in the rectum. Review of the literature has revealed only eight cases involving the colon proximal to the rectum. Little is known of the natural history of gastric heterotopias, except that. It usually presents with gastrointestinal bleeding, though other serious complications such as bowel perforation, intussusceptions, and fistula formation, are possible. Further, it is unclear whether heterotopic gastric mucosa progresses to malignancy. Herein, we describe a case of adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon arising from gastric heterotopia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of adenocarcinoma arising from heterotopic gastric mucosa in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungsuk Ko
- Department of Pathology, Konyang University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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77
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. In recent decades, major advancements in the understanding of the epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis of gastric cancer have been witnessed. Infections with Helicobacter pylori or Epstein-Barr virus, dietary and lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of developing gastric cancer. With respect to pathogenesis at least three distinct types of gastric cancer exist, (1) proximal, (2) distal diffuse and (3) distal non-diffuse types. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are related to oncogene mutations and tumor suppressor gene inactivation. Canonical oncogenic pathways such as the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway are de-regulated in gastric cancer. Hereditary and familial type gastric cancers are currently linked to CDH1 gene mutations and various genetic polymorphisms determining disease susceptibility. Molecular subtypes of gastric cancer have been identified which separate diffuse from intestinal type gastric cancer and are not entirely congruent with the histopathological phenotype according to Laurén but may influence chemosensitivity. Putative cancer stem cell markers of gastric cancer have been found (e.g. ADAM17, CD133, FZD7, LGR5) and correlate with patient prognosis. Thus, molecular phenotyping of gastric cancer is still in its infancy and the search for novel diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers continues.
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78
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Scannell CA, Pedersen EA, Mosher JT, Krook MA, Nicholls LA, Wilky BA, Loeb DM, Lawlor ER. LGR5 is Expressed by Ewing Sarcoma and Potentiates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Front Oncol 2013; 3:81. [PMID: 23596566 PMCID: PMC3625903 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an aggressive bone and soft tissue tumor of putative stem cell origin that predominantly occurs in children and young adults. Although most patients with localized ES can be cured with intensive therapy, the clinical course is variable and up to one third of patients relapse following initial remission. Unfortunately, little is yet known about the biologic features that distinguish low-risk from high-risk disease or the mechanisms of ES disease progression. Recent reports have suggested that putative cancer stem cells exist in ES and may contribute to an aggressive phenotype. The cell surface receptor leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a somatic stem cell marker that functions as an oncogene in several human cancers, most notably colorectal carcinoma. LGR5 is a receptor for the R-spondin (RSPO) family of ligands and RSPO-mediated activation of LGR5 potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling, contributing to stem cell proliferation and self-renewal. Given its presumed stem cell origin, we investigated whether LGR5 contributes to ES pathogenesis. We found that LGR5 is expressed by ES and that its expression is relatively increased in cells and tumors that display a more aggressive phenotype. In particular, LGR5 expression was increased in putative cancer stem cells. We also found that neural crest-derived stem cells express LGR5, raising the possibility that expression of LGR5 may be a feature of ES cells of origin. LGR5-high ES cells showed nuclear localization of β-catenin and robust activation of TCF reporter activity when exposed to Wnt ligand and this was potentiated by RSPO. However, modulation of LGR5 or exposure to RSPO had no impact on proliferation confirming that Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ES cells does not recapitulate signaling in epithelial cells. Together these studies show that the RSPO-LGR5-Wnt-β-catenin axis is present and active in ES and may contribute to tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Scannell
- Keck School of Medicine, University Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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79
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Singh SR. Gastric cancer stem cells: a novel therapeutic target. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:110-9. [PMID: 23583679 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of global cancer mortality. Multipotent gastric stem cells have been identified in both mouse and human stomachs, and they play an essential role in the self-renewal and homeostasis of gastric mucosa. There are several environmental and genetic factors known to promote gastric cancer. In recent years, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that gastric cancer may originate from normal stem cells or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, and that gastric tumors contain cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are believed to share a common microenvironment with normal niche, which play an important role in gastric cancer and tumor growth. This mini-review presents a brief overview of the recent developments in gastric cancer stem cell research. The knowledge gained by studying cancer stem cells in gastric mucosa will support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Ram Singh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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80
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Chen XY, Zhao K. Progress in understanding the relationship between Lgr5 and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:673-678. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i8.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, contains 17 leucine-rich repeats and N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich flanking domains. Lgr5 is a marker for stem cells in the stomach, small intestine, colon, and hair follicles. Recently, Lgr5 has been identified as a target of Wnt signaling. As a potential marker for colorectal cancer stem cells, Lgr5 might be responsible for the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. In this article we review recent progress in understanding the relationship between Lgr5 and colorectal cancer.
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81
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection leads to long-lasting chronic inflammation and represents the most common risk factor underlying gastric cancer. Recently, new insights into the mechanisms through which H. pylori and mucosal inflammation lead to cancer development have emerged. H. pylori virulence factors, in particular specific CagA genotypes, represent main factors in gastric cancer, inducing altered intracellular signaling in epithelial cells. The chronic nature of H. pylori infection appears to relate to the VacA virulence factor and Th17/Treg mechanisms. A role of H. pylori infection in epigenetic and microRNA deregulation has been shown. Mutation of the epithelial cell genome, a hallmark of cancer, was demonstrated to accumulate in H. pylori infected stomach partly due to inadequate DNA repair. Gastric stem cells were shown to be targets of oxidative injury in the Helicobacter-inflammatory milieu. Recent advances emphasizing the contribution of bacterial factors, inflammatory mediators, and the host epithelial response in gastric carcinogenesis are reviewed.
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Kwon OH, Park JL, Baek SJ, Noh SM, Song KS, Kim SY, Kim YS. Aberrant upregulation of ASCL2 by promoter demethylation promotes the growth and resistance to 5-fluorouracil of gastric cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2013. [PMID: 23181270 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Achaete scute-like 2 (ASCL2), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, plays an essential role in the maintenance of adult intestinal stem cells. However, the function of ASCL2 in gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the roles and regulatory transcription mechanisms of ASCL2 in GC. Gene expression and methylation data analysis showed that ASCL2 was upregulated and hypomethylated in GC tissues. Using real-time RT-PCR and pyrosequencing analysis, we confirmed that ASCL2 was overexpressed and hypomethylated in GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. We then investigated the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of ASCL2 in GC and found that treatment with a methylation inhibitor induced ASCL2 expression in GC cell lines. MBD-sequencing assay also revealed hypermethylation of the promoter region of ASCL2 in GC cell lines, which barely expressed the ASCL2 gene. Furthermore, ASCL2 expression levels were inversely correlated with GC patient survival. Ectopic overexpression of ASCL2 showed that ASCL2 increased cell growth and promoted resistance to 5-fluorouracil in GC cells. These results suggest that ASCL2 might play an important role in gastric tumor growth and chemoresistance, and could be a useful prognostic marker for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Hyung Kwon
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
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83
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Bu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang L, Li Z, Sun Y, Dong B, Wu A, Wu X, Wang X, Cheng X, Xing X, Li Y, Du H, Ji J. LGR5 is a promising biomarker for patients with stage I and II gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:79-89. [PMID: 23372345 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.01.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) expressions in gastric cancer and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS LGR5 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 257 gastric cancer patients after surgery. The relationships between LGR5 expression and clinicopathological features and patients prognosis were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The expression of LGR5 was significantly higher in gastric cancers as a cancer stem cell marker than in adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001), and more frequently in patients with intestinal type, well-moderate differentiation and stage I and II (P<0.05). Although we found gastric cancer patients with LGR5 positive expression had a poorer prognosis, it didn't meet statistical significance (P>0.05). LGR5 negative expression was significantly related to the favorable overall survival in stage I and II gastric cancer patients (P<0.05). Furthermore, patients with high LGR5 expression tended to be more likely to get progression and have poorer progress-free survival (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that LGR5 expression was an independent factor of overall survival for the patients with stage I and II gastric cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LGR5 may play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression and would be a powerful marker to predict the prognosis of patients with stage I and II gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaode Bu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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84
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Uehara T, Ma D, Yao Y, Lynch JP, Morales K, Ziober A, Feldman M, Ota H, Sepulveda AR. H. pylori infection is associated with DNA damage of Lgr5-positive epithelial stem cells in the stomach of patients with gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:140-9. [PMID: 22945475 PMCID: PMC3816997 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND H. pylori (Hp) infection is a major risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis leading to epithelial mutagenesis, and may affect gastric epithelial stem cells. AIMS To characterize the expression of Lgr5, a marker of epithelial stem cells in human gastric mucosa, to determine whether Hp infection affects Lgr5-positive epithelial cells (LPECs) and whether LPECs are susceptible to DNA damage associated with Hp infection. METHODS Lgr5 expression was characterized in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa from 52 patients (34 with and 18 without gastric cancer (GC); 21 Hp-positive (Hp+) and 31 Hp-negative (Hp-)) by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. To determine the extent of DNA damage in LPECs, nuclear 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), a marker of DNA damage associated with oxidative stress, was measured by quantitative spectral image analysis. RESULTS LPECs were primarily present in gastric antrum. Higher numbers of LPECs were seen in Hp+ than in Hp- non-neoplastic mucosa of GC patients, P = .006, but not in patients without GC. 8OHdG levels in LPECs were significantly higher than in Lgr5-negative epithelial cells in Hp+ GC patients (P = .012) but not in Hp- cases (P = .414), whereas no difference was seen between Hp+ and Hp- mucosa of patients without GC. CONCLUSIONS The Lgr5-positive epithelial stem cell pool is expanded in Hp-associated gastritis in the antrum of patients with GC. In GC patients with active Hp infection, LPECs may be more susceptible to DNA damage than Lgr5-negative epithelial cells, suggesting that Hp infection may contribute to GC risk by affecting epithelial stem cells in the human stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Deqin Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Knashawn Morales
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amy Ziober
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Antonia R Sepulveda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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85
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Yamanoi K, Fukuma M, Uchida H, Kushima R, Yamazaki K, Katai H, Kanai Y, Sakamoto M. Overexpression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 in gastric cancer. Pathol Int 2012; 63:13-9. [PMID: 23356221 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and patients with advanced gastric cancer still have poor clinical outcomes. The overexpression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) mRNA in colorectal cancer and its correlation with clinicopathological factors were recently reported by us. In this study, we show LGR5 mRNA overexpression in human gastric cancer specimens by quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization and assess a correlation with clinicopathological factors. The mean expression of LGR5 mRNA in cancerous tissues was five times higher than that in normal tissue (P = 0.0002). Furthermore, LGR5 mRNA expression show marked variation among cases and significantly increased in cases where lymphatic invasion was present compared with those where it was absent (P = 0.0056). Although the mean expression level of LGR5 was observed to be higher in nodal metastasis and venous invasion positive cases compared to negative cases, a significant difference was not observed. These results suggest that LGR5 can be a biomarker for malignancy in gastric cancer.
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86
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Ding SZ, Zheng PY. Helicobacter pylori infection induced gastric cancer; advance in gastric stem cell research and the remaining challenges. Gut Pathog 2012; 4:18. [PMID: 23217022 PMCID: PMC3536631 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the major cause of gastric cancer, which remains an important health care challenge. Recent investigation in gastric stem cell or progenitor cell biology has uncovered valuable information in understanding the gastric gland renewal and maintenance of homeostasis, they also provide clues for further defining the mechanisms by which gastric cancer may originate and progress. Lgr5, Villin-promoter, TFF2-mRNA and Mist have recently been identified as gastric stem/progenitor cell markers; their identification enriched our understanding on the gastric stem cell pathobiology during chronic inflammation and metaplasia. In addition, advance in gastric cancer stem cell markers such as CD44, CD90, CD133, Musashi-1 reveal novel information on tumor cell behavior and disease progression implicated for therapeutics. However, two critical questions remain to be of considerable challenges for future exploration; one is how H. pylori or chronic inflammation affects gastric stem cell or their progenitors, which give rise to mucus-, acid-, pepsinogen-, and hormone-secreting cell lineages. Another one is how bacterial infection or inflammation induces oncogenic transformation and propagates into tumors. Focus on the interactions of H. pylori with gastric stem/progenitor cells and their microenvironment will be instrumental to decipher the initiation and origin of gastric cancer. Future studies in these areas will be critical to uncover molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation-mediated oncogenic transformation and provide options for cancer prevention and intervention. We review recent progress and discuss future research directions in these important research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ze Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China.
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87
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Steffen JS, Simon E, Warneke V, Balschun K, Ebert M, Röcken C. LGR4 and LGR6 are differentially expressed and of putative tumor biological significance in gastric carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:355-65. [PMID: 22855134 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. We investigated the differential expression and putative tumor biological significance of five G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in GC, i.e., LGR4, LGR6, GPR34, GPR160, and GPR171. Based on our previous microarray analyses, we identified five candidate genes in human GC samples. Real-time RT-PCR was carried out to validate their expression in malignant and non-malignant tissues on an independent collective comprising 32 GC patients with and without lymph node metastases. Selected protein targets LGR4 and LGR6 were further validated on paraffin-embedded sections of ten intestinal and ten poorly cohesive (diffuse)-type GCs and their corresponding non-malignant tissue using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the putative tumor biological significance of LGR4 and LGR6 was studied using tissue microarrays obtained from a cohort of 481 GC patients. On transcriptional level, GPR34, GPR160, and GPR171 were not differentially expressed in GC compared with non-neoplastic mucosa. LGR4 and LGR6 were up-regulated on transcriptional (real-time RT-PCR) and translational (immunohistochemistry) levels in GC. Furthermore, in tissue microarray analysis, LGR6 expression was significantly associated with local tumor growth (T-category; p = 0.04) and correlated with patient survival. LGR4 expression was significantly correlated with nodal spread (N-category; p = 0.025). Our systematic analysis indicates that LGR4 and LGR6 may play a role in GC biology. Future studies will have to demonstrate whether these are also putative diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic targets for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Simon Steffen
- Institute of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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