51
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Zhao Y, Jamaluddin M, Zhang Y, Sun H, Ivanciuc T, Garofalo RP, Brasier AR. Systematic Analysis of Cell-Type Differences in the Epithelial Secretome Reveals Insights into the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3345-3364. [PMID: 28258195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are due, in part, to secreted signals from lower airway cells that modify the immune response and trigger airway remodeling. To understand this process, we applied an unbiased quantitative proteomics analysis of the RSV-induced epithelial secretory response in cells representative of the trachea versus small airway bronchiolar cells. A workflow was established using telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cells that revealed highly reproducible cell type-specific differences in secreted proteins and nanoparticles (exosomes). Approximately one third of secretome proteins are exosomal; the remainder are from lysosomal and vacuolar compartments. We applied this workflow to three independently derived primary human cultures from trachea versus bronchioles. A total of 577 differentially expressed proteins from control supernatants and 966 differentially expressed proteins from RSV-infected cell supernatants were identified at a 1% false discovery rate. Fifteen proteins unique to RSV-infected primary human cultures from trachea were regulated by epithelial-specific ets homologous factor. A total of 106 proteins unique to RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cells was regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB. In this latter group, we validated the differential expression of CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and CCL3-like 1 because of their roles in Th2 polarization. CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α was the most active mucin-inducing factor in the RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cell secretome and was differentially expressed in smaller airways in a mouse model of RSV infection. These studies provide insights into the complexity of innate responses and regional differences in the epithelial secretome participating in RSV lower respiratory tract infection-induced airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Mohammad Jamaluddin
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
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52
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Zanin M, Baviskar P, Webster R, Webby R. The Interaction between Respiratory Pathogens and Mucus. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:159-68. [PMID: 26867175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between respiratory pathogens and their hosts is complex and incompletely understood. This is particularly true when pathogens encounter the mucus layer covering the respiratory tract. The mucus layer provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection. Respiratory mucus has numerous functions and interactions, both with the host and with pathogens. This review summarizes the current understanding of respiratory mucus and its interactions with the respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses, with particular focus on influenza virus transmissibility and host-range specificity. Based on current findings we propose that respiratory mucus represents an understudied host-restriction factor for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zanin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Pradyumna Baviskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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53
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat Shaykhiev
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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54
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Dumont P. Increasing the complexity of respiratory syncytial virus infection: Reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and premature senescence. Virulence 2016; 7:372-5. [DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1162370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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55
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Martínez I, García-Carpizo V, Guijarro T, García-Gomez A, Navarro D, Aranda A, Zambrano A. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks and cellular senescence by human respiratory syncytial virus. Virulence 2016; 7:427-42. [PMID: 26809688 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1144001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) accounts for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections during infancy and childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. HRSV provokes a proliferation arrest and characteristic syncytia in cellular systems such as immortalized epithelial cells. We show here that HRSV induces the expression of DNA damage markers and proliferation arrest such as P-TP53, P-ATM, CDKN1A and γH2AFX in cultured cells secondary to the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The DNA damage foci contained γH2AFX and TP53BP1, indicative of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and could be reversed by antioxidant treatments such as N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) or reduced glutathione ethyl ester (GSHee). The damage observed is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells, displaying a canonical senescent phenotype in both mononuclear cells and syncytia. In addition, we show signs of DNA damage and aging such as γH2AFX and CDKN2A expression in the respiratory epithelia of infected mice long after viral clearance. Altogether, these results show that HRSV triggers a DNA damage-mediated cellular senescence program probably mediated by oxidative stress. The results also suggest that this program might contribute to the physiopathology of the infection, tissue remodeling and aging, and might be associated to long-term consequences of HRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martínez
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Verónica García-Carpizo
- b Department of Endocrine Physiopathology and Nervous System , Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBM), CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Trinidad Guijarro
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana García-Gomez
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Diego Navarro
- b Department of Endocrine Physiopathology and Nervous System , Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBM), CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- b Department of Endocrine Physiopathology and Nervous System , Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBM), CSIC-UAM , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- a Department of Molecular Pathology , Spanish National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
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56
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Tadokoro T, Gao X, Hong CC, Hotten D, Hogan BLM. BMP signaling and cellular dynamics during regeneration of airway epithelium from basal progenitors. Development 2016; 143:764-73. [PMID: 26811382 PMCID: PMC4813333 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pseudostratified epithelium of the lung contains ciliated and secretory luminal cells and basal stem/progenitor cells. To identify signals controlling basal cell behavior we screened factors that alter their self-renewal and differentiation in a clonal organoid (tracheosphere) assay. This revealed that inhibitors of the canonical BMP signaling pathway promote proliferation but do not affect lineage choice, whereas exogenous Bmp4 inhibits proliferation and differentiation. We therefore followed changes in BMP pathway components in vivo in the mouse trachea during epithelial regeneration from basal cells after injury. The findings suggest that BMP signaling normally constrains proliferation at steady state and this brake is released transiently during repair by the upregulation of endogenous BMP antagonists. Early in repair, the packing of epithelial cells along the basal lamina increases, but density is later restored by active extrusion of apoptotic cells. Systemic administration of the BMP antagonist LDN-193189 during repair initially increases epithelial cell number but, following the shedding phase, normal density is restored. Taken together, these results reveal crucial roles for both BMP signaling and cell shedding in homeostasis of the respiratory epithelium. Summary: In the mouse airway epithelium, regeneration after injury involves transient downregulation of BMP signaling to promote proliferation, followed by cell shedding to restore cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tadokoro
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine-Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Danielle Hotten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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57
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Nelli RK, Maes R, Kiupel M, Hussey GS. Use of a feline respiratory epithelial cell culture system grown at the air-liquid interface to characterize the innate immune response following feline herpesvirus 1 infection. Virus Res 2016; 214:39-48. [PMID: 26795546 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection with feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) accounts for 50% of viral upper respiratory diseases in domestic cats and is a significant cause of ocular diseases. Despite the clinical significance and high prevalence of FHV-1 infection, currently available vaccines cannot completely protect cats from infection and lifelong latency. FHV-1 infects via the mucous membranes and replicates in respiratory epithelial cells, but very little is known about the early innate immunity at this site. To address questions about immunity to FHV-1, feline respiratory epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI-FRECs) were established by collecting respiratory tracts from 6 healthy cats after euthanasia. Cells were isolated, cultured and characterized histologically and immunologically before infection with FHV-1. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokine and chemokine responses were measured by real time PCR. ALI-FRECs morphologically resembled the natural airways of cats with multilayered columnar epithelial cells and cilia. Immunological properties of the natural airways were maintained in ALI-FRECs, as evidenced by the expression of TLRs, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, beta-defensins, and other regulatory genes. Furthermore, ALI-FRECs were able to support infection and replication of FHV-1, as well as modulate transcriptional regulation of various immune genes in response to infection. IL-1β and TNFα were increased in ALI-FRECs by 24hpi, whereas expression levels of IFN-α and TLR9 were not increased until 36hpi. In contrast, TLR3, GM-CSF and TGF-1β expression was down-regulated at 36hpi. The data presented show the development of a system ideal for investigating the molecular pathogenesis and immunity of FHV-1 or other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nelli
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Roger Maes
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, 4125 Beaumont Road, Building 0215, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, 4125 Beaumont Road, Building 0215, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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58
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Jeong KI, Piepenhagen PA, Kishko M, DiNapoli JM, Groppo RP, Zhang L, Almond J, Kleanthous H, Delagrave S, Parrington M. CX3CR1 Is Expressed in Differentiated Human Ciliated Airway Cells and Co-Localizes with Respiratory Syncytial Virus on Cilia in a G Protein-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130517. [PMID: 26107373 PMCID: PMC4479564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the principal cause of bronchiolitis in infants and a significant healthcare problem. The RSV Glycoprotein (G) mediates attachment of the virus to the cell membrane, which facilitates interaction of the RSV Fusion (F) protein with nucleolin, thereby triggering fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. However, a host protein ligand for G has not yet been identified. Here we show that CX3CR1 is expressed in the motile cilia of differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cells, and that CX3CR1 co-localizes with RSV particles. Upon infection, the distribution of CX3CR1 in these cells is significantly altered. Complete or partial deletion of RSV G results in viruses binding at least 72-fold less efficiently to cells, and reduces virus replication. Moreover, an antibody targeting an epitope near the G protein’s CX3CR1-binding motif significantly inhibits binding of the virus to airway cells. Given previously published evidence of the interaction of G with CX3CR1 in human lymphocytes, these findings suggest a role for G in the interaction of RSV with ciliated lung cells. This interpretation is consistent with past studies showing a protective benefit in immunizing against G in animal models of RSV infection, and would support targeting the CX3CR1-G protein interaction for prophylaxis or therapy. CX3CR1 expression in lung epithelial cells may also have implications for other respiratory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Jeong
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Piepenhagen
- Genzyme, Department of Pathology, 5 The Mountain Rd., Framingham, MA 01701, United States of America
| | - Michael Kishko
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. DiNapoli
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Rachel P. Groppo
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Linong Zhang
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Almond
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Simon Delagrave
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Parrington
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, 38 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
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59
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Becerra D, Rivera K, Lay MK, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Inflammatory damage on respiratory and nervous systems due to hRSV infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:14-21. [PMID: 26026788 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The exacerbated inflammatory response elicited by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) in the lungs of infected patients causes a major health burden in the pediatric and elderly population. Since the discovery of hRSV, the exacerbated host immune-inflammatory response triggered by this virus has been extensively studied. In this article, we review the effects on the airways caused by immune cells and cytokines/chemokines secreted during hRSV infection. While molecules such as interferons contribute at controlling viral infection, IL-17 and others produce damage to the hRSV-infected lung. In addition to affecting the airways, hRSV infection can cause significant neurologic abnormalities in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origin of these symptoms remains unclear, studies from patients suffering neurological alteration suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Becerra
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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