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Growth factor delivery strategies for rotator cuff repair and regeneration. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:358-371. [PMID: 29317260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of degenerative tears and prevalence of retears (20-95%) after surgical repair makes rotator cuff injuries a significant health problem. This high retear rate is attributed to the failure of the repaired tissue to regenerate the native tendon-to-bone insertion (enthesis). Biological augmentation of surgical repair such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts are confounded by donor site morbidity, immunogenicity, and disease transmission, respectively. In contrast, these risks may be alleviated via growth factor therapy, which can actively influence the healing environment to promote functional repair. Several challenges have to be overcome before growth factor delivery can translate into clinical practice such as the selection of optimal growth factor(s) or combination, identification of the most efficient stage and duration of delivery, and the design considerations for the delivery device. Emerging insight into the injury-repair microenvironment and our understanding of growth factor mechanisms in healing are informing the design of advanced delivery scaffolds to effectively treat rotator cuff tears. Here, we review potential growth factor candidates, design parameters and material selection for growth factor delivery, innovative and dynamic delivery scaffolds, and novel therapeutic targets from tendon and developmental biology for the structural and functional healing of rotator cuff repair.
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Ji ZL, Wang D, Wang JM, Tan YY. Tenogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells improves healing of linea alba incision. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ABDOMINAL WALL AND HERNIA SURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ijawhs.ijawhs_5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Effect of Uniaxial Tensile Cyclic Loading Regimes on Matrix Organization and Tenogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Encapsulated within 3D Collagen Scaffolds. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:6072406. [PMID: 29375625 PMCID: PMC5742457 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6072406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells have become a popular cell choice for tendon repair strategies due to their relative abundance, ease of isolation, and ability to differentiate into tenocytes. In this study, we investigated the solo effect of different uniaxial tensile strains and loading frequencies on the matrix directionality and tenogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated within three-dimensional collagen scaffolds. Samples loaded at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% strains and 0.1 Hz and 1 Hz frequencies for 2 hours/day over a 7-day period using a custom-built uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor were characterized in terms of matrix organization, cell viability, and musculoskeletal gene expression profiles. The results displayed that the collagen fibers of the loaded samples exhibited increased matrix directionality with an increase in strain values. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that ASC-encapsulated collagen scaffolds loaded at 2% strain and 0.1 Hz frequency showed significant increases in extracellular matrix genes and tenogenic differentiation markers. Importantly, no cross-differentiation potential to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic lineages was observed at 2% strain and 0.1 Hz frequency loading condition. Thus, 2% strain and 0.1 Hz frequency were identified as the appropriate mechanical loading regime to induce tenogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells cultured in a three-dimensional environment.
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Xu K, Sun Y, Kh Al-Ani M, Wang C, Sha Y, Sung KP, Dong N, Qiu X, Yang L. Synergistic promoting effects of bone morphogenetic protein 12/connective tissue growth factor on functional differentiation of tendon derived stem cells and patellar tendon window defect regeneration. J Biomech 2017; 66:95-102. [PMID: 29174694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current study investigated bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP12) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) activate tendon derived stem cells (TDSCs) tenogenic differentiation, and promotion of injured tendon regeneration. TDSCs were transfected with BMP12 and CTGF via recombinant adenovirus (Ad) infection. Gene transfection efficiency, cell viability and cytotoxicity, tenogenic gene expression, collagen I/III synthesis were evaluated in vitro. For the in vivo study, the transfected cells were transplanted into the rat patellar tendon window defect. At weeks 2 and 8 of post-surgery, the repaired tendon tissues were harvested for histological and biomechanical examinations. The transfected TDSCs revealed relatively stable transfection efficiency (80-90%) with active cell viability means while rare cytotoxicity in each group. During days 1 and 5, BMP12 and CTGF transfection caused tenogenic differentiation genes activation in TDSCs: type I/III collagen, tenascin-C, and scleraxis were all up-regulated, whereas osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic markers were all down-regulated respectively. In addition, BMP12 and CTGF overexpression significantly promote type I/III collagen synthesis. After in vivo transplantation, at 2 and 8 weeks post-surgery, BMP12, CTGF and co-transfection groups showed more integrated tendon tissue structure versus control, meanwhile, the ultimate failure loads and Young's were all higher than control. Remarkably, at 8 weeks post-surgery, the biomechanical properties of co-transfection group was approaching to normal rat patellar tendon, moreover, the ratio of type III/I collagen maintained about 20% in each transfection group, meanwhile, the type I collagen were significantly increased with co-transfection treatment. In conclusion, BMP12 and CTGF transfection stimulate tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs. The synergistic effects of simultaneous transfection of both may significantly promoted rat patellar tendon window defect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Yanjun Sun
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Mohanad Kh Al-Ani
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Tikrit Universtiy, Collagen of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box (45) Salahaddin Province, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - Chunli Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Sha
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Kl Paul Sung
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuefeng Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Li Yang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents "111" Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China.
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Gelberman RH, Linderman SW, Jayaram R, Dikina AD, Sakiyama-Elbert S, Alsberg E, Thomopoulos S, Shen H. Combined Administration of ASCs and BMP-12 Promotes an M2 Macrophage Phenotype and Enhances Tendon Healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2017; 475:2318-2331. [PMID: 28462460 PMCID: PMC5539027 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes after intrasynovial tendon repair are highly variable. An intense inflammatory cascade followed by a delayed healing response can cause adhesion formation and repair-site failure that severely impair the function of repaired digits. No effective remedies exist to fully address these issues. Cell- and growth factor-based therapies have been shown to modulate inflammation and improve cell proliferation and matrix synthesis and therefore are promising treatment approaches for intrasynovial tendon repair. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Can autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) and recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-12 (rBMP-12) be effectively delivered to an intrasynovial flexor tendon repair without adverse effects? (2) Do autologous ASCs modulate the inflammatory response after intrasynovial tendon injury and repair? (3) Does the combined application of autologous ASCs and rBMP-12 modulate the proliferative and remodeling responses after intrasynovial tendon injury and repair? METHODS Sixteen 1- to 2-year-old female canines were used in this study. Autologous ASC sheets, with and without rBMP-12, were applied to the surface of sutured flexor tendons. Fourteen days after repair, the effects of treatment were determined using quantitative PCR (six per group) for the expression of genes related to macrophage phenotype or inflammation (IL-4, CD163, VEGF, NOS2, IL-1B, and IFNG), cell proliferation (CCND1), and tendon formation (SCX, TNMD, COL1A1 and COL3A1). Proteomics analysis (four per group) was performed to examine changes in tendon protein abundances. CD146 immunostaining and hematoxylin and eosin staining (four per group) were used to detect tendon stem or progenitor cells and to semiquantitatively evaluate cellularity at the tendon repair; analyses were done blinded to group. RESULTS Gross inspection and cell tracing showed that autologous ASCs and rBMP-12 were delivered to the flexor tendon repair site without the deleterious effects of adhesion and repair-site gap formation. Quantitative assessment of gene and protein expression showed effects of treatment: ASC-sheet treatment modulated the postrepair inflammatory response and facilitated healing by increasing regenerative M2 macrophages (M2 marker CD204, twofold of normal, p = 0.030), inflammatory inhibitor (prostaglandin reductase 1 [PTRG1], 1.6-fold of normal, p = 0.026), and proteins involved in tendon formation (periostin [POSTN], 1.9-fold of normal, p = 0.035). Consistently, semiquantitative and qualitative evaluations of repaired tissue showed that ASC-sheet treatment reduced mononuclear cell infiltration (12% less than nontreated tendons, p = 0.021) and introduced CD146+ stem or progenitor cells to the repair site. The combined administration of ASCs and rBMP-12 further stimulated M2 macrophages by increasing IL-4 (116-fold of normal, p = 0.002) and led to the increase of M2 effector matrix metalloproteinase-12 involved in matrix remodeling (twofold of normal, p = 0.016) and reduction of a negative regulator of angiogenesis and cell migration (StAR-related lipid transfer domain protein13 [STARD13]; 84% of normal, p = 0.000), thus facilitating the proliferative stage of tendon repair. CONCLUSIONS ASCs and BMP-12 accelerated the progression of healing in the proliferative stage of tendon repair. The effects of ASCs and BMP-12 on tendon functional recovery should be evaluated in future studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The cell sheet approach is an effective, biocompatible, and surgeon-friendly approach for cell and growth factor delivery during tendon repair. Combined application of ASCs and BMP-12 may accelerate intrasynovial tendon healing while suppressing the adverse inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Stephen W. Linderman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St Louis, MO 63110 USA ,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Rohith Jayaram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Anna D. Dikina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | | | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA ,The National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
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Shen H, Lim C, Schwartz AG, Andreev-Andrievskiy A, Deymier AC, Thomopoulos S. Effects of spaceflight on the muscles of the murine shoulder. FASEB J 2017; 31:5466-5477. [PMID: 28821629 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700320r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is necessary for the development and maintenance of the musculoskeletal system. Removal of loading via microgravity, paralysis, or bed rest leads to rapid loss of muscle mass and function; however, the molecular mechanisms that lead to these changes are largely unknown, particularly for the spaceflight (SF) microgravity environment. Furthermore, few studies have explored these effects on the shoulder, a dynamically stabilized joint with a large range of motion; therefore, we examined the effects of microgravity on mouse shoulder muscles for the 15-d Space Transportation System (STS)-131, 13-d STS-135, and 30-d Bion-M1 missions. Mice from STS missions were euthanized within 4 h after landing, whereas mice from the Bion-M1 mission were euthanized within 14 h after landing. The motion-generating deltoid muscle was more sensitive to microgravity than the joint-stabilizing rotator cuff muscles. Mice from the STS-131 mission exhibited reduced myogenic (Myf5 and -6) and adipogenic (Pparg, Cebpa, and Lep) gene expression, whereas either no change or an increased expression of these genes was observed in mice from the Bion-M1 mission. In summary, muscle responses to microgravity were muscle-type specific, short-duration SF caused dramatic molecular changes to shoulder muscles and responses to reloading upon landing were rapid.-Shen, H., Lim, C., Schwartz, A. G., Andreev-Andrievskiy, A., Deymier, A. C., Thomopoulos, S. Effects of spaceflight on the muscles of the murine shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chanteak Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrea G Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander Andreev-Andrievskiy
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Biology Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alix C Deymier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Laranjeira M, Domingues RMA, Costa-Almeida R, Reis RL, Gomes ME. 3D Mimicry of Native-Tissue-Fiber Architecture Guides Tendon-Derived Cells and Adipose Stem Cells into Artificial Tendon Constructs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1700689. [PMID: 28631375 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tendon and ligament (T/L) function is intrinsically related with their unique hierarchically and anisotropically organized extracellular matrix. Their natural healing capacity is, however, limited. Here, continuous and aligned electrospun nanofiber threads (CANT) based on synthetic/natural polymer blends mechanically reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals are produced to replicate the nanoscale collagen fibrils grouped into microscale collagen fibers that compose the native T/L. CANT are then incrementally assembled into 3D hierarchical scaffolds, resulting in woven constructions, which simultaneously mimic T/L nano-to-macro architecture, nanotopography, and nonlinear biomechanical behavior. Biological performance is assessed using human-tendon-derived cells (hTDCs) and human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Scaffolds nanotopography and microstructure induce a high cytoskeleton elongation and anisotropic organization typical of tendon tissues. Moreover, the expression of tendon-related markers (Collagen types I and III, Tenascin-C, and Scleraxis) by both cell types, and the similarities observed on their expression patterns over time suggest that the developed scaffolds not only prevent the phenotypic drift of hTDCs, but also trigger tenogenic differentiation of hASCs. Overall, these results demonstrate a feasible approach for the scalable production of 3D hierarchical scaffolds that exhibit key structural and biomechanical properties, which can be advantageously explored in acellular and cellular T/L TE strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Laranjeira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui M A Domingues
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa-Almeida
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Dale TP, Mazher S, Webb WR, Zhou J, Maffulli N, Chen GQ, El Haj AJ, Forsyth NR. Tenogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:361-368. [PMID: 28548630 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon healing is complex to manage because of the limited regeneration capacity of tendon tissue; stem cell-based tissue engineering approaches may provide alternative healing strategies. We sought to determine whether human embryonic stem cells (hESC) could be induced to differentiate into tendon-like cells by the addition of exogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)12 (growth differentiation factor[GDF]7) and BMP13 (GDF6). hESC (SHEF-1) were maintained with or without BMP12/13 supplementation, or supplemented with BMP12/13 and the Smad signaling cascade blocking agent, dorsomorphin. Primary rat tenocytes were included as a positive control in immunocytochemistry analysis. A tenocyte-like elongated morphology was observed in hESC after 40-days continuous supplementation with BMP12/13 and ascorbic acid (AA). These cells displayed a tenomodulin expression pattern and morphology consistent with that of the primary tenocyte control. Analysis of tendon-linked gene transcription in BMP12/13 supplemented hESC demonstrated consistent expression of COL1A2, COL3A1, DCN, TNC, THBS4, and TNMD levels. Conversely, when hESCs were cultured in the presence of BMP12/13 and dorsomorphin COL3A1, DCN, and TNC gene expression and tendon matrix formation were inhibited. Taken together, we have demonstrated that hESCs are responsive to tenogenic induction via BMP12/13 in the presence of AA. The directed in vitro generation of tenocytes from pluripotent stem cells may facilitate the development of novel repair approaches for this difficult to heal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina P Dale
- 1 Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University , Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Shazia Mazher
- 1 Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University , Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - William R Webb
- 1 Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University , Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Zhou
- 2 School of Life Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- 3 Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , United Kingdom
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- 2 School of Life Science, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- 1 Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University , Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- 1 Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University , Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Grier W, Moy A, Harley B. Cyclic tensile strain enhances human mesenchymal stem cell Smad 2/3 activation and tenogenic differentiation in anisotropic collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds. Eur Cell Mater 2017; 33:227-239. [PMID: 28319248 PMCID: PMC5453510 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v033a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research arose from the need to explore new therapeutic possibilities for intractable and lethal diseases. Although musculoskeletal disorders are basically nonlethal, their high prevalence and relative ease of performing clinical trials have facilitated the clinical application of stem cells in this field. However, few reliable clinical studies have been published, despite the plethora of in vitro and preclinical studies in stem cell research for regenerative medicine in the musculoskeletal system. Stem cell therapy can be applied locally for bone, cartilage and tendon regeneration. Candidate disease modalities in bone regeneration include large bone defects, nonunion of fractures, and osteonecrosis. Focal osteochondral defect and osteoarthritis are current targets for cartilage regeneration. For tendon regeneration, bone-tendon junction problems such as rotator cuff tears are hot topics in clinical research. To date, the literature supporting stem cell-based therapies comprises mostly case reports or case series. Therefore, high-quality evidence, including from randomised clinical trials, is necessary to define the role of cell-based therapies in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. It is imperative that clinicians who adopt stem cell treatment into their practices possess a good understanding of the natural course of the disease. It is also highly recommended that treating physicians do not thrust aside the concomitant use of established measures until stem cell therapy is evidently proved worthy in terms of efficacy and cost. The purpose of this review is to summarise on the current status of stem cell application in the orthopaedic field along with the author's view of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.K. Grier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - A.S. Moy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - B.A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Address for correspondence: B.A.C. Harley, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 110 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, Telephone number: +1 2172447112, Fax number: +1 2173335052,
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Liu Y, Suen CW, Zhang JF, Li G. Current concepts on tenogenic differentiation and clinical applications. J Orthop Translat 2017; 9:28-42. [PMID: 29662797 PMCID: PMC5822963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone. Chronic or acute tendon injuries are very common, and are always accompanied by pain and a limited range of motion in patients. In clinical settings, management of tendon injuries still remains a big challenge. Cell therapies, such as the application of stem cells for tenogenic differentiation, were suggested to be an ideal strategy for clinical translation. However, there is still a lack of specific methods for tenogenic differentiation due to the limited understanding of tendon biology currently. This review focuses on the summary of current published strategies for tenogenic differentiation, such as the application of growth factors, mechanical stimulation, biomaterials, coculture, or induced pluripotent stem cells. Current clinical applications of stem cells for treatment of tendon injuries and their limitations have also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Wai Suen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin-fang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health SciencesPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong Kong30-32 Ngan Shing StreetShatinNew TerritoriesHong Kong, China
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Different combinations of growth factors for the tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in monolayer culture and in fibrin-based three-dimensional constructs. Differentiation 2017; 95:44-53. [PMID: 28319735 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are severe burdens in clinics. The poor tendon healing is related to an ineffective response of resident cells and inadequate vascularization. Thanks to the high proliferation and multi-lineage differentiation capability, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising cell source to support the tendon repair. To date, the association of various growth factors to induce the in vitro tenogenic differentiation of multipotent progenitor cells is poorly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the tenogenic differentiation of rabbit BMSCs by testing the combination of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-12 and 14) with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) both in 2D and 3D cultures within fibrin-based constructs. After 7 and 14 days, the tenogenic differentiation was assessed by analyzing cell metabolism and collagen content, the gene expression of tenogenic markers and the histological cell distribution and collagen deposition within 3D constructs. Our results demonstrated that the association of BMP-14 with TGF-β3 and VEGF enhanced the BMSC tenogenic differentiation both in 2D and 3D cultures. This study supports the use of fibrin as hydrogel-based matrix to generate spheroids loaded with tenogenic differentiated BMSCs that could be used to treat tendon lesions in the future.
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Zarychta-Wiśniewska W, Burdzinska A, Kulesza A, Gala K, Kaleta B, Zielniok K, Siennicka K, Sabat M, Paczek L. Bmp-12 activates tenogenic pathway in human adipose stem cells and affects their immunomodulatory and secretory properties. BMC Cell Biol 2017; 18:13. [PMID: 28214472 PMCID: PMC5316159 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-017-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapy is a treatment method in tendon injuries. Bone morphogenic protein 12 (BMP-12) possesses tenogenic activity and was proposed as a differentiating factor for stem cells directed to transplantation. However, BMPs belong to pleiotropic TGF-β superfamily and have diverse effect on cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if BMP-12 induces tenogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) and how it affects other features of this population. RESULTS Human ASCs from 6 healthy donors were treated or not with BMP-12 (50 or 100 ng/ml, 7 days) and tested for gene expression (COLL1, SCX, MKH, DCN, TNC, RUNX2), protein expression (COLL1, COLL3, MKH), proliferation, migration, secretory activity, immunomodulatory properties and susceptibility to oxidative stress. RT-PCR revealed up-regulation of SCX, MKH and RUNX2 genes in BMP-12 treated cells (2.05, 2.65 and 1.87 fold in comparison to control, respectively, p < 0.05) and Western Blot revealed significant increase of COLL1 and MHK expression after BMP-12 treatment. Addition of BMP-12 significantly enhanced secretion of VEGF, IL-6, MMP-1 and MPP-8 by hASCs while had no effect on TGF-β, IL-10, EGF and MMP-13. Moreover, BMP-12 presence in medium attenuated inhibitory effect of hASCs on allo-activated lymphocytes proliferation. At the same time BMP-12 displayed no influence on hASCs proliferation, migration and susceptibility to oxidative stress. CONCLUSION BMP-12 activates tenogenic pathway in hASCs but also affects secretory activity and impairs immunomodulatory potential of this population that can influence the clinical outcome after cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zarychta-Wiśniewska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka str. 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Burdzinska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka str. 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kulesza
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka str. 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Gala
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka str. 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Kaleta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zielniok
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siennicka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Sabat
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka str. 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Paczek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka str. 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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63
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Yang G, Rothrauff BB, Lin H, Yu S, Tuan RS. Tendon-Derived Extracellular Matrix Enhances Transforming Growth Factor-β3-Induced Tenogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:166-176. [PMID: 27809678 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the limited and unsatisfactory outcomes of clinical tendon repair, tissue engineering approaches using adult mesenchymal stem cells are being considered a promising alternative strategy to heal tendon injuries. Successful and functional tendon tissue engineering depends on harnessing the biochemical cues presented by the native tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) and the embedded tissue-specific biofactors. In this study, we have prepared and characterized the biological activities of a soluble extract of decellularized tendon ECM (tECM) on adult adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), on the basis of histological, biochemical, and gene expression analyses. The results showed that tECM enhances the proliferation and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3-induced tenogenesis of ASCs in both plate and scaffold cultures in vitro, and modulates matrix deposition of ASCs seeded in scaffolds. These findings suggest that combining tendon ECM extract with TGF-β3 treatment is a possible alternative approach to induce tenogenesis for ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- 1 Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin B Rothrauff
- 1 Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hang Lin
- 1 Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuting Yu
- 1 Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- 1 Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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64
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Shen H, Kormpakis I, Havlioglu N, Linderman SW, Sakiyama-Elbert SE, Erickson IE, Zarembinski T, Silva MJ, Gelberman RH, Thomopoulos S. The effect of mesenchymal stromal cell sheets on the inflammatory stage of flexor tendon healing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:144. [PMID: 27677963 PMCID: PMC5039894 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical outcomes following intrasynovial flexor tendon repair are highly variable. Excessive inflammation is a principal factor underlying the formation of adhesions at the repair surface and affecting matrix regeneration at the repair center that limit tendon excursion and impair tendon healing. A previous in-vitro study revealed that adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) modulate tendon fibroblast response to macrophage-induced inflammation. The goal of the current study was therefore to explore the effectiveness of autologous ASCs on the inflammatory stage of intrasynovial tendon healing in vivo using a clinically relevant animal model. Methods Zone II flexor tendon transections and suture repairs were performed in a canine model. Autologous ASC sheets were delivered to the surface of repaired tendons. Seven days after repair, the effects of ASCs on tendon healing, with a focus on the inflammatory response, were evaluated using gene expression assays, immunostaining, and histological assessments. Results ASCs delivered via the cell sheet infiltrated the host tendon, including the repair surface and the space between the tendon ends, as viewed histologically by tracking GFP-expressing ASCs. Gene expression results demonstrated that ASCs promoted a regenerative/anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype and regulated tendon matrix remodeling. Specifically, there were significant increases in M2-stimulator (IL-4), marker (CD163 and MRC1), and effector (VEGF) gene expression in ASC-sheet treated tendons compared with nontreated tendons. When examining changes in extracellular matrix expression, tendon injury caused a significant increase in scar-associated COL3A1 expression and reductions in COL2A1 and ACAN expression. The ASC treatment effectively counteracted these changes, returning the expression levels of these genes closer to normal. Immunostaining further confirmed that ASC treatment increased CD163+ M2 cells in the repaired tendons and suppressed cell apoptosis at the repair site. Conclusions This study provides a novel approach for delivering ASCs with outcomes indicating potential for substantial modulation of the inflammatory environment and enhancement of tendon healing after flexor tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ioannis Kormpakis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- Department of Pathology, John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen W Linderman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, Campus, Box 8233, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, Black Building 1408, 650 W 168 ST, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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65
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Linderman SW, Gelberman RH, Thomopoulos S, Shen H. Cell and Biologic-Based Treatment of Flexor Tendon Injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 26:206-215. [PMID: 28042226 DOI: 10.1053/j.oto.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The two primary factors leading to poor clinical results after intrasynovial tendon repair are adhesion formation within the digital sheath and repair-site elongation and rupture. As the outcomes following modern tendon multi-strand repair and controlled rehabilitation techniques are often unsatisfactory, alternative approaches, such as the application of growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have become increasingly attractive treatment options. Successful biological therapies require carefully controlled spatiotemporal delivery of cells, growth factors, and biocompatible scaffold matrices in order to simultaneously (1) promote matrix synthesis at the tendon repair site leading to increased biomechanical strength and stiffness and (2) suppress matrix synthesis along the tendon surface and synovial sheath preventing adhesion formation. This review summarizes recent cell and biologic-based experimental treatments for flexor tendon injury, with an emphasis on large animal translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Linderman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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66
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Yin Z, Guo J, Wu TY, Chen X, Xu LL, Lin SE, Sun YX, Chan KM, Ouyang H, Li G. Stepwise Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Augments Tendon-Like Tissue Formation and Defect Repair In Vivo. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1106-16. [PMID: 27280798 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Tendon injuries are common and present a clinical challenge, as they often respond poorly to treatment and result in long-term functional impairment. Inferior tendon healing responses are mainly attributed to insufficient or failed tenogenesis. The main objective of this study was to establish an efficient approach to induce tenogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which are the most common seed cells in tendon tissue engineering. First, representative reported tenogenic growth factors were used as media supplementation to induce BMSC differentiation, and the expression of teno-lineage transcription factors and matrix proteins was compared. We found that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 significantly induced teno-lineage-specific gene scleraxis expression and collagen production. TGF-β1 combined with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) elevated tenomodulin and Egr1 expression at day 7. Hence, a stepwise tenogenic differentiation approach was established by first using TGF-β1 stimulation, followed by combination with CTGF for another 7 days. Gene expression analysis showed that this stepwise protocol initiated and maintained highly efficient tenogenesis of BMSCs. Finally, regarding in situ rat patellar tendon repair, tendons treated with induced tenogenic BMSCs had better structural and mechanical properties than those of the control group, as evidenced by histological scoring, collagen I and tenomodulin immunohistochemical staining, and tendon mechanical testing. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a reliable and practical strategy of inducing tenogenesis of BMSCs for tendon regeneration and may enhance the effectiveness of cell therapy in treating tendon disorders. SIGNIFICANCE The present study investigated the efficiency of representative tenogenic factors on mesenchymal stem cells' tenogenic differentiation and established an optimized stepwise tenogenic differentiation approach to commit tendon lineage differentiation for functional tissue regeneration. The reliable tenogenic differentiation approach for stem cells not only serves as a platform for further studies of underlying molecular mechanisms but also can be used to enhance cell therapy outcome in treating tendon disorders and develop novel therapeutics for tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yi Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-En Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xin Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ming Chan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China The Chinese University of Hong Kong-China Astronaut Research and Training Center Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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67
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Bonakdar S, Mahmoudi M, Montazeri L, Taghipoor M, Bertsch A, Shokrgozar MA, Sharifi S, Majidi M, Mashinchian O, Hamrang Sekachaei M, Zolfaghari P, Renaud P. Cell-Imprinted Substrates Modulate Differentiation, Redifferentiation, and Transdifferentiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13777-13784. [PMID: 27196338 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells into mature cells through the use of physical approaches is of great interest. Here, we prepared smart nanoenvironments by cell-imprinted substrates based on chondrocytes, tenocytes, and semifibroblasts as templates and demonstrated their potential for differentiation, redifferentiation, and transdifferentiation. Analysis of shape and upregulation/downregulation of specific genes of stem cells, which were seeded on these cell-imprinted substrates, confirmed that imprinted substrates have the capability to induce specific shapes and molecular characteristics of the cell types that were used as templates for cell-imprinting. Interestingly, immunofluorescent staining of a specific protein in chondrocytes (i.e., collagen type II) confirmed that adipose-derived stem cells, semifibroblasts, and tenocytes can acquire the chondrocyte phenotype after a 14 day culture on chondrocyte-imprinted substrates. In summary, we propose that common polystyrene tissue culture plates can be replaced by this imprinting technique as an effective and promising way to regulate any cell phenotype in vitro with significant potential applications in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran , P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Leila Montazeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Taghipoor
- Laboratory of Microsystems (LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Laboratory of Microsystems (LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Shahriar Sharifi
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Majidi
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran , P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mashinchian
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pegah Zolfaghari
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran , P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems (LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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68
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Dex S, Lin D, Shukunami C, Docheva D. Tenogenic modulating insider factor: Systematic assessment on the functions of tenomodulin gene. Gene 2016; 587:1-17. [PMID: 27129941 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tenomodulin (TNMD, Tnmd) is a gene highly expressed in tendon known to be important for tendon maturation with key implications for the residing tendon stem/progenitor cells as well as for the regulation of endothelial cell migration in chordae tendineae cordis in the heart and in experimental tumour models. This review aims at providing an encompassing overview of this gene and its protein. In addition, its known expression pattern as well as putative signalling pathways will be described. A chronological overview of the discovered functions of this gene in tendon and other tissues and cells is provided as well as its use as a tendon and ligament lineage marker is assessed in detail and discussed. Last, information about the possible connections between TNMD genomic mutations and mRNA expression to various diseases is delivered. Taken together this review offers a solid synopsis on the up-to-date information available about TNMD and aids at directing and focusing the future research to fully uncover the roles and implications of this interesting gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dex
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Dasheng Lin
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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69
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Gelberman RH, Shen H, Kormpakis I, Rothrauff B, Yang G, Tuan RS, Xia Y, Sakiyama-Elbert S, Silva MJ, Thomopoulos S. Effect of adipose-derived stromal cells and BMP12 on intrasynovial tendon repair: A biomechanical, biochemical, and proteomics study. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:630-40. [PMID: 26445383 PMCID: PMC4814315 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The outcomes of flexor tendon repair are highly variable. As recent efforts to improve healing have demonstrated promise for growth factor- and cell-based therapies, the objective of the current study was to enhance repair via application of autologous adipose derived stromal cells (ASCs) and the tenogenic growth factor bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 12. Controlled delivery of cells and growth factor was achieved in a clinically relevant canine model using a nanofiber/fibrin-based scaffold. Control groups consisted of repair-only (no scaffold) and acellular scaffold. Repairs were evaluated after 28 days of healing using biomechanical, biochemical, and proteomics analyses. Range of motion was reduced in the groups that received scaffolds compared to normal. There was no effect of ASC + BMP12 treatment for range of motion or tensile properties outcomes versus repair-only. Biochemical assays demonstrated increased DNA, glycosaminoglycans, and crosslink concentration in all repair groups compared to normal, but no effect of ASC + BMP12. Total collagen was significantly decreased in the acellular scaffold group compared to normal and significantly increased in the ASC + BMP12 group compared to the acellular scaffold group. Proteomics analysis comparing healing tendons to uninjured tendons revealed significant increases in proteins associated with inflammation, stress response, and matrix degradation. Treatment with ASC + BMP12 amplified these unfavorable changes. In summary, the treatment approach used in this study induced a negative inflammatory reaction at the repair site leading to poor healing. Future approaches should consider cell and growth factor delivery methods that do not incite negative local reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ioannis Kormpakis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Benjamin Rothrauff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Eng., Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Lipner J, Shen H, Cavinatto L, Liu W, Havlioglu N, Xia Y, Galatz LM, Thomopoulos S. In Vivo Evaluation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Delivered with a Nanofiber Scaffold for Tendon-to-Bone Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2766-74. [PMID: 26414599 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff tears are common and cause a great deal of lost productivity, pain, and disability. Tears are typically repaired by suturing the tendon back to its bony attachment. Unfortunately, the structural (e.g., aligned collagen) and compositional (e.g., a gradient in mineral) elements that produce a robust attachment in the healthy tissue are not regenerated during healing, and the repair is prone to failure. Two features of the failed healing response are deposition of poorly aligned scar tissue and loss of bone at the repair site. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to improve tendon-to-bone healing by promoting aligned collagen deposition and increased bone formation using a biomimetic scaffold seeded with pluripotent cells. An aligned nanofibrous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffold with a gradient in mineral content was seeded with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and implanted at the repair site of a rat rotator cuff model. In one group, cells were transduced with the osteogenic factor bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). The healing response was examined in four groups (suture only, acellular scaffold, cellular scaffold, and cellular BMP2 scaffold) using histologic, bone morphology, and biomechanical outcomes at 14, 28, and 56 days. Histologically, the healing interface was dominated by a fibrovascular scar response in all groups. The acellular scaffold group showed a delayed healing response compared to the other groups. When examining bone morphology parameters, bone loss was evident in the cellular BMP2 group compared to other groups at 28 days. When examining repair-site mechanical properties, strength and modulus were decreased in the cellular BMP2 groups compared to other groups at 28 and 56 days. These results indicated that tendon-to-bone healing in this animal model was dominated by scar formation, preventing any positive effects of the implanted biomimetic scaffold. Furthermore, cells transduced with the osteogenic factor BMP2 led to impaired healing, suggesting that this growth factor should not be used in the tendon-to-bone repair setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lipner
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hua Shen
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leonardo Cavinatto
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Wenying Liu
- 3 School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- 4 Department of Pathology, John Cochran VA Medical Center , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Younan Xia
- 5 The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Leesa M Galatz
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
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Wang W, He A, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhou G, Cao Y, Liu W. Induction of transient tenogenic phenotype of high-density cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:288-99. [PMID: 25748814 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1023433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous study showed that high-density culture supported phenotype maintenance of in vitro expanded tenocytes. This study explored the possibility of inducing the tenogenic phenotype of dermal fibroblasts by high-density monolayer culture. Human fibroblasts were seeded either in high-density (2.5 × 10(6) per 10 cm dish) or at low-density (0.36 × 10(6) per 10 cm dish). A preliminary tenogenic phenotype was observed in high-density cultured cells after one passage with significantly enhanced tenogenic gene expression. With continued cultivation to passage 3, scleraxis (SCX), tenomodulin (TNMD), collagen I, III, VI, decorin and tenascin-c were all significantly upregulated in high-density cultured dermal fibroblasts as opposed to low-density cells. High-density culture also led to relatively elongated cell shape, whereas cells appeared in spread shape in low-density culture. In addition, cytochalasin D treatment disrupted the cellular cytoskeleton and resulted in inhibition of density-induced tenogenic gene expression. However, high-density cultured fibroblasts failed to induce other lineage differentiations (osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic). It also failed to induce tenogenic phenotype in high-density cultured chondrocytes. Mechanism studies revealed enhanced gene expression of growth and differentiation factors (GDF) 5, 6, 7 and 8 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)1 in the high-density group and enhanced protein production of both GDF8 and TGF-β1. Moreover, BMP/GDF signaling inhibitor (LDN193189) and TGF-β signaling inhibitor (LY2109761) could both abrogate the density induced phenotype. In conclusion, high-density culture was able to induce transient tenogenic phenotype of dermal fibroblasts likely via cell morphology change and production of pro-tenogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shanghai , People's Republic of China and
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72
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Manning CN, Martel C, Sakiyama-Elbert SE, Silva MJ, Shah S, Gelberman RH, Thomopoulos S. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells modulate tendon fibroblast responses to macrophage-induced inflammation in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:74. [PMID: 25889287 PMCID: PMC4416344 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophage-driven inflammation is a key feature of the early period following tendon repair, but excessive inflammation has been associated with poor clinical outcomes. Modulation of the inflammatory environment using molecular or cellular treatments may provide a means to enhance tendon healing. Methods To examine the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages on tendon fibroblasts (TF), we established in vitro models of cytokine and macrophage-induced inflammation. Gene expression, protein expression, and cell viability assays were used to examine TF responses. In an effort to reduce the negative effects of inflammatory cytokines on TFs, adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) were incorporated into the model and their ability to modulate inflammation was investigated. Results The inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and macrophages of varying phenotypes induced up-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors and matrix degradation factors and down-regulation of factors related to extracellular matrix formation by TFs in culture. ASCs did not suppress these presumably negative effects induced by IL-1β. However, ASC co-culture with M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophages successfully suppressed the effects of M1 macrophages on TFs by inducing a phenotypic switch from a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype to an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, thus resulting in exposure of TFs to lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)). Conclusions These findings suggest that IL-1β and M1 macrophages are detrimental to tendon healing and that ASC-mediated modulation of the post-operative inflammatory response may be beneficial for tendon healing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0059-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cionne N Manning
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, 425 S Euclid, Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, 425 S Euclid, Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Current address: Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Shelly E Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, 425 S Euclid, Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Shivam Shah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, 425 S Euclid, Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, 425 S Euclid, Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University, 425 S Euclid, Box 8233, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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73
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Shen H, Grimston S, Civitelli R, Thomopoulos S. Deletion of connexin43 in osteoblasts/osteocytes leads to impaired muscle formation in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:596-605. [PMID: 25348938 PMCID: PMC4444057 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that muscle forces are necessary for bone development as well as proper bone modeling and remodeling. Recent work has also suggested that bone acts as an endocrine organ that can influence the development of other organs. Connexin43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein that transduces mechanical signals, is an important determinant of cortical bone modeling. Using an osteoblast/osteocyte-specific ablation of the Cx43 gene (Gja1) driven by the 2.3-kb Col1 α1 promoter (cKO) in the mouse, in this study we confirmed reduced cortical bone thickness and density with expanded bone marrow cavity in the cKO humerus. Surprisingly, Gja1 deletion in bone cells also affected skeletal muscle development, resulting in lower fast muscle weight, grip strength, and maximum absolute and specific tetanic forces (60% to 80%, 85%, and 50%, respectively, of WT mice). The normally fast twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle exhibited increased slow twitch fibers in cKO mice. These muscle defects were accompanied by a 40% to 60% reduction in mRNA abundance for genes encoding osteocalcin in the humerus, relative to WT mice. Accordingly, both carboxylated and undercarboxylated isoforms of osteocalcin were reduced by over 30% in the circulation of cKO mice. Moreover, the active, undercarboxylated isoform of osteocalcin (glu-OC) promoted myotube formation in C2C12 myoblast cultures, and glu-OC injections to cKO mice rescued EDL muscle cross-sectional area and grip strength in vivo. These findings demonstrate that Cx43 in osteoblasts/osteocytes indirectly modulates skeletal muscle growth and function, potentially via an endocrine effect of glu-OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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74
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In vitro mutual interaction between tenocytes and adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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75
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Stanco D, Viganò M, Perucca Orfei C, Di Giancamillo A, Peretti GM, Lanfranchi L, de Girolamo L. Multidifferentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and hamstring tendons for musculoskeletal cell-based therapy. Regen Med 2015; 10:729-43. [PMID: 25565145 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been deeply characterized for their usefulness in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration; recently, other mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sources have also been proposed. This study compares for the first time human tendon stem/progenitor cells isolated from hamstring tendons with human ASCs. MATERIALS & METHODS Human TSPCs and ASCs were isolated from hamstring tendon portions and adipose tissue of healthy donors undergoing ACL reconstruction or liposuction, respectively (n = 7). Clonogenic ability, immunophenotype and multi-differentiation potential were assessed and compared. RESULTS Both populations showed similar proliferation and clonogenic ability and expressed embryonic stem cell genes and MSC surface markers. Tendon stem/progenitor cells showed lower adipogenic and osteogenic ability, but after the chondrogenic differentiation, they produced more abundant glycosaminoglycans and expressed higher levels of aggrecan with regards to ASCs. The tenogenic induction with BMP-12 upregulated SCX and DCN gene expression in both populations. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that waste hamstring tendon fragments could represent a convenient MSC source for musculoskeletal regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Stanco
- Orthopaedics Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- Orthopaedics Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- Orthopaedics Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe M Peretti
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy.,Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Lanfranchi
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Via R Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
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Otabe K, Nakahara H, Hasegawa A, Matsukawa T, Ayabe F, Onizuka N, Inui M, Takada S, Ito Y, Sekiya I, Muneta T, Lotz M, Asahara H. Transcription factor Mohawk controls tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1-8. [PMID: 25312837 PMCID: PMC4294629 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mohawk homeobox (MKX) has been demonstrated as a tendon/ligament specific transcription factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MKX in ligament/tenogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). Human BMMSCs were treated with 50 ng/ml BMP-12 or transduced with MKX or scleraxis (SCX) adenoviral vector. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Rat BMMSCs were seeded in a collagen scaffold and transplanted into a rat Achilles tendon defect model. Tenogenesis related gene expressions and histological features were analyzed. BMP-12 induced tenogenesis in BMMSCs as indicated by increased COL1a1, TNXB, DCN and SCX mRNA, and MKX expression increased simultaneously. Rat BMMSCs enhanced defect repair and were still detectable 3 weeks after transplantation. Increased expressions of COL1a1, TNC and TNMD in vivo were also correlated with upregulated MKX. Adenoviral MKX promoted expression of COL1a1, TNXB, and TNMD in BMMSCs. This study demonstrated that MKX gene expression is enhanced during the tenogenic differentiation of BMMSCs in vitro and in vivo, and the adenoviral overexpression of MKX increases tendon extracellular matrix gene expression and protein production. Thus, MKX is a key factor for tenogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Otabe
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
,National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakahara
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Akihiko Hasegawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tetsuya Matsukawa
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fumiaki Ayabe
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Naoko Onizuka
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inui
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of System Biomedicine, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
,National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Department of System Biomedicine, Tokyo, Japan
,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of System Biomedicine, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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STANCO DEBORAH, VIGANÒ MARCO, PERUCCA ORFEI CARLOTTA, DI GIANCAMILLO ALESSIA, THIEBAT GABRIELE, PERETTI GIUSEPPE, de GIROLAMO LAURA. In vitro characterization of stem/progenitor cells from semitendinosus and gracilis tendons as a possible new tool for cell-based therapy for tendon disorders. JOINTS 2014; 2:159-168. [PMID: 25750904 PMCID: PMC4334215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE this study was conducted to characterize tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) isolated from human semitendinosus and gracilis tendons in terms of stemness properties and multi-differentiation potential. METHODS TSPCs were isolated from waste portions of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons from three donors who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. TSPCs were plated in culture until passage 4, when experiments to assess cell proliferation, viability and clonogenic ability were performed. The immunophenotype of TSPCs was evaluated by cytofluorimetric analysis. The in vitro osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and tenogenic potential was evaluated using biochemical, histological and gene expression analysis to detect specific differentiation markers. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. RESULTS after a few passages in culture the cell populations showed a homogeneous fibroblast-like morphology typical of mesenchymal stem cells. The average doubling time of TSPCs increased from 52.4±4.8 at passage 2 to 100.8±23.4 hours at passage 4. The highest percentage of colonies was also found at passage 4 (4.7±2.3%). TSPCs showed the typical mesenchymal phenotype, with high expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105 and no expression of CD34 and CD45. Cells induced to differentiate toward osteogenic lineage showed significant upregulations of ALP activity (+189%, p<0.05) and calcified matrix deposition (+49%, p<0.05) compared with undifferentiated cells; culture in chondrogenic medium also provoked a significant increase in glycosaminoglycan levels (+108%, p<0.05). On the other hand, TSPCs were not able to respond to adipogenic stimuli. Scleraxis gene expression and decorin gene expression, considered tenogenic markers, were already very high in control cells, and culture in tenogenic medium further increased these values although not significantly. CONCLUSIONS our data show that it is possible to isolate TSPCs from very small fragments of tissue and that they show the typical features of MSCs and multi-differentiation potential, above all toward osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. CLINICAL RELEVANCE this study can be considered one of the first attempts to clarify the biology of tendon cell populations, focusing in particular on the potential applicability of this cell source for future regenerative medicine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- DEBORAH STANCO
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - MARCO VIGANÒ
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - CARLOTTA PERUCCA ORFEI
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - GABRIELE THIEBAT
- Sport Traumatology and Arthroscopic Unit, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - GIUSEPPE PERETTI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan; IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - LAURA de GIROLAMO
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy
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78
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Caliari SR, Harley BAC. Structural and biochemical modification of a collagen scaffold to selectively enhance MSC tenogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1086-96. [PMID: 24574180 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial approaches for engineering orthopedic interfaces such as the tendon-bone junction (TBJ) are limited by a lack of understanding of how insoluble (microstructure, composition) and soluble regulators of stem cell fate work in concert to promote bioactivity and differentiation. One strategy for regenerating the interface is to design biomaterials containing spatially graded structural properties sufficient to induce divergent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into multiple interface-specific phenotypes. This work explores the hypothesis that selective structural modification to a 3D collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffold combined with biochemical supplementation can drive human bone-marrow-derived MSC differentiation down tenogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Tenogenic differentiation is enhanced in geometrically anisotropic scaffolds versus a standard isotropic control. Notably, blebbistatin treatment abrogates this microstructurally driven effect. Further, enhanced osteogenic differentiation and new mineral synthesis are achieved by incorporation of a calcium phosphate mineral phase within the CG scaffold along with the use of osteogenic induction media. Finally, chondrogenic differentiation is optimally driven by combining chondrogenic induction media with a reduced density scaffold that promotes increased cellular condensation, significantly higher expression of chondrogenic genes, and increased GAG deposition. Together these data provide critical insight regarding design rules for elements of an integrated biomaterial platform for orthopedic interface regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Caliari
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 Roger Adams Laboratory; 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 Roger Adams Laboratory; 600 S. Mathews St Urbana IL 61801 USA
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79
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Liu W, Lipner J, Xie J, Manning CN, Thomopoulos S, Xia Y. Nanofiber scaffolds with gradients in mineral content for spatial control of osteogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2842-9. [PMID: 24433042 PMCID: PMC3985939 DOI: 10.1021/am405418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reattachment of tendon to bone has been a challenge in orthopedic surgery. The disparate mechanical properties of the two tissues make it difficult to achieve direct surgical repair of the tendon-to-bone insertion. Healing after surgical repair typically does not regenerate the natural attachment, a complex tissue that connects tendon and bone across a gradient in both mineral content and cell phenotypes. To facilitate the regeneration of the attachment, our groups have developed a nanofiber-based scaffold with a graded mineral coating to mimic the mineral composition of the native tendon-to-bone insertion. In the present work, we evaluated the ability of this scaffold to induce graded osteogenesis of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Results from 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining indicated that cell proliferation was negatively correlated with the mineral content. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase staining, an indicator of osteogenesis, was positively correlated with the mineral content. Likewise, runt-related transcription factor 2 (an early marker of osteoblast differentiation) and osteocalcin (a late marker of osteoblast differentiation) immunostaining were both positively correlated with the mineral content. These results indicate that a gradient in mineral content on the surface of a nanofiber scaffold is capable of inducing graded differentiation of ASCs into osteoblasts for enthesis repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Justin Lipner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Cionne N. Manning
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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