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Keane MG, Wehnert N, Perez-Machado M, Fusai GK, Thorburn D, Oppong KW, Carroll N, Metz AJ, Pereira SP. A prospective trial of CONfocal endomicroscopy in CYSTic lesions of the pancreas: CONCYST-01. Endosc Int Open 2019; 7:E1117-E1122. [PMID: 31475228 PMCID: PMC6715431 DOI: 10.1055/a-0957-2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) are common. While some harbor malignant potential, accurate preoperative diagnosis remains challenging. Needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) via a 19G FNA needle enables real-time imaging of the cyst wall. This study evaluated the safety and utility of nCLE in patients with an indeterminate PCL undergoing EUS-FNA. Patients and methods The CONCYST study prospectively recruited patients with indeterminate PCL attending three hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) referral centers in the UK, with indeterminate PCL, who required EUS-FNA between July 2014 and October 2016. Following the procedure, all patients were followed up in telephone clinic for at least 12 months. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the National Research Ethics Service (14/LO/0040). Results Sixty-seven patient were recruited, 11 excluded and 56 included in the final analysis: 35 male, 21 female; median age 68 (range 28 - 80). Recognizable confocal images were obtained in 48 of 56 cases. Median nCLE scanning time was 5 minutes and did not exceed 10 minutes in any case. EUS-nCLE findings correlated with final diagnosis (based on imaging, cytology and multidisciplinary team review) in 43/56 (77 %) of cases, compared with 37/56 (66 %) for cytology alone ( P = 0.12). One patient experienced mild pruritus following the procedure and another developed an infected pseudocyst, which resolved with antibiotics. Conclusions EUS-nCLE under conscious sedation in the day case setting is safe and provides additional information to standard EUS-FNA for diagnosing indeterminate PCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G. Keane
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond St, London, UK
| | - Natascha Wehnert
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond St, London, UK
| | - Miguel Perez-Machado
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond St, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe K. Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond St, London, UK
| | - Douglas Thorburn
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond St, London, UK
| | - Kofi W. Oppong
- Department of Gastroenterology and HPB Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK & Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas Carroll
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J. Metz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond St, London, UK,Corresponding author Professor Stephen Pereira UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthRoyal Free CampusPond St, London, NW3 2PFUK+442079356826
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Lin CY, Hsieh PL, Liao YW, Peng CY, Yu CC, Lu MY. Arctigenin Reduces Myofibroblast Activities in Oral Submucous Fibrosis by LINC00974 Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061328. [PMID: 30884781 PMCID: PMC6470833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an oral precancerous condition associated with the habit of areca nut chewing and the TGF-β pathway. Currently, there is no curative treatment to completely heal OSF, and it is imperative to alleviate patients’ symptoms and prevent it from undergoing malignant transformation. Arctigenin, a lignan extracted from Arctium lappa, has been reported to have a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-fibrosis. In the present study, we examined the effect of arctigenin on the cell proliferation of buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) and fibrotic BMFs (fBMFs), followed by assessment of myofibroblast activities. We found that arctigenin was able to abolish the arecoline-induced collagen gel contractility, migration, invasion, and wound healing capacities of BMFs and downregulate the myofibroblast characteristics of fBMFs in a dose-dependent manner. Most importantly, the production of TGF-β in fBMFs was reduced after exposure to arctigenin, along with the suppression of p-Smad2, α-smooth muscle actin, and type I collagen A1. In addition, arctigenin was shown to diminish the expression of LINC00974, which has been proven to activate TGF-β/Smad signaling for oral fibrogenesis. Taken together, we demonstrated that arctigenin may act as a suitable adjunct therapy for OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yeh Lin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Yi Lu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
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Fang CY, Yu CC, Liao YW, Hsieh PL, Lu MY, Lin KC, Wu CZ, Tsai LL. LncRNA LINC00974 activates TGF-β/Smad signaling to promote oral fibrogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 48:151-158. [PMID: 30447113 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a progressive scarring disease and has been considered as a premalignant condition of the oral cavity. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of OSF are still unclear. METHOD Here, we examined the expression of a novel long non-coding RNA LINC00974 in OSF and investigated its function role in myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Phenotypic analyses, including collagen gel contraction, migration, invasion and wound healing assays, were used to assess the myofibroblast activities following overexpression or inhibition of LINC00974. RESULTS We found that the expression of LINC00974 in OSF tissues or myofibroblasts was aberrantly upregulated, and there was a positive correlation between LINC00974 and myofibroblast markers. Our results showed that inhibition of LINC00974 suppressed the myofibroblast activities, while overexpression of LINC00974 increased the activation. We demonstrated that the expression levels of α-SMA, α-1 type I collagen, fibronectin were downregulated in the LINC00974-inhibited myofibroblasts. Additionally, the TGF-β secretion and phosphorylated Smad2 expression were also repressed in the LINC00974-inhibited myofibroblasts. We further demonstrated that silence of LINC00974 prevented the arecoline-induced myofibroblast activation, and LINC00974-increased myofibroblast activities were via TGF-β pathway. CONCLUSION Altogether, these findings suggested that arecoline-increased myofibroblast transdifferentiation was via LINC00974-mediated activation of TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Fang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Lu
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Lin
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Zong Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lo-Lin Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fang CY, Hsia SM, Hsieh PL, Liao YW, Peng CY, Wu CZ, Lin KC, Tsai LL, Yu CC. Slug mediates myofibroblastic differentiation to promote fibrogenesis in buccal mucosa. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:6721-6730. [PMID: 30230545 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis; however, the exact role of EMT-inducer Slug in the progression of precancerous oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has not been investigated. In the current study, we showed that the expression of Slug was upregulated in OSF tissues and associated with various myofibroblast markers. After silence of Slug in fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts (fBMFs), the elevated myofibroblast activities and fibrosis markers were all downregulated. Our data revealed that arecoline, an areca nut alkaloid, increased the expression of Slug in normal BMFs, and inhibition of Slug successfully prevented the arecoline-induced myofibroblast activation. Additionally, overexpression of Slug in BMFs stimulated the activities of myofibroblasts, indicating that upregulation of Slug by arecoline contributes to the myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Most importantly, Slug was able to bind to the E-box of type I collagen, leading to increased expression of type I collagen. Altogether, this study demonstrated the abnormal elevation of Slug in OSF and its significance in arecoline-induced fibrogenesis. Moreover, downregulation of Slug could be a potential target for OSF remedy via suppression of myofibroblast activities and type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Fang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Zong Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Lotung PohAi Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chou Lin
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lo-Lin Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lin CY, Liao YW, Hsieh PL, Lu MY, Peng CY, Chu PM, Yang HW, Huang YF, Yu CC, Yu CH. LncRNA GAS5-AS1 inhibits myofibroblasts activities in oral submucous fibrosis. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 117:727-733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphisms in basement membrane degradation and pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Das T, Prodhan C, Patsa S, Ray JG, Chaudhuri K. Identification of over expressed proteins in oral submucous fibrosis by proteomic analysis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4361-4371. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapasi Das
- Molecular Genetics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Chandraday Prodhan
- Molecular Genetics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
| | - Santanu Patsa
- Department of Oral PathologyDr. R Ahmed Dental College and HospitalKolkataIndia
| | - Jay Gopal Ray
- Department of Oral PathologyDr. R Ahmed Dental College and HospitalKolkataIndia
| | - Keya Chaudhuri
- Molecular Genetics DivisionCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyKolkataIndia
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Lee PH, Chu PM, Hsieh PL, Yang HW, Chueh PJ, Huang YF, Liao YW, Yu CC. Glabridin inhibits the activation of myofibroblasts in human fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts through TGF-β/smad signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:248-255. [PMID: 29119715 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has been recognized as one of the oral potentially malignant disorders. Areca nut chewing is implicated in this pathological fibrosis, and it causes chronic inflammation and persistent activation of myofibroblasts. As yet, existing treatments only provide temporary symptomatic relief and there is a lack of an effective intervention to cure OSF. Therefore, development of approaches to ameliorate myofibroblast activities becomes a crucial objective to prevent the malignant progression of OSF. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of glabridin, an isoflavane extracted from licorice root, on the myofibroblast characteristics in human fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts (fBMFs). Our results showed that myofibroblast activities, including collagen gel contractility, migration, invasion and wound healing abilities were reduced after exposure of glabridin in a dose-dependent manner. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the arecoline-induced myofiroblast activities were abolished by glabridin treatment. Additionally, the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin and other fibrogenic marker, type I collagen, in fBMFs were dose-dependently downregulated. Moreover, we showed that the production of TGF-β was suppressed by glabridin in fBMFs and the protein expression of phospho-Smad2 was decreased as well. In summary, our data suggested that glabridin repressed the myofibroblast features in fBMFs via TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. Glabridin also prevented the arecoline-increased myofibroblast activities, and could serve as a natural anti-fibrosis compound for OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hui Lee
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ju Chueh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with adverse prognosis and distant metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:36956-36970. [PMID: 27172793 PMCID: PMC5095051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a frequently recurrent deadly cancer for which no efficient targeted drug exists. AXL is an adverse prognostic factor in some cancers. Strong clinical evidence to support the prognostic role of AXL in ESCC is lacking. A total of 116 patients diagnosed with operable primary ESCC were enrolled. Both AXL and HER2 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in esophageal tissue and were correlated with the clinical outcome of patients. The efficacy of the AXL targeted drug foretinib was also evaluated in ESCC cells. Expression of AXL was found in about 80 % of ESCC tissue, and was significantly correlated with progression of tumor (P<0.001), increased risk of death (Hazard ratio HR [95 % CI=2.09[1.09-4.04], P=0.028], and distant metastasis (odds ratio OR [95 %CI]=3.96 (1.16-13.60), P=0.029). The adverse clinical impact of AXL was more evident when cumulatively expressed with HER2. In cell model, ESCC cells were more sensitive to AXL inhibitor foretinib than to the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib. Meanwhile, the AXL inhibitor foretinib showed a synergistic effect with HER2 inhibitors and the potential to overcome drug resistance to lapatinib. We thus concluded that AXL is a strong adverse prognostic factor for ESCC. Therapeutic agents targeting AXL have great potential to improve prognosis of ESCC patients.
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Lee PH, Hsieh PL, Liao YW, Yu CC. Inhibitory effect of GMI, an immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma microsporum, on myofibroblast activity and proinflammatory cytokines in human fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:32-40. [PMID: 28984080 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has been indicated as one of the oral potentially malignant disorders. Epidemiological studies have attributed this pathological fibrosis to the habit of areca nuts chewing, which causes chronic inflammation and persistent activation of myofibroblasts in the oral cavity. Hence, it is crucial to find an effective intervention to ameliorate inflammation in order to prevent the malignant progression of OSF. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of the immunomodulatory protein, GMI, extracted from Ganoderma microsporum on the expression proinflammatory cytokines and the myofibroblast characteristics in human fibrotic buccal mucosal fibroblasts (fBMFs). Our results demonstrated that the expression level of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were decreased after exposure of GMI and the myofibroblast activities, including collagen gel contraction, migration, invasion, and wound healing abilities were inhibited as well. Furthermore, we confirmed these findings in the arecoline-stimulated BMFs. Consistent with the above findings, the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin and other fibrogenic markers, such as type I collagen, fibronectin, and vimentin in fBMFs were all reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our data suggested that GMI suppressed the proinflammatory cytokines and myofibroblast features in fBMFs, and could serve as a promising and natural antifibrosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hui Lee
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yu CC, Liao YW, Yu CH, Chang YC. STRO-1 confers myofibroblast transdifferentiation in fibroblasts derived from oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 47:299-305. [PMID: 29210111 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STRO-1 is a mesenchymal cell marker present on all clonogenic stromal precursors. Current evidence has indicated that the pathogenesis of fibrotic changes may be mediated by stemness properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of STRO-1 in areca quid chewing-associated oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). METHODS Thirty OSF specimens and ten normal buccal mucosae were examined by immunohistochemistry. The activity of STRO-1 from fibroblasts cultured from normal buccal mucosa (BMFs) and OSF (OSFFs) were measureed and the effect of arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, on STRO-1 in BMFs was evaluated. Compared the activities between sorted STRO-1+ cells and STRO-1- cells from OSFF were measured by collagen gel contraction, migration, invasion abilities, and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and pro-α1 (I) chain of type I collagen. RESULTS Our results first showed that the expression of STRO-1 was more evident in areca quid chewing-associated OSF than normal buccal mucosa tissues (P < .05). Arecoline dose-dependently activated the level of STRO-1 in BMFs (P < .05). The relative expression of STRO-1 was significantly higher in OSFFs compared with BMFs (P < .05). In addition, the sorted STRO-1+ cells from OSFFs exhibited higher collagen gel contraction, migration, and invasion abilities as well as elevated expression of α-SMA and pro-α1 (I) chain of type I collagen than the negative subset (P < .05). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that the stemness marker STRO-1 may be a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of areca quid chewing-associated OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liao
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hang Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Buccal Mucosal Epithelial Cells Downregulate CTGF Expression in Buccal Submucosal Fibrosis Fibroblasts. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2017; 17:254-259. [PMID: 29618895 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-017-1056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating fibrotic disease of the oral cavity and is a serious health hazard in south Asia and, increasingly, the rest of the world. The molecular basis behind various treatment modalities to treat OSMF still remains unclear. In this study, we have investigated the in vitro ability of the buccal mucosal cells to reduce the proliferation of the fibroblasts of the fibrotic area in co-culture of cells and also at the molecular levels to reduce the level of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the OSMF fibroblasts (SMF-F). Materials and Methods The study compares isolation, morphological and proliferation kinetics of SMF-F and BMF cells with and without co-culturing with BMEs. In addition, we have compared the mRNA expression levels of CTGF in SMF-F co-cultured BME and non-co-cultured SMF-F cells using validated real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. Results The basic morphological characteristics of SMF-F were similar to BMF, but the former cells had higher proliferation rate in early passages compared to late passage state. We also observed that the CTGF expression levels in SMF-F under co-culture conditions of BME were consistently and significantly downregulated in all four different SMF-F-derived cells from four different patients. Conclusion Rapid proliferation and collagen synthesis in SMF-F as against BMF cells are the factors that confirm the innate nature of fibrosis fibroblasts (SMF-F). Further, the CTGF expression level in SMF-F was significantly suppressed by BME in co-culture conditions against controls (BMF). Considered together, this suggests that the cell therapeutic candidate of BME could be used in treating OSMF.
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Gupta S, Ghosh S, Gupta S, Sakhuja P. Effect of curcumin on the expression of p53, transforming growth factor-β, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in oral submucous fibrosis: A pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8. [PMID: 27989010 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of the present study was to find out the expression of p53, transforming growth factor-β TGF-β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), proteins implicated in its pathophysiology, as well as malignant transformation. We also sought to determine the effect of curcumin on the expression of these markers through immunohistochemistry. METHODS The expression of p53, TGF-β, and iNOS was evaluated through immunohistochemistry in 28 patients with OSMF before and after treatment with curcumin. Expression was evaluated semiquantitatively using a four-point scale based on the percentage of cells showing positive staining. RESULTS The expression of p53, TGF-β, and iNOS in OSMF was found to be statistically significant (P<.05). After therapy with curcumin, a decrease in the expression of p53, TGF-β, and iNOS was seen in 25%, 32.1%, and 32.1% of the samples, respectively; however, the difference in pretreatment and post-treatment expressions was not found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION The present finding suggest that curcumin could have an effect on the expression of p53, iNOS, and TGF-β in OSMF, and thus, could prove to be an effective chemopreventive agent for its management. The increased expression of p53, TGF-β, and iNOS in OSMF is suggestive of the role of these markers in its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Chiang MH, Chen PH, Chen YK, Chen CH, Ho ML, Wang YH. Characterization of a Novel Dermal Fibrosis Model Induced by Areca Nut Extract that Mimics Oral Submucous Fibrosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166454. [PMID: 27851781 PMCID: PMC5112895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an oral potentially malignant disorder and areca quid chewing is the main etiological factor. However, the molecular mechanism underlying OSF remains unclear, partly due to the lack of an appropriate animal model. The present study aimed to establish and characterize an animal model of areca nut extract (ANE)-induced skin fibrosis that mimics OSF. Mice were divided into 4 groups: the control group; the bleomycin group; and the ANE10 and ANE20 groups, which received 10mg/ml and 20mg/ml subcutaneous (SC) injection of ANE, respectively. Skin fibrosis was evaluated by histological analyses. Additionally, the expression levels of the fibrotic marker genes were determined by immunohistochemical staining and immunoblotting. ANE administration significantly increased dermal thickness and collagen deposition compared with the control group. Moreover, ANE induced the expression of the fibrotic marker genes alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the skin lesions. The SC injection of ANE successfully induced skin fibrosis, exhibiting characteristics similar to those of OSF. This model may facilitate future studies of the mechanism underlying OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsuan Chiang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Yu CC, Yu CH, Chang YC. Aberrant SSEA-4 upregulation mediates myofibroblast activity to promote pre-cancerous oral submucous fibrosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37004. [PMID: 27845370 PMCID: PMC5109465 DOI: 10.1038/srep37004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), regarded as a precancerous condition, is characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction followed by fibro-elastic change in the lamina properia and epithelial atrophy. The pathologic mechanisms of OSF still need to be further clarified. In the study, we investigated the functional expression of SSEA-4, which is a well-known stemness marker, in myofibroblast activity and the clinical significance in OSF tissues. The expression of SSEA-4 in OSF was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Functional analysis of SSEA-4 on myofibroblast activity of OSF was achieved by lentiviral silencing ST3GAL2. Immunohisitochemistry demonstrated that SSEA-4 expression was significantly higher expression in areca quid chewing-associated OSF tissues than those of normal oral mucosa tissues. From flow cytometry analysis, arecoline dose-dependently activated SSEA-4 expression in primary human normal buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Sorted SSEA-4-positive cells from fibrotic BMFs (fBMFs) have higher colony-forming unit, collagen gel contraction, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression than SSEA-4-negative subset. Knockdown of ST3GAL2 in fBMFs suppressed SSEA-4 expression, collagen contraction, migration, invasiveness, and wound healing capability. Consistently, silencing ST3GAL2 was found to repress arecoline-induced myofibroblast activity in BMFs. The study highlights SSEA-4 as a critical marker for therapeutic intervention to mediate myofibroblast transdifferentiation in areca quid chewing-associated OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hang Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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66
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Sharma M, Radhakrishnan R. Limited mouth opening in oral submucous fibrosis: reasons, ramifications, and remedies. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:424-430. [PMID: 27743497 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Limited mouth opening (LMO) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has been attributed to both the submucosal and muscle fibrosis (MF). While reflectory trismus was proposed before as an auxiliary mechanism by another group, the stretch-mediated muscle damage (MSD), histopathological changes in blood vessels (such as endothelial dysfunction, endothelial hypertrophy, and endarteritis obliterans), and upregulated anaerobic isoforms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been proposed by us as complementary events leading to MF. Additionally, the amount of hypoxia-mediated upregulation of anaerobic isoforms of LDH determines the extent of MF. Radiotherapy (RT)-mediated release of reactive oxygen species causes vascular damage thereby worsening hypoxia. While the alteration in LDH levels secondary to hypoxia enhances fibrosis, RT worsens it. Oral squamous cell carcinoma occurring in the background of OSF is an absolute contraindication for RT as it augurs unfavorable prognosis. An algorithm to demonstrate this with evidence is clearly depicted. The role of HIF-1α in the progression of OSF and its malignant transformation, and the consideration of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a therapeutic remedy in OSF are underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department Of Oral Pathology, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Center, Greater Noida, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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Role of areca nut induced JNK/ATF2/Jun axis in the activation of TGF-β pathway in precancerous Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34314. [PMID: 27708346 PMCID: PMC5052620 DOI: 10.1038/srep34314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is potentially premalignant with progressive and irreversible extracellular matrix deposition accompanied by epithelial atrophy and like other fibrotic disorders, is primarily a TGF-β driven disease. OSF is caused by prolonged chewing of areca nut. Our previous studies reported a pivotal role for TGF-β activation and its effects contributing to OSF. However, the mechanism for activation of TGF-β signaling in OSF is still unknown. In this study we demonstrate activation of TGF-β signaling with sub-cytotoxic dose of areca nut in epithelial cells and discovered a key role for pJNK in this process. In good correlation; pJNK was detected in OSF tissues but not in normal tissues. Moreover, activation of JNK was found to be dependent on muscarinic acid receptor induced Ca2+/CAMKII as well as ROS. JNK dependent phosphorylation of ATF2/c-Jun transcription factors resulted in TGF-β transcription and its signaling. pATF2/p-c-Jun were enriched on TGF-β promoter and co-localized in nuclei of epithelial cells upon areca nut treatment. In corroboration, OSF tissue sections also had nuclear pATF2 and p-c-Jun. Our results provide comprehensive mechanistic details of TGF-β signaling induced by etiological agent areca nut in the manifestation of fibrosis which can lead to new therapeutic modalities for OSF.
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68
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Zanetti F, Sewer A, Mathis C, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Majeed S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Martin F, Elamin A, Merg C, Ivanov NV, Frentzel S, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems Toxicology Assessment of the Biological Impact of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product on Human Organotypic Oral Epithelial Cultures. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1252-69. [PMID: 27404394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) has been reported to increase predisposition to oral cancer and is also recognized as a risk factor for many conditions including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, and other benign mucosal disorders. Smoking cessation remains the most effective approach for minimizing the risk of smoking-related diseases. However, reduction of harmful constituents by heating rather than combusting tobacco, without modifying the amount of nicotine, is a promising new paradigm in harm reduction. In this study, we compared effects of exposure to aerosol derived from a candidate modified risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, with those of CS generated from the 3R4F reference cigarette. Human organotypic oral epithelial tissue cultures (EpiOral, MatTek Corporation) were exposed for 28 min to 3R4F CS or THS2.2 aerosol, both diluted with air to comparable nicotine concentrations (0.32 or 0.51 mg nicotine/L aerosol/CS for 3R4F and 0.31 or 0.46 mg/L for THS2.2). We also tested one higher concentration (1.09 mg/L) of THS2.2. A systems toxicology approach was employed combining cellular assays (i.e., cytotoxicity and cytochrome P450 activity assays), comprehensive molecular investigations of the buccal epithelial transcriptome (mRNA and miRNA) by means of computational network biology, measurements of secreted proinflammatory markers, and histopathological analysis. We observed that the impact of 3R4F CS was greater than THS2.2 aerosol in terms of cytotoxicity, morphological tissue alterations, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Analysis of the transcriptomic changes in the exposed oral cultures revealed significant perturbations in various network models such as apoptosis, necroptosis, senescence, xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2) signaling. The stress responses following THS2.2 aerosol exposure were markedly decreased, and the exposed cultures recovered more completely compared with those exposed to 3R4F CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Zanetti
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Merg
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development , Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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69
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A rat model of oral submucous fibrosis induced by bleomycin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Oral submucous fibrosis: a historical perspective and a review on etiology and pathogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:178-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chang MC, Chan CP, Chen YJ, Hsien HC, Chang YC, Yeung SY, Jeng PY, Cheng RH, Hahn LJ, Jeng JH. Areca nut components stimulate ADAM17, IL-1α, PGE2 and 8-isoprostane production in oral keratinocyte: role of reactive oxygen species, EGF and JAK signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:16879-94. [PMID: 26919242 PMCID: PMC4941357 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) chewing is an etiologic factor of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer. There are 600 million BQ chewers worldwide. The mechanisms for the toxic and inflammatory responses of BQ are unclear. In this study, both areca nut (AN) extract (ANE) and arecoline stimulated epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interleukin-1α (IL-1α) production of gingival keratinocytes (GKs), whereas only ANE can stimulate a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 8-isoprostane production. ANE-induced EGF production was inhibited by catalase. Addition of anti-EGF neutralizing antibody attenuated ANE-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mature ADAM9 expression and PGE2 and 8-isoprostane production. ANE-induced IL-1α production was inhibited by catalase, anti-EGF antibody, PD153035 (EGF receptor antagonist) and U0126 (MEK inhibitor) but not by α-naphthoflavone (cytochrome p450-1A1 inhibitor). ANE-induced ADAM17 production was inhibited by pp2 (Src inhibitor), U0126, α-naphthoflavone and aspirin. AG490 (JAK inhibitor) prevented ANE-stimulated ADAM17, IL-1α, PGE2 production, COX-2 expression, ADAM9 maturation, and the ANE-induced decline in keratin 5 and 14, but showed little effect on cdc2 expression and EGF production. Moreover, ANE-induced 8-isoprostane production by GKs was inhibited by catalase, anti-EGF antibody, AG490, pp2, U0126, α-naphthoflavone, Zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) and aspirin. These results indicate that AN components may involve in BQ-induced oral cancer by induction of reactive oxygen species, EGF/EGFR, IL-1α, ADAMs, JAK, Src, MEK/ERK, CYP1A1, and COX signaling pathways, and the aberration of cell cycle and differentiation. Various blockers against ROS, EGF, IL-1α, ADAM, JAK, Src, MEK, CYP1A1, and COX can be used for prevention or treatment of BQ chewing-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Team of Biomedical Science, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Po Chan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Hsien
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Mackay Memorial Hospial, and Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Jeng
- School of Dentistry, University of Cardenal Herrera, CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ru-Hsiu Cheng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jiunn Hahn
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Adtani PN, Narasimhan M, Punnoose AM, Kambalachenu HR. Antifibrotic effect of Centella asiatica Linn and asiatic acid on arecoline-induced fibrosis in human buccal fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8. [PMID: 26840561 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antifibrogenic effects of Centella asiatica Linn (CA) and its bioactive triterpene aglycone asiatic acid (AA) on arecoline-induced fibrosis in primary human buccal fibroblasts (HBF). METHODS An ethanolic extract of CA was prepared, and AA was purchased commercially. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was performed to quantify AA in the CA extract; colorimetric assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was performed to determine an half-maximal inhibitory concentration. HBF were cultured and stimulated with arecoline. The inhibitory effects of CA and AA at different concentrations were assessed using gene-expression studies on fibrosis-related markers: transforming growth factor-β1, collagen 1 type 2, and collagen 3 type 1. The stimulatory effect of arecoline and the inhibitory effect of AA on fibroblast morphology and extracellular matrix were assessed qualitatively using Masson trichrome stain. RESULTS The HPTLC analysis determined 1.2% AA per 100 g of CA extract. Arecoline produced a concentration-dependent increase in the fibrotic markers, treatment with CA significantly downregulated fibrotic markers at higher concentrations, and AA downregulated at lower concentrations. Arecoline altered fibroblast morphology and stained strongly positive for collagen, and AA treatment regained fibroblast morphology with faint collagen staining. CONCLUSION CA and AA can be used as antifibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Narain Adtani
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Malathi Narasimhan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Alan M Punnoose
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra University and Research Institute, Chennai, India
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Pre-Cancerous Lesions in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Literature Review with Special Focus on Etiopathogenesis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 11:303-322. [PMID: 28855922 PMCID: PMC5563928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many types of cancers develop in the oral and maxillofacial region. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer and constitutes over 90 percent of these tumors. Malignant transformation is a genetic process, which later makes a phenotyping change at the cellular level. Some cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) develop from pre-malignant lesions and conditions. Despite advances in the treatment of OSCC, the 5-year survival rate remains approximately 50% due to inability of early detection of OSCC and precursor lesions. Early detection of oral cancer, especially in the premalignant stage, can decrease mortality and morbidity significantly. This article reviews some clinical, histopathological features and etiopathogenesis of pre-cancerous lesions of the oral cavity and skin of face and lip vermilion. A relevant English literature search in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar was performed from 1930 to 2015. Full text of 191 articles met the specific inclusion criteria for this review.
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Khan I, Pant I, Narra S, Radhesh R, Ranganathan K, Rao SG, Kondaiah P. Epithelial atrophy in oral submucous fibrosis is mediated by copper (II) and arecoline of areca nut. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2397-412. [PMID: 26248978 PMCID: PMC4594681 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of oral cavity to areca nut is associated with several pathological conditions including oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Histopathologically OSF is characterized by epithelial atrophy, chronic inflammation, juxtaepithelial hyalinization, leading to fibrosis of submucosal tissue and affects 0.5% of the population in the Indian subcontinent. As the molecular mechanisms leading to atrophied epithelium and fibrosis are poorly understood, we studied areca nut actions on human keratinocyte and gingival fibroblast cells. Areca nut water extract (ANW) was cytotoxic to epithelial cells and had a pro-proliferative effect on fibroblasts. This opposite effect of ANW on epithelial and fibroblast cells was intriguing but reflects the OSF histopathology such as epithelial atrophy and proliferation of fibroblasts. We demonstrate that the pro-proliferative effects of ANW on fibroblasts are dependent on insulin-like growth factor signalling while the cytotoxic effects on keratinocytes are dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species. Treatment of keratinocytes with arecoline which is a component of ANW along with copper resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity which becomes comparable to IC(50) of ANW. Furthermore, studies using cyclic voltammetry, mass spectrometry and plasmid cleavage assay suggested that the presence of arecoline increases oxidation reduction potential of copper leading to enhanced cleavage of DNA which could generate an apoptotic response. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling assay and Ki-67 index of OSF tissue sections suggested epithelial apoptosis, which could be responsible for the atrophy of OSF epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ila Pant
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sivakrishna Narra
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kannan Ranganathan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Somanahalli Girish Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, D.A. Pandu Memorial - R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Kamath VV, Krishnamurthy S, Satelur KP, Rajkumar K. Transforming growth factor-β1 and TGF-β2 act synergistically in the fibrotic pathway in oral submucous fibrosis: An immunohistochemical observation. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2015; 36:111-6. [PMID: 26157288 PMCID: PMC4477373 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.158842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant oral disorder which leads to fibrosis of the oral mucosa and has a high rate of malignant transformation. The consumption of various forms of areca nut is causatively linked to the condition. The constituents of areca nut activate several pro-fibrotic cytokines, chiefly transforming growth factor-β1, β2, which leads to an increased deposition and decreased degradation of extracellular matrix and collagen. TGF-β1, β2 probably represent the major pathway in the deposition of collagen fibres in this condition. The present study aims to identify and correlate the expressions of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 immunohistochemically on paraffin sections of various stages of OSF. A comparison was also made between normal oral mucosa and scar tissue and OSF to judge the mode, extent and type of expression of TGF β1, β2. Methods: The expression of TGF-β1 antibody (8A11, NovusBio, USA) and TGF-β2 antibody (TB21, NovusBio, USA) was detected immunohistochemically on paraffin sections of 58 and 70 cases of OSF respectively, 10 cases of normal oral mucosal tissue and 4 cases of scar tissue. A mapping of the positivity of the two cytokines was done using JenOptik camera and ProReg image analysis software. The results were statistically analysed using one way ANOVA and students “t” test. Results: Expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 was more in OSF as compared with normal oral mucosa, scar/keloid tissue showing highest values. Positivity for both the markers was seen in epithelium, around the blood vessels, in areas of inflammatory infiltrate, fibroblasts and in muscles. TGF-β1 expression was higher and more intense than that of TGF-β2 in all the cases. TGF-β2 was restricted in its expression to submucosal area with minimal involvement of the epithelium and the deeper muscle tissue. Conclusion: TGF-β1 is the most prominent cytokine in the fibrotic pathway and TGF-β2 plays a contributory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Viswanath Kamath
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Munnekolala, Marathalli, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shruti Krishnamurthy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Munnekolala, Marathalli, Bengaluru, India
| | - Krishnanand P Satelur
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Munnekolala, Marathalli, Bengaluru, India
| | - Komali Rajkumar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dr. Syamala Reddy Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Munnekolala, Marathalli, Bengaluru, India
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Pant I, Kumar N, Khan I, Rao SG, Kondaiah P. Role of Areca Nut Induced TGF-β and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129252. [PMID: 26107172 PMCID: PMC4479469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut consumption has been implicated in the progression of Oral Submucous fibrosis (OSF); an inflammatory precancerous fibrotic condition. Our previous studies have demonstrated the activation of TGF-β signaling in epithelial cells by areca nut components and also propose a role for epithelial expressed TGF-β in the pathogenesis of OSF. Although the importance of epithelial cells in the manifestation of OSF has been proposed, the actual effectors are fibroblast cells. However, the role of areca nut and TGF-β in the context of fibroblast response has not been elucidated. Therefore, to understand their role in the context of fibroblast response in OSF pathogenesis, human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) were treated with areca nut and/or TGF-β followed by transcriptome profiling. The gene expression profile obtained was compared with the previously published transcriptome profiles of OSF tissues and areca nut treated epithelial cells. The analysis revealed regulation of 4666 and 1214 genes by areca nut and TGF-β treatment respectively. The expression of 413 genes in hGF cells was potentiated by areca nut and TGF-β together. Further, the differentially expressed genes of OSF tissues compared to normal tissues overlapped significantly with areca nut and TGF-β induced genes in epithelial and hGF cells. Several positively enriched pathways were found to be common between OSF tissues and areca nut +TGF-β treated hGF cells. In concordance, areca nut along with TGF-β enhanced fibroblast activation as demonstrated by potentiation of αSMA, γSMA and collagen gel contraction by hGF cells. Furthermore, TGF-β secreted by areca nut treated epithelial cells influenced fibroblast activation and other genes implicated in fibrosis. These data establish a role for areca nut influenced epithelial cells in OSF progression by activation of fibroblasts and emphasizes the importance of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Pant
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Somanahalli Girish Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, D.A. Pandu Memorial-R.V. Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Kuo TM, Luo SY, Chiang SL, Yeh KT, Hsu HT, Wu CT, Lu CY, Tsai MH, Chang JG, Ko YC. Fibrotic Effects of Arecoline N-Oxide in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5787-5794. [PMID: 26061808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolites of environmental chemicals play key roles in carcinogenesis. Areca nut is strongly associated with the development of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) or cancer. The main alkaloid in the areca nut is arecoline, which is highly cytotoxic and genotoxic. Arecoline N-oxide, a metabolite of areca nut alkaloids, which has been identified in animal urine, has been shown to induce mutagenicity in bacteria. In this study, it was found that its protein adduct could be detected in oral keratinocytes treated with areca nut extract. Increased collagen expression and severity of squamous hyperplasia were observed in arecoline N-oxide treated mice. In cultured oral fibroblasts, arecoline N-oxide showed stronger effects on the increase of fibrotic related genes including TGF-beta1, S100A4, MMP-9, IL-6, and fibronectin and a decrease of E-cadherin as compared with arecoline. Finally, arecoline N-oxide stimulation effectively increased the DNA damage marker, gamma-H2A.X, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that arecoline N-oxide shows a high potential for the induction of OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzer-Min Kuo
- †Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- ΘGraduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- ‡Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lun Chiang
- †Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- §Department of Health Risk Management, College of Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- ΔDepartment of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Hsu
- ΔDepartment of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- ⊥Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- #Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- ΠDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- ⊗Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- ΘGraduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- †Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- ΘGraduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Lee YH, Yang LC, Hu FW, Peng CY, Yu CH, Yu CC. Elevation of Twist expression by arecoline contributes to the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 115:311-7. [PMID: 26088962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), a chronic progressive scarring disease, has been considered as a precancerous condition of oral mucosa. In this study, we investigated the functional role of Twist, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional factor, in myofibroblastic differentiation activity of OSF. METHODS Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was used to explore whether expression of Twist could be changed dose-dependently in human primary buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Collagen gel contraction and migration capability in arecoline-stimulated BMFs and primary oral submucous fibrosis-derived fibroblasts (OSFs) with Twist knockdown was presented. RESULTS We observed that the treatment of arecoline dose-dependently increased Twist expression transcript and protein levels in BMFs. The myofibroblast activity including collagen gel contraction and migration capability also induced by arecoline, while knockdown of Twist reversed these phenomena. Importantly, inhibition of Twist led to the suppression collagen contraction and wound healing capability of primary cultivated OSFs. Clinically, Twist transcript and protein expression was higher in areca quid chewing-associated OSF tissues than in normal oral mucosa tissues. CONCLUSION This evidence suggests that upregulation of Twist might be involved in the pathogenesis of areca quid-associated OSF through dysregulation of myofibroblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lee
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Wei Hu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hang Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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79
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Dai JP, Zhu DX, Sheng JT, Chen XX, Li WZ, Wang GF, Li KS, Su Y. Inhibition of Tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B on Areca nut extract-induced oral submucous fibrosis in vitro. Molecules 2015; 20:6794-807. [PMID: 25884554 PMCID: PMC6272768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge has been reported to possess excellent antifibrotic activity. In this study, we have investigated the effect and mechanism of tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA), salvianolic acid A (Sal-A) and salvianolic acid B (Sal-B), the important active compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, on areca nut extract (ANE)-induced oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) in vitro. Through human procollagen gene promoter luciferase reporter plasmid assay, hydroxyproline assay, gelatin zymography assay, qRT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot assay, the influence of these three compounds on ANE-stimulated cell viability, collagen accumulation, procollagen gene transcription, MMP-2/-9 activity, MMP-1/-13 and TIMP-1/-2 expression, cytokine secretion and the activation of PI3K/AKT, ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK and TGF-β/Smads pathways were detected. The results showed that Tan-IIA, Sal-A and Sal-B could significantly inhibit the ANE-stimulated abnormal viability and collagen accumulation of mice oral mucosal fibroblasts (MOMFs), inhibit the transcription of procollagen gene COL1A1 and COL3A1, increase MMP-2/-9 activity, decrease TIMP-1/-2 expression and inhibit the transcription and release of CTGF, TGF-β1, IL-6 and TNF-α; Tan-IIA, Sal-A and Sal-B also inhibited the ANE-induced activation of AKT and ERK MAPK pathways in MOMFs and the activation of TGF-β/Smads pathway in HaCaT cells. In conclusion, Tan-IIA, Sal-A and Sal-B possess excellent antifibrotic activity in vitro and can possibly be used to promote the rehabilitation of OSF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Dan-Xia Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Jiang-Tao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Ge-Fei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a premalignant condition caused by betel chewing. It is very common in Southeast Asia but has started to spread to Europe and North America. OSF can lead to squamous cell carcinoma, a risk that is further increased by concomitant tobacco consumption. OSF is a diagnosis based on clinical symptoms and confirmation by histopathology. Hypovascularity leading to blanching of the oral mucosa, staining of teeth and gingiva, and trismus are major symptoms. Major constituents of betel quid are arecoline from betel nuts and copper, which are responsible for fibroblast dysfunction and fibrosis. A variety of extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways might be involved. Treatment of OSF is difficult, as not many large, randomized controlled trials have been conducted. The principal actions of drug therapy include antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxygen radical mechanisms. Potential new drugs are on the horizon. Surgery may be necessary in advanced cases of trismus. Prevention is most important, as no healing can be achieved with available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden-Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Fareedi Mukram Ali
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SMBT Dental College, Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kishor Patil
- Departments of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SMBT Dental College, Sangamner, Maharashtra, India
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Chopra S, Kumar N, Rangarajan A, Kondaiah P. Context dependent non canonical WNT signaling mediates activation of fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:246-59. [PMID: 25773780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Actions of transforming growth factor-β are largely context dependent. For instance, TGF-β is growth inhibitory to epithelial cells and many tumor cell-lines while it stimulates the growth of mesenchymal cells. TGF-β also activates fibroblast cells to a myofibroblastic phenotype. In order to understand how the responsiveness of fibroblasts to TGF-β would change in the context of transformation, we have compared the differential gene regulation by TGF-β in immortal fibroblasts (hFhTERT), transformed fibroblasts (hFhTERT-LTgRAS) and a human fibrosarcoma cell-line (HT1080). The analysis revealed regulation of 6735, 4163, and 3478 probe-sets by TGF-β in hFhTERT, hFhTERT-LTgRAS and HT1080 cells respectively. Intriguingly, 5291 probe-sets were found to be either regulated in hFhTERT or hFhTERT-LTgRAS cells while 2274 probe-sets were regulated either in hFhTERT or HT1080 cells suggesting that the response of immortal hFhTERT cells to TGF-β is vastly different compared to the response of both the transformed cells hFhTERT-LTgRAS and HT1080 to TGF-β. Strikingly, WNT pathway showed enrichment in the hFhTERT cells in Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Functional studies showed induction of WNT4 by TGF-β in hFhTERT cells and TGF-β conferred action of these cells was mediated by WNT4. While TGF-β activated both canonical and non-canonical WNT pathways in hFhTERT cells, Erk1/2 and p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase pathways were activated in hFhTERT-LTgRAS and HT1080 cells. This suggests that transformation of immortal hFhTERT cells by SV40 large T antigen and activated RAS caused a switch in their response to TGF-β which matched with the response of HT1080 cells to TGF-β. These data suggest context dependent activation of non-canonical signaling by TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Chopra
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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82
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Chung Y, Fu E, Chin YT, Tu HP, Chiu HC, Shen EC, Chiang CY. Role of Shh and TGF in cyclosporine-enhanced expression of collagen and α-SMA by gingival fibroblast. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:29-36. [PMID: 25385493 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclosporine-A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth may arise from an alteration in stoma matrix homeostasis. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a key role during embryogenic development and fibrotic progression, and may be involved in CsA-altered gingival matrix homeostasis. METHODS Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, we investigated the mRNA and protein expressions of Shh, type 1 collagen (COL1), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in human gingival fibroblasts after CsA treatments. The effect of Shh on CsA-induced alterations was further evaluated by the extra-supplement or inhibition of Shh or TGF-β. RESULTS Cyclosporine-A enhanced COL1, α-SMA, Shh and TGF-β expressions in human gingival fibroblasts. The exogenous Shh/TGF-β augmented the expression of COL1 and α-SMA, and the Shh/TGF-β inhibition suppressed the CsA-enhanced COL1 and α-SMA expressions. Moreover, Shh mRNA and protein expressions increased if extra-supplementing the exogenous TGF-β, whereas the CsA-upregulated Shh was mitigated by the TGF-β pathway inhibitor. However, neither exogenous Shh nor the Shh pathway inhibitor alters TGF-β expression or CsA-up-regulated TGF-β expression. CONCLUSIONS Shh, regulated by TGF-β, mediates CsA-altered gingival matrix homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chung
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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83
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Dai JP, Chen XX, Zhu DX, Wan QY, Chen C, Wang GF, Li WZ, Li KS. Panax notoginseng saponins inhibit areca nut extract-induced oral submucous fibrosis in vitro. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:464-70. [PMID: 24484214 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a premalignant and fibrosing disease, which is closely associated with the habit of chewing areca nut. Panax notoginseng Buck F. H. Chen is an often used antifibrotic and antitumor agent. To treat areca nut-induced OSF, we have developed a chewable tablet, in which one of the major medicines is total Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). In this study, we have investigated the antifibrotic effect and mechanism of PNS on areca nut-induced OSF in vitro. METHODS Through human procollagen gene promoter luciferase reporter plasmid, hydroxyproline assay, gelatin zymography, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot, the influences of PNS on areca nut extract (ANE)-induced cell growth, collagen accumulation, procollagen gene transcription, MMP-2/-9 activity, MMP-1/-13 and TIMP-1/-2 expression, cytokine secretion, and the activation of PI3K/AKT, ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK, and TGFβ/Smads pathways were detected. RESULTS Panax notoginseng saponins could inhibit the ANE-induced abnormal growth and collagen accumulation of oral mucosal fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner. PNS (25 μg/ml) could significantly inhibit the ANE-induced expression of Col1A1 and Col3A1, augment the ANE-induced decrease of MMP-2/-9 activity, inhibit the ANE-induced increase of TIMP-1/-2 expression, and decrease the ANE-induced transcription and release of CTGF, TGFβ1, IL-6, and TNFα. PNS (25 μg/ml) also significantly inhibited the ANE-induced activation of AKT and ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK pathways in oral mucosal fibroblasts and the ANE-induced activation of TGFβ/smad pathway in HaCaT cells. CONCLUSION Panax notoginseng saponins possess excellent anti-OSF activity, and its mechanism may be related to its ability to inhibit the ANE-induced activation of PI3K/AKT, ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK, and TGFβ/smad pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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84
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Hou YY, Lee JH, Chen HC, Yang CM, Huang SJ, Liou HH, Chi CC, Tsai KW, Ger LP. The association between miR-499a polymorphism and oral squamous cell carcinoma progression. Oral Dis 2014; 21:195-206. [PMID: 24690080 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of miR-499a genetic polymorphism with the risk of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and clinicopathological outcomes of OSCC. METHODS The genotyping of miR-499a T>C (rs3746444) using TagMan assay was conducted in two case-control studies of 1549 subjects. miR-499a-5p and miR-499a-3p were assayed using stem-loop RT-PCR for 63 paired OSCC and adjacent normal tissues. RESULTS T/C+C/C genotypes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.84, P = 0.032] and C allelic type (AOR 1.91, P = 0.007) at miR-499a T>C were associated with an increased risk of BQ-related OSF as compared to those with T/T genotype or T allelic type, respectively. Conversely, T/C+C/C genotypes and C allelic type decreased the risk of OSCC, especially for non-BQ-related OSCC (for genotype: AOR 0.49, P = 0.010; for allelic type: AOR 0.50, P = 0.007). Additionally, downregulation of miR-499a-5p was found in OSCC tissues (P = 0.001) and correlated with the TT genotype (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The T/C+C/C genotypes of MiR-499a may contribute to an increased risk of BQ-related OSF, but a decreased risk of OSCC. miR-499a T>C influences the expression levels of miR-499a-5p during the tumorigenesis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Hou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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85
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Li M, Gao F, Zhou ZS, Zhang HM, Zhang R, Wu YF, Bai MH, Li JJ, Lin SR, Peng JY. Arecoline inhibits epithelial cell viability by upregulating the apoptosis pathway: implication for oral submucous fibrosis. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2422-8. [PMID: 24647969 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of excess collagen, and areca nut chewing has been proposed as a significant etiological factor for disease manifestation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding areca nut chewing-induced OSF are only partially understood. Herein, we reported that arecoline markedly induced morphologic change in HaCaT epithelial cells, but had no obvious effect on Hel fibroblast cells. MTS assay revealed that arecoline significantly suppressed HaCaT cell viability. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis indicated that arecoline substantially promoted HaCaT cell, but not Hel cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, arecoline-induced HaCaT cell apoptosis was found to be associated with increased expression and activation of cleaved-Bid, cleaved-PARA and cleaved-caspase-3. Collectively, our results suggest that HaCaT epithelial cells are more sensitive than Hel fibroblast cells to arecoline-induced cytotoxicity, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Su Zhou
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhang
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Fang Wu
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hai Bai
- Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Jia Li
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Rong Lin
- Taiwan Taipei Dental Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jie-Ying Peng
- Dental Medical Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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86
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Chang YC, Tsai CH, Lai YL, Yu CC, Chi WY, Li JJ, Chang WW. Arecoline-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from human buccal mucosal fibroblasts is mediated by ZEB1. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:698-708. [PMID: 24400868 PMCID: PMC4000120 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is considered as a pre-cancerous condition of the oral mucosa and is highly associated with habitual areca quid chewing. Arecoline is the major alkaloid in areca quid and is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of OSF. Our previous studies have demonstrated that arecoline could induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors in primary human buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs). Therefore, we investigated the expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), which is a well-known transcriptional factor in EMT, in OSF tissues and its role in arecoline-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from BMFs. The expression of ZEB1, as well as the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), was significantly increased in OSF tissues, respectively. With immunofluorescence analysis, arecoline induced the formation of α-SMA-positive stress fibres in BMFs expressing nuclear ZEB1. Arecoline also induced collagen contraction of BMFs in vitro. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, the binding of ZEB1 to the α-SMA promoter in BMFs was increased by arecoline. The promoter activity of α-SMA in BMFs was also induced by arecoline, while knockdown of ZEB1 abolished arecoline-induced α-SMA promoter activity and collagen contraction of BMFs. Long-term exposure of BMFs to arecoline induced the expression of fibrogenic genes and ZEB1. Silencing of ZEB1 in fibrotic BMFs from an OSF patient also suppressed the expression of α-SMA and myofibroblast activity. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 could suppress arecoline-induced ZEB1 activation in BMFs. Our data suggest that ZEB1 may participate in the pathogenesis of areca quid–associated OSF by activating the α-SMA promoter and inducing myofibroblast transdifferentiation from BMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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