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Nakamura A, Kitching RL, Cao M, Creedy TJ, Fayle TM, Freiberg M, Hewitt C, Itioka T, Koh LP, Ma K, Malhi Y, Mitchell A, Novotny V, Ozanne CM, Song L, Wang H, Ashton LA. Forests and Their Canopies: Achievements and Horizons in Canopy Science. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:438-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Manoj K, Rajesh TP, Prashanth Ballullaya U, Meharabi KM, Shibil VK, Rajmohana K, Sinu PA. Diversity of Platygastridae in Leaf Litter and Understory Layers of Tropical Rainforests of the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot, India. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:685-692. [PMID: 28459960 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Platygastridae is the third largest family of parasitic Hymenoptera in the world. It includes important egg and larval parasitoids of insects and spiders. Therefore, Platygastridae is functionally important in maintaining the stability of tropical rainforests and agroecosystems. Although the diversity of Platygastridae is relatively well-known in agroecosystems, we know little about their diversity in tropical rainforests, and particularly about that of the leaf litter layer. Here, we address the importance of monitoring Platygastridae in tropical rainforests, using data from the relic primary forests of the sacred groves of the Western Ghats. First, we demonstrate that pitfall traps allow us to catch a wide array of representative diversity of Platygastridae of the tropical rainforests, and we establish an efficient collection method to study Platygastridae of leaf litter layer. Second, we demonstrate that the community structure and composition of Platygastridae of the leaf litter layer is different from that seen in the understory of the forests. This indirectly informs us that the Malaise traps capture only a minor subset of the species active in the rainforests. Third, we find that the dry and wet seasons captured dissimilar community of Platygastridae, suggesting that the season might alter the potential host species or host stages. We conclude that monitoring parasitic Hymenoptera in the leaf litter layer of tropical rainforests can provide fresh insights on the species distribution of both the parasitoids and their hosts, and allows us to examine the current state of the tropical rainforests from a functional point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manoj
- Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO 671?314, Kasaragod, Kerala, India (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - T P Rajesh
- Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO 671?314, Kasaragod, Kerala, India (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - U Prashanth Ballullaya
- Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO 671?314, Kasaragod, Kerala, India (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - K M Meharabi
- Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO 671?314, Kasaragod, Kerala, India (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - V K Shibil
- Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO 671?314, Kasaragod, Kerala, India (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - K Rajmohana
- Zoological Survey of India, M Block, New Alipore PO, Kolkata 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Palatty Allesh Sinu
- Department of Animal Science, Central University of Kerala, Padannakad PO 671 314, Kasaragod, Kerala, India ( ; ; ; ; ; )
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA
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Lenoir A, Boulay R, Dejean A, Touchard A, Cuvillier-Hot V. Phthalate pollution in an Amazonian rainforest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16865-16872. [PMID: 27372101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous contaminants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can become trapped in the cuticles of insects, including ants which were recognized as good bioindicators for such pollution. Because phthalates have been noted in developed countries and because they also have been found in the Arctic, a region isolated from direct anthropogenic influence, we hypothesized that they are widespread. So, we looked for their presence on the cuticle of ants gathered from isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest and along an anthropogenic gradient of pollution (rainforest vs. road sides vs. cities in French Guiana). Phthalate pollution (mainly di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) was higher on ants gathered in cities and along road sides than on those collected in the pristine rainforest, indicating that it follows a human-mediated gradient of disturbance related to the use of plastics and many other products that contain phthalates in urban zones. Their presence varied with the ant species; the cuticle of Solenopsis saevissima traps higher amount of phthalates than that of compared species. However, the presence of phthalates in isolated areas of pristine rainforests suggests that they are associated both with atmospheric particles and in gaseous form and are transported over long distances by wind, resulting in a worldwide diffusion. These findings suggest that there is no such thing as a "pristine" zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lenoir
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Raphaël Boulay
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Alain Dejean
- Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, France
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, France
| | - Virginie Cuvillier-Hot
- CNRS; UMR 8198, Unité Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Janzen DH, Hallwachs W. DNA barcoding the Lepidoptera inventory of a large complex tropical conserved wildland, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica. Genome 2016; 59:641-60. [PMID: 27584861 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 37-year ongoing inventory of the estimated 15 000 species of Lepidoptera living in the 125 000 terrestrial hectares of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, has DNA barcode documented 11 000+ species, and the simultaneous inventory of at least 6000+ species of wild-caught caterpillars, plus 2700+ species of parasitoids. The inventory began with Victorian methodologies and species-level perceptions, but it was transformed in 2004 by the full application of DNA barcoding for specimen identification and species discovery. This tropical inventory of an extraordinarily species-rich and complex multidimensional trophic web has relied upon the sequencing services provided by the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the informatics support from BOLD, the Barcode of Life Data Systems, major tools developed by the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, and available to all through couriers and the internet. As biodiversity information flows from these many thousands of undescribed and often look-alike species through their transformations to usable product, we see that DNA barcoding, firmly married to our centuries-old morphology-, ecology-, microgeography-, and behavior-based ways of taxonomizing the wild world, has made possible what was impossible before 2004. We can now work with all the species that we find, as recognizable species-level units of biology. In this essay, we touch on some of the details of the mechanics of actually using DNA barcoding in an inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Fine-Scale Vertical Stratification and Guild Composition of Saproxylic Beetles in Lowland and Montane Forests: Similar Patterns despite Low Faunal Overlap. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149506. [PMID: 26978783 PMCID: PMC4792385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The finer scale patterns of arthropod vertical stratification in forests are rarely studied and poorly understood. Further, there are no studies investigating whether and how altitude affects arthropod vertical stratification in temperate forests. We therefore investigated the fine-scale vertical stratification of diversity and guild structure of saproxylic beetles in temperate lowland and montane forests and compared the resulting patterns between the two habitats. Methods The beetles were sampled with flight intercept traps arranged into vertical transects (sampling heights 0.4, 1.2, 7, 14, and 21 m). A triplet of such transects was installed in each of the five sites in the lowland and in the mountains; 75 traps were used in each forest type. Results 381 species were collected in the lowlands and 236 species in the mountains. Only 105 species (21%) were found at both habitats; in the montane forest as well as in the lowlands, the species richness peaked at 1.2 m, and the change in assemblage composition was most rapid near the ground. The assemblages clearly differed between the understorey (0.4 m, 1.2 m) and the canopy (7 m, 14 m, 21 m) and between the two sampling heights within the understorey, but less within the canopy. The stratification was better pronounced in the lowland, where canopy assemblages were richer than those near the forest floor (0.4 m). In the mountains the samples from 14 and 21 m were more species poor than those from the lower heights. The guild structure was similar in both habitats. Conclusions The main patterns of vertical stratification and guild composition were strikingly similar between the montane and the lowland forest despite the low overlap of their faunas. The assemblages of saproxylic beetles were most stratified near ground. The comparisons of species richness between canopy and understorey may thus give contrasting results depending on the exact sampling height in the understorey.
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Whitworth A, Villacampa J, Brown A, Huarcaya RP, Downie R, MacLeod R. Past Human Disturbance Effects upon Biodiversity are Greatest in the Canopy; A Case Study on Rainforest Butterflies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150520. [PMID: 26950438 PMCID: PMC4780695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A key part of tropical forest spatial complexity is the vertical stratification of biodiversity, with widely differing communities found in higher rainforest strata compared to terrestrial levels. Despite this, our understanding of how human disturbance may differentially affect biodiversity across vertical strata of tropical forests has been slow to develop. For the first time, how the patterns of current biodiversity vary between three vertical strata within a single forest, subject to three different types of historic anthropogenic disturbance, was directly assessed. In total, 229 species of butterfly were detected, with a total of 5219 individual records. Butterfly species richness, species diversity, abundance and community evenness differed markedly between vertical strata. We show for the first time, for any group of rainforest biodiversity, that different vertical strata within the same rainforest, responded differently in areas with different historic human disturbance. Differences were most notable within the canopy. Regenerating forest following complete clearance had 47% lower canopy species richness than regenerating forest that was once selectively logged, while the reduction in the mid-storey was 33% and at ground level, 30%. These results also show for the first time that even long term regeneration (over the course of 30 years) may be insufficient to erase differences in biodiversity linked to different types of human disturbance. We argue, along with other studies, that ignoring the potential for more pronounced effects of disturbance on canopy fauna, could lead to the underestimation of the effects of habitat disturbance on biodiversity, and thus the overestimation of the conservation value of regenerating forests more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Whitworth
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- The Crees Foundation, Urb. Mariscal Gamarra B-5, Zona 1, Cusco, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaime Villacampa
- The Crees Foundation, Urb. Mariscal Gamarra B-5, Zona 1, Cusco, Peru
| | - Alice Brown
- The Crees Foundation, Urb. Mariscal Gamarra B-5, Zona 1, Cusco, Peru
| | - Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya
- The Crees Foundation, Urb. Mariscal Gamarra B-5, Zona 1, Cusco, Peru
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco, Peru
| | - Roger Downie
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ross MacLeod
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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