51
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Lanz F, Moret V, Ambett R, Cappe C, Rouiller E, Loquet G. Distant heterotopic callosal connections to premotor cortex in non-human primates. Neuroscience 2017; 344:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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52
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Abstract
The principles that guide large-scale cortical reorganization remain unclear. In the blind, several visual regions preserve their task specificity; ventral visual areas, for example, become engaged in auditory and tactile object-recognition tasks. It remains open whether task-specific reorganization is unique to the visual cortex or, alternatively, whether this kind of plasticity is a general principle applying to other cortical areas. Auditory areas can become recruited for visual and tactile input in the deaf. Although nonhuman data suggest that this reorganization might be task specific, human evidence has been lacking. Here we enrolled 15 deaf and 15 hearing adults into an functional MRI experiment during which they discriminated between temporally complex sequences of stimuli (rhythms). Both deaf and hearing subjects performed the task visually, in the central visual field. In addition, hearing subjects performed the same task in the auditory modality. We found that the visual task robustly activated the auditory cortex in deaf subjects, peaking in the posterior-lateral part of high-level auditory areas. This activation pattern was strikingly similar to the pattern found in hearing subjects performing the auditory version of the task. Although performing the visual task in deaf subjects induced an increase in functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and the dorsal visual cortex, no such effect was found in hearing subjects. We conclude that in deaf humans the high-level auditory cortex switches its input modality from sound to vision but preserves its task-specific activation pattern independent of input modality. Task-specific reorganization thus might be a general principle that guides cortical plasticity in the brain.
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53
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Kral A, Yusuf PA, Land R. Higher-order auditory areas in congenital deafness: Top-down interactions and corticocortical decoupling. Hear Res 2017; 343:50-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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54
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Origin of the thalamic projection to dorsal auditory cortex in hearing and deafness. Hear Res 2017; 343:108-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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55
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Puschmann S, Thiel CM. Changed crossmodal functional connectivity in older adults with hearing loss. Cortex 2016; 86:109-122. [PMID: 27930898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous work compellingly demonstrates a crossmodal plastic reorganization of auditory cortex in deaf individuals, leading to increased neural responses to non-auditory sensory input. Recent data indicate that crossmodal adaptive plasticity is not restricted to severe hearing impairments, but may also occur as a result of high-frequency hearing loss in older adults and affect audiovisual processing in these subjects. We here used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the effect of hearing loss in older adults on auditory cortex response patterns as well as on functional connectivity between auditory and visual cortex during audiovisual processing. Older participants with a varying degree of high frequency hearing loss performed an auditory stimulus categorization task, in which they had to categorize frequency-modulated (FM) tones presented alone or in the context of matching or non-matching visual motion. A motion only condition served as control for a visual take-over of auditory cortex. While the individual hearing status did not affect auditory cortex responses to auditory, visual, or audiovisual stimuli, we observed a significant hearing loss-related increase in functional connectivity between auditory cortex and the right motion-sensitive visual area MT+ when processing matching audiovisual input. Hearing loss also modulated resting state connectivity between right area MT+ and parts of the left auditory cortex, suggesting the existence of permanent, task-independent changes in coupling between visual and auditory sensory areas with an increasing degree of hearing loss. Our data thus indicate that hearing loss impacts on functional connectivity between sensory cortices in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Puschmann
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane M Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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56
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Amaral L, Ganho-Ávila A, Osório A, Soares MJ, He D, Chen Q, Mahon BZ, Gonçalves OF, Sampaio A, Fang F, Bi Y, Almeida J. Hemispheric asymmetries in subcortical visual and auditory relay structures in congenital deafness. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2334-9. [PMID: 27421820 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity - the capacity of the brain to change as a response to internal and external pressures - has been studied from a number of different perspectives. Perhaps one of the most powerful models is the study of populations that have been congenitally deprived of a sense. It has been shown that the right Auditory Cortex (AC) of congenitally deaf humans is neuroplastically modified in order to represent visual properties of a stimulus. One unresolved question is how this visual information is routed to the AC of congenitally deaf individuals. Here, we performed volumetric analysis of subcortical auditory and visual brains regions - namely the thalamus (along with three thalamic nuclei: the pulvinar, the lateral geniculate nucleus and the medial geniculate nucleus), and the inferior and superior colliculi - in deaf and hearing participants in order to identify which structures may be responsible for relaying visual information toward the altered AC. Because there is a hemispheric asymmetry in the neuroplastic changes observed in the AC of the congenitally deaf, we reasoned that subcortical structures that also showed a similar asymmetry in their total volume could have been enlisted in the effort of relaying visual information to the neuroplastically altered right AC. We show that for deaf, but not for hearing individuals, the right thalamus, right lateral geniculate nucleus and right inferior colliculus are larger than their left counterparts. These results suggest that these subcortical structures may be responsible for rerouting visual information to the AC in congenital deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amaral
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Ganho-Ávila
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, Research Center in Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
| | - A Osório
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M J Soares
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D He
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - B Z Mahon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - O F Gonçalves
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, Research Center in Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal.,Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Sampaio
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, Research Center in Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
| | - F Fang
- Department of Psychology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - J Almeida
- Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-802, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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57
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Striem-Amit E, Almeida J, Belledonne M, Chen Q, Fang Y, Han Z, Caramazza A, Bi Y. Topographical functional connectivity patterns exist in the congenitally, prelingually deaf. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29375. [PMID: 27427158 PMCID: PMC4947901 DOI: 10.1038/srep29375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital deafness causes large changes in the auditory cortex structure and function, such that without early childhood cochlear-implant, profoundly deaf children do not develop intact, high-level, auditory functions. But how is auditory cortex organization affected by congenital, prelingual, and long standing deafness? Does the large-scale topographical organization of the auditory cortex develop in people deaf from birth? And is it retained despite cross-modal plasticity? We identified, using fMRI, topographic tonotopy-based functional connectivity (FC) structure in humans in the core auditory cortex, its extending tonotopic gradients in the belt and even beyond that. These regions show similar FC structure in the congenitally deaf throughout the auditory cortex, including in the language areas. The topographic FC pattern can be identified reliably in the vast majority of the deaf, at the single subject level, despite the absence of hearing-aid use and poor oral language skills. These findings suggest that large-scale tonotopic-based FC does not require sensory experience to develop, and is retained despite life-long auditory deprivation and cross-modal plasticity. Furthermore, as the topographic FC is retained to varying degrees among the deaf subjects, it may serve to predict the potential for auditory rehabilitation using cochlear implants in individual subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Striem-Amit
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-802, Portugal.,Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-802, Portugal
| | - Mario Belledonne
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Quanjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zaizhu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Alfonso Caramazza
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, 38068, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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58
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Crossmodal plasticity in auditory, visual and multisensory cortical areas following noise-induced hearing loss in adulthood. Hear Res 2016; 343:92-107. [PMID: 27387138 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complete or partial hearing loss results in an increased responsiveness of neurons in the core auditory cortex of numerous species to visual and/or tactile stimuli (i.e., crossmodal plasticity). At present, however, it remains uncertain how adult-onset partial hearing loss affects higher-order cortical areas that normally integrate audiovisual information. To that end, extracellular electrophysiological recordings were performed under anesthesia in noise-exposed rats two weeks post-exposure (0.8-20 kHz at 120 dB SPL for 2 h) and age-matched controls to characterize the nature and extent of crossmodal plasticity in the dorsal auditory cortex (AuD), an area outside of the auditory core, as well as in the neighboring lateral extrastriate visual cortex (V2L), an area known to contribute to audiovisual processing. Computer-generated auditory (noise burst), visual (light flash) and combined audiovisual stimuli were delivered, and the associated spiking activity was used to determine the response profile of each neuron sampled (i.e., unisensory, subthreshold multisensory or bimodal). In both the AuD cortex and the multisensory zone of the V2L cortex, the maximum firing rates were unchanged following noise exposure, and there was a relative increase in the proportion of neurons responsive to visual stimuli, with a concomitant decrease in the number of neurons that were solely responsive to auditory stimuli despite adjusting the sound intensity to account for each rat's hearing threshold. These neighboring cortical areas differed, however, in how noise-induced hearing loss affected audiovisual processing; the total proportion of multisensory neurons significantly decreased in the V2L cortex (control 38.8 ± 3.3% vs. noise-exposed 27.1 ± 3.4%), and dramatically increased in the AuD cortex (control 23.9 ± 3.3% vs. noise-exposed 49.8 ± 6.1%). Thus, following noise exposure, the cortical area showing the greatest relative degree of multisensory convergence transitioned ventrally, away from the audiovisual area, V2L, toward the predominantly auditory area, AuD. Overall, the collective findings of the present study support the suggestion that crossmodal plasticity induced by adult-onset hearing impairment manifests in higher-order cortical areas as a transition in the functional border of the audiovisual cortex.
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59
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Shiell MM, Zatorre RJ. White matter structure in the right planum temporale region correlates with visual motion detection thresholds in deaf people. Hear Res 2016; 343:64-71. [PMID: 27321204 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The right planum temporale region is typically involved in higher-order auditory processing. After deafness, this area reorganizes to become sensitive to visual motion. This plasticity is thought to support compensatory enhancements to visual ability. In earlier work we showed that enhanced visual motion detection abilities in early-deaf people correlate with cortical thickness in a subregion of the right planum temporale. In the current study, we build on this earlier result by examining the relationship between enhanced visual motion detection ability and white matter structure in this area in the same sample. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and extracted the measures of white matter structure from a region-of-interest just below the grey matter surface where cortical thickness correlates with visual motion detection ability. We also tested control regions-of-interest in the auditory and visual cortices where we did not expect to find a relationship between visual motion detection ability and white matter. We found that in the right planum temporale subregion, and in no other tested regions, fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity correlated with visual motion detection thresholds. We interpret this change as further evidence of a structural correlate of cross-modal reorganization after deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Shiell
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Canada; BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Montreal, H2V 4P3, Canada; CRBLM Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montreal, H3G 2A8, Canada.
| | - Robert J Zatorre
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Canada; BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Montreal, H2V 4P3, Canada; CRBLM Centre for Research on Brain, Language, and Music, Montreal, H3G 2A8, Canada.
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60
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Abstract
From the therapeutic perspective, the etiology and pathophysiology of hearing loss can be classified based on the extent of the primary cause. Hearing loss can have very different consequences for cell preservation in the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion. These not only have implications for prosthetic therapy outcome, but may also influence the potential for future causal molecular therapies. Etiologies leading to deficits that are limited to one or a few molecules without having an effect on cell survival have the greatest potential for future causal therapy using molecular and cellular approaches. Preliminary success for molecular therapy was recently reported in animal experiments. Unfortunately, the incidence of these types of hearing loss is very low and in the future the therapy of hearing loss will therefore also require several different approaches. In addition to peripheral pathophysiology, hearing loss has consequences on the functioning of the brain, which can vary greatly due to individual adaptation to the situation without hearing. The authors therefore argue for individualization of the diagnostics and therapy that focus not only the symptom of hearing loss, but also the individual pathophysiology and consequences. Only with individualized therapy can the success of treating hearing disorders be significantly improved.
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61
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Butler BE, Chabot N, Kral A, Lomber SG. Origins of thalamic and cortical projections to the posterior auditory field in congenitally deaf cats. Hear Res 2016; 343:118-127. [PMID: 27306930 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Crossmodal plasticity takes place following sensory loss, such that areas that normally process the missing modality are reorganized to provide compensatory function in the remaining sensory systems. For example, congenitally deaf cats outperform normal hearing animals on localization of visual stimuli presented in the periphery, and this advantage has been shown to be mediated by the posterior auditory field (PAF). In order to determine the nature of the anatomical differences that underlie this phenomenon, we injected a retrograde tracer into PAF of congenitally deaf animals and quantified the thalamic and cortical projections to this field. The pattern of projections from areas throughout the brain was determined to be qualitatively similar to that previously demonstrated in normal hearing animals, but with twice as many projections arising from non-auditory cortical areas. In addition, small ectopic projections were observed from a number of fields in visual cortex, including areas 19, 20a, 20b, and 21b, and area 7 of parietal cortex. These areas did not show projections to PAF in cats deafened ototoxically near the onset of hearing, and provide a possible mechanism for crossmodal reorganization of PAF. These, along with the possible contributions of other mechanisms, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake E Butler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
| | - Nicole Chabot
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrej Kral
- Department of Experimental Otology, Medical University Hannover, Germany; AudioNeuroTechnology, Medical University Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephen G Lomber
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Canada; National Centre for Audiology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
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62
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Meredith MA, Lomber SG. Species-dependent role of crossmodal connectivity among the primary sensory cortices. Hear Res 2016; 343:83-91. [PMID: 27292113 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When a major sense is lost, crossmodal plasticity substitutes functional processing from the remaining, intact senses. Recent studies of deafness-induced crossmodal plasticity in different subregions of auditory cortex indicate that the phenomenon is largely based on the "unmasking" of existing inputs. However, there is not yet a consensus on the sources or effects of crossmodal inputs to primary sensory cortical areas. In the present review, a rigorous re-examination of the experimental literature indicates that connections between different primary sensory cortices consistently occur in rodents, while primary-to-primary projections are absent/inconsistent in non-rodents such as cats and monkeys. These observations suggest that crossmodal plasticity that involves primary sensory areas are likely to exhibit species-specific distinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alex Meredith
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA.
| | - Stephen G Lomber
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7 Canada; Cerebral Systems Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7 Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7 Canada; National Centre for Audiology, University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7 Canada.
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63
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Kral A, Kronenberger WG, Pisoni DB, O'Donoghue GM. Neurocognitive factors in sensory restoration of early deafness: a connectome model. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:610-21. [PMID: 26976647 PMCID: PMC6260790 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress in biomedical technology (cochlear, vestibular, and retinal implants) has led to remarkable success in neurosensory restoration, particularly in the auditory system. However, outcomes vary considerably, even after accounting for comorbidity-for example, after cochlear implantation, some deaf children develop spoken language skills approaching those of their hearing peers, whereas other children fail to do so. Here, we review evidence that auditory deprivation has widespread effects on brain development, affecting the capacity to process information beyond the auditory system. After sensory loss and deafness, the brain's effective connectivity is altered within the auditory system, between sensory systems, and between the auditory system and centres serving higher order neurocognitive functions. As a result, congenital sensory loss could be thought of as a connectome disease, with interindividual variability in the brain's adaptation to sensory loss underpinning much of the observed variation in outcome of cochlear implantation. Different executive functions, sequential processing, and concept formation are at particular risk in deaf children. A battery of clinical tests can allow early identification of neurocognitive risk factors. Intervention strategies that address these impairments with a personalised approach, taking interindividual variations into account, will further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kral
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany; School of Behavioural and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - William G Kronenberger
- Department of Psychiatry, and DeVault Otologic Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David B Pisoni
- Department of Psychiatry, and DeVault Otologic Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gerard M O'Donoghue
- National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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64
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Somatic memory and gain increase as preconditions for tinnitus: Insights from congenital deafness. Hear Res 2016; 333:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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65
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Smittenaar CR, MacSweeney M, Sereno MI, Schwarzkopf DS. Does Congenital Deafness Affect the Structural and Functional Architecture of Primary Visual Cortex? Open Neuroimag J 2016; 10:1-19. [PMID: 27014392 PMCID: PMC4787313 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001610010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deafness results in greater reliance on the remaining senses. It is unknown whether the cortical architecture of the intact senses is optimized to compensate for lost input. Here we performed widefield population receptive field (pRF) mapping of primary visual cortex (V1) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in hearing and congenitally deaf participants, all of whom had learnt sign language after the age of 10 years. We found larger pRFs encoding the peripheral visual field of deaf compared to hearing participants. This was likely driven by larger facilitatory center zones of the pRF profile concentrated in the near and far periphery in the deaf group. pRF density was comparable between groups, indicating pRFs overlapped more in the deaf group. This could suggest that a coarse coding strategy underlies enhanced peripheral visual skills in deaf people. Cortical thickness was also decreased in V1 in the deaf group. These findings suggest deafness causes structural and functional plasticity at the earliest stages of visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Smittenaar
- Experimental Psychology, University College London 26 Bedford Way, WC1H 0AP, London
| | - M MacSweeney
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR, London; Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, 49 Gordon Square, WC1H 0PD, London
| | - M I Sereno
- Experimental Psychology, University College London 26 Bedford Way, WC1H 0AP, London; Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, WC1E 7HX, London
| | - D S Schwarzkopf
- Experimental Psychology, University College London 26 Bedford Way, WC1H 0AP, London; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR, London
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66
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Tillein J, Hubka P, Kral A. Monaural Congenital Deafness Affects Aural Dominance and Degrades Binaural Processing. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:1762-77. [PMID: 26803166 PMCID: PMC4785956 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development extensively depends on sensory experience. Effects of congenital monaural and binaural deafness on cortical aural dominance and representation of binaural cues were investigated in the present study. We used an animal model that precisely mimics the clinical scenario of unilateral cochlear implantation in an individual with single-sided congenital deafness. Multiunit responses in cortical field A1 to cochlear implant stimulation were studied in normal-hearing cats, bilaterally congenitally deaf cats (CDCs), and unilaterally deaf cats (uCDCs). Binaural deafness reduced cortical responsiveness and decreased response thresholds and dynamic range. In contrast to CDCs, in uCDCs, cortical responsiveness was not reduced, but hemispheric-specific reorganization of aural dominance and binaural interactions were observed. Deafness led to a substantial drop in binaural facilitation in CDCs and uCDCs, demonstrating the inevitable role of experience for a binaural benefit. Sensitivity to interaural time differences was more reduced in uCDCs than in CDCs, particularly at the hemisphere ipsilateral to the hearing ear. Compared with binaural deafness, unilateral hearing prevented nonspecific reduction in cortical responsiveness, but extensively reorganized aural dominance and binaural responses. The deaf ear remained coupled with the cortex in uCDCs, demonstrating a significant difference to deprivation amblyopia in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Tillein
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Department of Otorhinolaryngology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany MED-EL GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Hubka
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrej Kral
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Meredith MA, Clemo HR, Corley SB, Chabot N, Lomber SG. Cortical and thalamic connectivity of the auditory anterior ectosylvian cortex of early-deaf cats: Implications for neural mechanisms of crossmodal plasticity. Hear Res 2015; 333:25-36. [PMID: 26724756 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early hearing loss leads to crossmodal plasticity in regions of the cerebrum that are dominated by acoustical processing in hearing subjects. Until recently, little has been known of the connectional basis of this phenomenon. One region whose crossmodal properties are well-established is the auditory field of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (FAES) in the cat, where neurons are normally responsive to acoustic stimulation and its deactivation leads to the behavioral loss of accurate orienting toward auditory stimuli. However, in early-deaf cats, visual responsiveness predominates in the FAES and its deactivation blocks accurate orienting behavior toward visual stimuli. For such crossmodal reorganization to occur, it has been presumed that novel inputs or increased projections from non-auditory cortical areas must be generated, or that existing non-auditory connections were 'unmasked.' These possibilities were tested using tracer injections into the FAES of adult cats deafened early in life (and hearing controls), followed by light microscopy to localize retrogradely labeled neurons. Surprisingly, the distribution of cortical and thalamic afferents to the FAES was very similar among early-deaf and hearing animals. No new visual projection sources were identified and visual cortical connections to the FAES were comparable in projection proportions. These results support an alternate theory for the connectional basis for cross-modal plasticity that involves enhanced local branching of existing projection terminals that originate in non-auditory as well as auditory cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alex Meredith
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - H Ruth Clemo
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sarah B Corley
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole Chabot
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory, The Brain and Mind Institute, Natural Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Stephen G Lomber
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory, The Brain and Mind Institute, Natural Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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68
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Meredith MA, Allman BL. Single-unit analysis of somatosensory processing in the core auditory cortex of hearing ferrets. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:686-98. [PMID: 25728185 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent findings in several species that the primary auditory cortex processes non-auditory information have largely overlooked the possibility of somatosensory effects. Therefore, the present investigation examined the core auditory cortices (anterior auditory field and primary auditory cortex) for tactile responsivity. Multiple single-unit recordings from anesthetised ferret cortex yielded histologically verified neurons (n = 311) tested with electronically controlled auditory, visual and tactile stimuli, and their combinations. Of the auditory neurons tested, a small proportion (17%) was influenced by visual cues, but a somewhat larger number (23%) was affected by tactile stimulation. Tactile effects rarely occurred alone and spiking responses were observed in bimodal auditory-tactile neurons. However, the broadest tactile effect that was observed, which occurred in all neuron types, was that of suppression of the response to a concurrent auditory cue. The presence of tactile effects in the core auditory cortices was supported by a substantial anatomical projection from the rostral suprasylvian sulcal somatosensory area. Collectively, these results demonstrate that crossmodal effects in the auditory cortex are not exclusively visual and that somatosensation plays a significant role in modulation of acoustic processing, and indicate that crossmodal plasticity following deafness may unmask these existing non-auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alex Meredith
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Sanger Hall Rm-12-067, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
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69
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Almeida J, He D, Chen Q, Mahon BZ, Zhang F, Gonçalves ÓF, Fang F, Bi Y. Decoding Visual Location From Neural Patterns in the Auditory Cortex of the Congenitally Deaf. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:1771-82. [PMID: 26423461 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615598970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory cortices of individuals who are congenitally deprived of a sense can exhibit considerable plasticity and be recruited to process information from the senses that remain intact. Here, we explored whether the auditory cortex of congenitally deaf individuals represents visual field location of a stimulus-a dimension that is represented in early visual areas. We used functional MRI to measure neural activity in auditory and visual cortices of congenitally deaf and hearing humans while they observed stimuli typically used for mapping visual field preferences in visual cortex. We found that the location of a visual stimulus can be successfully decoded from the patterns of neural activity in auditory cortex of congenitally deaf but not hearing individuals. This is particularly true for locations within the horizontal plane and within peripheral vision. These data show that the representations stored within neuroplastically changed auditory cortex can align with dimensions that are typically represented in visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Almeida
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra
| | - Dongjun He
- Department of Psychology, Peking University Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University
| | - Quanjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester
| | - Bradford Z Mahon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester
| | - Fan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra Proaction Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra
| | - Óscar F Gonçalves
- School of Psychology, University of Minho Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, Research Center in Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking University Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University
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70
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Ding H, Qin W, Liang M, Ming D, Wan B, Li Q, Yu C. Cross-modal activation of auditory regions during visuo-spatial working memory in early deafness. Brain 2015; 138:2750-65. [PMID: 26070981 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early deafness can reshape deprived auditory regions to enable the processing of signals from the remaining intact sensory modalities. Cross-modal activation has been observed in auditory regions during non-auditory tasks in early deaf subjects. In hearing subjects, visual working memory can evoke activation of the visual cortex, which further contributes to behavioural performance. In early deaf subjects, however, whether and how auditory regions participate in visual working memory remains unclear. We hypothesized that auditory regions may be involved in visual working memory processing and activation of auditory regions may contribute to the superior behavioural performance of early deaf subjects. In this study, 41 early deaf subjects (22 females and 19 males, age range: 20-26 years, age of onset of deafness < 2 years) and 40 age- and gender-matched hearing controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a visuo-spatial delayed recognition task that consisted of encoding, maintenance and recognition stages. The early deaf subjects exhibited faster reaction times on the spatial working memory task than did the hearing controls. Compared with hearing controls, deaf subjects exhibited increased activation in the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally during the recognition stage. This increased activation amplitude predicted faster and more accurate working memory performance in deaf subjects. Deaf subjects also had increased activation in the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally during the maintenance stage and in the right superior temporal gyrus during the encoding stage. These increased activation amplitude also predicted faster reaction times on the spatial working memory task in deaf subjects. These findings suggest that cross-modal plasticity occurs in auditory association areas in early deaf subjects. These areas are involved in visuo-spatial working memory. Furthermore, amplitudes of cross-modal activation during the maintenance stage were positively correlated with the age of onset of hearing aid use and were negatively correlated with the percentage of lifetime hearing aid use in deaf subjects. These findings suggest that earlier and longer hearing aid use may inhibit cross-modal reorganization in early deaf subjects. Granger causality analysis revealed that, compared to the hearing controls, the deaf subjects had an enhanced net causal flow from the frontal eye field to the superior temporal gyrus. These findings indicate that a top-down mechanism may better account for the cross-modal activation of auditory regions in early deaf subjects.See MacSweeney and Cardin (doi:10/1093/awv197) for a scientific commentary on this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Qin
- 2 Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- 3 School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Ming
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Baikun Wan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- 4 Technical College for the Deaf, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- 2 Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
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71
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Kral A, Hubka P, Tillein J. Strengthening of hearing ear representation reduces binaural sensitivity in early single-sided deafness. Audiol Neurootol 2015; 20 Suppl 1:7-12. [PMID: 25998842 DOI: 10.1159/000380742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-sided deafness initiates extensive adaptations in the central auditory system, with the consequence that a stronger and a weaker ear representation develops in the auditory brain. Animal studies demonstrated that the effects are substantially stronger if the condition starts early in development. Sequential binaural cochlear implantations with longer interimplant delays demonstrate that the speech comprehension at the weaker ear is substantially compromised. A pronounced loss of the ability to extract and represent binaural localisation cues accompanies this condition, as shown in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kral
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, School of Medicine, Hannover Medical University, Hannover, Germany
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72
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Chen YC, Li X, Liu L, Wang J, Lu CQ, Yang M, Jiao Y, Zang FC, Radziwon K, Chen GD, Sun W, Krishnan Muthaiah VP, Salvi R, Teng GJ. Tinnitus and hyperacusis involve hyperactivity and enhanced connectivity in auditory-limbic-arousal-cerebellar network. eLife 2015; 4:e06576. [PMID: 25962854 PMCID: PMC4426664 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss often triggers an inescapable buzz (tinnitus) and causes everyday sounds to become intolerably loud (hyperacusis), but exactly where and how this occurs in the brain is unknown. To identify the neural substrate for these debilitating disorders, we induced both tinnitus and hyperacusis with an ototoxic drug (salicylate) and used behavioral, electrophysiological, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to identify the tinnitus-hyperacusis network. Salicylate depressed the neural output of the cochlea, but vigorously amplified sound-evoked neural responses in the amygdala, medial geniculate, and auditory cortex. Resting-state fMRI revealed hyperactivity in an auditory network composed of inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, and auditory cortex with side branches to cerebellum, amygdala, and reticular formation. Functional connectivity revealed enhanced coupling within the auditory network and segments of the auditory network and cerebellum, reticular formation, amygdala, and hippocampus. A testable model accounting for distress, arousal, and gating of tinnitus and hyperacusis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Physiology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Physiology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Qiang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Chao Zang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kelly Radziwon
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Guang-Di Chen
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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73
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Chabot N, Butler BE, Lomber SG. Differential modification of cortical and thalamic projections to cat primary auditory cortex following early- and late-onset deafness. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2297-320. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Chabot
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C2
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Blake E. Butler
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C2
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Stephen G. Lomber
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C2
- Department of Psychology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C2
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
- National Centre for Audiology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 1H1
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74
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75
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Kok MA, Stolzberg D, Brown TA, Lomber SG. Dissociable influences of primary auditory cortex and the posterior auditory field on neuronal responses in the dorsal zone of auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:475-86. [PMID: 25339709 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00682.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current models of hierarchical processing in auditory cortex have been based principally on anatomical connectivity while functional interactions between individual regions have remained largely unexplored. Previous cortical deactivation studies in the cat have addressed functional reciprocal connectivity between primary auditory cortex (A1) and other hierarchically lower level fields. The present study sought to assess the functional contribution of inputs along multiple stages of the current hierarchical model to a higher order area, the dorsal zone (DZ) of auditory cortex, in the anaesthetized cat. Cryoloops were placed over A1 and posterior auditory field (PAF). Multiunit neuronal responses to noise burst and tonal stimuli were recorded in DZ during cortical deactivation of each field individually and in concert. Deactivation of A1 suppressed peak neuronal responses in DZ regardless of stimulus and resulted in increased minimum thresholds and reduced absolute bandwidths for tone frequency receptive fields in DZ. PAF deactivation had less robust effects on DZ firing rates and receptive fields compared with A1 deactivation, and combined A1/PAF cooling was largely driven by the effects of A1 deactivation at the population level. These results provide physiological support for the current anatomically based model of both serial and parallel processing schemes in auditory cortical hierarchical organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Kok
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Cerebral Systems Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Daniel Stolzberg
- Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Cerebral Systems Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and
| | - Trecia A Brown
- Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Cerebral Systems Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and
| | - Stephen G Lomber
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Cerebral Systems Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; and National Centre for Audiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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76
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Hubka P, Konerding W, Kral A. Auditory feedback modulates development of kitten vocalizations. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 361:279-94. [PMID: 25519045 PMCID: PMC4487352 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of hearing loss on vocal behavior are species-specific. To study the impact of auditory feedback on feline vocal behavior, vocalizations of normal-hearing, hearing-impaired (white) and congenitally deaf (white) cats were analyzed at around weaning age. Eleven animals were placed in a soundproof booth for 30 min at different ages, from the first to the beginning of the fourth postnatal month, every 2 weeks of life. In total, 13,874 vocalizations were analyzed using an automated procedure. Firstly, vocalizations were detected and segmented, with voiced and unvoiced vocalizations being differentiated. The voiced isolation calls (‘meow’) were further analyzed. These vocalizations showed developmental changes affecting several parameters in hearing controls, whereas the developmental sequence was delayed in congenitally deaf cats. In hearing-impaired and deaf animals, we observed differences both in vocal behavior (loudness and duration) and in the calls’ acoustic structure (fundamental frequency and higher harmonics). The fundamental frequency decreased with age in all groups, most likely due to maturation of the vocal apparatus. In deaf cats, however, other aspects of the acoustic structure of the vocalizations did not fully mature. The harmonic ratio (i.e., frequency of first harmonic divided by fundamental frequency) was higher and more variable in deaf cats than in the other study groups. Auditory feedback thus affects the acoustic structure of vocalizations and their ontogenetic development. The study suggests that both the vocal apparatus and its neuronal motor control are subject to maturational processes, whereas the latter is additionally dependent on auditory feedback in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hubka
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Cluster of Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30175 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Konerding
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Cluster of Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30175 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrej Kral
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Cluster of Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 35, 30175 Hannover, Germany
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX USA
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77
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Compensatory plasticity in the deaf brain: effects on perception of music. Brain Sci 2014; 4:560-74. [PMID: 25354235 PMCID: PMC4279142 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When one sense is unavailable, sensory responsibilities shift and processing of the remaining modalities becomes enhanced to compensate for missing information. This shift, referred to as compensatory plasticity, results in a unique sensory experience for individuals who are deaf, including the manner in which music is perceived. This paper evaluates the neural, behavioural and cognitive evidence for compensatory plasticity following auditory deprivation and considers how this manifests in a unique experience of music that emphasizes visual and vibrotactile modalities.
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78
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Campbell R, MacSweeney M, Woll B. Cochlear implantation (CI) for prelingual deafness: the relevance of studies of brain organization and the role of first language acquisition in considering outcome success. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:834. [PMID: 25368567 PMCID: PMC4201085 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implantation (CI) for profound congenital hearing impairment, while often successful in restoring hearing to the deaf child, does not always result in effective speech processing. Exposure to non-auditory signals during the pre-implantation period is widely held to be responsible for such failures. Here, we question the inference that such exposure irreparably distorts the function of auditory cortex, negatively impacting the efficacy of CI. Animal studies suggest that in congenital early deafness there is a disconnection between (disordered) activation in primary auditory cortex (A1) and activation in secondary auditory cortex (A2). In humans, one factor contributing to this functional decoupling is assumed to be abnormal activation of A1 by visual projections-including exposure to sign language. In this paper we show that that this abnormal activation of A1 does not routinely occur, while A2 functions effectively supramodally and multimodally to deliver spoken language irrespective of hearing status. What, then, is responsible for poor outcomes for some individuals with CI and for apparent abnormalities in cortical organization in these people? Since infancy is a critical period for the acquisition of language, deaf children born to hearing parents are at risk of developing inefficient neural structures to support skilled language processing. A sign language, acquired by a deaf child as a first language in a signing environment, is cortically organized like a heard spoken language in terms of specialization of the dominant perisylvian system. However, very few deaf children are exposed to sign language in early infancy. Moreover, no studies to date have examined sign language proficiency in relation to cortical organization in individuals with CI. Given the paucity of such relevant findings, we suggest that the best guarantee of good language outcome after CI is the establishment of a secure first language pre-implant-however that may be achieved, and whatever the success of auditory restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Campbell
- Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Mairéad MacSweeney
- Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Bencie Woll
- Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College LondonLondon, UK
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79
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Clemo HR, Lomber SG, Meredith MA. Synaptic Basis for Cross-modal Plasticity: Enhanced Supragranular Dendritic Spine Density in Anterior Ectosylvian Auditory Cortex of the Early Deaf Cat. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:1365-76. [PMID: 25274986 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the cat, the auditory field of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (FAES) is sensitive to auditory cues and its deactivation leads to orienting deficits toward acoustic, but not visual, stimuli. However, in early deaf cats, FAES activity shifts to the visual modality and its deactivation blocks orienting toward visual stimuli. Thus, as in other auditory cortices, hearing loss leads to cross-modal plasticity in the FAES. However, the synaptic basis for cross-modal plasticity is unknown. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of early deafness on the density, distribution, and size of dendritic spines in the FAES. Young cats were ototoxically deafened and raised until adulthood when they (and hearing controls) were euthanized, the cortex stained using Golgi-Cox, and FAES neurons examined using light microscopy. FAES dendritic spine density averaged 0.85 spines/μm in hearing animals, but was significantly higher (0.95 spines/μm) in the early deaf. Size distributions and increased spine density were evident specifically on apical dendrites of supragranular neurons. In separate tracer experiments, cross-modal cortical projections were shown to terminate predominantly within the supragranular layers of the FAES. This distributional correspondence between projection terminals and dendritic spine changes indicates that cross-modal plasticity is synaptically based within the supragranular layers of the early deaf FAES.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ruth Clemo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
| | - Stephen G Lomber
- Brain and Mind Institute, National Centre for Audiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - M Alex Meredith
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA
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80
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Hribar M, Suput D, Carvalho AA, Battelino S, Vovk A. Structural alterations of brain grey and white matter in early deaf adults. Hear Res 2014; 318:1-10. [PMID: 25262621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional and structural brain alterations in the absence of the auditory input have been described, but the observed structural brain changes in the deaf are not uniform. Some of the previous researchers focused only on the auditory areas, while others investigated the whole brain or other selected regions of interest. Majority of studies revealed decreased white matter (WM) volume or altered WM microstructure and preserved grey matter (GM) structure of the auditory areas in the deaf. However, preserved WM and increased or decreased GM volume of the auditory areas in the deaf have also been reported. Several structural alterations in the deaf were found also outside the auditory areas, but these regions differ between the studies. The observed differences between the studies could be due to the use of different single-analysis techniques, or the diverse population sample and its size, or possibly due to the usage of hearing aids by some participating deaf subjects. To overcome the aforementioned limitations four different image-processing techniques were used to investigate changes in the brain morphology of prelingually deaf adults who have never used hearing aids. GM and WM volume of the Heschl's gyrus (HG) were measured using manual volumetry, while whole brain GM volume, thickness and surface area were assessed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based analysis. The microstructural properties of the WM were evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The data were compared between 14 congenitally deaf adults and 14 sex- and age-matched normal hearing controls. Manual volumetry revealed preserved GM volume of the bilateral HG and significantly decreased WM volume of the left HG in the deaf. VBM showed increased cerebellar GM volume in the deaf, while no statistically significant differences were observed in the GM thickness or surface area between the groups. The results of the DTI analysis showed WM microstructural alterations between the groups in the bilateral auditory areas, including the superior temporal gyrus, the HG, the planum temporale and the planum polare, which were more extensive in the right hemisphere. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was significantly reduced in the right and axial diffusivity (AD) in the left auditory areas in the deaf. FA and AD were significantly reduced also in several other brain areas outside the auditory cortex in the deaf. The use of four different methods used in our study, although showing changes that are not directly related, provides additional information and supports the conclusion that in prelingually deaf subjects structural alterations are present both in the auditory areas and elsewhere. Our results support the findings of those studies showing that early deafness results in decreased WM volume and microstructural WM alterations in the auditory areas. As we observed WM microstructural alteration also in several other areas and increased GM volume in the cerebellum in the deaf, we can conclude that early deafness results in widespread structural brain changes. These probably reflect atrophy or degradation as well as compensatory cross-modal reorganisation in the absence of the auditory input and the use of the sign language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Hribar
- Center for Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Suput
- Center for Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Saba Battelino
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Vovk
- Center for Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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81
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Marcette JD, Chen JJ, Nonet ML. The Caenorhabditis elegans microtubule minus-end binding homolog PTRN-1 stabilizes synapses and neurites. eLife 2014; 3:e01637. [PMID: 24569480 PMCID: PMC3930908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics facilitate neurite growth and establish morphology, but the role of minus-end binding proteins in these processes is largely unexplored. CAMSAP homologs associate with microtubule minus-ends, and are important for the stability of epithelial cell adhesions. In this study, we report morphological defects in neurons and neuromuscular defects in mutants of the C. elegans CAMSAP, ptrn-1. Mechanosensory neurons initially extend wild-type neurites, and subsequently remodel by overextending neurites and retracting synaptic branches and presynaptic varicosities. This neuronal remodeling can be activated by mutations known to alter microtubules, and depends on a functioning DLK-1 MAP kinase pathway. We found that PTRN-1 localizes to both neurites and synapses, and our results suggest that alterations of microtubule structures caused by loss of PTRN-1 function activates a remodeling program leading to changes in neurite morphology. We propose a model whereby minus-end microtubule stabilization mediated by a functional PTRN-1 is necessary for morphological maintenance of neurons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01637.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dorfman Marcette
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jessica Jie Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Michael L Nonet
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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82
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Kok MA, Chabot N, Lomber SG. Cross-modal reorganization of cortical afferents to dorsal auditory cortex following early- and late-onset deafness. J Comp Neurol 2013; 522:654-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Kok
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Nicole Chabot
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Stephen G. Lomber
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Cerebral Systems Laboratory; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5C1 Canada
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83
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Strelnikov K, Rouger J, Demonet JF, Lagleyre S, Fraysse B, Deguine O, Barone P. Visual activity predicts auditory recovery from deafness after adult cochlear implantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3682-95. [PMID: 24136826 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Modern cochlear implantation technologies allow deaf patients to understand auditory speech; however, the implants deliver only a coarse auditory input and patients must use long-term adaptive processes to achieve coherent percepts. In adults with post-lingual deafness, the high progress of speech recovery is observed during the first year after cochlear implantation, but there is a large range of variability in the level of cochlear implant outcomes and the temporal evolution of recovery. It has been proposed that when profoundly deaf subjects receive a cochlear implant, the visual cross-modal reorganization of the brain is deleterious for auditory speech recovery. We tested this hypothesis in post-lingually deaf adults by analysing whether brain activity shortly after implantation correlated with the level of auditory recovery 6 months later. Based on brain activity induced by a speech-processing task, we found strong positive correlations in areas outside the auditory cortex. The highest positive correlations were found in the occipital cortex involved in visual processing, as well as in the posterior-temporal cortex known for audio-visual integration. The other area, which positively correlated with auditory speech recovery, was localized in the left inferior frontal area known for speech processing. Our results demonstrate that the visual modality's functional level is related to the proficiency level of auditory recovery. Based on the positive correlation of visual activity with auditory speech recovery, we suggest that visual modality may facilitate the perception of the word's auditory counterpart in communicative situations. The link demonstrated between visual activity and auditory speech perception indicates that visuoauditory synergy is crucial for cross-modal plasticity and fostering speech-comprehension recovery in adult cochlear-implanted deaf patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuzma Strelnikov
- 1 Université de Toulouse, Cerveau and Cognition, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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84
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Kral A. Auditory critical periods: A review from system’s perspective. Neuroscience 2013; 247:117-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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