51
|
Powell LM, Jones K, Duran AC, Tarlov E, Zenk SN. The price of ultra-processed foods and beverages and adult body weight: Evidence from U.S. veterans. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2019; 34:39-48. [PMID: 31204255 PMCID: PMC6897320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of ultra-processed foods in the U.S. and globally has increased and is associated with lower diet quality, higher energy intake, higher body weight, and poorer health outcomes. This study drew on individual-level data on measured height and weight from U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs medical records for adults aged 20 to 64 from 2009 through 2014 linked to food and beverage price data from the Council for Community and Economic Research to examine the association between the price of ultra-processed foods and beverages and adult body mass index (BMI). We estimated geographic fixed effects models to control for unobserved heterogeneity of prices. We estimated separate models for men and women and we assessed differences in price sensitivity across subpopulations by socioeconomic status (SES). The results showed that a one-dollar increase in the price of ultra-processed foods and beverages was associated with 0.08 lower BMI units for men (p ≤ 0.05) (price elasticity of BMI of -0.01) and 0.14 lower BMI units for women (p ≤ 0.10) (price elasticity of BMI of -0.02). Higher prices of ultra-processed foods and beverages were associated with lower BMI among low-SES men (price elasticity of BMI of -0.02) and low-SES women (price elasticity of BMI of -0.07) but no statistically significant associations were found for middle- or high-SES men or women. Robustness checks based on the estimation of an individual-level fixed effects model found a consistent but smaller association between the price of ultra-processed foods and beverages and BMI among women (price elasticity of BMI of -0.01) with a relatively larger association for low-SES women (price elasticity of BMI of -0.04) but revealed no association for men highlighting the importance of accounting for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Powell
- Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
| | - Kelly Jones
- Health Systems Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Tarlov
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, United States
| | - Shannon N Zenk
- Health Systems Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Buch-Andersen T, Helms Andreasen A, Jørgensen T, Holger Ehlers L, Toft U. Price and sales volume of sugar-sweetened beverages, diet drinks, sweets and chocolates: analysis of Danish retail scanner data. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:581-587. [PMID: 31316172 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between price and sales volume of non-alcoholic sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), diet drinks, sweets and chocolates, including own and cross price elasticity to further quantify the potential impact of price. METHODS The study was based on retail scanner data for grocery sales from retail outlet chains in Denmark during the year 2008-2015. A fixed-effects model was used to estimate the association between price and sales volume, using own price and cross price elasticity. RESULTS Sales volume of all sugary products except for chocolates were significantly negatively associated with price. Own price elasticity varied from -0.3 to -0.4 for drinks and sweets indicating that a 10% increase in price would cause a reduction in sales by 3 or 4%. A 10% increase in price of carbonated SSBs would increase sales of diet drinks by 7%. Cross price elasticities for other products were not significant. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study demonstrated significant negative associations between changes in price and changes in the sale of SSBs, diet drinks and sweets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tine Buch-Andersen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Anne Helms Andreasen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 10, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars Holger Ehlers
- Danish Center for Healthcare Improvements, Department of Business and Management, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 11, 9220, Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Ulla Toft
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Roberts S, Pilard L, Chen J, Hirst J, Rutter H, Greenhalgh T. Efficacy of population-wide diabetes and obesity prevention programs: An overview of systematic reviews on proximal, intermediate, and distal outcomes and a meta-analysis of impact on BMI. Obes Rev 2019; 20:947-963. [PMID: 31039603 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an overview of systematic reviews and a meta-analysis of the impact on body mass index (BMI) of primary studies of population-wide obesity and diabetes prevention programs, in order to evaluate their efficacy. We searched eight databases for reviews of population-level programs reporting effect on diet, physical activity, BMI, or prevalence of obesity/overweight or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Meta-analysis of primary studies within reviews reporting effect on BMI. Interventions were categorized using ANGELO framework and quality assessment using AMSTAR. Fifty-three systematic reviews were included. Primary studies were largely natural experiments or cross-sectional studies of national data. Increased price of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and fast food, decreased price of fruit and vegetables, food labelling, and grocery store interventions were associated with positive effects on diet. Park and playground renovations and point-of-choice prompts to increase stair use were associated with positive effects on physical activity. Increased price of SSBs, menu labelling, grocery store interventions, and multicomponent interventions were associated with small reductions in BMI. There was insufficient evidence of impact of any interventions on the prevalence of overweight, obesity, or T2DM. We have identified a promising suite of population-wide actions to improve diet, increase physical activity, and reduce BMI. Impact on subsequent incidence of T2DM remains speculative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Roberts
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louis Pilard
- The Centre for Sustainable Healthcare, Oxford, UK
| | - Junqiao Chen
- ISCTE-IUL and University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Hirst
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social & Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H, Rehfuess E. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 6:CD012292. [PMID: 31194900 PMCID: PMC6564085 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012292.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent consumption of excess amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dental caries. Environmental interventions, i.e. interventions that alter the physical or social environment in which individuals make beverage choices, have been advocated as a means to reduce the consumption of SSB. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of environmental interventions (excluding taxation) on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugar-sweetened milk, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, and on any reported unintended consequences or adverse outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched 11 general, specialist and regional databases from inception to 24 January 2018. We also searched trial registers, reference lists and citations, scanned websites of relevant organisations, and contacted study authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies on interventions implemented at an environmental level, reporting effects on direct or indirect measures of SSB intake, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, or any reported adverse outcome. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after (CBA) and interrupted-time-series (ITS) studies, implemented in real-world settings with a combined length of intervention and follow-up of at least 12 weeks and at least 20 individuals in each of the intervention and control groups. We excluded studies in which participants were administered SSB as part of clinical trials, and multicomponent interventions which did not report SSB-specific outcome data. We excluded studies on the taxation of SSB, as these are the subject of a separate Cochrane Review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the risks of bias of included studies. We classified interventions according to the NOURISHING framework, and synthesised results narratively and conducted meta-analyses for two outcomes relating to two intervention types. We assessed our confidence in the certainty of effect estimates with the GRADE framework as very low, low, moderate or high, and presented 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We identified 14,488 unique records, and assessed 1030 in full text for eligibility. We found 58 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, including 22 RCTs, 3 NRCTs, 14 CBA studies, and 19 ITS studies, with a total of 1,180,096 participants. The median length of follow-up was 10 months. The studies included children, teenagers and adults, and were implemented in a variety of settings, including schools, retailing and food service establishments. We judged most studies to be at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain, and most studies used non-randomised designs. The studies examine a broad range of interventions, and we present results for these separately.Labelling interventions (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that traffic-light labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs, and low-certainty evidence that nutritional rating score labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs. For menu-board calorie labelling reported effects on SSB sales varied.Nutrition standards in public institutions (16 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that reduced availability of SSBs in schools is associated with decreased SSB consumption. We found very low-certainty evidence that improved availability of drinking water in schools and school fruit programmes are associated with decreased SSB consumption. Reported associations between improved availability of drinking water in schools and student body weight varied.Economic tools (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that price increases on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. For price discounts on low-calorie beverages reported effects on SSB sales varied.Whole food supply interventions (3 studies): Reported associations between voluntary industry initiatives to improve the whole food supply and SSB sales varied.Retail and food service interventions (7 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that healthier default beverages in children's menus in chain restaurants are associated with decreasing SSB sales, and moderate-certainty evidence that in-store promotion of healthier beverages in supermarkets is associated with decreasing SSB sales. We found very low-certainty evidence that urban planning restrictions on new fast-food restaurants and restrictions on the number of stores selling SSBs in remote communities are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between promotion of healthier beverages in vending machines and SSB intake or sales varied.Intersectoral approaches (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that government food benefit programmes with restrictions on purchasing SSBs are associated with decreased SSB intake. For unrestricted food benefit programmes reported effects varied. We found moderate-certainty evidence that multicomponent community campaigns focused on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between trade and investment liberalisation and SSB sales varied.Home-based interventions (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that improved availability of low-calorie beverages in the home environment is associated with decreased SSB intake, and high-certainty evidence that it is associated with decreased body weight among adolescents with overweight or obesity and a high baseline consumption of SSBs.Adverse outcomes reported by studies, which may occur in some circumstances, included negative effects on revenue, compensatory SSB consumption outside school when the availability of SSBs in schools is reduced, reduced milk intake, stakeholder discontent, and increased total energy content of grocery purchases with price discounts on low-calorie beverages, among others. The certainty of evidence on adverse outcomes was low to very low for most outcomes.We analysed interventions targeting sugar-sweetened milk separately, and found low- to moderate-certainty evidence that emoticon labelling and small prizes for the selection of healthier beverages in elementary school cafeterias are associated with decreased consumption of sugar-sweetened milk. We found low-certainty evidence that improved placement of plain milk in school cafeterias is not associated with decreasing sugar-sweetened milk consumption. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence included in this review indicates that effective, scalable interventions addressing SSB consumption at a population level exist. Implementation should be accompanied by high-quality evaluations using appropriate study designs, with a particular focus on the long-term effects of approaches suitable for large-scale implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter von Philipsborn
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Jan M Stratil
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Jacob Burns
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Laura K Busert
- University College LondonGreat Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUK
| | - Lisa M Pfadenhauer
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Stephanie Polus
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kroener‐Fresenius Centre for Nutritional MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Hans Hauner
- School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kroener‐Fresenius Centre for Nutritional MedicineMunichGermany
| | - Eva Rehfuess
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichInstitute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public HealthMarchioninistr. 15MunichBavariaGermany81377
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Pinto V, Landaeta-Díaz L, Castillo O, Villarroel L, Rigotti A, Echeverría G, Study Group E. Assessment of Diet Quality in Chilean Urban Population through the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040891. [PMID: 31010023 PMCID: PMC6521181 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most worldwide causes of disease and death are strongly associated with dietary factors and the application of eating indexes has proved to be a useful tool to determine diet quality in populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diet quality in Chile through the application of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010). A representative sample (n = 879) of Chilean urban population aged 15–65 years old from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud; ELANS) was used. Dietary intake data were obtained through two 24-hour food recalls and one beverage frequency questionnaire, which were used to calculate AHEI-2010 and its association with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. In this Chilean sample, the AHEI-2010 score was 43.7 ± 7.8 points (mean ± SD). Trans fats and sodium intake were the highest scoring AHEI-2010 components whereas sugar-sweetened beverages and whole grains had the lowest score. Women, older subjects, and individuals in medium-high socioeconomic levels had significantly higher mean AHEI-2010 scores. No association was found between AHEI-2010 and body mass index (BMI), or nutritional status. Conclusions: Diet quality in the Chilean urban population aged 15–65 years old is far from optimal. Thus, there is room for significant improvement of diet quality in Chile through design and implementation of public health policies, particularly in high-risk groups for chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pinto
- Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
| | | | - Oscar Castillo
- Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile.
| | - Luis Villarroel
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.
| | - Guadalupe Echeverría
- Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330033, Chile.
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile.
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cornelsen L, Mazzocchi M, Smith RD. Fat tax or thin subsidy? How price increases and decreases affect the energy and nutrient content of food and beverage purchases in Great Britain. Soc Sci Med 2019; 230:318-327. [PMID: 31030908 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cornelsen
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mario Mazzocchi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belle Arti 41, Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard D Smith
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Medical School Building, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Chacon V, Paraje G, Barnoya J, Chaloupka FJ. Own-price, cross-price, and expenditure elasticities on sugar-sweetened beverages in Guatemala. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205931. [PMID: 30346999 PMCID: PMC6197849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The obesity epidemic is spreading rapidly in Guatemala, a low/middle income country still struggling with undernutrition. Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption is strongly associated with overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases. In Guatemala, SSBs are readily available and consumption is high, particularly among adolescents. SSB taxes have been proposed as a cost-effective way to reduce consumption and generate revenues for public health, as has been demonstrated in several countries around the world. Objective To estimate the price, expenditure, quality, and cross-price elasticity of beverage demand using household survey data. Method We conducted a secondary analysis on the 2014 Guatemala Living Conditions National Survey that includes national representative household data on expenditure. Own price, expenditure, quality, and cross-price elasticities of milk, soft drinks, packaged juices, and bottled water were estimated using Deaton’s Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), controlling for goods’ quality. Household characteristics and beverage expenditure are summarized for urban and rural locations using descriptive statistics. Results Positive expenditure on soft drinks was highest (50.9% of households). Positive expenditure on bottled water was next for urban households (43.8%) and lowest for rural households (10.8%). Own-price elasticities for all beverages are negative and statistically significant. Own-price elasticity of soft drinks is -1.39, suggesting that with a 10% increase in price, consumption would decrease by 13.9%. Expenditure elasticity for soft drinks (0.99) suggests that a 10% household expenditure increase would result in a 9.9% increase in demand. Milk (0.07) and soft drinks (0.07) have positive quality elasticity implying that, as household total expenditure increases, the quality of these beverages, measured by their unit values, also increases. Conclusion Soft drink demand is highly sensitive to changes in prices, suggesting that SSB taxes could significantly reduce consumption, which, in turn, could contribute to curbing the overweight/obesity epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chacon
- Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Guillermo Paraje
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joaquin Barnoya
- Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Bachelet VC, Lanas F. Smoking and obesity in Chile's Third National Health Survey: light and shade. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2018; 42:e132. [PMID: 31093160 PMCID: PMC6385621 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2018.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chilean Ministry of Health recently disclosed the first results of the 2016-2017 National Health Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud, ENS). The survey was cross-sectional and used a multistage stratified random sampling strategy resulting in a final sample of 6 233 persons ≥ 15 years old, with national, regional, and urban/rural representativeness. The survey results show consistent reductions in tobacco consumption compared to previous national health surveys (ENS 2003 and ENS 2009-2010), most likely due to stringent tobacco control policies enacted in the last 10 years. However, the results also show that there were alarming increases in obesity in the last 15 years. Stronger regulatory policies may be needed to curb the obesity epidemic that besets Chile, along the lines of what was done with tobacco use. The lesson learned seems to be that pushing for stronger policy measures leads to good results, as seems to be the case for tobacco use, while weak measures may not be sufficient for the scale of the health epidemics Chile is now facing, such as excess weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne C. Bachelet
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Lanas
- Centro de Capacitación, Investigación y Gestión para la Salud Basada en Evidencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Bosire E, Mendenhall E, Omondi GB, Ndetei D. When Diabetes Confronts HIV: Biological Sub-citizenship at a Public Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Med Anthropol Q 2018; 32:574-592. [PMID: 30117196 DOI: 10.1111/maq.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates how international donor policies cultivate a form of biological sub-citizenship for those with diabetes in Kenya. We interviewed 100 patients at a public hospital clinic in Nairobi, half with a diabetes diagnosis. We focus on three vignettes that illustrate how our study participants differentially perceived and experienced living with and seeking treatment and care for diabetes compared to other conditions, with a special focus on HIV. We argue that biological sub-citizenship, where those with HIV have consistent and comprehensive free medical care and those with diabetes must pay out-of-pocket for testing and treatment, impedes diabetes testing and treatment. Once diagnosed, many are then systematically excluded from the health care system due to their own inability to pay. We argue that the systematic exclusion from international donor money creates a form of biological sub-citizenship based on neoliberal economic policies that undermine other public health protections, such as universal primary health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edna Bosire
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emily Mendenhall
- Science, Technology, and International Affairs Program, Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David Ndetei
- Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Redondo M, Hernández-Aguado I, Lumbreras B. The impact of the tax on sweetened beverages: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:548-563. [PMID: 30535085 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has a serious impact on public health. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are implicated in the obesity epidemic. Regulation has been suggested as one approach to limit consumption. Objective The aim of this study was to synthesize existing evidence related to the impact of taxes on the consumption, purchase, or sales of SSBs. Design A systematic review was conducted by using MEDLINE through PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), the Cochrane Library (http://www.cochranelibrary.com/), the Web of Science (https://login.webofknowledge.com/error/Error?PathInfo=%2F&Error=IPError), and Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/search/form.uri?display=basic) in the period 2011-2017 for studies that analyzed the impact of fiscal regulatory measures on the consumption, purchase, or sales of SSBs. The quality of evidence was assessed according to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) and the TREND (Transparent Reporting of Evaluations with Nonrandomized Designs) statements. Results Of the 17 studies, 5 (29.4%) evaluated the impact of a tax on SSBs in naturalistic experiments by county or city in the United States and in Mexico. Findings indicated that purchases or sales of SSBs decreased significantly with taxation amounts of 8% (Berkeley, CA) and 10% (Mexico). One study found no effect on sales of SSBs in 2 states that enacted a 5.5% tax on sodas. Twelve (70.6%) studies were based on virtual or experimental conditions evaluating either purchasing behavior or sales (6 studies; 50.0%) or behavioral intent (6 studies; 50.0%), resulting in a decrease in either purchasing behavior or sales or intent behavior with heterogeneity according to the tax rate. Conclusions Taxation significantly influences planned purchases and increases the probability of the purchase of healthy beverages. SSB taxes have the potential to reduce calorie and sugar intake, but further research is needed to evaluate effects on diet quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Redondo
- Pharmacy Faculty, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynecology, Miguel Hernández University, Spain.,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Lumbreras
- Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynecology, Miguel Hernández University, Spain.,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
|
62
|
Kirkpatrick SI, Raffoul A, Maynard M, Lee KM, Stapleton J. Gaps in the Evidence on Population Interventions to Reduce Consumption of Sugars: A Review of Reviews. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081036. [PMID: 30096786 PMCID: PMC6115867 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently considerable attention directed to identifying promising interventions to reduce consumption of sugars among populations around the world. A review of systematic reviews was conducted to identify gaps in the evidence on such interventions. Medline, EMBASE CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched to identify systematic reviews published in English from January 2005 to May 2017 and considering research on interventions to reduce sugar intake. Twelve systematic reviews that considered price changes, interventions to alter the food available within specific environments, and health promotion and education programs were examined. Each of the identified reviews focused on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). The existing literature provides some promising indications in terms of the potential of interventions to reduce SSB consumption among populations. However, a common thread is the limited scope of available evidence, combined with the heterogeneity of methods and measures used in existing studies, which limits conclusions that can be reached regarding the effectiveness of interventions. Reviewed studies typically had limited follow-up periods, making it difficult to assess the sustainability of effects. Further, there is a lack of studies that address the complex context within which interventions are implemented and evaluated, and little is known about the cost-effectiveness of interventions. Identified gaps speak to the need for a more holistic approach to sources of sugars beyond SSBs, consensus on measures and methods, attention to the implementation of interventions in relation to context, and careful monitoring to identify intended and unintended consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon I Kirkpatrick
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Amanda Raffoul
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Merryn Maynard
- Meal Exchange, 401 Richmond St. W., Toronto, ON M5V 3A8, Canada.
| | - Kirsten M Lee
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Jackie Stapleton
- University of Waterloo Library, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Paraje G, Pincheira P. [Affordability of beer and soft drinks in 15 Latin American countriesAcessibilidade a cervejas e refrigerantes em 15 países da América Latina]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2018; 42:e49. [PMID: 31093077 PMCID: PMC6386064 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2018.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to look at trends in the affordability of beer and soft drinks in 15 Latin American countries. METHODS The data correspond to government statistics pertaining to price indices for beer and soft drinks, the consumer price index, and the nominal wage index based on monthly frequency. The methods involved the performance of an econometric analysis, using time series, to measure the expected rate of increase in the absolute affordability indicator (using nominal prices) or the relative affordability indicator (using general prices) for soft drinks and beers. RESULTS In nine of the 15 countries analyzed, the affordability of soft drinks or beer (whether absolute or relative) has shown a statistically significant increase. In the case of soft drinks, absolute affordability increased in five countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Uruguay) and decreased in Mexico. In the case of beer, it increased in Colombia and Ecuador, remained unchanged in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, and dropped in Mexico. CONCLUSIONS Although most countries levy taxes on beer and soft drinks, the effect of such taxes on price has not been enough to reduce the affordability of these products in all countries in the sample. Taxes should be modified to make these beverages less affordable and have an impact on their consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Paraje
- Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Pablo Pincheira
- Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Maternal obesity: a serious pediatric health crisis. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:1087-1089. [PMID: 29584713 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
65
|
Martinez H, Morin C, Gandy J, Carmuega E, Arredondo JL, Pimentel C, Moreno LA, Kavouras SA, Salas-Salvadó J, Guelinckx I. Fluid intake of Latin American adults: results of four 2016 Liq.In 7 national cross-sectional surveys. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:65-75. [PMID: 29858627 PMCID: PMC6008364 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To report total fluid intake (TFI) and the intake of different fluid types in adults (≥ 18 years old) from Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. To compare intakes between countries and with recommended adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected using a validated liquid intake 7-day record (Liq.In7) in populations from Argentina (n = 1089), Brazil (n = 477), Mexico (n = 1677) and Uruguay (n = 554). Population characteristics, including age, gender, body mass index and socioeconomic level were recorded. Mean TFI was compared with the AI of water from fluids set by the USA Institute of Medicine. Results The lowest TFI was recorded in Mexican women (1748 mL/day) and the highest in Argentinean men (2318 mL/day). Median daily TFI was significantly different between countries; Uruguay and Argentina had higher values than Mexico and Brazil. In the former, plain water contributed to only 25% of TFI, the remainder being predominantly from hot beverages. Approximately, a third of adults did not drink enough fluid to meet the recommended AI. High SSB consumption was reported, which was significantly different between countries (p < 0.05), the highest being in Mexico (median 25–75th percentiles): 531 (300–895 mL/day. Conclusions This survey highlights the need to increase water consumption and reduce SSB intake in this region to avoid potential associated health risks. These findings may be useful information in monitoring public health policy strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1724-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Martinez
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Morin
- Department of Hydration and Health, Danone Research, Route Départemental 128, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - J Gandy
- British Dietetic Association, Birmingham, UK.,School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - E Carmuega
- Center of Studies on Infant Nutrition (CESNI) Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J L Arredondo
- Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Pimentel
- Unidad de Apoyo a la Investigación Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón) Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - S A Kavouras
- Hydration Science Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - J Salas-Salvadó
- CIBERobn (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV (Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - I Guelinckx
- Department of Hydration and Health, Danone Research, Route Départemental 128, 91767, Palaiseau, France.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Sassi F, Belloni A, Mirelman AJ, Suhrcke M, Thomas A, Salti N, Vellakkal S, Visaruthvong C, Popkin BM, Nugent R. Equity impacts of price policies to promote healthy behaviours. Lancet 2018; 391:2059-2070. [PMID: 29627166 PMCID: PMC6642722 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Governments can use fiscal policies to regulate the prices and consumption of potentially unhealthy products. However, policies aimed at reducing consumption by increasing prices, for example by taxation, might impose an unfair financial burden on low-income households. We used data from household expenditure surveys to estimate patterns of expenditure on potentially unhealthy products by socioeconomic status, with a primary focus on low-income and middle-income countries. Price policies affect the consumption and expenditure of a larger number of high-income households than low-income households, and any resulting price increases tend to be financed disproportionately by high-income households. As a share of all household consumption, however, price increases are often a larger financial burden for low-income households than for high-income households, most consistently in the case of tobacco, depending on how much consumption decreases in response to increased prices. Large health benefits often accrue to individual low-income consumers because of their strong response to price changes. The potentially larger financial burden on low-income households created by taxation could be mitigated by a pro-poor use of the generated tax revenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Sassi
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Imperial College Business School, London, UK.
| | | | | | - Marc Suhrcke
- University of York, York, UK; Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alastair Thomas
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Barry M Popkin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rachel Nugent
- Research Triangle Institute International, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Fulkerson JA. Fast food in the diet: Implications and solutions for families. Physiol Behav 2018; 193:252-256. [PMID: 29630965 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fast food is omnipresent in the United States (U.S.) and contributes to poor dietary quality and poor health among youth and adults alike. Children need adults to teach them good eating habits to attain and maintain good health by introducing them to healthful foods and being good role models. The fast food industry, through vast funds and advertising, contribute to challenges parents face to provide healthful foods for their families and thwart our best efforts to meet health goals. Research shows fast food consumption is influenced by lack of cooking confidence, time pressures, and perceptions of ease and convenience. We need practical strategies to help parents and children make healthier food choices. As a product of conference proceedings, this paper provides a non-exhaustive narrative summary of the fast food marketplace and marketing, the contributions of fast food to diet and health, struggles with healthful eating among families, and possible solutions of how we can help children and parents empower themselves to have healthier lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Fulkerson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Prabhakaran D, Anand S, Watkins D, Gaziano T, Wu Y, Mbanya JC, Nugent R. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet 2018; 391:1224-1236. [PMID: 29108723 PMCID: PMC5996970 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related disorders (CVRDs) are the leading causes of adult death worldwide, and substantial inequalities in care of patients with CVRDs exist between countries of high income and countries of low and middle income. Based on current trends, the UN Sustainable Development Goal to reduce premature mortality due to CVRDs by a third by 2030 will be challenging for many countries of low and middle income. We did systematic literature reviews of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness to identify priority interventions. We summarise the key findings and present a costed essential package of interventions to reduce risk of and manage CVRDs. On a population level, we recommend tobacco taxation, bans on trans fats, and compulsory reduction of salt in manufactured food products. We suggest primary health services be strengthened through the establishment of locally endorsed guidelines and ensured availability of essential medications. The policy interventions and health service delivery package we suggest could serve as the cornerstone for the management of CVRDs, and afford substantial financial risk protection for vulnerable households. We estimate that full implementation of the essential package would cost an additional US$21 per person in the average low-income country and $24 in the average lower-middle-income country. The essential package we describe could be a starting place for low-income and middle-income countries developing universal health coverage packages. Interventions could be rolled out as disease burden demands and budgets allow. Our outlined interventions provide a pathway for countries attempting to convert the UN Sustainable Development Goal commitments into tangible action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India; Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India; Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Shuchi Anand
- Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Gaziano
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jean Claude Mbanya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Bentley RA, Ross CN, O'Brien MJ. Obesity, Metabolism, and Aging: A Multiscalar Approach. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 155:25-42. [PMID: 29653680 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity contributes to the aging process through the alteration of metabolic pathways evidenced biochemically in the relationship between caloric restriction and longevity. Humans have entered into an era of metabolism and aging entirely unprecedented in their evolution, with a diet that, for many, contains a majority of calories as sugar and yields an expected lifespan of over 80years in industrialized nations. Deeply embedded in the complex issue of obesity are questions of behavior, causality versus correlation, and appropriate models. For example, are primates a better reference than mice for studying metabolic connections between obesity and aging? We consider those issues from the standpoint of life-history theory, especially implications of the interplay of refined sugar and socioeconomic disparities for the future of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinna N Ross
- Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Bascuñán J, Cuadrado C. Effectiveness of sugar-sweetened beverages taxes to reduce obesity: evidence brief for policy. Medwave 2017; 17:e7054. [DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2017.08.7054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
71
|
Roache SA, Gostin LO. The Untapped Power of Soda Taxes: Incentivizing Consumers, Generating Revenue, and Altering Corporate Behavior. Int J Health Policy Manag 2017; 6:489-493. [PMID: 28949460 PMCID: PMC5582434 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, soda taxes are gaining momentum as powerful interventions to discourage sugar consumption and thereby reduce the growing burden of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Evidence from early adopters including Mexico and Berkeley, California, confirms that soda taxes can disincentivize consumption through price increases and raise revenue to support government programs. The United Kingdom's new graduated levy on sweetened beverages is yielding yet another powerful impact: soda manufacturers are reformulating their beverages to significantly reduce the sugar content. Product reformulation - whether incentivized or mandatory - helps reduce overconsumption of sugars at the societal level, moving away from the long-standing notion of individual responsibility in favor of collective strategies to promote health. But as a matter of health equity, soda product reformulation should occur globally, especially in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs), which are increasingly targeted as emerging markets for soda and junk food and are disproportionately impacted by NCDs. As global momentum for sugar reduction increases, governments and public health advocates should harness the power of soda taxes to tackle the economic, social, and informational drivers of soda consumption, driving improvements in food environments and the public's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Roache
- O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Law Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians: dietary strategies including edible oils, cooking practices and sugar intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:850-857. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
73
|
Singhal A, Joshi S. Taxing Sugary Beverages Reduces Their Purchase, Especially Among Poor Households. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2017; 17:145-147. [PMID: 28501066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. Colchera MA, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW. Br Med J 2016;352:h6704. SOURCE OF FUNDING Bloomberg Philanthropies, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública and Carolina Population Center. TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN Observational study.
Collapse
|
74
|
Comans T, Moretto N, Byrnes J. Public Preferences for the Use of Taxation and Labelling Policy Measures to Combat Obesity in Young Children in Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030324. [PMID: 28335575 PMCID: PMC5369160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Childhood obesity is a serious concern for developed and developing countries. This study aimed to assess the level of support in Australia for regulation and to assess whether systematic differences occur between individuals who support increased regulation and individuals who oppose it. Methods: An online survey (n = 563) was used to assess parental/caregiver preferences for taxation policy options and nutrition labelling designed to address the incidence of childhood obesity. Participants were parents or caregivers of young children (3 to 7 years) who were actively enrolled in an existing birth cohort study in South-East Queensland, Australia. Results: The majority of the parents (over 80%) strongly agreed or agreed with labelling food and drink with traffic light or teaspoon labelling. Support for taxation was more variable with around one third strongly supporting and a further 40% of participants equivocal about using taxation; however, a quarter strongly rejected this policy. Cluster analysis did not detect any socio-demographic differences between those who strongly supported taxation and those who did not. Conclusions: Better food labelling would be welcomed by parents to enhance food choices for their children. Taxation for health reasons would not be opposed by most parents. Implications for Public Health: Governments should consider taxation of unhealthy drinks and improved labelling to encourage healthy food purchasing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Comans
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service District, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Nicole Moretto
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
- Metro North Hospital and Health Service District, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Talley NJ. National Health Summit on Obesity calls for Australia to take action to stem the pandemic. Med J Aust 2017; 206:106-107. [DOI: 10.5694/mja16.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Talley
- Global Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
- Editor‐in‐Chief, Medical Journal of Australia, Sydney, NSW
| |
Collapse
|