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Zhang QY, Cheng WX, Li WM, Au W, Lu YY. Occurrence of low frequency PIK3CA and AKT2 mutations in gastric cancer. Mutat Res 2014; 769:108-12. [PMID: 25771729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathway has distinct functional roles in tumor progression. PIK3CA was reported to harbor the hot-spot in many types of tumor. Akt, the downstream of PI3K, its family members especially AKT2 activation in human cancer has been extensively studied, but its activation by mutation was less reported. The occurrence of PIK3CA and AKT2 mutations in a variety of cancers indicates their important involvement in carcinogenesis. Therefore, we investigated their mutation frequencies in gastric cancer (GC) in China. In our study, we selected hot-spot related exons 9, 18 and 20 of PIK3CA and kinase domain exons 6-14 of AKT2 genes were screened in 10 GC cell lines, 100 advanced primary GC and matched normal tissues. Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and DNA sequencing were used to analyze the mutations in the two genes. Two point mutations in the PIK3CA gene were identified in 4 of 10 GC cell lines and in 4 of 100 GC primary tumors. Two polymorphisms in AKT2 were detected in 19 of 100 GC primary tumors. One point mutation in AKT2 was detected in 1 of 10 GC cell lines and 3 of 100 GC primary tumors but no hot spot variation was detected. Our results indicate that PIK3CA and AKT2 mutations occurred at low frequency in GC, and suggest that the PIK3CA/AKT2 pathway might engage other events during gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Cheng
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Mei Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - William Au
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - You-Yong Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
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Dang Y, Wang YC, Huang QJ. Microarray and Next-Generation Sequencing to Analyse Gastric Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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53
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Shi J, Qu YP, Hou P. Pathogenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13804-13819. [PMID: 25320518 PMCID: PMC4194564 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major public health issue as the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Recent advances have improved our understanding of its molecular pathogenesis, as best exemplified by elucidating the fundamental role of several major signaling pathways and related molecular derangements. Central to these mechanisms are the genetic and epigenetic alterations in these signaling pathways, such as gene mutations, copy number variants, aberrant gene methylation and histone modification, nucleosome positioning, and microRNAs. Some of these genetic/epigenetic alterations represent effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for GC. This information has now opened unprecedented opportunities for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for this cancer. The pathogenetic mechanisms of GC are the focus of this review.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths, but analysis of its molecular and clinical characteristics has been complicated by histological and aetiological heterogeneity. Here we describe a comprehensive molecular evaluation of 295 primary gastric adenocarcinomas as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. We propose a molecular classification dividing gastric cancer into four subtypes: tumours positive for Epstein-Barr virus, which display recurrent PIK3CA mutations, extreme DNA hypermethylation, and amplification of JAK2, CD274 (also known as PD-L1) and PDCD1LG2 (also known as PD-L2); microsatellite unstable tumours, which show elevated mutation rates, including mutations of genes encoding targetable oncogenic signalling proteins; genomically stable tumours, which are enriched for the diffuse histological variant and mutations of RHOA or fusions involving RHO-family GTPase-activating proteins; and tumours with chromosomal instability, which show marked aneuploidy and focal amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases. Identification of these subtypes provides a roadmap for patient stratification and trials of targeted therapies.
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55
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Kim YM, Lee SW, Chun SM, Kim DY, Kim JH, Kim KR, Kim YT, Nam JH, van Hummelen P, MacConaill LE, Hahn WC, Jang SJ. Analysis and comparison of somatic mutations in paired primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer samples. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99451. [PMID: 24936796 PMCID: PMC4060993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 mutations have been proved to be predominated in ovarian cancer in a study from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). However, the molecular characteristics of recurrent ovarian cancers following initial treatment have been poorly estimated. This study was to investigate the pattern of somatic point mutations in matched paired samples of primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancers, using the OncoMap mutation detection protocol. We have adapted a high-throughput genotyping platform to determine the mutation status of a large panel of known cancer genes. OncoMap v.4.4 was used to evaluate genomic DNA isolated from a set of 92 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors, consisting of matched paired samples of initially diagnosed and recurrent tumors from 46 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Mutations were observed in 33.7% of the samples, with 29.3% of these samples having a single mutation and the remaining 4.3% having two or more mutations. Among the 41 genes analyzed, 35 mutations were found in four genes, namely, CDKN2A (2.2%), KRAS (6.5%), MLH1 (8.2%) and TP53 (20.7%). TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene, but there was no correlation between the presence of mutation in any gene and clinical prognosis. Furthermore, somatic mutations did not differ between primary and recurrent ovarian carcinomas. Every mutation present in recurrent samples was detected in the corresponding primary sample. In conclusion, these OncoMap data of Korean EOC samples provide that somatic mutations were found in CDKN2A, KRAS, MLH1, and TP53. No differences in mutational status between primary and recurrent samples were detected. To understand the biology of tumor recurrence in epithelial ovarian cancer, more studies are necessary, including epigenetic modifications or additional mutations in other genes.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality
- Colorectal Neoplasms/secondary
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Middle Aged
- MutL Protein Homolog 1
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/mortality
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/secondary
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Young Adult
- ras Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Man Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- ASAN Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin-Wha Lee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- ASAN Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Chun
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- ASAN Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeok Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Rae Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Tak Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Nam
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Paul van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura E. MacConaill
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William C. Hahn
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- ASAN Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Helgadottir H, Höiom V, Jönsson G, Tuominen R, Ingvar C, Borg A, Olsson H, Hansson J. High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J Med Genet 2014; 51:545-52. [PMID: 24935963 PMCID: PMC4112445 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CDKN2A occur in 5-20% of familial melanoma cases. A single founder mutation, p.Arg112dup, accounts for the majority of CDKN2A mutations in Swedish carriers. In a national program, carriers of p.Arg112dup mutation have been identified. The aim of this study was to assess cancer risks in p.Arg112dup carriers and their first degree relatives (FDRs) and second degree relatives (SDRs). METHODS In this prospective cohort study, cancer diagnoses in carriers (n=120), non-carriers (n=111), carriers' FDRs (n=275) and SDRs (n=321) and controls (n=3976) were obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry. Relative risks (RRs) for cancers were calculated (number of cancers/person years). Two-sided 95% CIs were calculated for all RRs. RESULTS In carriers prospective RR for non-melanoma cancers was 5.0 (95% CI 3.7 to 7.3), for pancreatic cancer 43.8 (95% CI 13.8 to 139.0), for cancers in upper digestive tissues 17.1 (95% CI 6.3 to 46.5), and in respiratory tissues 15.6 (5.4 to 46.0). In FDRs and SDRs RRs were significantly elevated for cancers in pancreas, respiratory and upper digestive tissues. In ever-smoking carriers compared with never-smoking carriers, the odds ratio (OR) of cancers in pancreas, respiratory or upper digestive tissues was 9.3 (95% CI 1.9 to 44.7). CONCLUSIONS CDKN2A p.Arg112dup mutation carriers from melanoma-prone families and their FDRs and SDRs have elevated risk for pancreatic, lung, head and neck and gastro-oesophageal carcinomas. These cancers were mainly seen in ever-smoking carriers. Germline CDKN2A mutations may confer an increased sensitivity to carcinogens in tobacco smoke. CDKN2A mutation carriers should be counselled to abstain from smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Helgadottir
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ake Borg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Palacio-Rúa KA, Isaza-Jiménez LF, Ahumada-Rodríguez E, Muñetón-Peña CM. Genetic analysis in APC, KRAS, and TP53 in patients with stomach and colon cancer. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2014; 79:79-89. [PMID: 24861525 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomach cancer (SC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) present with high rates of incidence and mortality in the worldwide population. These 2 tumors are characterized by great genetic heterogeneity. Up to now, there have been no molecular studies that analyze the mutations in the APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes in the Colombian/Latin American population. OBJECTIVES To analyze mutations in the APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes through direct sequencing in 59 patients with SC and CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients with SC and 30 with CRC were studied. An analysis of the mutations of the 3 genes was carried out using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing techniques. RESULTS A 30.5% total mutation frequency was found. The most frequently mutated gene was APC (15.3%), followed by KRAS (10.1%) and TP53 (5.1%). The CRC samples had a mutation frequency of 46.7% and it was 13.3% in the SC samples (P=.006). No mutations occurred simultaneously in the 3 genes. Mutations in 2 genes were found in only 6 tumor samples (10%). There was also a high frequency of polymorphisms in both types of cancer, the most common of which was the rs41115 polymorphism, located on the APC gene. CONCLUSION The APC, KRAS, and TP53 gene mutations were more common in CRC than in SC. Our results suggest the existence of different genetic pathways in the carcinogenesis of SC and CRC and they also reveal a particular mutation frequency in the Colombian patients studied; this could be influenced by factors related to the environment, ethnicity, and lifestyle of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Palacio-Rúa
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - L F Isaza-Jiménez
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital San Vicente de Paúl, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E Ahumada-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - C M Muñetón-Peña
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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58
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Yang W, Raufi A, Klempner SJ. Targeted therapy for gastric cancer: molecular pathways and ongoing investigations. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:232-7. [PMID: 24858418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is currently the second leading cause of worldwide cancer mortality. Ongoing collaborative sequencing efforts have highlighted recurrent somatic genomic aberrations in gastric cancer, however, despite advances in characterizing the genomic landscape, there have been few advances in patient outcomes. Prognosis remains poor with a median overall survival of 12 months for advanced disease. The improved survival with trastuzumab, and more recently ramucirumab, underscore the promise of targeted and biologic therapies and the importance of molecular tumor characterization in gastric cancer. Here we review the most frequent actionable alterations in gastric cancer and highlight ongoing clinical investigations attempting to translate biologic understanding into improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Raufi
- University of California Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Samuel J Klempner
- University of California Irvine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Orange, CA, USA.
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59
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Guancial EA, Werner L, Bellmunt J, Bamias A, Choueiri TK, Ross R, Schutz FA, Park RS, O'Brien RJ, Hirsch MS, Barletta JA, Berman DM, Lis R, Loda M, Stack EC, Garraway LA, Riester M, Michor F, Kantoff PW, Rosenberg JE. FGFR3 expression in primary and metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer Med 2014; 3:835-44. [PMID: 24846059 PMCID: PMC4303151 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently mutated or overexpressed in nonmuscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC), the prevalence of FGFR3 protein expression and mutation remains unknown in muscle-invasive disease. FGFR3 protein and mRNA expression, mutational status, and copy number variation were retrospectively analyzed in 231 patients with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary UCs, 33 metastases, and 14 paired primary and metastatic tumors using the following methods: immunohistochemistry, NanoString nCounterTM, OncoMap or Affymetrix OncoScanTM array, and Gain and Loss of Analysis of DNA and Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer software. FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining was present in 29% of primary UCs and 49% of metastases and did not impact overall survival (P = 0.89, primary tumors; P = 0.78, metastases). FGFR3 mutations were observed in 2% of primary tumors and 9% of metastases. Mutant tumors expressed higher levels of FGFR3 mRNA than wild-type tumors (P < 0.001). FGFR3 copy number gain and loss were rare events in primary and metastatic tumors (0.8% each; 3.0% and 12.3%, respectively). FGFR3 immunohistochemistry staining is present in one third of primary muscle-invasive UCs and half of metastases, while FGFR3 mutations and copy number changes are relatively uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Guancial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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60
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Lee J, Kim KM, Kang WK, Ou SHI. Innovative personalized medicine in gastric cancer: time to move forward. Clin Genet 2014; 86:37-43. [PMID: 24749947 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cancer cause of death. To date, only one targeted therapy trial generated positive survival outcomes in a selected population among many targeted therapy trials. This trial showed the addition of trastuzumab to fluoropyrimidine/platinum chemotherapy as first-line chemotherapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive GC that resulted in an overall survival (OS) benefit. The increasing use of next generation sequencing approach to genomically profile GC patients allows the identification of many more GC patients who could benefit from specific targeted agents. Here we provide a comprehensive review of targeted therapy trials in GC and discuss future potential actionable driver mutations in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Samsung Medical Center,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Exome sequencing studies have recently expanded the genetic characterization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. Among a number of novel genes, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is recurrently mutated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. We review the effects of these mutations on several biochemical pathways, as well as potential changes to downstream signaling pathways. RECENT FINDINGS Hotspot mutations in IDH isoforms 1 or 2 occur in approximately 15% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. These mutations result in elevated levels of an oncometabolite, 2-hydroxyglutarate, which is associated with higher DNA CpG methylation and altered histone methylation that accompany a block in cellular differentiation. Exploratory studies have suggested additional phenotypes associated with IDH1/2 mutations. SUMMARY Tumors with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations may represent a distinct subtype of cholangiocarcinomas. Further studies are required to elucidate the exact role that mutant IDH1/2 and 2-hydroxyglutarate play in tumorigenesis, and what are the best strategies to target these tumor types.
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Zhang HT, Wang YL, Zhang J, Zhang QX. Artemisinin inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation through upregulation of p53. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1403-9. [PMID: 24078446 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent population studies suggest that the use of artemisinin is associated with reduced incidence and improved prognosis of certain cancers. In the current study, we assessed the effect of artemisinin on gastric cancer cells (AGS and MKN74 cells). We found that artemisinin inhibited growth and modulated expression of cell-cycle regulators in these cells. Treatment with artemisinin was also associated with induction of p27 kip1 and p21 kip1, two negative cell-cycle regulators. Furthermore, we revealed that artemisinin treatment led to an increased expression of p53. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a mechanism that may contribute to the antineoplastic effects of artemisinin suggested by recent population studies and justify further work to explore potential roles for it in gastric cancer prevention and treatment.
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Genetic analysis in APC, KRAS, and TP53 in patients with stomach and colon cancer. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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64
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Durães C, Almeida GM, Seruca R, Oliveira C, Carneiro F. Biomarkers for gastric cancer: prognostic, predictive or targets of therapy? Virchows Arch 2014; 464:367-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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65
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Zardavas D, Phillips WA, Loi S. PIK3CA mutations in breast cancer: reconciling findings from preclinical and clinical data. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:201. [PMID: 25192370 PMCID: PMC4054885 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PIK3CA mutations represent one of the most common genetic aberrations in breast cancer. They have been reported to be present in over one-third of cases, with enrichment in the luminal and in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive subtypes. Substantial preclinical data on the oncogenic properties of these mutations have been reported. However, whilst the preclinical data have clearly shown an association with robust activation of the pathway and resistance to common therapies used in breast cancer, the clinical data reported up to now do not support that the PIK3CA mutated genotype is associated with high levels of pathway activation or with a poor prognosis. We speculate that this may be due to the minimal use of transgenic mice models thus far. In this review, we discuss both the preclinical and clinical data associated with PIK3CA mutations and their potential implications. Prospective clinical trials stratifying by PIK3CA genotype will be necessary to determine if the mutation also predicts for increased sensitivity to agents targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne,
Victoria 3002, Australia
- Division of Cancer Medicine and Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St
Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Cancer Medicine and Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St
Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville,
Victoria 3002, Australia
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Ji W, Choi CM, Rho JK, Jang SJ, Park YS, Chun SM, Kim WS, Lee JS, Kim SW, Lee DH, Lee JC. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor in Korean patients with lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:606. [PMID: 24369725 PMCID: PMC3877961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an initial good response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), resistance to treatment eventually develops. Although several resistance mechanisms have been discovered, little data exist regarding Asian patient populations. METHODS Among patients at a tertiary referral hospital in Korea who initially responded well to gefitinib and later acquired resistance to treatment, we selected those with enough tissues obtained before EGFR-TKI treatment and after the onset of resistance to examine mutations by mass spectrometric genotyping technology (Asan-Panel), MET amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and analysis of AXL status, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and neuroendocrine markers by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled, all of whom were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations (19del: 16, L858R: 10) except one (squamous cell carcinoma with 19del). Secondary T790M mutation was detected in 11 subjects (42.3%) and four of these patients had other co-existing resistance mechanisms; increased AXL expression was observed in 5/26 patients (19.2%), MET gene amplification was noted in 3/26 (11.5%), and one patient acquired a mutation in the phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PIK3CA) gene. None of the patients exhibited EMT; however, increased CD56 expression suggesting neuroendocrine differentiation was observed in two patients. Interestingly, conversion from L858R-mutant to wild-type EGFR occurred in one patient. Seven patients (26.9%) did not exhibit any known resistance mechanisms. Patients with a T790M mutation showed a more favorable prognosis. CONCLUSION The mechanisms and frequency of acquired EGFR-TKI resistance in Koreans are comparable to those observed in Western populations; however, more data regarding the mechanisms that drive EGFR-TKI resistance are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Seoul, Songpa-gu, Korea.
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Ayed-Guerfali DB, Hassairi B, Khabir A, Sellami-Boudawara T, Gargouri A, Mokdad-Gargouri R. Expression of APC, β-catenin and E-cadherin in Tunisian patients with gastric adenocarcinoma: clinical significance. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1775-83. [PMID: 24197976 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt signalling pathway is a key feature of many cancers. β-Catenin, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and E-cadherin are major players in this pathway. The aim of this study is to examine the expression of β-catenin, APC and E-cadherin in tumour tissues of 80 Tunisian patients with gastric carcinoma and to determine the methylation status of the APC promoter in tumour tissues. Associations between protein expression and clinico-pathological parameters, including prognosis, were performed. Positive expression of β-catenin, APC and E-cadherin was observed in 77.5, 68.7 and 60% of cases, respectively. Tumours lacking membranous expression of β-catenin had greater extent of lymph node metastasis, poor differentiation and advanced T-stage. The expression of E-cadherin correlated with poor differentiation (P = 0.05) and β-catenin expression (P = 0.004). With regards to prognosis, the overall survival time was significantly prolonged for patients showing normal β-catenin expression (exclusively or predominantly membranous staining) alone or combined with positive APC expression (P log rank = 0.008 and 0.003, respectively). The methylated pattern of APC promoter 1A was detected in 43.8% of cases and correlated with T-stage (P = 0.046) and distant metastasis (P = 0.037). No correlation was found between the methylated profile of APC promoter 1A and the expression of APC protein in tumour tissues. Our findings suggest that deregulation of the Wnt pathway via abnormal expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin occurred frequently in gastric carcinoma and correlated with worse clinical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorra Ben Ayed-Guerfali
- Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Street Km 6, BP 1177, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Nadauld LD, Ford JM. Molecular profiling of gastric cancer: toward personalized cancer medicine. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:838-9. [PMID: 23341521 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.47.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Krakstad C, Birkeland E, Seidel D, Kusonmano K, Petersen K, Mjøs S, Hoivik EA, Wik E, Halle MK, Øyan AM, Kalland KH, Werner HMJ, Trovik J, Salvesen H. High-throughput mutation profiling of primary and metastatic endometrial cancers identifies KRAS, FGFR2 and PIK3CA to be frequently mutated. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52795. [PMID: 23300780 PMCID: PMC3531332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite being the most common pelvic gynecologic malignancy in industrialized countries, no targeted therapies are available for patients with metastatic endometrial carcinoma. In order to improve treatment, underlying molecular characteristics of primary and metastatic disease must be explored. Methodology/Principal Findings We utilized the mass spectrometric-based mutation detection technology OncoMap to define the types and frequency of point somatic mutations in endometrial cancer. 67 primary tumors, 15 metastases corresponding to 7 of the included primary tumors and 11 endometrial cancer cell lines were screened for point mutations in 28 known oncogenes. We found that 27 (40.3%) of 67 primary tumors harbored one or more mutations with no increase in metastatic lesions. FGFR2, KRAS and PIK3CA were consistently the most frequently mutated genes in primary tumors, metastatic lesions and cell lines. Conclusions/Significance Our results emphasize the potential for targeting FGFR2, KRAS and PIK3CA mutations in endometrial cancer for development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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