51
|
GH62 arabinofuranosidases: Structure, function and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:792-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
52
|
van der Does HC, Rep M. Adaptation to the Host Environment by Plant-Pathogenic Fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:427-450. [PMID: 28645233 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many fungi can live both saprophytically and as endophyte or pathogen inside a living plant. In both environments, complex organic polymers are used as sources of nutrients. Propagation inside a living host also requires the ability to respond to immune responses of the host. We review current knowledge of how plant-pathogenic fungi do this. First, we look at how fungi change their global gene expression upon recognition of the host environment, leading to secretion of effectors, enzymes, and secondary metabolites; changes in metabolism; and defense against toxic compounds. Second, we look at what is known about the various cues that enable fungi to sense the presence of living plant cells. Finally, we review literature on transcription factors that participate in gene expression in planta or are suspected to be involved in that process because they are required for the ability to cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Svetaz LA, Bustamante CA, Goldy C, Rivero N, Müller GL, Valentini GH, Fernie AR, Drincovich MF, Lara MV. Unravelling early events in the Taphrina deformans-Prunus persica interaction: an insight into the differential responses in resistant and susceptible genotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1456-1473. [PMID: 28244594 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf peach curl is a devastating disease affecting leaves, flowers and fruits, caused by the dimorphic fungus Taphrina deformans. To gain insight into the mechanisms of fungus pathogenesis and plant responses, leaves of a resistant and two susceptible Prunus persica genotypes were inoculated with blastospores (yeast), and the infection was monitored during 120 h post inoculation (h.p.i.). Fungal dimorphism to the filamentous form and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), callose synthesis, cell death and defence compound production were observed independently of the genotype. Fungal load significantly decreased after 120 h.p.i. in the resistant genotype, while the pathogen tended to grow in the susceptible genotypes. Metabolic profiling revealed a biphasic re-programming of plant tissue in susceptible genotypes, with an initial stage co-incident with the yeast form of the fungus and a second when the hypha is developed. Transcriptional analysis of PRs and plant hormone-related genes indicated that pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are involved in P. persica defence responses against T. deformans and that salicylic acid is induced in the resistant genotype. Conducted experiments allowed the elucidation of common and differential responses in susceptible versus resistant genotypes and thus allow us to construct a picture of early events during T. deformans infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Svetaz
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia A Bustamante
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Camila Goldy
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nery Rivero
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriela L Müller
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriel H Valentini
- Estación Experimental San Pedro, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional no. 9 Km 170, San Pedro, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - María F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María V Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Moretti M, Wang L, Grognet P, Lanver D, Link H, Kahmann R. Three regulators of G protein signaling differentially affect mating, morphology and virulence in the smut fungusUstilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:901-921. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marino Moretti
- Department of Organismic Interactions; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Organismic Interactions; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Pierre Grognet
- Department of Organismic Interactions; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Daniel Lanver
- Department of Organismic Interactions; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Hannes Link
- Dynamic Control of Metabolic Networks; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 16, Marburg D-35043 Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions; Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, Marburg D-35043 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
To respond to the changing environment, cells must be able to sense external conditions. This is important for many processes including growth, mating, the expression of virulence factors, and several other regulatory effects. Nutrient sensing at the plasma membrane is mediated by different classes of membrane proteins that activate downstream signaling pathways: nontransporting receptors, transceptors, classical and nonclassical G-protein-coupled receptors, and the newly defined extracellular mucin receptors. Nontransporting receptors have the same structure as transport proteins, but have lost the capacity to transport while gaining a receptor function. Transceptors are transporters that also function as a receptor, because they can rapidly activate downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on these four types of fungal membrane proteins. We mainly discuss the sensing mechanisms relating to sugars, ammonium, and amino acids. Mechanisms for other nutrients, such as phosphate and sulfate, are discussed briefly. Because the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the most studied, especially regarding these nutrient-sensing systems, each subsection will commence with what is known in this species.
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
Biotrophic fungal plant pathogens establish an intimate relationship with their host to support the infection process. Central to this strategy is the secretion of a range of protein effectors that enable the pathogen to evade plant immune defences and modulate host metabolism to meet its needs. In this Review, using the smut fungus Ustilago maydis as an example, we discuss new insights into the effector repertoire of smut fungi that have been gained from comparative genomics and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which U. maydis effectors change processes in the plant host. Finally, we examine how the expression of effector genes and effector secretion are coordinated with fungal development in the host.
Collapse
|
57
|
Frantzeskakis L, Courville KJ, Plücker L, Kellner R, Kruse J, Brachmann A, Feldbrügge M, Göhre V. The Plant-Dependent Life Cycle of Thecaphora thlaspeos: A Smut Fungus Adapted to Brassicaceae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:271-282. [PMID: 28421861 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Smut fungi are globally distributed plant pathogens that infect agriculturally important crop plants such as maize or potato. To date, molecular studies on plant responses to smut fungi are challenging due to the genetic complexity of their host plants. Therefore, we set out to investigate the known smut fungus of Brassicaceae hosts, Thecaphora thlaspeos. T. thlaspeos infects different Brassicaceae plant species throughout Europe, including the perennial model plant Arabis alpina. In contrast to characterized smut fungi, mature and dry T. thlaspeos teliospores germinated only in the presence of a plant signal. An infectious filament emerges from the teliospore, which can proliferate as haploid filamentous cultures. Haploid filaments from opposite mating types mate, similar to sporidia of the model smut fungus Ustilago maydis. Consistently, the a and b mating locus genes are conserved. Infectious filaments can penetrate roots and aerial tissues of host plants, causing systemic colonization along the vasculature. Notably, we could show that T. thlaspeos also infects Arabidopsis thaliana. Exploiting the genetic resources of A. thaliana and Arabis alpina will allow us to characterize plant responses to smut infection in a comparative manner and, thereby, characterize factors for endophytic growth as well as smut fungi virulence in dicot plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamprinos Frantzeskakis
- 1 Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.12.01, Universitätsstr.1, 40205 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kaitlyn J Courville
- 1 Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.12.01, Universitätsstr.1, 40205 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lesley Plücker
- 1 Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.12.01, Universitätsstr.1, 40205 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Kellner
- 2 Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Kruse
- 3 Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- 4 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- 1 Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.12.01, Universitätsstr.1, 40205 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- 1 Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Building 26.12.01, Universitätsstr.1, 40205 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Barnabas L, Ashwin NMR, Kaverinathan K, Trentin AR, Pivato M, Sundar AR, Malathi P, Viswanathan R, Carletti P, Arrigoni G, Masi A, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R. In vitro secretomic analysis identifies putative pathogenicity-related proteins of Sporisorium scitamineum - The sugarcane smut fungus. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:199-211. [PMID: 28215348 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sporisorium scitamineum, the sugarcane smut pathogen, relies predominantly on its secretome to successfully colonise its host, in accordance with other related smut fungi. Considering the significance of deciphering its secretome, we have examined alterations in the in vitro secretome of S. scitamineum in response to synthetic and sugarcane meristem tissue-amended growth media, so as to identify host signal responsive secretory proteins. Secretory proteins that were differentially abundant and exclusively secreted in response to host extract media were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Of the 16 differentially abundant and exclusively secreted proteins, nine proteins were identified. Among which, six were related to cell wall modification, morphogenesis, polysaccharide degradation, and carbohydrate metabolism. In planta gene expression profiling indicated that five in vitro secreted proteins were expressed in distinct patterns by S. scitamineum during different stages of infection with relatively higher expression at 1 day after inoculation, suggesting that these proteins could be aiding S. scitamineum at early time points in penetration and colonisation of sugarcane cells. The present study has provided insights into the alterations occurring in the secretome of S. scitamineum at in vitro conditions and has resulted in the identification of secretory proteins that are possibly associated with pathogenicity of the sugarcane smut fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Barnabas
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, 641 007 Coimbatore, India
| | - N M R Ashwin
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, 641 007 Coimbatore, India
| | - Kalimuthu Kaverinathan
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, 641 007 Coimbatore, India
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Micaela Pivato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Amalraj Ramesh Sundar
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, 641 007 Coimbatore, India.
| | - Palaniyandi Malathi
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, 641 007 Coimbatore, India
| | - Rasappa Viswanathan
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, 641 007 Coimbatore, India
| | - Paolo Carletti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Proteomics Center of Padova University, Via G. Orus 2/B, 35129 Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Via dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Ganesh Kumar Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 13265, Kathmandu, Nepal; GRADE (Global Research Arch for Developing Education) Academy Private Limited, 44301 Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), GPO Box 13265, Kathmandu, Nepal; GRADE (Global Research Arch for Developing Education) Academy Private Limited, 44301 Birgunj, Nepal; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences & Tsukuba International Academy for Sport Studies (TIAS), University of Tsukuba, 305-8571 Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Doré J, Kohler A, Dubost A, Hundley H, Singan V, Peng Y, Kuo A, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Marmeisse R, Gay G. The ectomycorrhizal basidiomyceteHebeloma cylindrosporumundergoes early waves of transcriptional reprogramming prior to symbiotic structures differentiation. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1338-1354. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Doré
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy; INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
| | - Audrey Dubost
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| | - Hope Hundley
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Vasanth Singan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Yi Peng
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Alan Kuo
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute; Walnut Creek CA 94598 USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy; INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
| | - Roland Marmeisse
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Gay
- Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Lyon; F-69622 Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5557, INRA, UMR1418; Villeurbanne France
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lambie SC, Kretschmer M, Croll D, Haslam TM, Kunst L, Klose J, Kronstad JW. The putative phospholipase Lip2 counteracts oxidative damage and influences the virulence of Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:210-221. [PMID: 26950180 PMCID: PMC6638309 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen which causes common smut disease of corn. To proliferate in host tissue, U. maydis must gain access to nutrients and overcome plant defence responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which U. maydis meets these challenges is critical for the development of strategies to combat smut disease. In this study, we focused on the contributions of phospholipases (PLs) to the pathogenesis of corn smut disease. We identified 11 genes encoding putative PLs and characterized the transcript levels for these genes in the fungus grown in culture and during infection of corn tissue. To assess the contributions of specific PLs, we focused on two genes, lip1 and lip2, which encode putative phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) enzymes with similarity to platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases. PLA2 enzymes are known to counteract oxidative damage to lipids in other organisms. Consistent with a role in the mitigation of oxidative damage, lip2 mutants were sensitive to oxidative stress provoked by hydrogen peroxide and by increased production of reactive oxygen species caused by inhibitors of mitochondrial functions. Importantly, mutants defective in lip2, but not lip1, were attenuated for virulence in corn seedlings. Finally, a comparative analysis of fatty acid and cardiolipin profiles in the wild-type strain and a lip2 mutant revealed differences consistent with a protective role for Lip2 in maintaining lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial health during proliferation in the hostile host environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Lambie
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Matthias Kretschmer
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Daniel Croll
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tegan M. Haslam
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Jana Klose
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Schuster M, Schweizer G, Kahmann R. Comparative analyses of secreted proteins in plant pathogenic smut fungi and related basidiomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 112:21-30. [PMID: 28089076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the ten years since the genome sequence of the basidiomycete corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis was published, additional genomes of smut species infecting different hosts became available. In addition, the genomes of related Malassezia species causing skin diseases and of Pseudozyma species not known to infect plants were determined. As secreted proteins are critical virulence determinants in U. maydis we compare here the secretomes of 12 basidiomycete species to gain information about their composition and conservation. For this we classify secreted proteins into those with and without domains using InterPro scans. Homology among proteins is inferred by building clusters based on pairwise similarities and cluster presence is then assessed in the different species. We detect in particular a strong correspondence between the secretomes of Pseudozyma species and plant infecting smuts. Furthermore, we identify a high proportion of secreted proteins to be part of gene families and present an advancement of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology for simultaneous disruption of multiple genes in U. maydis using five genes of the eff1 family as example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schuster
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schweizer
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Redkar A, Matei A, Doehlemann G. Insights into Host Cell Modulation and Induction of New Cells by the Corn Smut Ustilago maydis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:899. [PMID: 28611813 PMCID: PMC5447062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungal pathogens induce drastic modulation of host cells causing abnormal infectious structures such as galls, or tumors that arise as a result of re-programming in the original developmental cell fate of a colonized host cell. Developmental consequences occur predominantly with biotrophic phytopathogens. This suggests that these host structures result as an outcome of efficient defense suppression and intimate fungal-host interaction to suit the pathogen's needs for completion of its infection cycle. This mini-review mainly summarizes host cell re-programming that occurs in the Ustilago maydis - maize interaction, in which the pathogen deploys cell-type specific effector proteins with varying activities. The fungus senses the physiological status and identity of colonized host cells and re-directs the endogenous developmental program of its host. The disturbance of host cell physiology and cell fate leads to novel cell shapes, increased cell size, and/or the number of host cells. We particularly highlight the strategies of U. maydis to induce physiologically varied host organs to form the characteristic tumors in both vegetative and floral parts of maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amey Redkar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Amey Redkar,
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, BiocenterCologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, BiocenterCologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Patel S. Nutrition, safety, market status quo appraisal of emerging functional food corn smut (huitlacoche). Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
64
|
Rabe F, Seitner D, Bauer L, Navarrete F, Czedik-Eysenberg A, Rabanal FA, Djamei A. Phytohormone sensing in the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis - the dual role of the transcription factor Rss1. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:290-305. [PMID: 27387604 PMCID: PMC5082525 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The phenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) is a key signalling molecule regulating local and systemic plant defense responses, mainly against biotrophs. Many microbial organisms, including pathogens, share the ability to degrade SA. However, the mechanism by which they perceive SA is unknown. Here we show that Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut disease, employs a so far uncharacterized SA sensing mechanism. We identified and characterized the novel SA sensing regulator, Rss1, a binuclear zinc cluster protein with dual functions as putative SA receptor and transcriptional activator regulating genes important for SA and tryptophan degradation. Rss1 represents a major component in the identified SA sensing pathway during the fungus' saprophytic stage. However, Rss1 does not have a detectable impact on virulence. The data presented in this work indicate that alternative or redundant sensing cascades exist that regulate the expression of SA-responsive genes in U. maydis during its pathogenic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Rabe
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Denise Seitner
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Fernando Navarrete
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Angelika Czedik-Eysenberg
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Fernando A Rabanal
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kou Y, Naqvi NI. Surface sensing and signaling networks in plant pathogenic fungi. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
66
|
Lin R, He L, He J, Qin P, Wang Y, Deng Q, Yang X, Li S, Wang S, Wang W, Liu H, Li P, Zheng A. Comprehensive analysis of microRNA-Seq and target mRNAs of rice sheath blight pathogen provides new insights into pathogenic regulatory mechanisms. DNA Res 2016; 23:415-425. [PMID: 27374612 PMCID: PMC5066168 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting protein translation. To investigate whether miRNAs regulate the pathogenesis in necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA, which causes significant yield loss in main economically important crops, and to determine the regulatory mechanism occurring during pathogenesis, we constructed hyphal small RNA libraries from six different infection periods of the rice leaf. Through sequencing and analysis, 177 miRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) were identified, including 15 candidate pathogenic novel milRNAs predicted by functional annotations of their target mRNAs and expression patterns of milRNAs and mRNAs during infection. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for randomly selected milRNAs demonstrated that our novel comprehensive predictions had a high level of accuracy. In our predicted pathogenic protein-protein interaction network of R. solani, we added the related regulatory milRNAs of these core coding genes into the network, and could understand the relationships among these regulatory factors more clearly at the systems level. Furthermore, the putative pathogenic Rhi-milR-16, which negatively regulates target gene expression, was experimentally validated to have regulatory functions by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, 23 candidate rice miRNAs that may involve in plant immunity against R. solani were discovered. This first study on novel pathogenic milRNAs of R. solani AG1 IA and the recognition of target genes involved in pathogenicity, as well as rice miRNAs, participated in defence against R. solani could provide new insights into revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of the severe rice sheath blight disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runmao Lin
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liye He
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peigang Qin
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanran Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiaoting Yang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huainian Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Tollot M, Assmann D, Becker C, Altmüller J, Dutheil JY, Wegner CE, Kahmann R. The WOPR Protein Ros1 Is a Master Regulator of Sporogenesis and Late Effector Gene Expression in the Maize Pathogen Ustilago maydis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005697. [PMID: 27332891 PMCID: PMC4917244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic basidiomycete fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize. Hallmarks of the disease are large tumors that develop on all aerial parts of the host in which dark pigmented teliospores are formed. We have identified a member of the WOPR family of transcription factors, Ros1, as major regulator of spore formation in U. maydis. ros1 expression is induced only late during infection and hence Ros1 is neither involved in plant colonization of dikaryotic fungal hyphae nor in plant tumor formation. However, during late stages of infection Ros1 is essential for fungal karyogamy, massive proliferation of diploid fungal cells and spore formation. Premature expression of ros1 revealed that Ros1 counteracts the b-dependent filamentation program and induces morphological alterations resembling the early steps of sporogenesis. Transcriptional profiling and ChIP-seq analyses uncovered that Ros1 remodels expression of about 30% of all U. maydis genes with 40% of these being direct targets. In total the expression of 80 transcription factor genes is controlled by Ros1. Four of the upregulated transcription factor genes were deleted and two of the mutants were affected in spore development. A large number of b-dependent genes were differentially regulated by Ros1, suggesting substantial changes in this regulatory cascade that controls filamentation and pathogenic development. Interestingly, 128 genes encoding secreted effectors involved in the establishment of biotrophic development were downregulated by Ros1 while a set of 70 “late effectors” was upregulated. These results indicate that Ros1 is a master regulator of late development in U. maydis and show that the biotrophic interaction during sporogenesis involves a drastic shift in expression of the fungal effectome including the downregulation of effectors that are essential during early stages of infection. The fungus Ustilago maydis is a pathogen of maize which induces tumor formation in the infected tissue. In these tumors huge amounts of fungal spores develop. As a biotrophic pathogen, U. maydis establishes itself in the plant with the help of a large number of secreted effector proteins. Many effector proteins are important for virulence because they counteract plant defense reactions. In this manuscript we have identified and characterized Ros1, a master regulator for the late stages of U. maydis development. This transcription factor is expressed late during infection and controls nuclear fusion, hyphal aggregation and late proliferation. ros1 mutants are still able to induce tumor formation but these are a dead end because they do not contain any spores. We show that Ros1 interferes with the early regulatory cascade controlled by a complex of two homeodomain proteins. In addition, Ros1 triggers a major switch in the effector repertoire, suggesting that different sets of effectors are needed for different stages of fungal development inside the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tollot
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Assmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julien Y. Dutheil
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Eric Wegner
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Deparment of Biogeochemistry, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Cooper B, Campbell KB, Beard HS, Garrett WM, Islam N. Putative Rust Fungal Effector Proteins in Infected Bean and Soybean Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:491-9. [PMID: 26780434 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-15-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungi Uromyces appendiculatus and Phakopsora pachyrhizi cause debilitating rust diseases on common bean and soybean. These rust fungi secrete effector proteins that allow them to infect plants, but their effector repertoires are not understood. The discovery of rust fungus effectors may eventually help guide decisions and actions that mitigate crop production loss. Therefore, we used mass spectrometry to identify thousands of proteins in infected beans and soybeans and in germinated fungal spores. The comparative analysis between the two helped differentiate a set of 24 U. appendiculatus proteins targeted for secretion that were specifically found in infected beans and a set of 34 U. appendiculatus proteins targeted for secretion that were found in germinated spores and infected beans. The proteins specific to infected beans included family 26 and family 76 glycoside hydrolases that may contribute to degrading plant cell walls. There were also several types of proteins with structural motifs that may aid in stabilizing the specialized fungal haustorium cell that interfaces the plant cell membrane during infection. There were 16 P. pachyrhizi proteins targeted for secretion that were found in infected soybeans, and many of these proteins resembled the U. appendiculatus proteins found in infected beans, which implies that these proteins are important to rust fungal pathology in general. This data set provides insight to the biochemical mechanisms that rust fungi use to overcome plant immune systems and to parasitize cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Hunter S Beard
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Nazrul Islam
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) Regulator Cib1 Controls Expression of Genes Encoding Secreted Virulence Factors in Ustilago maydis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153861. [PMID: 27093436 PMCID: PMC4836707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway to ensure protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), coordinates biotrophic development in the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis. Exact timing of UPR activation is required for virulence and presumably connected to the elevated expression of secreted effector proteins during infection of the host plant Zea mays. In the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, expression of UPR target genes is induced upon binding of the central regulator Hac1 to unfolded protein response elements (UPREs) in their promoters. While a role of the UPR in effector secretion has been described previously, we investigated a potential UPR-dependent regulation of genes encoding secreted effector proteins. In silico prediction of UPREs in promoter regions identified the previously characterized effector genes pit2 and tin1-1, as bona fide UPR target genes. Furthermore, direct binding of the Hac1-homolog Cib1 to the UPRE containing promoter fragments of both genes was confirmed by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) analysis. Targeted deletion of the UPRE abolished Cib1-dependent expression of pit2 and significantly affected virulence. Furthermore, ER stress strongly increased Pit2 expression and secretion. This study expands the role of the UPR as a signal hub in fungal virulence and illustrates, how biotrophic fungi can coordinate cellular physiology, development and regulation of secreted virulence factors.
Collapse
|
70
|
Wibberg D, Andersson L, Tzelepis G, Rupp O, Blom J, Jelonek L, Pühler A, Fogelqvist J, Varrelmann M, Schlüter A, Dixelius C. Genome analysis of the sugar beet pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IIIB revealed high numbers in secreted proteins and cell wall degrading enzymes. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:245. [PMID: 26988094 PMCID: PMC4794925 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a crop cultivated for its high content in sugar, but it is vulnerable to many soil-borne pathogens. One of them is the basidiomycete Rhizoctonia solani. This fungal species has a compatibility system regulating hyphal fusions (anastomosis). Consequently, R. solani species are categorized in anastomosis groups (AGs). AG2-2IIIB isolates are most aggressive on sugar beet. In the present study, we report on the draft genome of R. solani AG2-2IIIB using the Illumina technology. Genome analysis, interpretation and comparative genomics of five sequenced R. solani isolates were carried out. Results The draft genome of R. solani AG2-2IIIB has an estimated size of 56.02 Mb. In addition, two normalized EST libraries were sequenced. In total 20,790 of 21,980 AG2-2IIIB isotigs (transcript isoforms) were mapped on the genome with more than 95 % sequence identity. The genome of R. solani AG2-2IIIB was predicted to harbor 11,897 genes and 4908 were found to be isolate-specific. R. solani AG2-2IIIB was predicted to contain 1142 putatively secreted proteins and 473 of them were found to be unique for this isolate. The R. solani AG2-2IIIB genome encodes a high number of carbohydrate active enzymes. The highest numbers were observed for the polysaccharide lyases family 1 (PL-1), glycoside hydrolase family 43 (GH-43) and carbohydrate estarase family 12 (CE-12). Transcription analysis of selected genes representing different enzyme clades revealed a mixed pattern of up- and down-regulation six days after infection on sugar beets featuring variable levels of resistance compared to mycelia of the fungus grown in vitro. Conclusions The established R. solani AG2-2IIIB genome and EST sequences provide important information on the gene content, gene structure and transcriptional activity for this sugar beet pathogen. The enriched genomic platform provides an important platform to enhance our understanding of R. solani biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2561-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wibberg
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Louise Andersson
- Syngenta Seeds AB, Säbyholmsvägen 24, 26191, Landskrona, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Georgios Tzelepis
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Gießen University, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Gießen University, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Gießen University, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Schlüter
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zeilinger S, Gupta VK, Dahms TES, Silva RN, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS, Gomes EV, Tsui CKM, Nayak S C. Friends or foes? Emerging insights from fungal interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:182-207. [PMID: 26591004 PMCID: PMC4778271 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi interact with plants in various ways, with each interaction giving rise to different alterations in both partners. While fungal pathogens have detrimental effects on plant physiology, mutualistic fungi augment host defence responses to pathogens and/or improve plant nutrient uptake. Tropic growth towards plant roots or stomata, mediated by chemical and topographical signals, has been described for several fungi, with evidence of species-specific signals and sensing mechanisms. Fungal partners secrete bioactive molecules such as small peptide effectors, enzymes and secondary metabolites which facilitate colonization and contribute to both symbiotic and pathogenic relationships. There has been tremendous advancement in fungal molecular biology, omics sciences and microscopy in recent years, opening up new possibilities for the identification of key molecular mechanisms in plant-fungal interactions, the power of which is often borne out in their combination. Our fragmentary knowledge on the interactions between plants and fungi must be made whole to understand the potential of fungi in preventing plant diseases, improving plant productivity and understanding ecosystem stability. Here, we review innovative methods and the associated new insights into plant-fungal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zeilinger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clement Kin-Ming Tsui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Chandra Nayak S
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570001, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Langner T, Göhre V. Fungal chitinases: function, regulation, and potential roles in plant/pathogen interactions. Curr Genet 2015; 62:243-54. [PMID: 26527115 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades our knowledge about fungal cell wall architecture increased tremendously and led to the identification of many enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis and remodeling, which are also of biotechnological interest. Fungal cell walls play an important role in conferring mechanic stability during cell division and polar growth. Additionally, in phytopathogenic fungi the cell wall is the first structure that gets into intimate contact with the host plant. A major constituent of fungal cell walls is chitin, a homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine units. To ensure plasticity, polymeric chitin needs continuous remodeling which is maintained by chitinolytic enzymes, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases N-acetylglucosaminidases, and chitinases. Depending on the species and lifestyle of fungi, there is great variation in the number of encoded chitinases and their function. Chitinases can have housekeeping function in plasticizing the cell wall or can act more specifically during cell separation, nutritional chitin acquisition, or competitive interaction with other fungi. Although chitinase research made huge progress in the last decades, our knowledge about their role in phytopathogenic fungi is still scarce. Recent findings in the dimorphic basidiomycete Ustilago maydis show that chitinases play different physiological functions throughout the life cycle and raise questions about their role during plant-fungus interactions. In this work we summarize these functions, mechanisms of chitinase regulation and their putative role during pathogen/host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Langner
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqui KS. Destructuring plant biomass: focus on fungal and extremophilic cell wall hydrolases. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:180-93. [PMID: 25804821 PMCID: PMC4937988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant biomass as feedstock for biomaterial and biofuel production is relevant in the current bio-based economy scenario of valorizing renewable resources. Fungi, which degrade complex and recalcitrant plant polymers, secrete different enzymes that hydrolyze plant cell wall polysaccharides. The present review discusses the current research trends on fungal, as well as extremophilic cell wall hydrolases that can withstand extreme physico-chemical conditions required in efficient industrial processes. Secretomes of fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota and Neocallimastigomycota are presented along with metabolic cues (nutrient sensing, coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism) affecting their composition. We conclude the review by suggesting further research avenues focused on the one hand on a comprehensive analysis of the physiology and epigenetics underlying cell wall degrading enzyme production in fungi and on the other hand on the analysis of proteins with unknown function and metagenomics of extremophilic consortia. The current advances in consolidated bioprocessing, altered secretory pathways and creation of designer plants are also examined. Furthermore, recent developments in enhancing the activity, stability and reusability of enzymes based on synergistic, proximity and entropic effects, fusion enzymes, structure-guided recombination between homologous enzymes and magnetic enzymes are considered with a view to improving saccharification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria; Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH - AIT, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - Haluk Ertan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Biology Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Chitinases Are Essential for Cell Separation in Ustilago maydis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:846-57. [PMID: 25934689 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00022-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is an essential component of the fungal cell wall, providing rigidity and stability. Its degradation is mediated by chitinases and supposedly ensures the dynamic plasticity of the cell wall during growth and morphogenesis. Hence, chitinases should be particularly important for fungi with dramatic morphological changes, such as Ustilago maydis. This smut fungus switches from yeast to filamentous growth for plant infection, proliferates as a mycelium in planta, and forms teliospores for spreading. Here, we investigate the contribution of its four chitinolytic enzymes to the different morphological changes during the complete life cycle in a comprehensive study of deletion strains combined with biochemical and cell biological approaches. Interestingly, two chitinases act redundantly in cell separation during yeast growth. They mediate the degradation of remnant chitin in the fragmentation zone between mother and daughter cell. In contrast, even the complete lack of chitinolytic activity does not affect formation of the infectious filament, infection, biotrophic growth, or teliospore germination. Thus, unexpectedly we can exclude a major role for chitinolytic enzymes in morphogenesis or pathogenicity of U. maydis. Nevertheless, redundant activity of even two chitinases is essential for cell separation during saprophytic growth, possibly to improve nutrient access or spreading of yeast cells by wind or rain.
Collapse
|
75
|
Higuchi Y. Initial fungal effector production is mediated by early endosome motility. Commun Integr Biol 2015; 8:e1025187. [PMID: 26480479 PMCID: PMC4594235 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1025187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogenicity is facilitated by effector proteins that are specifically expressed during infection and are responsible for suppressing plant defense mechanisms. Recent studies have elucidated the detailed molecular mechanisms of effector action throughout fungal infection. However, little is known about the trafficking and secretion of effectors in fungal hyphae during the initial stage of infection. Using state-of-the-art microscopy we have demonstrated that early endosome (EE) motility is required for effector production during fungal infection. Moreover, the MAPK Crk1 has been shown to travel on EEs and to function as a negative regulator of effector expression, suggesting that motile EEs are involved in signal transduction. Here I further discuss possible mechanisms whereby EE motility regulates effector expression in the initial stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University , Hakozaki; Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Rudd JJ, Kanyuka K, Hassani-Pak K, Derbyshire M, Andongabo A, Devonshire J, Lysenko A, Saqi M, Desai NM, Powers SJ, Hooper J, Ambroso L, Bharti A, Farmer A, Hammond-Kosack KE, Dietrich RA, Courbot M. Transcriptome and metabolite profiling of the infection cycle of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat reveals a biphasic interaction with plant immunity involving differential pathogen chromosomal contributions and a variation on the hemibiotrophic lifestyle definition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1158-85. [PMID: 25596183 PMCID: PMC4348787 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Pathogen reproduction on wheat occurs without cell penetration, suggesting that dynamic and intimate intercellular communication occurs between fungus and plant throughout the disease cycle. We used deep RNA sequencing and metabolomics to investigate the physiology of plant and pathogen throughout an asexual reproductive cycle of Z. tritici on wheat leaves. Over 3,000 pathogen genes, more than 7,000 wheat genes, and more than 300 metabolites were differentially regulated. Intriguingly, individual fungal chromosomes contributed unequally to the overall gene expression changes. Early transcriptional down-regulation of putative host defense genes was detected in inoculated leaves. There was little evidence for fungal nutrient acquisition from the plant throughout symptomless colonization by Z. tritici, which may instead be utilizing lipid and fatty acid stores for growth. However, the fungus then subsequently manipulated specific plant carbohydrates, including fructan metabolites, during the switch to necrotrophic growth and reproduction. This switch coincided with increased expression of jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes and large-scale activation of other plant defense responses. Fungal genes encoding putative secondary metabolite clusters and secreted effector proteins were identified with distinct infection phase-specific expression patterns, although functional analysis suggested that many have overlapping/redundant functions in virulence. The pathogenic lifestyle of Z. tritici on wheat revealed through this study, involving initial defense suppression by a slow-growing extracellular and nutritionally limited pathogen followed by defense (hyper) activation during reproduction, reveals a subtle modification of the conceptual definition of hemibiotrophic plant infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Rudd
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Mark Derbyshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Ambrose Andongabo
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Jean Devonshire
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Artem Lysenko
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Mansoor Saqi
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Nalini M Desai
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Stephen J Powers
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Juliet Hooper
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Linda Ambroso
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Arvind Bharti
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Andrew Farmer
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Robert A Dietrich
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| | - Mikael Courbot
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science (J.J.R., K.K., M.D., J.D., J.H., K.E.H.-K.) and Department of Computational and Systems Biology (K.H.-P., A.A., A.L., M.S., S.J.P.), Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom;Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713 (N.M.D.);Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 (L.A., A.B., R.A.D.);National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 (A.F.); andSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Yamazaki A, Hayashi M. Building the interaction interfaces: host responses upon infection with microorganisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:132-9. [PMID: 25621846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research fields of plant symbiosis and plant immunity were relatively ignorant with each other until a little while ago. Recently, however, increasing intercommunications between those two fields have begun to provide novel aspects and knowledge for understanding relationships between plants and microorganisms. Here, we review recent reports on plant-microbe interactions, focusing on the infection processes, in order to elucidate plant cellular responses that are triggered by both symbionts and pathogens. Highlighting the core elements of host responses over biotic interactions will provide insights into general mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamazaki
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Mesarich CH, Bowen JK, Hamiaux C, Templeton MD. Repeat-containing protein effectors of plant-associated organisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:872. [PMID: 26557126 PMCID: PMC4617103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-associated organisms, including microbes, nematodes, and insects, deliver effector proteins into the apoplast, vascular tissue, or cell cytoplasm of their prospective hosts. These effectors function to promote colonization, typically by altering host physiology or by modulating host immune responses. The same effectors however, can also trigger host immunity in the presence of cognate host immune receptor proteins, and thus prevent colonization. To circumvent effector-triggered immunity, or to further enhance host colonization, plant-associated organisms often rely on adaptive effector evolution. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that several effectors of plant-associated organisms are repeat-containing proteins (RCPs) that carry tandem or non-tandem arrays of an amino acid sequence or structural motif. In this review, we highlight the diverse roles that these repeat domains play in RCP effector function. We also draw attention to the potential role of these repeat domains in adaptive evolution with regards to RCP effector function and the evasion of effector-triggered immunity. The aim of this review is to increase the profile of RCP effectors from plant-associated organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Mesarich
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Host–Microbe Interactions, Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LtdAuckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Carl H. Mesarich
| | - Joanna K. Bowen
- Host–Microbe Interactions, Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LtdAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Cyril Hamiaux
- Human Responses, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D. Templeton
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Host–Microbe Interactions, Bioprotection, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LtdAuckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Lo Presti L, Lanver D, Schweizer G, Tanaka S, Liang L, Tollot M, Zuccaro A, Reissmann S, Kahmann R. Fungal effectors and plant susceptibility. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:513-45. [PMID: 25923844 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be colonized by fungi that have adopted highly diverse lifestyles, ranging from symbiotic to necrotrophic. Colonization is governed in all systems by hundreds of secreted fungal effector molecules. These effectors suppress plant defense responses and modulate plant physiology to accommodate fungal invaders and provide them with nutrients. Fungal effectors either function in the interaction zone between the fungal hyphae and host or are transferred to plant cells. This review describes the effector repertoires of 84 plant-colonizing fungi. We focus on the mechanisms that allow these fungal effectors to promote virulence or compatibility, discuss common plant nodes that are targeted by effectors, and provide recent insights into effector evolution. In addition, we address the issue of effector uptake in plant cells and highlight open questions and future challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libera Lo Presti
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; , , , , , , , ,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Brown NA, Dos Reis TF, Goinski AB, Savoldi M, Menino J, Almeida MT, Rodrigues F, Goldman GH. The Aspergillus nidulans signalling mucin MsbA regulates starvation responses, adhesion and affects cellulase secretion in response to environmental cues. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:1103-1120. [PMID: 25294314 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the heterogeneous semi-solid environment naturally occupied by lignocellulolytic fungi the majority of nutrients are locked away as insoluble plant biomass. Hence, lignocellulolytic fungi must actively search for, and attach to, a desirable source of nutrients. During growth on lignocellulose a period of carbon deprivation provokes carbon catabolite derepression and scavenging hydrolase secretion. Subsequently, starvation and/or contact sensing was hypothesized to play a role in lignocellulose attachment and degradation. In Aspergillus nidulans the extracellular signalling mucin, MsbA, influences growth under nutrient-poor conditions including lignocellulose. Cellulase secretion and activity was affected by MsbA via a mechanism that was independent of cellulase transcription. MsbA modulated both the cell wall integrity and filamentous growth MAPK pathways influencing adhesion, biofilm formation and secretion. The constitutive activation of MsbA subsequently enhanced cellulase activity by increasing the secretion of the cellobiohydrolase, CbhA, while improved substrate attachment and may contribute to an enhanced starvation response. Starvation and/or contact sensing therefore represents a new dimension to the already multifaceted regulation of cellulase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Andrew Brown
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|