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Takeya M, Komohara Y. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in human malignancies: friend or foe? Pathol Int 2016; 66:491-505. [PMID: 27444136 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in tumor growth in human malignancies. Published studies have analyzed the relationship between TAM infiltration and the prognosis of patients for many human tumors. Most studies reported a positive correlation between TAM density and a poor prognosis. Studies focusing on macrophage phenotypes emphasized the protumor role of M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages in many types of human tumors. However, TAMs influence tumor progression in various ways that depend on differences in tumor sites, histology, and microenvironments. In this review, we summarize the function of TAMs in various human malignancies by reviewing the data provided in studies of TAMs in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Said EA, Al-Reesi I, Al-Riyami M, Al-Naamani K, Al-Sinawi S, Al-Balushi MS, Koh CY, Al-Busaidi JZ, Idris MA, Al-Jabri AA. Increased CD86 but Not CD80 and PD-L1 Expression on Liver CD68+ Cells during Chronic HBV Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158265. [PMID: 27348308 PMCID: PMC4922653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The failure to establish potent anti-HBV T cell responses suggests the absence of an effective innate immune activation. Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages have an essential role in establishing anti-HBV responses. These cells express the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. CD80 expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) induces Th1 cell differentiation, whereas CD86 expression drives the differentiation towards a Th2 profile. The relative expression of CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 on APCs, regulates T cell activation. Few studies investigated CD80 and CD86 expression on KCs and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in HBV-infected liver and knowledge about the expression of PD-L1 on these cells is controversial. The expression of these molecules together in CD68+ cells has not been explored in HBV-infected livers. METHODS Double staining immunohistochemistry was applied to liver biopsies of HBV-infected and control donors to explore CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 expression in the lobular and portal areas. RESULTS Chronic HBV infection was associated with increased CD68+CD86+ cell count and percentage in the lobular areas, and no changes in the count and percentage of CD68+CD80+ and CD68+PD-L1+ cells, compared to the control group. While CD68+CD80+ cell count in portal areas correlated with the fibrosis score, CD68+CD80+ cell percentage in lobular areas correlated with the inflammation grade. CONCLUSION The upregulation of CD86 but not CD80 and PD-L1 on CD68+ cells in HBV-infected livers, suggests that these cells do not support the induction of potent Th1. Moreover, the expression of CD80 on CD68+ cells correlates with liver inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Iman Al-Reesi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Marwa Al-Riyami
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Shadia Al-Sinawi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohammed S. Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Crystal Y. Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Juma Z. Al-Busaidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mohamed A. Idris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali A. Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
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A Potential Inhibitory Profile of Liver CD68+ Cells during HCV Infection as Observed by an Increased CD80 and PD-L1 but Not CD86 Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153191. [PMID: 27065104 PMCID: PMC4827822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The lack of potent innate immune responses during HCV infection might lead to a delay in initiating adaptive immune responses. Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages (CD68+ cells) are essential to establish effective anti-HCV responses. They express co-stimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86. CD86 upregulation induces activator responses that are then potentially regulated by CD80. The relative levels of expression of CD80, CD86 and the inhibitory molecule, PD-L1, on CD68+ cells modulate T cell activation. A few studies have explored CD80 and PD-L1 expression on KCs and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in HCV-infected livers, and none investigated CD86 expression in these cells. These studies have identified these cells based on morphology only. We investigated the stimulatory/inhibitory profile of CD68+ cells in HCV-infected livers based on the balance of CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 expression. Methods CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 expression by CD68+ cells in the lobular and portal areas of the liver of chronic HCV-infected (n = 16) and control (n = 14) individuals was investigated using double staining immunohistochemistry. Results The count of CD68+ KCs in the lobular areas of the HCV-infected livers was lower than that in the control (p = 0.041). The frequencies of CD68+CD80+ cells and CD68+PD-L1+ cells in both lobular and total areas of the liver were higher in HCV-infected patients compared with those in the control group (p = 0.001, 0.031 and 0.007 respectively). Moreover, in the lobular areas of the HCV-infected livers, the frequency of CD68+CD80+ cells was higher than that of CD68+CD86+ and CD68+PD-L1+ cells. In addition, the frequencies of CD68+CD80+ and CD68+CD86+ cells were higher in the lobular areas than the portal areas. Conclusions Our results show that CD68+ cells have an inhibitory profile in the HCV-infected livers. This might help explain the delayed T cell response and viral persistence during HCV infection.
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Dong P, Ma L, Liu L, Zhao G, Zhang S, Dong L, Xue R, Chen S. CD86⁺/CD206⁺, Diametrically Polarized Tumor-Associated Macrophages, Predict Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:320. [PMID: 26938527 PMCID: PMC4813183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most abundant infiltrating immune cells in tumor microenvironment, have distinct functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. CD68+ TAMs represent multiple polarized immune cells mainly containing CD86+ antitumoral M1 macrophages and CD206+ protumoral M2 macrophages. TAMs expression and density were assessed by immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD86, and CD206 in tissue microarrays from 253 HCC patients. Clinicopathologic features and prognostic value of these markers were evaluated. We found that CD68+ TAMs were not associated with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in HCC. Low presence of CD86+ TAMs and high presence of CD206+ TAMs were markedly correlated with aggressive tumor phenotypes, such as multiple tumor number and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage; and were associated with poor overall survival (OS) (p = 0.027 and p = 0.024, respectively) and increased time to recurrence (TTR) (p = 0.037 and p = 0.031, respectively). In addition, combined analysis of CD86 and CD206 provided a better indicator for OS (p = 0.011) and TTR (p = 0.024) in HCC than individual analysis of CD86 and CD206. Moreover, CD86+/CD206+ TAMs predictive model also had significant prognosis value in α-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative patients (OS: p = 0.002, TTR: p = 0.005). Thus, these results suggest that combined analysis of immune biomarkers CD86 and CD206 could be a promising HCC prognostic biomarker.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mannose Receptor
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Dong
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Longzi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Guangxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - She Chen
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research Ministry of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Buonaguro L, Tagliamonte M, Petrizzo A, Damiano E, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Cellular prognostic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1591-8. [PMID: 26043213 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the five big killers worldwide and is frequently associated with chronic hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections. Tumor microenvironment consists of a complex network of cells and factors that plays a key role in the tumor progression and prognosis. This is true also for HCC. Several studies have shown strikingly strong correlation between HCC clinical prognosis and intratumoral infiltration of cells affecting tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. None of such cells is yet validated for routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment. The present review aims at providing a state-of-the-art of such studies.
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Hu Y, He MY, Zhu LF, Yang CC, Zhou ML, Wang Q, Zhang W, Zheng YY, Wang DM, Xu ZQ, Wu YN, Liu LK. Tumor-associated macrophages correlate with the clinicopathological features and poor outcomes via inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:12. [PMID: 26769084 PMCID: PMC4714460 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Both tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells play key roles in promoting tumor progression. However, whether TAMs could induce EMT in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains undefined. Results Here we detected the expression of macrophages markers CD68 and CD163, epithelial marker E-cadherin and mesenchymal marker vimentin in 127 OSCC patients by using semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. CD68 and CD163 expression was not confined to the infiltrating TAMs, but also detected in cancer cells. The high number of CD68-positive macrophages was correlated with poor overall survival. Meanwhile, the expression of CD163 both in macrophages and in cancer cells was associated with poor overall survival and had a significant prognostic impact in OSCC. Importantly, the expression of CD163 in cancer cells had a significant relationship with E-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, the incubation of TAMs conditioned medium resulted in a fibroblast-like appearance of cancer cells (HN4, HN6 and SCC9) together with the decreased/increased expression of E-cadherin/ vimentin, which were correlated with the enhanced ability of migration and invasion. Conclusions Our results indicate that TAMs could promote the EMT of cancer cells, thereby leading to the progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China. .,Department of Stomatology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meng-Ying He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Fang Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong-Chong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Mei-Ling Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang-Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Miao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Zeng-Qi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Nong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Lai-Kui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Postal#210029 136# Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, the People's Republic of China.
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Becht E, Giraldo NA, Germain C, de Reyniès A, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. Immune Contexture, Immunoscore, and Malignant Cell Molecular Subgroups for Prognostic and Theranostic Classifications of Cancers. Adv Immunol 2016; 130:95-190. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kazankov K, Rode A, Simonsen K, Villadsen GE, Nicoll A, Møller HJ, Lim L, Angus P, Kronborg I, Arachchi N, Gorelik A, Liew D, Vilstrup H, Frystyk J, Grønbæk H. Macrophage activation marker soluble CD163 may predict disease progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2015; 76:64-73. [PMID: 26549495 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1099722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor associated macrophages are present in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels and dynamics of soluble (s)CD163, a specific macrophage activation marker, in patients with HCC. METHODS In a cohort from Australia, we studied 109 HCC patients, 116 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), and 52 healthy controls. We examined associations between baseline sCD163 and parameters of HCC severity as well as overall and progression-free survival. In a cohort of 42 Danish HCC patients, we measured sCD163 at baseline and 1, 4 and 12 weeks after ablative treatment. RESULTS In the Australian cohort, median sCD163 was similarly increased in HCC (5.6[interquartile range 3.5-8.0] mg/L) and CLD (6.1[3.6-9.6] mg/L) patients as compared to controls (2.0[1.5-2.7] mg/L, p < 0.001). sCD163 correlated with Child-Pugh and MELD scores in both HCC and CLD patients. Patients with high sCD163 levels had shorter progression-free survival (p < 0.001), but not overall survival (p = 0.15). In the Danish cohort, patients with HCC progression at 12 weeks had an increase in sCD163. There was no association between sCD163 and HCC size, number, vascular invasion or metastasis in any of the cohorts. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed increased sCD163 levels in CLD and HCC patients associated with Child-Pugh and MELD scores and portal hypertension, but not with HCC size and number, or metastasis. As a novel finding, baseline sCD163 appeared to predict a rapid HCC progression, as sCD163 increased during follow-up in HCC patients who showed progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kazankov
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anthony Rode
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Kira Simonsen
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Amanda Nicoll
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.,c Department of Gastroenterology , Eastern Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Holger Jon Møller
- d Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Lucy Lim
- e Victorian Liver Transplant Unit and Department of Gastroenterology , Austin Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Peter Angus
- e Victorian Liver Transplant Unit and Department of Gastroenterology , Austin Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Ian Kronborg
- f Department of Gastroenterology , Western Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Niranjan Arachchi
- f Department of Gastroenterology , Western Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Danny Liew
- g Epicentre , Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- h Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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Lin ZX, Ruan DY, Li Y, Wu DH, Ma XK, Chen J, Chen ZH, Li X, Wang TT, Lin Q, Wen JY, Wu XY. Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio predicts survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10898-10906. [PMID: 26478681 PMCID: PMC4600591 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the prognostic value of preoperative lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing curative hepatectomy.
METHODS: Clinicopathological data of 210 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC patients who were treated by radical hepatic resection between 2003 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. None of the patients received any preoperative anticancer therapy or intraoperative radiofrequency ablation. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examination after surgery. Absolute peripheral blood lymphocyte and monocyte counts were derived from serum complete blood cell count before surgery, and LMR was calculated by dividing lymphocyte count by monocyte count. The best cutoff was determined by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Correlations between LMR levels and clinicopathological features were assessed using the χ2 test. Survival outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic impact of LMR and other clinicopathological factors on overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), using the Cox proportional hazards model.
RESULTS: The optimal cutoff value of LMR for survival analysis was 3.23, which resulted in the most appropriate sensitivity of 55.3% and specificity of 74.7%, with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.66 (95%CI: 0.593-0.725). All patients were dichotomized into either a low (≤ 3.23) LMR group (n = 66) or a high (> 3.23) LMR group (n = 144). A low preoperative LMR level was significantly correlated with the presence of cirrhosis, elevated levels of total bilirubin and larger tumor size. Patients with a low LMR level had significantly reduced 5-year OS (61.9% vs 83.2%, P < 0.001) and RFS (27.8% vs 47.6%, P = 0.009) compared to those with a high LMR level. Multivariate analyses indicated that a lower LMR level was a significantly independent predictor of inferior OS (P = 0.003) and RFS (P = 0.006). Subgroup analysis indicated that survival outcome was significantly more favorable in cirrhotic patients with LMR > 3.23. However, there were no differences between low and high LMR groups for OS and RFS in non-cirrhotic patients.
CONCLUSION: Preoperative LMR was demonstrated for the first time to serve as an independent prognostic factor in HBV-associated HCC patients after curative resection. Prospective studies with larger cohorts for validation are warranted.
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Cao W, Peters JH, Nieman D, Sharma M, Watson T, Yu J. Macrophage subtype predicts lymph node metastasis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma and promotes cancer cell invasion in vitro. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:738-46. [PMID: 26263481 PMCID: PMC4559839 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a lack of ideal biomarkers for predicting nodal status in preoperative stage of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) to aid optimising therapeutic options. We studied the potential of applying subtype macrophages to predict lymph node metastasis and prognosis in EAC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-three EAC resection specimens were immunostained with CD68, CD40 (M1), and CD163 (M2). Lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was estimated with the staining of D2-40. Subsequently, we tested if M2d macrophage could promote EAC cell migration and invasion. RESULTS In EAC without neoadjuvant treatment, an increase in M2-like macrophage was associated with poor patient survival, independent of the locations of macrophages in tumour. The M2/M1 ratio that represented the balance between M2- and M1-like macrophages was significantly higher in nodal-positive EACs than that in nodal-negative EACs, and inversely correlated with patient overall survival. The M2/M1 ratio was not related to LVD. EAC cell polarised THP1 cell into M2d-like macrophage, which promoted EAC cell migration and invasion. Neoadjuvant therapy appeared to diminish the correlation between the M2/M1 ratio and survival. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of M2/M1 macrophage may serve as a sensitive marker to predict lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in EAC without neoadjuvant therapy. M2d macrophage may have important roles in EAC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Cao
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 560 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Peters
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dylan Nieman
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Meenal Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Centre, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Watson
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - JiangZhou Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Centre, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY, USA
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Abstract
Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of evolutionally conserved protein molecules that are structurally and functionally diverse. Although scavenger receptors were originally identified based on their capacity to scavenge modified lipoproteins, these molecules have been shown to recognize and bind to a broad spectrum of ligands, including modified and unmodified host-derived molecules or microbial components. As a major subset of innate pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors are mainly expressed on myeloid cells and function in a wide range of biological processes, such as endocytosis, adhesion, lipid transport, antigen presentation, and pathogen clearance. In addition to playing a crucial role in maintenance of host homeostasis, scavenger receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, e.g., atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, or metabolic disorders. Emerging evidence has begun to reveal these receptor molecules as important regulators of tumor behavior and host immune responses to cancer. This review summarizes our current understanding on the newly identified, distinct functions of scavenger receptors in cancer biology and immunology. The potential of scavenger receptors as diagnostic biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic interventions to treat malignancies is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John R Subjeck
- Department of Cellular Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Wang Z, Ke ZF, Lu XF, Luo CJ, Liu YD, Lin ZW, Wang LT. The clue of a possible etiology about spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma: a perspective on pathology. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:395-400. [PMID: 25709471 PMCID: PMC4332258 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s79102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare event. However, only a few of the causes of cases of HCC spontaneous regression are clear. More cases are ambiguous. We report on a patient who had a spontaneous regression of HCC as detected by histological and immunohistochemical exam, and compared this case to 20 cases of non-specific HCC. In our case, we found that the odd phenomenon is that CD163(+) macrophages are overactivated in surviving HCC, which is spontaneously regressing. Concomitantly, we cannot find a similar phenomenon in peritumoral liver tissue or non-specific HCC. According to our microscopical morphology and immunohistochemical study, we considered that a clue of a possible etiology about HCC spontaneous regression is that CD163(+) macrophages are overactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zun-Fu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fang Lu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can-Jiao Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Dong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Wei Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Tang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lian-Tang Wang, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 20 8733 1780, Fax +86 20 8733 1780, Email
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Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a growth regulatory protein for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and a potent chemoattractant for macrophages. Zhu and colleagues recently reported significant clinical associations between poor postoperative prognosis and the concurrent detection of tumoral OPN expression and peritumoral macrophage (PTM) infiltration. An in-depth understanding on the complex interaction between tumoral OPN and macrophage-infiltrated microenvironment opens new doors to novel anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hao Liang
- 1 Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 2 Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- 1 Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 2 Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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64
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Tumor-associated macrophages promote cancer stem cell-like properties via transforming growth factor-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:160-8. [PMID: 24892648 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a crucial component of immune cells infiltrated in tumor microenvironment, have been found to be associated with progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying the crosstalk between TAMs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HCC. Mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the effects of TAMs on mouse hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6 cells in vivo and vitro. A total of 90 clinical samples had pathology-proven HCC were used to evaluate the distribution of TAMs and CSCs and analyze their value in predicting the prognosis. In the study, we have found that the number of TAMs has a positive correlation with the density of CSCs in the marginal of human HCC. Our results show that, cocultured with TAM-conditioned medium (CM) promoted CSC-like properties in Hepa1-6 cells, which underwent EMT and gained higher invasive capability. TAMs secreted more transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-beta1) than other phenotypes of macrophage. Furthermore, depletion of TGF-beta1 blocked acquisition of CSC-like properties by inhibition of TGF-beta1-induced EMT. High expression of CD68 in the EpCAM positive expression HCC tissues was strongly associated with both poor cancer-free survival and overall survival in patients. Our results indicate that the TAMs promote CSC-like properties via TGF-beta1-induced EMT and they may contribute to investigate the prognosis of HCC.
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65
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CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages correlated with poor prognosis and cancer stem cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:838632. [PMID: 24883329 PMCID: PMC4032721 DOI: 10.1155/2014/838632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the progression and prognostication of numerous cancers. However, the role and clinical significance of TAM markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between the expression of TAM markers and pathological features in OSCC by tissue microarray. Tissue microarrays containing 16 normal oral mucosa, 6 oral epithelial dysplasia, and 43 OSCC specimens were studied by immunohistochemistry. We observed that the protein expression of the TAM markers CD68 and CD163 as well as the cancer stem cell (CSC) markers ALDH1, CD44, and SOX2 increased successively from the normal oral mucosa to OSCC. The expressions of CD68 and CD163 were significantly associated with lymph node status, and SOX2 was significantly correlated with pathological grade and lymph node status, whereas ALDH1 was correlated with tumor stage. Furthermore, CD68 was significantly correlated with CD163, SOX2, and ALDH1 (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that OSCC patients overexpressing CD163 had significantly worse overall survival (P < 0.05). TAM markers are associated with cancer stem cell marker and OSCC overall survival, suggesting their potential prognostic value in OSCC.
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Giraldo NA, Becht E, Remark R, Damotte D, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH. The immune contexture of primary and metastatic human tumours. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 27:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nam SJ, Go H, Paik JH, Kim TM, Heo DS, Kim CW, Jeon YK. An increase of M2 macrophages predicts poor prognosis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2466-76. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.879713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeong Nam
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
- The Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
| | - Heounjeong Go
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
- The Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital,
Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Seog Heo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
- The Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
- The Tumor Immunity Medical Research Center, Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine,
Seoul, Korea
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68
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Zhang M, He Y, Sun X, Li Q, Wang W, Zhao A, Di W. A high M1/M2 ratio of tumor-associated macrophages is associated with extended survival in ovarian cancer patients. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:19. [PMID: 24507759 PMCID: PMC3939626 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are classified into two major phenotypes, M1 and M2. M1 TAMs suppress cancer progression, while M2 TAMs promote it. However, little is known regarding the role of TAMs in the development of ovarian cancer. Here, we investigated the relationship between TAM distribution patterns (density, microlocalization, and differentiation) and ovarian cancer histotypes, and we explored whether altered TAM distribution patterns influence long-term outcomes in ovarian cancer patients. METHODS A total of 112 ovarian cancer patients were enrolled in this study, and the subjects were divided into two groups according to their survival (< 5 years vs. ≥ 5 years). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to determine the density, microlocalization, and differentiation status of TAMs in ovarian cancer tissues for each histotype. Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of TAM-related parameters in ovarian cancer. RESULTS TAMs most frequently infiltrated into the cancer tissue of the serous histotype, followed by mucinous, undifferentiated, endometrioid, and clear cell histotypes (p = 0.049). The islet/stroma ratio of total TAMs varied among the cancer histotypes, with mucinous and undifferentiated cancers displaying the lowest and highest ratios, respectively (p = 0.005). The intratumoral TAM density significantly increased with increasing cancer stage and grade (p = 0.023 and 0.006, respectively). However, the overall M1/M2 TAM ratio decreased as the cancer stage increased (p = 0.012). In addition, the intra-islet M1/M2 ratio inversely correlated with the residual site size (p = 0.004). Among the TAM-related parameters, only the increased overall and intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios displayed prognostic significance in both the Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox regression analyses; however, the values of these two parameters did not differ significantly among the cancer histotypes. CONCLUSIONS The patients with increased overall or intra-islet M1/M2 TAM ratios presented with an improved 5-year prognosis. Nevertheless, the TAM distribution patterns did not influence the overall outcomes of different ovarian cancer histotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yifeng He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Aimin Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
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CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous (CHOP) protein promotes carcinogenesis in the DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81065. [PMID: 24339898 PMCID: PMC3855209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) plays pro-apoptotic roles in the integrated stress response. Recently, a tumor suppressive role for CHOP was demonstrated in lung cancer via regulation of tumor metabolism. To explore the role of CHOP in hepatocarcinogenesis, we induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in wild type (wt) and CHOP knockout (KO) mice using the carcinogen N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Results Analysis of tumor development showed reduced tumor load, with markedly smaller tumor nodules in the CHOP KO animals, suggesting oncogenic roles of CHOP in carcinogen-induced HCC. In wt tumors, CHOP was exclusively expressed in tumor tissue, with minimal expression in normal parenchyma. Analysis of human adenocarcinomas of various origins demonstrated scattered expression of CHOP in the tumors, pointing to relevance in human pathology. Characterization of pathways that may contribute to preferential expression of CHOP in the tumor identified ATF6 as a potential candidate. ATF6, a key member of the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling machinery, exhibited a similar pattern of expression as CHOP and strong activation in wt but not CHOP KO tumors. Because HCC is induced by chronic inflammation, we assessed whether CHOP deficiency affects tumor-immune system crosstalk. We found that the number of macrophages and levels of IFNγ and CCL4 mRNA were markedly reduced in tumors from CHOP KO relative to wt mice, suggesting a role for CHOP in modulating tumor microenvironment and macrophage recruitment to the tumor. Conclusion Our data highlights a role for CHOP as a positive regulator of carcinogen-induced HCC progression through a complex mechanism that involves the immune system and modulation of stress signaling pathways.
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Komohara Y, Jinushi M, Takeya M. Clinical significance of macrophage heterogeneity in human malignant tumors. Cancer Sci 2013; 105:1-8. [PMID: 24168081 PMCID: PMC4317877 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that various immune cells, including macrophages, can be found in tumor tissue has long been known. With the recent introduction of the novel concept of macrophage differentiation into a classically activated phenotype (M1) and an alternatively activated phenotype (M2), the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is gradually beginning to be elucidated. Specifically, in human malignant tumors, TAMs that have differentiated into M2 macrophages act as “protumoral macrophages” and contribute to the progression of disease. Based on recent basic and preclinical research, TAMs that have differentiated into protumoral or M2 macrophages are believed to be intimately involved in the angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and activation of tumor cells. In this paper, we specifically discuss both the role of TAMs in human malignant tumors and the cell–cell interactions between TAMs and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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71
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Zhang Y, Cheng S, Zhang M, Zhen L, Pang D, Zhang Q, Li Z. High-infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages predicts unfavorable clinical outcome for node-negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76147. [PMID: 24098773 PMCID: PMC3786995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and infiltrating immune cells, which may inhibit or promote tumor growth and progression. The objectives of this retrospective study were to characterize the density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in breast cancer, and to correlate the density of TAMs with clinicopathological parameters. Paraffin-embedded specimens and clinicopathological data, including up to 5 years follow-up information, were obtained from 172 breast cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (marker for macrophages) was performed and evaluated in a blinded fashion. We found that TAMs were significantly frequent in high histopathological grade breast cancer patients. Breast cancer patients with a high density of TAMs had significantly lower rates of disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival than patients with low density of TAMs. Furthermore, high-infiltration of TAMs indicated worse survival rate for patients with node-negative breast cancer. In conclusion, the number of TAMs in the tumor stroma is an independent predictor of survival time for breast cancer patients. High-infiltration of TAMs is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with invasive breast cancer and, as such, is a potentially useful prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaoqiang Cheng
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyan Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Zhen
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Da Pang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (QYZ); (ZL)
| | - Zhigao Li
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (QYZ); (ZL)
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Auerbach P, Nordby P, Bendtsen LQ, Mehlsen JL, Basnet SK, Vestergaard H, Ploug T, Stallknecht B. Differential effects of endurance training and weight loss on plasma adiponectin multimers and adipose tissue macrophages in younger, moderately overweight men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R490-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00575.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obese individuals are characterized by low circulating adiponectin concentrations and an increased number of macrophages in adipose tissue, which is believed to be causally associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Regular physical exercise decreases overall morbidity in obese subjects, which may be due to modulations of inflammatory pathways. In this randomized clinical trial we investigated the separate effects of endurance training-induced weight loss, diet-induced weight loss, and endurance training per se (without weight loss) on plasma adiponectin multimer composition (Western blotting) and adipose tissue macrophage content (immunohistochemistry) in young, moderately overweight men. Weight loss and endurance training per se decreased whole body fat percentage in an additive manner. No intervention-induced changes were observed for plasma total adiponectin. Surprisingly, endurance training, irrespectively of any associated weight loss, shifted the adiponectin multimer distribution toward a lower molecular weight (21% decrease in HMW/LMW, P = 0.015), whereas diet-induced weight loss shifted the distribution toward a higher molecular weight (42% increase in HMW/MMW, P < 0.001). Furthermore, endurance training per se increased the number of anti-inflammatory CD163+macrophages [from 12.7 ± 2.1 (means ± SE) to 16.1 ± 3.1 CD163+cells/100 adipocytes, P = 0.013], whereas diet-induced weight loss tended to decrease CD68+macrophages in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Thus regular physical exercise influences systemic and adipose tissue inflammatory pathways differently than diet-induced weight loss in younger, moderately overweight men. Our data suggest that some of the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle may occur through modulations of anti- rather than pro-inflammatory pathways in young, overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Auerbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Pernille Nordby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Line Q. Bendtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Jesper L. Mehlsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Smita K. Basnet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkil Ploug
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and
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