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Hur YG, Kang YA, Jang SH, Hong JY, Kim A, Lee SA, Kim Y, Cho SN. Adjunctive biomarkers for improving diagnosis of tuberculosis and monitoring therapeutic effects. J Infect 2015; 70:346-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wergeland I, Pullar N, Assmus J, Ueland T, Tonby K, Feruglio S, Kvale D, Damås JK, Aukrust P, Mollnes TE, Dyrhol-Riise AM. IP-10 differentiates between active and latent tuberculosis irrespective of HIV status and declines during therapy. J Infect 2015; 70:381-91. [PMID: 25597826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy efficacy in tuberculosis (TB) are requested. We have studied biomarkers that may differentiate between active and latent TB infection (LTBI), the influence of HIV infection and changes during anti-TB chemotherapy. METHODS Thirty-eight plasma cytokines, assessed by multiplex and enzyme immunoassays, were analyzed in patients with active TB before and during 24 weeks of anti-TB chemotherapy (n = 65), from individuals with LTBI (n = 34) and from QuantiFERON-TB (QFT) negative controls (n = 65). The study participants were grouped according to HIV status. RESULTS Plasma levels of the CXC chemokine IP-10 and soluble TNF receptor type 2 (sTNFr2) significantly differentiated active TB from the LTBI group, irrespective of HIV status. In the HIV-infected group the sensitivity and specificity was 100% for IP-10 with a cut-off of 2547 pg/mL. Plasma IP-10 declined gradually during anti-TB chemotherapy (12-24 weeks, p = 0.002) to a level comparable to LTBI and QFT negative control groups. sTNFr2 fluctuated throughout therapy, but was decreased after 12-24 weeks (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS IP-10 distinguished with high accuracy active TB from LTBI irrespective of HIV infection and declined during anti-TB chemotherapy. Plasma IP-10 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker to differentiate between the stages of TB infection and for monitoring therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wergeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - N Pullar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Northern Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J Assmus
- Center for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - T Ueland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - K Tonby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Feruglio
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - D Kvale
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - J K Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - P Aukrust
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Mollnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, and Faculty of Health Sciences, K.G. Jebsen TREC, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - A M Dyrhol-Riise
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine and K.G. Jebsen IRC, University of Oslo, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
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Walzl G, Haks MC, Joosten SA, Kleynhans L, Ronacher K, Ottenhoff THM. Clinical immunology and multiplex biomarkers of human tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a018515. [PMID: 25475107 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of tuberculosis (TB) biomarkers is an important goal in current TB research, because the availability of such markers would have significant impact on TB prevention and treatment. Correlates of protection would greatly facilitate vaccine development and evaluation, whereas correlates of TB disease risk would facilitate early diagnosis and help installing early or preventive treatment. Currently, no such markers are available. This review describes several strategies that are currently being pursued to identify TB biomarkers and places these in a clinical context. The approaches discussed include both targeted and untargeted hypothesis-free strategies. Among the first are the measurements of specific biomarkers in antigen-stimulated peripheral blood, in serum or plasma, and detailed immune cell phenotyping. Among the latter are proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic (mRNA, miRNA) approaches. Recent and promising developments are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Holm LL, Rose MV, Kimaro G, Bygbjerg IC, Mfinanga SG, Ravn P, Ruhwald M. A comparison of interferon-γ and IP-10 for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e1568-75. [PMID: 25422019 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon-γ and IP-10 release assays are diagnostic tests for tuberculosis infection. We have compared the accuracy of IP-10 and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube [QFT-IT] in Tanzanian children suspected of having active tuberculosis (TB). METHODS Hospitalized Tanzanian children with symptoms of TB were tested with the QFT-IT and IP-10 tests and retrospectively classified into diagnostic groups. Adults with confirmed TB were assessed in parallel. RESULTS A total of 203 children were included. The median age was 3.0 years (interquartile range: 1.2-7.0), 38% were HIV infected, 36% were aged <2 years, and 58% had a low weight-for-age. IP-10 and QFT-IT test performance was comparable but sensitivity was low: 33% (1 of 3) in children with confirmed TB and 29% (8 of 28) in children with probable TB. Rates of indeterminate responders were high: 29% (59 of 203) for IP-10 and 26% (53 of 203) for QFT-IT. Age <2 years was associated with indeterminate test outcome for both IP-10 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.2; P = .02) and QFT-IT (aOR: 2.4; P = .01). TB exposure was associated with positive IP-10 test outcome (aOR: 3.6; P = .01) but not with positive QFT-IT outcome (aOR 1.4; P = .52). In 102 adults, test sensitivity was 80% for both tests (P = .248). CONCLUSIONS Although IP-10 and QFT-IT performed well in Tanzanian adults, the tests exhibited an equally poor performance in diagnosing active TB in children. Test performance was especially compromised in young children. Neither test can be recommended for use in hospitalized children in high-burden settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michala Vaaben Rose
- Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Godfather Kimaro
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ib C Bygbjerg
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sayoki G Mfinanga
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Clinical Research Centre, and Department for Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjaelland Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark; and
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Host cytokine responses induced after overnight stimulation with novel M. tuberculosis infection phase-dependent antigens show promise as diagnostic candidates for TB disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102584. [PMID: 25025278 PMCID: PMC4099213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) antigen-induced host markers that showed promise as TB diagnostic candidates in 7-day whole blood culture supernatants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the utility of these markers further, and cross-compare results with short-term antigen stimulated and unstimulated culture supernatants. METHODS We recruited 15 culture confirmed TB cases and 15 non-TB cases from a high-TB endemic community in Cape Town, South Africa into a pilot case-control study from an on-going larger study. Blood samples collected from study participants were stimulated with 4 M.tb antigens that were previously identified as promising (ESAT6/CFP10 (early secreted), Rv2029c (latency), Rv2032 (latency) and Rv2389c (rpf)) in a 7-day or overnight culture assay. Supernatants were also collected form the standard QuantiFERON In Tube (QFT-IT) test. The levels of 26 host markers were evaluated in the three culture supernatants using the Luminex platform. RESULTS The unstimulated levels of CRP, Serum amyloid P (SAP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) and ESAT-6/CFP-10 specific IP-10 and SAA were amongst the best discriminatory markers in all 3 assays, ascertaining TB with AUC of 72-84%. Four-marker models accurately classified up to 92%, 100% and 100% of study participants in the overnight, 7-day and Quantiferon culture supernatants, respectively, after leave-one-out cross validation. CONCLUSION Unstimulated and antigen-specific levels of CRP, SAA, IP-10, MMP-2 and sCD40L hold promise as diagnostic candidates for TB disease in short-term stimulation assays. Larger studies are required to validate these findings but the data suggest that antigen-specific cytokine production and in particular mutimarker biosignatures might contribute to future diagnostic strategies.
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Discordance of tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay in recently exposed household contacts of pulmonary TB cases in Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96564. [PMID: 24819060 PMCID: PMC4018294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) such as the Quantiferon Gold In-tube test are in vitro assays that measure IFN-γ release from T cells in response to M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific antigens. Unlike the tuberculin skin test (TST), IGRA is specific and able to distinguish Mtb-infection from BCG vaccination. In this study we evaluated the concordance between TST and IGRA and the efficacy of IGRA in diagnosing new Mtb infection in household contacts (HHC) of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases. A total of 357 HHC of TB cases in Vitória, Brazil were studied. A TST was performed within 2 weeks following enrollment of the HHC and if negative a second TST was performed at 8-12 weeks. HHC were categorized as initially TST positive (TST+), persistently TST negative (TST-), or TST converters (TSTc), the latter representative of new infection. IGRA was performed at 8–12 weeks following enrollment and the test results were positive in 82% of TST+, 48% of TSTc, and 12% of TST-, indicating poor concordance between the two test results among HHC in each category. Evaluating CXCL10 levels in a subset of IGRA supernatants or lowering the IGRA cutoff value to define a positive test increased agreement between TST and IGRA test results. However, ROC curves demonstrated that this resulted in a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity of IGRA with respect to TST. Together, the findings suggest that until the basis for the discordance between TST and IGRA is fully understood, it may be necessary to utilize both tests to diagnose new Mtb infection in recently exposed HHC. Operationally, in IGRA negative HHC, it may be useful to employ a lower cutoff value for IGRA to allow closer monitoring for potential conversion.
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Differential expression of host biomarkers in saliva and serum samples from individuals with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:981984. [PMID: 24327799 PMCID: PMC3845251 DOI: 10.1155/2013/981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of tuberculosis remains challenging in individuals with difficulty in providing good quality sputum samples such as children. Host biosignatures of inflammatory markers may be valuable in such cases, especially if they are based on more easily obtainable samples such as saliva. To explore the potential of saliva as an alternative sample in tuberculosis diagnostic/biomarker investigations, we evaluated the levels of 33 host markers in saliva samples from individuals presenting with pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms and compared them to those obtained in serum. Of the 38 individuals included in the study, tuberculosis disease was confirmed in 11 (28.9%) by sputum culture. In both the tuberculosis cases and noncases, the levels of most markers were above the minimum detectable limit in both sample types, but there was no consistent pattern regarding the ratio of markers in serum/saliva. Fractalkine, IL-17, IL-6, IL-9, MIP-1 β , CRP, VEGF, and IL-5 levels in saliva and IL-6, IL-2, SAP, and SAA levels in serum were significantly higher in tuberculosis patients (P < 0.05). These preliminary data indicate that there are significant differences in the levels of host markers expressed in saliva in comparison to those expressed in serum and that inflammatory markers in both sample types are potential diagnostic candidates for tuberculosis disease.
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