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Morales A, Cota SEM, Ibarra NO, Arce N, Htoo JK, Cervantes M. Effect of heat stress on the serum concentrations of free amino acids and some of their metabolites in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2835-42. [PMID: 27482670 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heat stress (HS) may affect the intestinal epithelia of pigs, resulting in impaired digestive and absorptive capacity. The serum concentration (SC) of free AA in pigs can be used as indicators of their availability. This study was conducted with 12 crossbred (Landrace × Hampshire × Duroc) pigs (29.0 ± 2.8 kg initial BW) distributed into 2 groups to analyze the SC of free AA and some AA metabolites in pigs exposed to HS conditions. The treatments were pigs housed under natural HS conditions in a room with no ambient temperature control (23.6 to 37.6°C, HS) and pigs housed at thermoneutral conditions (24 ± 2°C), feed restricted to a level similar to that of their HS counterparts. All pigs received a wheat-soybean meal diet. Blood samples were collected at both the absorptive (2.5 h after a meal) and postabsorptive (10.0 h after a meal) phase. At the absorptive phase, the SC of free Arg, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, and Trp were lower ( < 0.05) and the SC of His, Val, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr tended to be lower ( < 0.10) in HS pigs. At the postabsorptive phase, the SC of free Arg, His, Met, Asn, Gln, and Tyr were higher ( < 0.05) but the SC of Ala was lower ( < 0.01) and the SC of Pro tended to be lower ( < 0.10) in HS pigs. The absorptive SC of carnosine, ornithine (Orn), and Tau were lower ( < 0.05) and of citrulline (Cit), cystathionine, and urea tended to be lower ( < 0.10) in HS pigs. The postabsorptive SC of 3-methyl-His, homo-Cys, OH-Lys, and OH-Pro increased ( = 0.05) and of Cit tended to increase ( = 0.10) but that of carnosine and sarcosine ( < 0.05) decreased in HS pigs. The results of this study show a marked and differential effect of HS on the SC of AA. These data indicate that HS negatively affects the digestive and absorptive capacity of pigs and that the metabolism of some AA is modified in pigs to counteract the negative effects of the HS.
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Akbarian A, Michiels J, Degroote J, Majdeddin M, Golian A, De Smet S. Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry; mitochondrial dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:37. [PMID: 27354915 PMCID: PMC4924307 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat as a stressor of poultry has been studied extensively for many decades; it affects poultry production on a worldwide basis and has significant impact on well-being and production. More recently, the involvement of heat stress in inducing oxidative stress has received much interest. Oxidative stress is defined as the presence of reactive species in excess of the available antioxidant capacity of animal cells. Reactive species can modify several biologically cellular macromolecules and can interfere with cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, during the last decade, there has been an ever-increasing interest in the use of a wide array of natural feed-delivered phytochemicals that have potential antioxidant properties for poultry. In light of this, the current review aims to (1) summarize the mechanisms through which heat stress triggers excessive superoxide radical production in the mitochondrion and progresses into oxidative stress, (2) illustrate that this pathophysiology is dependent on the intensity and duration of heat stress, (3) present different nutritional strategies for mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular focus on antioxidant phytochemicals. Oxidative stress that occurs with heat exposure can be manifest in all parts of the body; however, mitochondrial dysfunction underlies oxidative stress. In the initial phase of acute heat stress, mitochondrial substrate oxidation and electron transport chain activity are increased resulting in excessive superoxide production. During the later stage of acute heat stress, down-regulation of avian uncoupling protein worsens the oxidative stress situation causing mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue damage. Typically, antioxidant enzyme activities are upregulated. Chronic heat stress, however, leads to downsizing of mitochondrial metabolic oxidative capacity, up-regulation of avian uncoupling protein, a clear alteration in the pattern of antioxidant enzyme activities, and depletion of antioxidant reserves. Some phytochemicals, such as various types of flavonoids and related compounds, were shown to be beneficial in chronic heat-stressed poultry, but were less or not effective in non-heat-stressed counterparts. This supports the contention that antioxidant phytochemicals have potential under challenging conditions. Though substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the association between heat stress and oxidative stress, the means by which phytochemicals can alleviate oxidative stress have been sparsely explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Akbarian
- />Department of Animal Production, Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, Melle, 9090 Belgium
- />Centre of Excellence in the Animal Science Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775–1163, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Joris Michiels
- />Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- />Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Maryam Majdeddin
- />Department of Animal Production, Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, Melle, 9090 Belgium
- />Centre of Excellence in the Animal Science Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775–1163, Mashhad, Iran
- />Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Abolghasem Golian
- />Centre of Excellence in the Animal Science Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box: 91775–1163, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- />Department of Animal Production, Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, Melle, 9090 Belgium
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Furukawa K, Kikusato M, Kamizono T, Toyomizu M. Time-course changes in muscle protein degradation in heat-stressed chickens: Possible involvement of corticosterone and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation in induction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 228:105-110. [PMID: 26883687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) induces muscle protein degradation as well as production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, to improve our understanding of how protein degradation is induced by HS treatment in birds, a time course analysis of changes in the circulating levels of glucocorticoid and N(τ)-methylhistidine, muscle proteolysis-related gene expression, and mitochondrial ROS generation, was conducted. At 25 days of age, chickens were exposed to HS conditions (33 °C) for 0, 0.5, 1 or 3 days. While no alteration in plasma N(τ)-methylhistidine concentration relative to that of the control group was observed in the 0.5 day HS group, the concentration was significantly higher in the 3-d HS treatment group. Plasma corticosterone concentrations increased in response to 0.5-d HS treatment, but subsequently returned to near-normal values. HS treatment for 0.5 days did not change the levels of μ-calpain, cathepsin B, or proteasome C2 subunit mRNA, but increased the levels of mRNA encoding atrogin-1 (P<0.05) and its transcription factor, forkhead box O3 (P=0.09). Under these hyperthermic conditions, mitochondrial superoxide production was significantly increased than that of thermoneutral control. Here, we show that HS-induced muscle protein degradation may be due to the activation of ubiquitination by atrogin-1, and that this process may involve mitochondrial ROS production as well as corticosterone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Furukawa
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Motoi Kikusato
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Kamizono
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Miyagi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Kikusato M, Sudo S, Toyomizu M. Methionine deficiency leads to hepatic fat accretion via impairment of fatty acid import by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. Br Poult Sci 2016; 56:225-31. [PMID: 25561085 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.996529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. To clarify the underlying mechanism of hepatic fat accretion due to methionine (Met) deficiency in broiler chickens, the present study investigated the effect of Met deficiency on the hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) system, which imports fatty acids into mitochondria. 2. Fifteen-d-old male meat-type chickens were fed on either a control diet (containing 0.52 g/100 g Met) or a Met-deficient diet (containing 0.27 g Met/100 g). After a 10-d feeding period, the birds were killed by decapitation and their livers excised to determine hepatic CPT1 and CPT2 mRNA levels and for the related hepatic fatty acid-supported mitochondrial respiration to be measured. 3. Met deficiency decreased body weight gain and feed efficiency and increased hepatic lipid content compared to the control group. Whereas the hepatic CPT2 mRNA level in the Met-deficient group remained unchanged compared to that of the control group, the CPT1 mRNA level was decreased in the Met-deficient group and CPT1-dependent hepatic mitochondrial respiration was impaired. 4. Our results suggest that the hepatic lipid accretion that occurs in response to Met deficiency might be attributable to the impairment of CPT1-mediated fatty acid import into mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kikusato
- a Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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King MA, Clanton TL, Laitano O. Hyperthermia, dehydration, and osmotic stress: unconventional sources of exercise-induced reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R105-14. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is observed in the circulation during exercise in humans. This is exacerbated at elevated body temperatures and attenuated when normal exercise-induced body temperature elevations are suppressed. Why ROS production during exercise is temperature dependent is entirely unknown. This review covers the human exercise studies to date that provide evidence that oxidant and antioxidant changes observed in the blood during exercise are dependent on temperature and fluid balance. We then address possible mechanisms linking exercise with these variables that include shear stress, effects of hemoconcentration, and signaling pathways involving muscle osmoregulation. Since pathways of muscle osmoregulation are rarely discussed in this context, we provide a brief review of what is currently known and unknown about muscle osmoregulation and how it may be linked to oxidant production in exercise and hyperthermia. Both the circulation and the exercising muscle fibers become concentrated with osmolytes during exercise in the heat, resulting in a competition for available water across the muscle sarcolemma and other tissues. We conclude that though multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance in the blood during exercise, a strong case can be made that a significant component of ROS produced during some forms of exercise reflect requirements of adapting to osmotic challenges, hyperthermia challenges, and loss of circulating fluid volume.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orlando Laitano
- University of Florida, Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, and
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Colegiado de Educação Física, Brazil
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Kikusato M, Nakamura K, Mikami Y, Mujahid A, Toyomizu M. The suppressive effect of dietary coenzyme Q10on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in chickens exposed to heat stress. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:1244-1251. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Kikusato
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Kasumi Nakamura
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yukiko Mikami
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Ahmad Mujahid
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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Suzuki T, Yamaguchi H, Kikusato M, Hashizume O, Nagatoishi S, Matsuo A, Sato T, Kudo T, Matsuhashi T, Murayama K, Ohba Y, Watanabe S, Kanno SI, Minaki D, Saigusa D, Shinbo H, Mori N, Yuri A, Yokoro M, Mishima E, Shima H, Akiyama Y, Takeuchi Y, Kikuchi K, Toyohara T, Suzuki C, Ichimura T, Anzai JI, Kohzuki M, Mano N, Kure S, Yanagisawa T, Tomioka Y, Toyomizu M, Tsumoto K, Nakada K, Bonventre JV, Ito S, Osaka H, Hayashi KI, Abe T. Mitochonic Acid 5 Binds Mitochondria and Ameliorates Renal Tubular and Cardiac Myocyte Damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1925-32. [PMID: 26609120 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015060623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes increased oxidative stress and depletion of ATP, which are involved in the etiology of a variety of renal diseases, such as CKD, AKI, and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Antioxidant therapies are being investigated, but clinical outcomes have yet to be determined. Recently, we reported that a newly synthesized indole derivative, mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5), increases cellular ATP level and survival of fibroblasts from patients with mitochondrial disease. MA-5 modulates mitochondrial ATP synthesis independently of oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Here, we further investigated the mechanism of action for MA-5. Administration of MA-5 to an ischemia-reperfusion injury model and a cisplatin-induced nephropathy model improved renal function. In in vitro bioenergetic studies, MA-5 facilitated ATP production and reduced the level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) without affecting activity of mitochondrial complexes I-IV. Additional assays revealed that MA-5 targets the mitochondrial protein mitofilin at the crista junction of the inner membrane. In Hep3B cells, overexpression of mitofilin increased the basal ATP level, and treatment with MA-5 amplified this effect. In a unique mitochondrial disease model (Mitomice with mitochondrial DNA deletion that mimics typical human mitochondrial disease phenotype), MA-5 improved the reduced cardiac and renal mitochondrial respiration and seemed to prolong survival, although statistical analysis of survival times could not be conducted. These results suggest that MA-5 functions in a manner differing from that of antioxidant therapy and could be a novel therapeutic drug for the treatment of cardiac and renal diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Suzuki
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoi Kikusato
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Matsuo
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | | | - Tai Kudo
- Primetech Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuki Ohba
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome in Cancer and Aging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer
| | | | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Akinori Yuri
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yokoro
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Eikan Mishima
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Hisato Shima
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | | | - Yoichi Takeuchi
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Koichi Kikuchi
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Chitose Suzuki
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science
| | - Kohei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and
| | - Hitoshi Osaka
- Division of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Ken-Ichi Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Divisions of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine and Clinical Biology and Hormonal Regulation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Japan;
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Slimen IB, Najar T, Ghram A, Dabbebi H, Ben Mrad M, Abdrabbah M. Reactive oxygen species, heat stress and oxidative-induced mitochondrial damage. A review. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 30:513-23. [PMID: 25354680 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2014.971446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been enormous interest in researching oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derived from the metabolism of oxygen as by-products of cell respiration, and are continuously produced in all aerobic organisms. Oxidative stress occurs as a consequence of an imbalance between ROS production and the available antioxidant defence against them. Nowadays, a variety of diseases and degenerative processes such as cancer, Alzheimer's and autoimmune diseases are mediated by oxidative stress. Heat stress was suggested to be an environmental factor responsible for stimulating ROS production because of similarities in responses observed following heat stress compared with that occurring following exposure to oxidative stress. This manuscript describes the main mitochondrial sources of ROS and the antioxidant defences involved to prevent oxidative damage in all the mitochondrial compartments. It also deals with discussions concerning the cytotoxic effect of heat stress, mitochondrial heat-induced alterations, as well as heat shock protein (HSP) expression as a defence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Belhadj Slimen
- Laboratory of Materials, Molecules and Application, Preparatory Institute for Scientific and Technical Studies , Tunisia
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Zhang S, He Z, Wang J, Wang L, Wu Y, Wang J, Lv T, Liu H. Mitochondrial Ultrastructural Alterations and Declined M2 Receptor Density Were Involved in Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats after Long Term Treatment with Autoantibodies against M2 Muscarinic Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129563. [PMID: 26086781 PMCID: PMC4472961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies showed that autoantibodies (M2-AA) against the second extracellular loop of M2 muscarinic receptor (M2AChR-el2) from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) serum could induce DCM-like morphological changes in mice hearts. However, the effects of M2-AA on the cardiac function during the process of DCM and the potential mechanisms are not fully known. The present study was designed to dynamically observe the cardiac function, mitochondrial changes, and M2 receptor binding characteristics in rats long-term stimulated with M2-AA in vivo. Methods M2-AA-positive model was established by actively immunizing healthy male Wistar rats with synthetic M2AChR-el2 peptide for 18 months. Meanwhile, vehicle group rats were administrated with physiological saline. The change of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected by radionuclide imaging. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed under electron microscopy. The M2 receptor binding characteristics were determined by radioactive ligand binding assay. Results After immunization for 12 months, compared with vehicle group, M2AChR-el2-immunized rats showed decreased myocardial contractility and cardiac diastolic function evidenced by declined maximal rate of rise of ventricular pressure and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, respectively. Additionally, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation were observed. At 18 months, M2AChR-el2-immunized rats manifested significant decreased cardiac systolic and diastolic function and pathological changes such as enlargement of right ventricular cavity and wall thinning; and the mitochondrial damage was aggravated. Furthermore, the M2 receptor maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of the M2AChR-el2-immunized rats significantly decreased, while the M2 receptor dissociation constant (Kd) was increased. Conclusions Our study suggested that long-term stimulation with M2-AA leaded to the ventricular dilatation and gradual deterioration of cardiac dysfunction. Mitochondrial damage and the down-regulation of M2 receptor density and affinity may be involved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmei He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Wang F, Li Y, Cao Y, Li C. Zinc might prevent heat-induced hepatic injury by activating the Nrf2-antioxidant in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 165:86-95. [PMID: 25586622 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is generally known to be an essential trace element with growth-promoting and antioxidant activities. The present study was performed to clarify the role of Zn in the livers of heat-treated mice. Eight-week-old male mice were divided into control (Con), heat treatment (HT) and heat treatment plus zinc groups (HT + Zn) and were fed diets containing 60, 60, or 300 mg/kg Zn (zinc sulfate), respectively. After 30 days of feeding on their respective diets, the control group was maintained at a controlled temperature (25 °C), whereas the HT and HT + Zn groups were exposed to an elevated ambient temperature (40-42 °C) for 2 h each day. After heat exposure for seven consecutive days, sera and liver tissues were collected. The mice in the HT group exhibited reduced liver weights and lower hepatosomatic indices. Histological findings revealed that the hepatocytes of the HT group were subjected to serious damage and exhibited irregular arrangements and nuclear pyknosis. Moreover, in the HT group, the hepatic malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased, while the serum alkaline phosphatase levels, hepatic copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly reduced compared to those of the control group. However, in the HT + Zn group, the histomorphology of the liver was restored, the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was significantly decreased, and the hepatic CuZn-SOD activity was significantly increased compared to the HT group. Furthermore, expressions of the hepatic Nrf2 protein and Nrf2, Keap1, and NQO1 genes in the HT + Zn group were not only higher than the HT group but also higher than the control group. Zn might alleviate heat-induced hepatic injury as revealed by restored histomorphology and AST level. Our results further suggest that Zn might exert its protective effects via the activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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61
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Effect of heat stress-induced production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species on NADPH oxidase and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA levels in avian muscle cells. J Therm Biol 2015; 52:8-13. [PMID: 26267493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major factor inducing oxidative disturbance in cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured avian muscle cells in response to heat stress, and also focused attention on the interaction of mitochondrial superoxide anions with altered NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA levels in heat-stressed cells. Exposure of cells to heat stress conditions (41°C, 6h) resulted in increased mitochondrial superoxide and intracellular ROS levels, and increased carbonyl protein content as compared with that of normal cells (37°C). The mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol lowered intracellular ROS levels in heat-stressed cells. Heat stress increased NOX4 mRNA and decreased HO-1 mRNA levels, while SOD1 and SOD2 mRNA levels remained relatively stable in heat-stressed cells. Addition of the superoxide scavenger 4-hydroxy TEMPO to the culture medium of heat-stressed cells restored mitochondrial superoxide and intracellular ROS levels as well as NOX4 and HO-1 mRNA levels to near-normal values. We suggest that mitochondrial superoxide production could play an influential role in augmenting oxidative damage to avian muscle cells, possibly via the up-regulation of NOX4 and down-regulation of HO-1 in heat-stressed avian muscle cells.
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Roussel D, Salin K, Dumet A, Romestaing C, Rey B, Voituron Y. Oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, proton conductance and reactive oxygen species production of liver mitochondria correlates with body mass in frogs. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:3222-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Body size is a central biological parameter affecting most biological processes (especially energetics) and mitochondria is a key organelle controlling metabolism and is also the cell's main source of chemical energy. However, the link between body size and mitochondrial function is still unclear, especially in ectotherms. In this study, we investigated several parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the liver of three closely related species of frogs (the common frog Rana temporaria, the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus and the bull frog Lithobates catesbeiana). These particular species were chosen due to their differences in adult body mass. We found that the mitochondrial coupling efficiency was markedly increased with animal size, which lead to a higher ATP production (+70%) in the larger frogs (L. catesbeiana) compared to the smaller frogs (R. temporaria). This was essentially driven by a strong negative dependence of mitochondrial proton conductance on body mass. Liver mitochondria from the larger frogs (L. catesbeiana) displayed 50% of the proton conductance of mitochondria from the smaller frogs (R. temporaria). Contrary to our prediction, the low mitochondrial proton conductance measured in L. catesbeiana was not associated with higher radical oxygen species production. Instead, liver mitochondria from the larger individuals produced significantly lower radical oxygen species than those from the smaller frogs. Collectively, the data shows that key bioenergetics parameters of mitochondria (proton leak, ATP production efficiency and radical oxygen species production) are correlated with body mass in frogs. This research expands our understanding of the relationship between mitochondrial function and the evolution of allometric scaling in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Roussel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Karine Salin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Adeline Dumet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Rey
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yann Voituron
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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63
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Possible Involvement of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Protein Degradation Induced by Heat Stress in Avian Muscle Cells. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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64
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Egbuniwe IC, Ayo JO, Kawu MU, Mohammed A. Cloacal temperature responses of broiler chickens administered with betaine and ascorbic acid during the hot-dry season. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2014.974931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Teulier L, Rouanet JL, Rey B, Roussel D. Ontogeny of non-shivering thermogenesis in Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moschata). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 175:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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66
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Differential expression of heat shock transcription factors and heat shock proteins after acute and chronic heat stress in laying chickens (Gallus gallus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e102204. [PMID: 25072282 PMCID: PMC4114549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress due to high environmental temperature negatively influences animal performances. To better understand the biological impact of heat stress, laying broiler breeder chickens were subjected either to acute (step-wisely increasing temperature from 21 to 35°C within 24 hours) or chronic (32°C for 8 weeks) high temperature exposure. High temperature challenges significantly elevated body temperature of experimental birds (P<0.05). However, oxidation status of lipid and protein and expression of heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) 70 and 90 were differently affected by acute and chronic treatment. Tissue-specific responses to thermal challenge were also found among heart, liver and muscle. In the heart, acute heat challenge affected lipid oxidation (P = 0.05) and gene expression of all 4 HSF gene expression was upregulated (P<0.05). During chronic heat treatment, the HSP 70 mRNA level was increased (P<0.05) and HSP 90 mRNA (P<0.05) was decreased. In the liver, oxidation of protein was alleviated during acute heat challenge (P<0.05), however, gene expression HSF2, 3 and 4 and HSP 70 were highly induced (P<0.05). HSP90 expression was increased by chronic thermal treatment (P<0.05). In the muscle, both types of heat stress increased protein oxidation, but HSFs and HSPs gene expression remained unaltered. Only tendencies to increase were observed in HSP 70 (P = 0.052) and 90 (P = 0.054) gene expression after acute heat stress. The differential expressions of HSF and HSP genes in different tissues of laying broiler breeder chickens suggested that anti-heat stress mechanisms might be provoked more profoundly in the heart, by which the muscle was least protected during heat stress. In addition to HSP, HSFs gene expression could be used as a marker during acute heat stress.
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Rey B, Romestaing C, Bodennec J, Dumet A, Fongy A, Duchamp C, Roussel D. Thyroid status affects membranes susceptibility to free radicals and oxidative balance in skeletal muscle of Muscovy ducklings (Cairina moschata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 321:415-21. [PMID: 24845122 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are major contributor to oxidative stress in mammals because they (1) stimulate reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), (2) impair antioxidant defenses, and (3) increase the susceptibility to free radicals of most tissues. Unlike mammals, THs seem to diminish mitochondrial ROS while they have limited effect on the antioxidant machinery in birds. However, how THs modify the susceptibility to ROS has never been explored in an avian model, and very little is known about their effect on oxidative balance in birds. Therefore, the objective of our study was to examine the effect of chronic pharmacological hypo- and hyperthyroidism on (i) the susceptibility of mitochondrial membranes to ROS; and (ii) the level of oxidative stress assessed by measuring oxidative damage to lipids, nucleic acids and proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of ducklings. We show that hypothyroidism had no effect on the susceptibility of mitochondrial membranes to free radicals. Hypothyroid ducklings had lower oxidized lipids (-31%) and DNA (-25%) but a similar level of protein carbonylation relative to controls. Conversely, mitochondrial membranes of hyperthyroid ducklings exhibited higher unsaturation (+12%) and peroxidation (+31%) indexes than in controls indicating a greater susceptibility to free radicals. However, hyperthyroid ducklings exhibited more oxidative damages on proteins (+67%) only, whereas lipid damages remained unchanged, and there was a slight reduction (-15%) in damages to DNA compared to euthyroid controls. Our results indicate that birds and mammals present fundamental differences in their oxidative stress response to thyroid status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rey
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS-UMR 5558 Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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68
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Protective effect of a laser-induced sub-lethal temperature rise on RPE cells from oxidative stress. Exp Eye Res 2014; 124:37-47. [PMID: 24800654 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently introduced new technologies that enable temperature-controlled laser irradiation on the RPE allowed us to investigate temperature-resolved RPE cell responses. In this study we aimed primarily to establish an experimental setup that can realize laser irradiation on RPE cell culture with the similar temperature distribution as in the clinical application, with a precise time/temperature history. With this setup, we conducted investigations to elucidate the temperature-dependent RPE cell biochemical responses and the effect of transient hyperthermia on the responses of RPE cells to the secondary-exposed oxidative stress. Porcine RPE cells cultivated in a culture dish (inner diameter = 30 mm) with culture medium were used, on which laser radiation (λ = 1940 nm, spot diameter = 30 mm) over 10 s was applied as a heat source. The irradiation provides a radially decreasing temperature profile which is close to a Gaussian shape with the highest temperature in the center. Power setting for irradiation was determined such that the peak temperature (Tmax) in the center of the laser spot at the cells reaches from 40 °C to 58 °C (40, 43, 46, 50, 58 °C). Cell viability was investigated with ethidium homodimer III staining at the time points of 3 and 24 h following laser irradiation. Twenty four hours after laser irradiation the cells were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 5 h, followed by the measurement of intracellular glutathione, intracellular 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) protein adducts, and secreted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The mean temperature threshold for RPE cell death after 3 h was found to be around 52 °C, and for 24 h around 50 °C with the current irradiation setting. A sub-lethal preconditioning on Tmax = 43 °C significantly induced the reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio, and decreased H2O2-induced increase of intracellular 4-HNE protein adducts. Although sub-lethal hyperthermia (Tmax = 40 °C, 43 °C, and 46 °C) caused a slight increase of VEGF secretion in 6 h directly following irradiation, secondary exposed H2O2-induced VEGF secretion was significantly reduced in the sub-lethally preheated groups, where the largest effect was seen following the irradiation with Tmax = 43 °C. In summary, the current results suggest that sub-lethal thermal laser irradiation on the RPE at Tmax = 43 °C for 10 s enhances cell defense system against oxidative stress, with increasing the GSH/GSSG ratio. Together with the results that the decreased amount of H2O2-induced 4-HNE in sub-lethally preheated RPE cells was accompanied by the lower secretion of VEGF, it is also strongly suggested that the sub-lethal hyperthermia may modify RPE cell functionality to protect RPE cells from oxidative stress and associated functional decrease, which are considered to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and other chorioretinal degenerative diseases.
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69
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Montilla SIR, Johnson TP, Pearce SC, Gardan-Salmon D, Gabler NK, Ross JW, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Lonergan SM, Selsby JT. Heat stress causes oxidative stress but not inflammatory signaling in porcine skeletal muscle. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:42-50. [PMID: 27583280 PMCID: PMC4972518 DOI: 10.4161/temp.28844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is associated with death and other maladaptions including muscle dysfunction and impaired growth across species. Despite this common observation, the molecular effects leading to these pathologic changes remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which heat stress disrupted redox balance and initiated an inflammatory response in oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle. Female pigs (5-6/group) were subjected to thermoneutral (20 °C) or heat stress (35 °C) conditions for 1 or 3 days and the semitendinosus removed and dissected into red (STR) and white (STW) portions. After 1 day of heat stress, relative abundance of proteins modified by malondialdehyde, a measure of oxidative damage, was increased 2.5-fold (P < 0.05) compared with thermoneutral in the STR but not the STW, before returning to thermoneutral conditions following 3 days of heat stress. This corresponded with increased catalase and superoxide dismutase-1 gene expression (P < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase-1 protein abundance (P < 0.05) in the STR but not the STW. In the STR catalase and total superoxide dismutase activity were increased by ~30% and ~130%, respectively (P < 0.05), after 1 day of heat stress and returned to thermoneutral levels by day 3. One or 3 days of heat stress did not increase inflammatory signaling through the NF-κB pathway in the STR or STW. These data suggest that oxidative muscle is more susceptible to heat stress-mediated changes in redox balance than glycolytic muscle during chronic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | | | | | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | | | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
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70
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Teodori L, Giovanetti A, Albertini MC, Rocchi M, Perniconi B, Valente MG, Coletti D. Static magnetic fields modulate X-ray-induced DNA damage in human glioblastoma primary cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:218-227. [PMID: 24345558 PMCID: PMC3951070 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although static magnetic fields (SMFs) are used extensively in the occupational and medical fields, few comprehensive studies have investigated their possible genotoxic effect and the findings are controversial. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiation therapy, the potential effects of SMFs on ionizing radiation (IR) have become increasingly important. In this study we focused on the genotoxic effect of 80 mT SMFs, both alone and in combination with (i.e. preceding or following) X-ray (XR) irradiation, on primary glioblastoma cells in culture. The cells were exposed to: (i) SMFs alone; (ii) XRs alone; (iii) XR, with SMFs applied during recovery; (iv) SMFs both before and after XR irradiation. XR-induced DNA damage was analyzed by Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis assay (comet assay) using statistical tools designed to assess the tail DNA (TD) and tail length (TL) as indicators of DNA fragmentation. Mitochondrial membrane potential, known to be affected by IR, was assessed using the JC-1 mitochondrial probe. Our results showed that exposure of cells to 5 Gy of XR irradiation alone led to extensive DNA damage, which was significantly reduced by post-irradiation exposure to SMFs. The XR-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was to a large extent averted by exposure to SMFs. These data suggest that SMFs modulate DNA damage and/or damage repair, possibly through a mechanism that affects mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teodori
- Radiation Development and Application, UTAPRAD-DIM, ENEA, Via Enrico Fermi 45, Frascati, Rome 00044, Italy
- Fondazione San Raffaele, SS Ceglie San Michele Km 1.2, Ceglie Messapica 72013, Italy
| | - Anna Giovanetti
- Radiation Biology and Human Health UTBIORAD, ENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, Casaccia, Rome 00123, Italy
| | | | - Marco Rocchi
- Institute of Biomathematics, University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’, Via Saffi 2, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Barbara Perniconi
- UPMC Paris 06, UR4 Aging, Stress and Inflammation, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris 75252, France
| | | | - Dario Coletti
- UPMC Paris 06, UR4 Aging, Stress and Inflammation, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Paris 75252, France
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