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Good RB, Eley JD, Gower E, Butt G, Blanchard AD, Fisher AJ, Nanthakumar CB. A high content, phenotypic 'scar-in-a-jar' assay for rapid quantification of collagen fibrillogenesis using disease-derived pulmonary fibroblasts. BMC Biomed Eng 2019; 1:14. [PMID: 32903343 PMCID: PMC7422573 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-019-0014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a hallmark feature in fibrosis and tissue remodelling diseases. Typically, mesenchymal cells will produce collagens under standard 2D cell culture conditions, however these do not assemble into fibrils. Existing assays for measuring ECM production are often low throughput and not disease relevant. Here we describe a robust, high content, pseudo-3D phenotypic assay to quantify mature fibrillar collagen deposition which is both physiologically relevant and amenable to high throughput compound screening. Using pulmonary fibroblasts derived from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), we developed the 'scar-in-a-jar' assay into a medium-throughput phenotypic assay to robustly quantify collagen type I deposition and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins over 72 h. RESULTS This assay utilises macromolecular crowding to induce an excluded volume effect and enhance enzyme activity, which in combination with TGF-β1 stimulation significantly accelerates ECM production. Collagen type I is upregulated approximately 5-fold with a negligible effect on cell number. We demonstrate the robustness of the assay achieving a Z prime of approximately 0.5, and % coefficient of variance (CV) of < 5 for the assay controls SB-525334 (ALK5 inhibitor) and CZ415 (mTOR inhibitor). This assay has been used to confirm the potency of a number of potential anti-fibrotic agents. Active compounds from the 'scar-in-a-jar' assay can be further validated for other markers of ECM deposition and fibroblast activation such as collagen type IV and α-smooth muscle actin exhibiting a 4-fold and 3-fold assay window respectively. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have developed 'scar -in-a-jar is' into a robust disease-relevant medium-throughput in vitro assay to accurately quantify ECM deposition. This assay may enable iterative compound profiling for IPF and other fibroproliferative and tissue remodelling diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Good
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Jessica D. Eley
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Elaine Gower
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Genevieve Butt
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Andrew D. Blanchard
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
| | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Carmel B. Nanthakumar
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY UK
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Polydispersity and negative charge are key modulators of extracellular matrix deposition under macromolecular crowding conditions. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:197-210. [PMID: 30831324 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding is a biophysical phenomenon that stems from the volume excluded by macromolecules, as they undergo steric repulsion and electrostatic interactions. The excluded volume depends on the shape, size, charge and polydispersity of the molecules. Although theoretical/computational models have been used to assess the influence of macromolecular crowding in biological media, real-time experiments are scarce. Herein, we evaluated the influence of hydrodynamic radius, charge and polydispersity of (a) various concentrations of different crowders (carrageenan, Ficoll™ and dextran sulphate); (b) various molecular weights of different crowders (70, 400 and 100 kDa of Ficoll™ and 10, 100 and 500 kDa of dextran sulphate) and (c) various cocktails of the same crowders (cocktails of various concentrations of different molecular weights Ficoll™ and dextran sulphate) on extracellular matrix deposition in human dermal fibroblast culture. The use of crowding cocktails with different molecular weight/concentrations of Ficoll™ or dextran sulphate molecules led to increased polydispersity and enhanced collagen type I deposition in comparison to their mono-domain counterparts. Carrageenan, however, induced the highest deposition of collagen type I due to its negative charge and inherent polydispersity. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the influence of the biophysical properties of the crowders on extracellular matrix deposition in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Macromolecular crowding is a biophysical phenomenon that accelerates and enhances extracellular matrix deposition in cell culture systems. Herein, we demonstrate that negatively charged and polydispersed macromolecules or cocktails of macromolecules, as opposed to neutral and monodomain macromolecules, induce highest extracellular matrix deposition in human dermal fibroblast cultures.
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53
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Huff HC, Maroutsos D, Das A. Lipid composition and macromolecular crowding effects on CYP2J2-mediated drug metabolism in nanodiscs. Protein Sci 2019; 28:928-940. [PMID: 30861250 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid composition and macromolecular crowding are key external effectors of protein activity and stability whose role varies between different proteins. Therefore, it is imperative to study their effects on individual protein function. CYP2J2 is a membrane-bound cytochrome P450 in the heart involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and xenobiotics. In order to facilitate this metabolism, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), transfers electrons to CYP2J2 from NADPH. Herein, we use nanodiscs to show that lipid composition of the membrane bilayer affects substrate metabolism of the CYP2J2-CPR nanodisc (ND) system. Differential effects on both NADPH oxidation and substrate metabolism by CYP2J2-CPR are dependent on the lipid composition. For instance, sphingomyelin containing nanodiscs produced more secondary substrate metabolites than discs of other lipid compositions, implying a possible conformational change leading to processive metabolism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that macromolecular crowding plays a role in the lipid-solubilized CYP2J2-CPR system by increasing the Km and decreasing the Vmax , and effect that is size-dependent. Crowding also affects the CYP2J2-CPR-ND system by decreasing both the Km and Vmax for Dextran-based macromolecular crowding agents, implying an increase in substrate affinity but a lack of metabolism. Finally, protein denaturation studies show that crowding agents destabilize CYP2J2, while the multidomain protein CPR is stabilized. Overall, these studies are the first report on the role of the surrounding lipid environment and macromolecular crowding in modulating enzymatic function of CYP2J2-CPR membrane protein system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Demetri Maroutsos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Division of Nutritional Science, Neuroscience Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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54
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Gaspar D, Ryan CNM, Zeugolis DI. Multifactorial bottom-up bioengineering approaches for the development of living tissue substitutes. FASEB J 2019; 33:5741-5754. [PMID: 30681885 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802451r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bottom-up bioengineering utilizes the inherent capacity of cells to build highly sophisticated structures with high levels of biomimicry. Despite the significant advancements in the field, monodomain approaches require prolonged culture time to develop an implantable device, usually associated with cell phenotypic drift in culture. Herein, we assessed the simultaneous effect of macromolecular crowding (MMC) and mechanical loading in enhancing extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition while maintaining tenocyte (TC) phenotype and differentiating bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) or transdifferentiating neonatal and adult dermal fibroblasts toward tenogenic lineage. At d 7, all cell types presented cytoskeleton alignment perpendicular to the applied load independently of the use of MMC. MMC enhanced ECM deposition in all cell types. Gene expression analysis indicated that MMC and mechanical loading maintained TC phenotype, whereas tenogenic differentiation of BMSCs or transdifferentiation of dermal fibroblasts was not achieved. Our data suggest that multifactorial bottom-up bioengineering approaches significantly accelerate the development of biomimetic tissue equivalents.-Gaspar, D., Ryan, C. N. M., Zeugolis, D. I. Multifactorial bottom-up bioengineering approaches for the development of living tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christina N M Ryan
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular, and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
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55
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Sorushanova A, Delgado LM, Wu Z, Shologu N, Kshirsagar A, Raghunath R, Mullen AM, Bayon Y, Pandit A, Raghunath M, Zeugolis DI. The Collagen Suprafamily: From Biosynthesis to Advanced Biomaterial Development. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801651. [PMID: 30126066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview of the family of collagens and their respective structures, conformation, and biosynthesis is provided. The advances and shortfalls of various collagen preparations (e.g., mammalian/marine extracted collagen, cell-produced collagens, recombinant collagens, and collagen-like peptides) and crosslinking technologies (e.g., chemical, physical, and biological) are then critically discussed. Subsequently, an array of structural, thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and biological assays is examined, which are developed to analyze and characterize collagenous structures. Lastly, a comprehensive review is provided on how advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology have enabled the development of bioactive, 3D structures (e.g., tissue grafts, biomaterials, cell-assembled tissue equivalents) that closely imitate native supramolecular assemblies and have the capacity to deliver in a localized and sustained manner viable cell populations and/or bioactive/therapeutic molecules. Clearly, collagens have a long history in both evolution and biotechnology and continue to offer both challenges and exciting opportunities in regenerative medicine as nature's biomaterial of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sorushanova
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Luis M Delgado
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Zhuning Wu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Naledi Shologu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Aniket Kshirsagar
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Rufus Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Bayon
- Sofradim Production-A Medtronic Company, Trevoux, France
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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56
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Graceffa V, Vinatier C, Guicheux J, Stoddart M, Alini M, Zeugolis DI. Chasing Chimeras - The elusive stable chondrogenic phenotype. Biomaterials 2018; 192:199-225. [PMID: 30453216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The choice of the best-suited cell population for the regeneration of damaged or diseased cartilage depends on the effectiveness of culture conditions (e.g. media supplements, three-dimensional scaffolds, mechanical stimulation, oxygen tension, co-culture systems) to induce stable chondrogenic phenotype. Herein, advances and shortfalls in in vitro, preclinical and clinical setting of various in vitro microenvironment modulators on maintaining chondrocyte phenotype or directing stem cells towards chondrogenic lineage are critically discussed. Chondrocytes possess low isolation efficiency, limited proliferative potential and rapid phenotypic drift in culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are relatively readily available, possess high proliferation potential, exhibit great chondrogenic differentiation capacity, but they tend to acquire a hypertrophic phenotype when exposed to chondrogenic stimuli. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, despite their promising in vitro and preclinical data, are still under-investigated. Although a stable chondrogenic phenotype remains elusive, recent advances in in vitro microenvironment modulators are likely to develop clinically- and commercially-relevant therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire Vinatier
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Jerome Guicheux
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Martin Stoddart
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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57
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Hata Y, Sawada T, Serizawa T. Macromolecular crowding for materials-directed controlled self-assembly. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6344-6359. [PMID: 32254643 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding refers to intracellular environments where various macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, are present at high total concentrations. Its influence on biological processes has been investigated using a highly concentrated in vitro solution of water-soluble polymers as a model. Studies have revealed significant effects of macromolecular crowding on the thermodynamic equilibria and dynamics of biomolecular self-assembly in vivo. Recently, macromolecular crowding has attracted materials scientists, especially those in bio-related areas, as a tool to control molecular/colloidal self-assembly. Macromolecular crowding has been exploited to control the structure of supramolecular materials, assemble nanomaterials, and improve the performance of polymeric materials. Furthermore, nanostructured materials have been shown to be an interesting alternative to water-soluble polymers for creating crowded environments for controlled self-assembly. In this review article, we summarize recent progress in research on macromolecular crowding for controlled self-assembly in bio-related materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Hata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H121 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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58
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Rosell-Garcia T, Rodriguez-Pascual F. Enhancement of collagen deposition and cross-linking by coupling lysyl oxidase with bone morphogenetic protein-1 and its application in tissue engineering. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10780. [PMID: 30018337 PMCID: PMC6050231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured cell-derived extracellular matrices (ECM)-based biomaterials exploit the inherent capacity of cells to create highly sophisticated supramolecular assemblies. However, standard cell culture conditions are far from ideal given the fact that the diluted microenvironment does not favor the production of ECM components, a circumstance particularly relevant for collagen. An incomplete conversion of procollagen by C-proteinase/bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) has been proposed to severely limit in vitro collagen deposition. BMP1 also catalyzes the proteolytic activation of the precursor of the collagen cross-linking enzyme, lysyl oxidase (LOX) to yield the active form, suggesting a deficit in cross-linking activity under standard conditions. We hypothesized that the implementation of fibroblast cultures with LOX and BMP1 may be an effective way to increase collagen deposition. To test it, we have generated stable cell lines overexpressing LOX and BMP1 and studied the effect of supernatants enriched in LOX and BMP1 on collagen synthesis and deposition from fibroblasts. Herein, we demonstrate that the supplementation with LOX and BMP1 strongly increased the deposition of collagen onto the insoluble matrix at the expense of the soluble fraction in the extracellular medium. Using decellularization protocols, we also show that fibroblast-derived matrices regulate adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and this effect was modulated by LOX/BMP1. Collectively, these data demonstrate that we have developed a convenient protocol to enhance the capacity of in vitro cell cultures to deposit collagen in the ECM, representing this approach a promising technology for application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosell-Garcia
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Rodriguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.)/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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59
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Mizumachi S, Aritomi T, Sasaki K, Matsubara K, Hirao Y. Macromolecular crowded conditions strengthen contacts between mouse oocytes and companion granulosa cells during in vitro growth. J Reprod Dev 2018; 64:153-160. [PMID: 29459533 PMCID: PMC5902903 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular crowded culture medium formed by addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; molecular weight = 360 000), positively influences the viability, growth, and development of bovine
oocytes. Owing to its apparently various effects, uncovering the specific mechanisms of crowding responsible for these outcomes is important. The present study was conducted to determine the
effects of crowding on oocytes with a particular focus on the intimacy of contacts between oocyte and cumulus/granulosa cells. Growing mouse oocyte-granulosa cell complexes were cultured for
10 days in a modified α-minimum essential medium, supplemented with PVP at a concentration of 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% (w/v). Although the complexes developed in all groups, 2% and 3% PVP medium
induced a substantial morphological modification, and a larger proportion of oocytes associated with cumulus cells survived in 3% PVP medium than in the 0% or 1% PVP medium. No significant
difference was found in the frequencies of polar body extrusion (78–88%) and blastocyst formation (approximately 40%) after in vitro fertilization among the experimental
groups. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated a higher number of transzonal processes reaching the oocyte from cumulus cells in 2% PVP medium than in 0% PVP medium. Transmission
electron microscopy depicted close adhesion of the oocyte with cumulus cells in 2% PVP medium —bearing a resemblance to their in vivo counterparts— and loose adhesion in 0%
PVP medium. In conclusion, we found that a mechanism for the action of crowded conditions involves the strengthening of contacts and communication between oocytes and companion
cumulus/granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Mizumachi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Taiki Aritomi
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Electron Microscope, Division of Technical Support, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuei Matsubara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yuji Hirao
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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60
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Holle AW, Young JL, Van Vliet KJ, Kamm RD, Discher D, Janmey P, Spatz JP, Saif T. Cell-Extracellular Matrix Mechanobiology: Forceful Tools and Emerging Needs for Basic and Translational Research. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1-8. [PMID: 29178811 PMCID: PMC5842374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular biophysical cues have a profound influence on a wide range of cell behaviors, including growth, motility, differentiation, apoptosis, gene expression, adhesion, and signal transduction. Cells not only respond to definitively mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) but can also sometimes alter the mechanical properties of the matrix and hence influence subsequent matrix-based cues in both physiological and pathological processes. Interactions between cells and materials in vitro can modify cell phenotype and ECM structure, whether intentionally or inadvertently. Interactions between cell and matrix mechanics in vivo are of particular importance in a wide variety of disorders, including cancer, central nervous system injury, fibrotic diseases, and myocardial infarction. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects of this coupling between mechanics and biology hold important implications for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Holle
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Young
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Krystyn J Van Vliet
- BioSystems & Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology , Singapore
| | - Roger D Kamm
- BioSystems & Micromechanics IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance in Research and Technology , Singapore
| | | | | | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Taher Saif
- Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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61
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Dash BC, Levi K, Schwan J, Luo J, Bartulos O, Wu H, Qiu C, Yi T, Ren Y, Campbell S, Rolle MW, Qyang Y. Tissue-Engineered Vascular Rings from Human iPSC-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:19-28. [PMID: 27411102 PMCID: PMC4945325 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for an efficient approach to obtain a large-scale and renewable source of functional human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to establish robust, patient-specific tissue model systems for studying the pathogenesis of vascular disease, and for developing novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we have derived a large quantity of highly enriched functional VSMCs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-VSMCs). Furthermore, we have engineered 3D tissue rings from hiPSC-VSMCs using a facile one-step cellular self-assembly approach. The tissue rings are mechanically robust and can be used for vascular tissue engineering and disease modeling of supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome. Our method may serve as a model system, extendable to study other vascular proliferative diseases for drug screening. Thus, this report describes an exciting platform technology with broad utility for manufacturing cell-based tissues and materials for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biraja C Dash
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Surgery (Plastic), Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Karen Levi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jonas Schwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Oscar Bartulos
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Caihong Qiu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ting Yi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yongming Ren
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stuart Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marsha W Rolle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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62
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Benny P, Raghunath M. Making microenvironments: A look into incorporating macromolecular crowding into in vitro experiments, to generate biomimetic microenvironments which are capable of directing cell function for tissue engineering applications. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417730467. [PMID: 29051808 PMCID: PMC5638150 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417730467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic microenvironments are key components to successful cell culture and tissue engineering in vitro. One of the most accurate biomimetic microenvironments is that made by the cells themselves. Cell-made microenvironments are most similar to the in vivo state as they are cell-specific and produced by the actual cells which reside in that specific microenvironment. However, cell-made microenvironments have been challenging to re-create in vitro due to the lack of extracellular matrix composition, volume and complexity which are required. By applying macromolecular crowding to current cell culture protocols, cell-made microenvironments, or cell-derived matrices, can be generated at significant rates in vitro. In this review, we will examine the causes and effects of macromolecular crowding and how it has been applied in several in vitro systems including tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Benny
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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63
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Machiyama H, Morikawa TJ, Okamoto K, Watanabe TM, Fujita H. The use of a genetically encoded molecular crowding sensor in various biological phenomena. Biophys Physicobiol 2017; 14:119-125. [PMID: 28900589 PMCID: PMC5590787 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.14.0_119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated usability of a previously developed genetically encoded molecular crowding sensor in various biological phenomena. Molecular crowding refers to intracellular regions that are occupied more by proteins and nucleotides than by water molecules and is thought to have a strong effect on protein function. To evaluate intracellular molecular crowding, usually the diffusion coefficient of a probe is used because it is related to mobility of the surrounding molecular crowding agents. Recently, genetically encoded molecular crowding sensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer were reported. In the present study, to evaluate the usability of a genetically encoded molecular crowding sensor, molecular crowding was monitored during several biological events. Changes in molecular crowding during stem cell differentiation, cell division, and focal adhesion development and difference in molecular crowding in filopodia locations were examined. The results show usefulness of the genetically encoded molecular crowding sensor for understanding the biological phenomena relating to molecular crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Machiyama
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | | | - Kazuko Okamoto
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | | | - Hideaki Fujita
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.,Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Helios, Singapore 138667, Republic of Singapore
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64
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A New Chapter for Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Decellularized Extracellular Matrices. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:587-597. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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65
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Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Human Adipose Stem Cell Culture in Fetal Bovine Serum, Human Serum, and Defined Xeno-Free/Serum-Free Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6909163. [PMID: 28465691 PMCID: PMC5390653 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6909163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment plays an important role for stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Macromolecular crowding (MMC) was recently shown to assist stem cells in forming their own matrix microenvironment in vitro. The ability of MMC to support adipose stem cell (ASC) proliferation, metabolism, and multilineage differentiation was studied under different conditions: fetal bovine serum- (FBS-) and human serum- (HS-) based media and xeno- and serum-free (XF/SF) media. Furthermore, the immunophenotype of ASCs under MMC was evaluated. The proliferative capacity of ASCs under MMC was attenuated in each condition. However, osteogenic differentiation was enhanced under MMC, shown by increased deposition of mineralized matrix in FBS and HS cultures. Likewise, significantly greater lipid droplet accumulation and increased collagen IV deposition indicated enhanced adipogenesis under MMC in FBS and HS cultures. In contrast, chondrogenic differentiation was attenuated in ASCs expanded under MMC. The ASC immunophenotype was maintained under MMC with significantly higher expression of CD54. However, MMC impaired metabolic activity and differentiation capacity of ASCs in XF/SF conditions. Both the supportive and inhibitory effects of MMC on ASC are culture condition dependent. In the presence of serum, MMC maintains ASC immunophenotype and enhances adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation at the cost of reduced proliferation.
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66
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Kumar P, Satyam A, Cigognini D, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Low oxygen tension and macromolecular crowding accelerate extracellular matrix deposition in human corneal fibroblast culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:6-18. [PMID: 27592127 DOI: 10.1002/term.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of implantable devices based on the principles of in vitro organogenesis has been hindered due to the prolonged time required to develop an implantable device. Herein we assessed the influence of serum concentration (0.5% and 10%), oxygen tension (0.5%, 2% and 20%) and macromolecular crowding (75 μg/ml carrageenan) in extracellular matrix deposition in human corneal fibroblast culture (3, 7 and 14 days). The highest extracellular matrix deposition was observed after 14 days in culture at 0.5% serum, 2% oxygen tension and 75 μg/ml carrageenan. These data indicate that low oxygen tension coupled with macromolecular crowding significantly accelerate the development of scaffold-free tissue-like modules. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhigyan Satyam
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniela Cigognini
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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67
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Study of polyethylene glycol-fluorophore complex formation by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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68
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Rao A, Cölfen H. On the biophysical regulation of mineral growth: Standing out from the crowd. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:232-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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69
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Satyam A, Kumar P, Cigognini D, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Low, but not too low, oxygen tension and macromolecular crowding accelerate extracellular matrix deposition in human dermal fibroblast culture. Acta Biomater 2016; 44:221-31. [PMID: 27506127 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A key challenge of in vitro organogenesis is the development in timely manner tissue equivalents. Herein, we assessed the simultaneous effect of oxygen tension (0.5%, 2% and 20%), foetal bovine serum concentration (0.5% and 10%) and macromolecular crowding (75μg/ml carrageenan) in human dermal fibroblast culture. Our data demonstrate that cells cultured at 2% oxygen tension, in the presence of carrageenan and at 0.5% serum concentration deposited within 3days in culture more extracellular matrix than cells grown for 14days, at 20% oxygen tension, 10% serum concentration and in the absence of carrageenan. These data suggest that optimal oxygen tension coupled with macromolecular crowding are important in vitro microenvironment modulators for accelerated development of tissue-like modules in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE To enable clinical translation and commercialisation of in vitro organogenesis therapies, we cultured human dermal fibroblast at 2% oxygen tension, under macromolecular crowding conditions (75μg/ml carrageenan) and at low foetal bovine serum concentration (0.5%). Within 3days in culture, more extracellular matrix was deposited under these conditions than cells grown for 14days, at 20% oxygen tension, 10% FBS concentration and in the absence of crowding agents. These data bring us closer to the development of more clinically relevant tissue-like modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhigyan Satyam
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniela Cigognini
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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70
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Benny P, Badowski C, Lane EB, Raghunath M. Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27585070 DOI: 10.3791/53642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein family of collagens represents the main structural proteins in the human body, and are key components of biomaterials used in modern tissue engineering. A technical bottleneck is the deposition of collagen in vitro, as it is notoriously slow, resulting in sub-optimal formation of connective tissue and subsequent tissue cohesion, particularly in skin models. Here, we describe a method which involves the addition of differentially-sized sucrose co-polymers to skin cultures to generate macromolecular crowding (MMC), which results in a dramatic enhancement of collagen deposition. Particularly, dermal fibroblasts deposited a significant amount of collagen I/IV/VII and fibronectin under MMC in comparison to controls. The protocol also describes a method to decellularize crowded cell layers, exposing significant amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) which were retained on the culture surface as evidenced by immunocytochemistry. Total matrix mass and distribution pattern was studied using interference reflection microscopy. Interestingly, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and co-cultures produced cell-derived matrices (CDM) of varying composition and morphology. CDM could be used as "bio-scaffolds" for secondary cell seeding, where the current use of coatings or scaffolds, typically from xenogenic animal sources, can be avoided, thus moving towards more clinically relevant applications. In addition, this protocol describes the application of MMC during the submerged phase of a 3D-organotypic skin co-culture model which was sufficient to enhance ECM deposition in the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ), in particular, collagen VII, the major component of anchoring fibrils. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of anchoring fibrils in cultures developed with MMC, as compared to controls. This is significant as anchoring fibrils tether the dermis to the epidermis, hence, having a pre-formed mature DEJ may benefit skin graft recipients in terms of graft stability and overall wound healing. Furthermore, culture time was condensed from 5 weeks to 3 weeks to obtain a mature construct, when using MMC, reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Benny
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR;
| | - Cedric Badowski
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore
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71
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Cigognini D, Gaspar D, Kumar P, Satyam A, Alagesan S, Sanz-Nogués C, Griffin M, O'Brien T, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Macromolecular crowding meets oxygen tension in human mesenchymal stem cell culture - A step closer to physiologically relevant in vitro organogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30746. [PMID: 27478033 PMCID: PMC4967872 DOI: 10.1038/srep30746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modular tissue engineering is based on the cells’ innate ability to create bottom-up supramolecular assemblies with efficiency and efficacy still unmatched by man-made devices. Although the regenerative potential of such tissue substitutes has been documented in preclinical and clinical setting, the prolonged culture time required to develop an implantable device is associated with phenotypic drift and/or cell senescence. Herein, we demonstrate that macromolecular crowding significantly enhances extracellular matrix deposition in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell culture at both 20% and 2% oxygen tension. Although hypoxia inducible factor - 1α was activated at 2% oxygen tension, increased extracellular matrix synthesis was not observed. The expression of surface markers and transcription factors was not affected as a function of oxygen tension and macromolecular crowding. The multilineage potential was also maintained, albeit adipogenic differentiation was significantly reduced in low oxygen tension cultures, chondrogenic differentiation was significantly increased in macromolecularly crowded cultures and osteogenic differentiation was not affected as a function of oxygen tension and macromolecular crowding. Collectively, these data pave the way for the development of bottom-up tissue equivalents based on physiologically relevant developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cigognini
- Regenerative, Modular &Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Regenerative, Modular &Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Regenerative, Modular &Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhigyan Satyam
- Regenerative, Modular &Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Senthilkumar Alagesan
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Clara Sanz-Nogués
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular &Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
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72
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Choi JS, Harley BAC. Challenges and Opportunities to Harnessing the (Hematopoietic) Stem Cell Niche. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2016; 2:85-94. [PMID: 27134819 PMCID: PMC4845958 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-016-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In our body, stem cells reside in a microenvironment termed the niche. While the exact composition and therefore the level of complexity of a stem cell niche can vary significantly tissue-to-tissue, the stem cell niche microenvironment is dynamic, typically containing spatial and temporal variations in both cellular, extracellular matrix, and biomolecular components. This complex flow of secreted or bound biomolecules, cytokines, extracellular matrix components, and cellular constituents all contribute to the regulation of stem cell fate specification events, making engineering approaches at the nano- and micro-scale of particular interest for creating an artificial niche environment in vitro. Recent advances in fabrication approaches have enabled biomedical researchers to capture and recreate the complexity of stem cell niche microenvironments in vitro. Such engineered platforms show promise as a means to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying niche-mediated stem cell regulation as well as offer opportunities to precisely control stem cell expansion and differentiation events for clinical applications. While these principles generally apply to all adult stem cells and niches, in this review, we focus on recent developments in engineering synthetic niche microenvironments for one of the best-characterized stem cell populations, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Specifically, we highlight recent advances in platforms designed to facilitate the extrinsic control of HSC fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Choi
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A C Harley
- Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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73
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Donovan P, Chehreghanianzabi Y, Rathinam M, Zustiak SP. Homogenization Theory for the Prediction of Obstructed Solute Diffusivity in Macromolecular Solutions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146093. [PMID: 26731550 PMCID: PMC4701423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of diffusion in macromolecular solutions is important in many biomedical applications such as separations, drug delivery, and cell encapsulation, and key for many biological processes such as protein assembly and interstitial transport. Not surprisingly, multiple models for the a-priori prediction of diffusion in macromolecular environments have been proposed. However, most models include parameters that are not readily measurable, are specific to the polymer-solute-solvent system, or are fitted and do not have a physical meaning. Here, for the first time, we develop a homogenization theory framework for the prediction of effective solute diffusivity in macromolecular environments based on physical parameters that are easily measurable and not specific to the macromolecule-solute-solvent system. Homogenization theory is useful for situations where knowledge of fine-scale parameters is used to predict bulk system behavior. As a first approximation, we focus on a model where the solute is subjected to obstructed diffusion via stationary spherical obstacles. We find that the homogenization theory results agree well with computationally more expensive Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, the homogenization theory agrees with effective diffusivities of a solute in dilute and semi-dilute polymer solutions measured using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Lastly, we provide a mathematical formula for the effective diffusivity in terms of a non-dimensional and easily measurable geometric system parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston Donovan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yasaman Chehreghanianzabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Muruhan Rathinam
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Silviya Petrova Zustiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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74
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Prewitz MC, Stißel A, Friedrichs J, Träber N, Vogler S, Bornhäuser M, Werner C. Extracellular matrix deposition of bone marrow stroma enhanced by macromolecular crowding. Biomaterials 2015; 73:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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75
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Thomas D, Gaspar D, Sorushanova A, Milcovich G, Spanoudes K, Mullen AM, O'Brien T, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. Scaffold and scaffold-free self-assembled systems in regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1155-63. [PMID: 26498484 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly in tissue engineering refers to the spontaneous chemical or biological association of components to form a distinct functional construct, reminiscent of native tissue. Such self-assembled systems have been widely used to develop platforms for the delivery of therapeutic and/or bioactive molecules and various cell populations. Tissue morphology and functional characteristics have been recapitulated in several self-assembled constructs, designed to incorporate stimuli responsiveness and controlled architecture through spatial confinement or field manipulation. In parallel, owing to substantial functional properties, scaffold-free cell-assembled devices have aided in the development of functional neotissues for various clinical targets. Herein, we discuss recent advancements and future aspirations in scaffold and scaffold-free self-assembled devices for regenerative medicine purposes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1155-1163. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Thomas
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Anna Sorushanova
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Gesmi Milcovich
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Kyriakos Spanoudes
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy O'Brien
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland. .,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biosciences Research Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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76
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Raoufi M, Das T, Schoen I, Vogel V, Brüggemann D, Spatz JP. Nanopore Diameters Tune Strain in Extruded Fibronectin Fibers. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6357-64. [PMID: 26360649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin is present in the extracellular matrix and can be assembled into nanofibers in vivo by undergoing conformational changes. Here, we present a novel approach to prepare fibronectin nanofibers under physiological conditions using an extrusion approach through nanoporous aluminum oxide membranes. This one-step process can prepare nanofiber bundles up to a millimeter in length and with uniform fiber diameters in the nanometer range. Most importantly, by using different pore diameters and protein concentrations in the extrusion process, we could induce varying lasting structural changes in the fibers, which were monitored by Förster resonance energy transfer and should impose different physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Raoufi
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Tamal Das
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Schoen
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4 (HCI F443), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4 (HCI F443), CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Brüggemann
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems , Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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77
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Hsu HT, Rau LR, Zeng YN, Kang YL, Tsai SW, Wu MH. External vibration enhances macromolecular crowding for construction of aligned three-dimensional collagen fibril scaffolds. Biofabrication 2015; 7:025004. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/2/025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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78
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Movahednia MM, Kidwai FK, Zou Y, Tong HJ, Liu X, Islam I, Toh WS, Raghunath M, Cao T. Differential Effects of the Extracellular Microenvironment on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation into Keratinocytes and Their Subsequent Replicative Life Span. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1432-43. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahad Karim Kidwai
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Zou
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huei Jinn Tong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Intekhab Islam
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Raghunath
- National University of Singapore Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Singapore, Singapore
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79
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Macromolecularly crowded in vitro microenvironments accelerate the production of extracellular matrix-rich supramolecular assemblies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8729. [PMID: 25736020 PMCID: PMC4348624 DOI: 10.1038/srep08729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies based on the principles of tissue engineering by self-assembly put forward the notion that functional regeneration can be achieved by utilising the inherent capacity of cells to create highly sophisticated supramolecular assemblies. However, in dilute ex vivo microenvironments, prolonged culture time is required to develop an extracellular matrix-rich implantable device. Herein, we assessed the influence of macromolecular crowding, a biophysical phenomenon that regulates intra- and extra-cellular activities in multicellular organisms, in human corneal fibroblast culture. In the presence of macromolecules, abundant extracellular matrix deposition was evidenced as fast as 48 h in culture, even at low serum concentration. Temperature responsive copolymers allowed the detachment of dense and cohesive supramolecularly assembled living substitutes within 6 days in culture. Morphological, histological, gene and protein analysis assays demonstrated maintenance of tissue-specific function. Macromolecular crowding opens new avenues for a more rational design in engineering of clinically relevant tissue modules in vitro.
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80
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Hassan MM, Martin AD, Thordarson P. Macromolecular crowding and hydrophobic effects on Fmoc-diphenylalanine hydrogel formation in PEG : water mixtures. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:9269-9276. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Addition of water triggers gelation in (poly)ethylene glycol (PEG) solutions of peptide gelators, with or without drugs added. The gels are formed by a combination of macromolecular crowding and hydrophobic effects as evident by significant secondary structure changes when compared to gel formed from pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Musfizur Hassan
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Adam D. Martin
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
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81
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What macromolecular crowding can do to a protein. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23090-140. [PMID: 25514413 PMCID: PMC4284756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular environment represents an extremely crowded milieu, with a limited amount of free water and an almost complete lack of unoccupied space. Obviously, slightly salted aqueous solutions containing low concentrations of a biomolecule of interest are too simplistic to mimic the “real life” situation, where the biomolecule of interest scrambles and wades through the tightly packed crowd. In laboratory practice, such macromolecular crowding is typically mimicked by concentrated solutions of various polymers that serve as model “crowding agents”. Studies under these conditions revealed that macromolecular crowding might affect protein structure, folding, shape, conformational stability, binding of small molecules, enzymatic activity, protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acid interactions, and pathological aggregation. The goal of this review is to systematically analyze currently available experimental data on the variety of effects of macromolecular crowding on a protein molecule. The review covers more than 320 papers and therefore represents one of the most comprehensive compendia of the current knowledge in this exciting area.
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82
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Chapanian R, Kwan DH, Constantinescu I, Shaikh FA, Rossi NAA, Withers SG, Kizhakkedathu JN. Enhancement of biological reactions on cell surfaces via macromolecular crowding. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4683. [PMID: 25140641 PMCID: PMC4978540 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of macromolecules such as enzymes and antibodies with cell surfaces is often an inefficient process, requiring large amounts of expensive reagent. Here we report a general method based on macromolecular crowding with a range of neutral polymers to enhance such reactions, using red blood cells (RBCs) as a model system. Rates of conversion of type A and B red blood cells to universal O type by removal of antigenic carbohydrates with selective glycosidases are increased up to 400-fold in the presence of crowders. Similar enhancements are seen for antibody binding. We further explore the factors underlying these enhancements using confocal microscopy and fluorescent recovery after bleaching (FRAP) techniques with various fluorescent protein fusion partners. Increased cell-surface concentration due to volume exclusion, along with two-dimensionally confined diffusion of enzymes close to the cell surface, appear to be the major contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Chapanian
- 1] Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - David H Kwan
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1 [2] Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Iren Constantinescu
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Fathima A Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Nicholas A A Rossi
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Stephen G Withers
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1 [2] Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- 1] Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3 [3] Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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83
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Yallapu MM, Katti KS, Katti DR, Mishra SR, Khan S, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. The roles of cellular nanomechanics in cancer. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:198-223. [PMID: 25137233 DOI: 10.1002/med.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of cells and tissues may be instrumental in increasing our understanding of cellular behavior and cellular manifestations of diseases such as cancer. Nanomechanical properties can offer clinical translation of therapies beyond what are currently employed. Nanomechanical properties, often measured by nanoindentation methods using atomic force microscopy, may identify morphological variations, cellular binding forces, and surface adhesion behaviors that efficiently differentiate normal cells and cancer cells. The aim of this review is to examine current research involving the general use of atomic force microscopy/nanoindentation in measuring cellular nanomechanics; various factors and instrumental conditions that influence the nanomechanical properties of cells; and implementation of nanoindentation methods to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells or tissues. Applying these fundamental nanomechanical properties to current discoveries in clinical treatment may result in greater efficiency in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, which ultimately can change the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163
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84
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Martinelli R, Zeiger AS, Whitfield M, Sciuto TE, Dvorak A, Van Vliet KJ, Greenwood J, Carman CV. Probing the biomechanical contribution of the endothelium to lymphocyte migration: diapedesis by the path of least resistance. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3720-34. [PMID: 25002404 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.148619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking requires the frequent breaching of the endothelial barrier either directly through individual cells ('transcellular' route) or through the inter-endothelial junctions ('paracellular' route). What determines the loci or route of breaching events is an open question with important implications for overall barrier regulation. We hypothesized that basic biomechanical properties of the endothelium might serve as crucial determinants of this process. By altering junctional integrity, cytoskeletal morphology and, consequently, local endothelial cell stiffness of different vascular beds, we could modify the preferred route of diapedesis. In particular, high barrier function was associated with predominantly transcellular migration, whereas negative modulation of junctional integrity resulted in a switch to paracellular diapedesis. Furthermore, we showed that lymphocytes dynamically probe the underlying endothelium by extending invadosome-like protrusions (ILPs) into its surface that deform the nuclear lamina, distort actin filaments and ultimately breach the barrier. Fluorescence imaging and pharmacologic depletion of F-actin demonstrated that lymphocyte barrier breaching efficiency was inversely correlated with local endothelial F-actin density and stiffness. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that lymphocytes are guided by the mechanical 'path of least resistance' as they transverse the endothelium, a process we term 'tenertaxis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Martinelli
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Adam S Zeiger
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Whitfield
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tracey E Sciuto
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ann Dvorak
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Krystyn J Van Vliet
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christopher V Carman
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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85
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Rashid R, Beyer S, Blocki A, Le Visage C, Trau D, Wohland T, Raghunath M. Mitochondrial Routing of Glucose and Sucrose Polymers after Pinocytotic Uptake: Avenues for Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500243m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Rashid
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
- NUS Centre for Bioimaging
Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, 117557 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Sebastian Beyer
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| | - Anna Blocki
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering
Programme (NUSTEP), Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510 Singapore
| | | | - Dieter Trau
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- NUS Centre for Bioimaging
Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, 117557 Singapore
- Departments of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575 Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering
Programme (NUSTEP), Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 117510 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry,
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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86
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Yao W, Guan M, Jia J, Dai W, Lay YAE, Amugongo S, Liu R, Olivos D, Saunders M, Lam KS, Nolta J, Olvera D, Ritchie RO, Lane NE. Reversing bone loss by directing mesenchymal stem cells to bone. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2003-14. [PMID: 23818248 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration by systemic transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is problematic due to the inability to control the MSCs' commitment, growth, and differentiation into functional osteoblasts on the bone surface. Our research group has developed a method to direct the MSCs to the bone surface by conjugating a synthetic peptidomimetic ligand (LLP2A) that has high affinity for activated α4β1 integrin on the MSC surface, with a bisphosphonates (alendronate) that has high affinity for bone (LLP2A-Ale), to direct the transplanted MSCs to bone. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that mobilization of LLP2A-Ale to hydroxyapatite accelerated MSC migration that was associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of Akt kinase and osteoblastogenesis. LLP2A-Ale increased the homing of the transplanted MSCs to bone as well as the osteoblast surface, significantly increased the rate of bone formation and restored both trabecular and cortical bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency or advanced age in mice. These results support LLP2A-Ale as a novel therapeutic option to direct the transplanted MSCs to bone for the treatment of established bone loss related to hormone deficiency and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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87
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Rashid R, Lim NSJ, Chee SML, Png SN, Wohland T, Raghunath M. Novel use for polyvinylpyrrolidone as a macromolecular crowder for enhanced extracellular matrix deposition and cell proliferation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 20:994-1002. [PMID: 24665935 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular crowding (MMC) is a biophysical effect that governs biochemical processes inside and outside of cells. Since standard cell culture media lack this effect, the physiological performance of differentiated and progenitor cells, including extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is impaired in vitro. To bring back physiological crowdedness to in vitro systems, we have previously introduced carbohydrate-based macromolecules to culture media and have achieved marked improvements with mixed MMC in terms of ECM deposition and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We show here that although this system is successful, it is limited, due to viscosity, to only 33% of the fractional volume occupancy (FVO) of full serum, which we calculated to have an FVO of approximately 54% v/v. We show here that full-serum FVO can be achieved using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 360 kDa. Under these conditions, ECM deposition in human fibroblasts and MSCs is on par, if not stronger than, with original MMC protocols using carbohydrates, but with a viscosity that is not significantly changed. In addition, we have found that the proliferation rate for bone marrow-derived MSCs and fibroblasts increases slightly in the presence of PVP360, similar to that observed with carbohydrate-based crowders. A palette of MMC compounds is now emerging that enables us to tune the crowdedness of culture media seamlessly from interstitial fluid (9% FVO), in which the majority of tissue cells might be based, to serum environments mimicking intravascular conditions. Despite identical FVO's, individual crowder size effects play a role and different cell types appear to have preferences in terms of FVO and the crowder that this is achieved with. However, in the quest of crowders that we have predicted to have a smoother regulatory approval path, PVP is a highly interesting compound, as it has been widely used in the medical and food industries and shows a novel promising use in cell culture and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Rashid
- 1 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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88
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Ang XM, Lee MHC, Blocki A, Chen C, Ong LLS, Asada HH, Sheppard A, Raghunath M. Macromolecular crowding amplifies adipogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by enhancing the pro-adipogenic microenvironment. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:966-81. [PMID: 24147829 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment plays a vital role in both the maintenance of stem cells in their undifferentiated state (niche) and their differentiation after homing into new locations outside this niche. Contrary to conventional in-vitro culture practices, the in-vivo stem cell microenvironment is physiologically crowded. We demonstrate here that re-introducing macromolecular crowding (MMC) at biologically relevant fractional volume occupancy during chemically induced adipogenesis substantially enhances the adipogenic differentiation response of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Both early and late adipogenic markers were significantly up-regulated and cells accumulated 25-40% more lipid content under MMC relative to standard induction cocktails. MMC significantly enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), notably collagen IV and perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. As a novel observation, MMC also increased the presence of matrix metalloproteinase -2 in the deposited ECM, which was concomitant with geometrical ECM remodeling typical of adipogenesis. This suggested a microenvironment that was richer in both matrix components and associated ligands and was conducive to adipocyte maturation. This assumption was confirmed by seeding undifferentiated MSCs on decellularized ECM deposited by adipogenically differentiated MSCs, Adipo-ECM. On Adipo-ECM generated under crowding, MSCs differentiated much faster under a classical differentiation protocol. This was evidenced throughout the induction time course, by a significant up-regulation of both early and late adipogenic markers and a 60% higher lipid content on MMC-generated Adipo-ECM in comparison to standard induction on tissue culture plastic. This suggests that MMC helps build and endow the nascent microenvironment with adipogenic cues. Therefore, MMC initiates a positive feedback loop between cells and their microenvironment as soon as progenitor cells are empowered to build and shape it, and, in turn, are informed by it to respond by attaining a stable differentiated phenotype if so induced. This work sheds new light on the utility of MMC to tune the microenvironment to augment the generation of adipose tissue from differentiating human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Min Ang
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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89
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Cigognini D, Lomas A, Kumar P, Satyam A, English A, Azeem A, Pandit A, Zeugolis D. Engineering in vitro microenvironments for cell based therapies and drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1099-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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90
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Why the dish makes a difference: quantitative comparison of polystyrene culture surfaces. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7354-61. [PMID: 23454055 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is wide anecdotal recognition that biological cell viability and behavior can vary significantly as a function of the source of commercial tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) culture vessels to which those cells adhere. However, this marked material dependency is typically resolved by selecting and then consistently using the same manufacturer's product - following protocol - rather than by investigating the material properties that may be responsible for such experimental variation. Here, we quantified several physical properties of TCPS surfaces obtained from a wide range of commercial sources and processing steps, through the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based imaging and analysis, goniometry and protein adsorption quantification. We identify qualitative differences in surface features, as well as quantitative differences in surface roughness and wettability that cannot be attributed solely to differences in surface chemistry. We also find significant differences in cell morphology and proliferation among cells cultured on different TCPS surfaces, and resolve a correlation between nanoscale surface roughness and cell proliferation rate for both cell types considered. Interestingly, AFM images of living adherent cells on these nanotextured surfaces demonstrate direct interactions between cellular protrusions and topographically distinct features. These results illustrate and quantify the significant differences in material surface properties among these ubiquitous materials, allowing us to better understand why the dish can make a difference in biological experiments.
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91
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Bruinink A, Bitar M, Pleskova M, Wick P, Krug HF, Maniura-Weber K. Addition of nanoscaled bioinspired surface features: A revolution for bone related implants and scaffolds? J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:275-94. [PMID: 23468287 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our expanding ability to handle the "literally invisible" building blocks of our world has started to provoke a seismic shift on the technology, environment and health sectors of our society. During the last two decades, it has become increasingly evident that the "nano-sized" subunits composing many materials—living, natural and synthetic—are becoming more and more accessible for predefined manipulations at the nanosize scale. The use of equally nanoscale sized or functionalised tools may, therefore, grant us unprecedented prospects to achieve many therapeutic aims. In the past decade it became clear that nano-scale surface topography significantly influences cell behaviour and may, potentially, be utilised as a powerful tool to enhance the bioactivity and/ or integration of implanted devices. In this review, we briefly outline the state of the art and some of the current approaches and concepts for the future utilisation of nanotechnology to create biomimetic implantable medical devices and scaffolds for in vivo and in vitro tissue engineering,with a focus on bone. Based on current knowledge it must be concluded that not the materials and surfaces themselves but the systematic biological evaluation of these new material concepts represent the bottleneck for new biomedical product development based on nanotechnological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Bruinink
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Materials - Biology Interaction, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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92
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Kusuma S, Zhao S, Gerecht S. The extracellular matrix is a novel attribute of endothelial progenitors and of hypoxic mature endothelial cells. FASEB J 2012; 26:4925-36. [PMID: 22919069 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-209296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) production is critical to preserve the function and integrity of mature blood vessels. Toward the engineering of blood vessels, studies have centered on ECM production by supporting cells, whereas few studies implicate endothelial cells (ECs) with ECM synthesis. Here, we elucidate variations between cultured human arterial, venous, and progenitor ECs with respect to ECM deposition assembly, composition, and response to biomolecular and physiological factors. Our studies reveal that progenitor ECs, endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), deposit collagen IV, fibronectin, and laminin that assemble to an organized weblike structure, as confirmed by decellularized cultures. Mature ECs only express these ECM proteins intracellularly. ECFC-derived ECM is abrogated in response to TGFβ signaling inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disruption. Hypoxic (1%) and physiological (5%) O(2) tension stimulate ECM deposition from mature ECs. Interestingly, deposition of collagen I is observed only under 5% O(2) tension. ECM production from all ECs is found to be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α but differentially in the different cell lines. Collectively, we suggest that ECM deposition and assembly by ECs is dependent on maturation stage and oxygen supply and that these findings can be harnessed to advance engineered vascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanti Kusuma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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