51
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Gundra UM, Girgis NM, Gonzalez MA, San Tang M, Van Der Zande HJP, Lin JD, Ouimet M, Ma LJ, Poles J, Vozhilla N, Fisher EA, Moore KJ, Loke P. Vitamin A mediates conversion of monocyte-derived macrophages into tissue-resident macrophages during alternative activation. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:642-653. [PMID: 28436955 PMCID: PMC5475284 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether activated inflammatory macrophages can adopt features of tissue-resident macrophages, or what mechanisms might mediate such a phenotypic conversion. Here we show that vitamin A is required for the phenotypic conversion of interleukin 4 (IL-4)-activated monocyte-derived F4/80intCD206+PD-L2+MHCII+ macrophages into macrophages with a tissue-resident F4/80hiCD206-PD-L2-MHCII-UCP1+ phenotype in the peritoneal cavity of mice and during the formation of liver granulomas in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The phenotypic conversion of F4/80intCD206+ macrophages into F4/80hiCD206- macrophages was associated with almost complete remodeling of the chromatin landscape, as well as alteration of the transcriptional profiles. Vitamin A-deficient mice infected with S. mansoni had disrupted liver granuloma architecture and increased mortality, which indicates that failure to convert macrophages from the F4/80intCD206+ phenotype to F4/80hiCD206- may lead to dysregulated inflammation during helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Natasha M Girgis
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mei San Tang
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jian-Da Lin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lily J Ma
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan Poles
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nikollaq Vozhilla
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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52
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TGF-β activation by bone marrow-derived thrombospondin-1 causes Schistosoma- and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15494. [PMID: 28555642 PMCID: PMC5459967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an obstructive disease of the precapillary pulmonary arteries. Schistosomiasis-associated PAH shares altered vascular TGF-β signalling with idiopathic, heritable and autoimmune-associated etiologies; moreover, TGF-β blockade can prevent experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) in pre-clinical models. TGF-β is regulated at the level of activation, but how TGF-β is activated in this disease is unknown. Here we show TGF-β activation by thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is both required and sufficient for the development of PH in Schistosoma-exposed mice. Following Schistosoma exposure, TSP-1 levels in the lung increase, via recruitment of circulating monocytes, while TSP-1 inhibition or knockout bone marrow prevents TGF-β activation and protects against PH development. TSP-1 blockade also prevents the PH in a second model, chronic hypoxia. Lastly, the plasma concentration of TSP-1 is significantly increased in subjects with scleroderma following PAH development. Targeting TSP-1-dependent activation of TGF-β could thus be a therapeutic approach in TGF-β-dependent vascular diseases. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) activates latent TGF-β in the extracellular matrix. Here the authors show that inappropriate activation of latent TGF-β in murine, bovine and human lung by monocyte-produced TSP-1 causes pulmonary hypertension, and that interference with the activation process prevents disease development.
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53
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Rückerl D, Campbell SM, Duncan S, Sutherland TE, Jenkins SJ, Hewitson JP, Barr TA, Jackson-Jones LH, Maizels RM, Allen JE. Macrophage origin limits functional plasticity in helminth-bacterial co-infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006233. [PMID: 28334040 PMCID: PMC5364000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid reprogramming of the macrophage activation phenotype is considered important in the defense against consecutive infection with diverse infectious agents. However, in the setting of persistent, chronic infection the functional importance of macrophage-intrinsic adaptation to changing environments vs. recruitment of new macrophages remains unclear. Here we show that resident peritoneal macrophages expanded by infection with the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri altered their activation phenotype in response to infection with Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium in vitro and in vivo. The nematode-expanded resident F4/80high macrophages efficiently upregulated bacterial induced effector molecules (e.g. MHC-II, NOS2) similarly to newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages. Nonetheless, recruitment of blood monocyte-derived macrophages to Salmonella infection occurred with equal magnitude in co-infected animals and caused displacement of the nematode-expanded, tissue resident-derived macrophages from the peritoneal cavity. Global gene expression analysis revealed that although nematode-expanded resident F4/80high macrophages made an anti-bacterial response, this was muted as compared to newly recruited F4/80low macrophages. However, the F4/80high macrophages adopted unique functional characteristics that included enhanced neutrophil-stimulating chemokine production. Thus, our data provide important evidence that plastic adaptation of MΦ activation does occur in vivo, but that cellular plasticity is outweighed by functional capabilities specific to the tissue origin of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M. Campbell
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sheelagh Duncan
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tara E. Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Hewitson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A. Barr
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy H. Jackson-Jones
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E. Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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54
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de Kouchkovsky DA, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Negative Regulation of Type 2 Immunity. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:154-167. [PMID: 28082101 PMCID: PMC5510550 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity encompasses the mechanisms through which the immune system responds to helminths and an array of environmental substances such as allergens. In the developing world, billions of individuals are chronically infected with endemic parasitic helminths. In comparison, in the industrialized world, millions of individuals suffer from dysregulated type 2 immunity, referred to clinically as atopic diseases including asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, type 2 immunity must be carefully regulated to mount protective host responses yet avoid inappropriate activation and immunopathology. In this review, we describe the key players and connections at play in type 2 responses and focus on the emerging mechanisms involved in the negative regulation of type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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55
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Terrazas C, de Dios Ruiz-Rosado J, Amici SA, Jablonski KA, Martinez-Saucedo D, Webb LM, Cortado H, Robledo-Avila F, Oghumu S, Satoskar AR, Rodriguez-Sosa M, Terrazas LI, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Partida-Sánchez S. Helminth-induced Ly6C hi monocyte-derived alternatively activated macrophages suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40814. [PMID: 28094319 PMCID: PMC5240103 DOI: 10.1038/srep40814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths cause chronic infections and affect the immune response to unrelated inflammatory diseases. Although helminths have been used therapeutically to ameliorate inflammatory conditions, their anti-inflammatory properties are poorly understood. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMϕs) have been suggested as the anti-inflammatory effector cells during helminth infections. Here, we define the origin of AAMϕs during infection with Taenia crassiceps, and their disease-modulating activity on the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our data show two distinct populations of AAMϕs, based on the expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 molecules, resulting upon T. crassiceps infection. Adoptive transfer of Ly6C+ monocytes gave rise to PD-L1+/PD-L2+, but not PD-L1+/PD-L2- cells in T. crassiceps-infected mice, demonstrating that the PD-L1+/PD-L2+ subpopulation of AAMϕs originates from blood monocytes. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of PD-L1+/PD-L2+ AAMϕs into EAE induced mice reduced disease incidence, delayed disease onset, and diminished the clinical disability, indicating the critical role of these cells in the regulation of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Terrazas
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Juan de Dios Ruiz-Rosado
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Amici
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical Laboratory Science Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle A. Jablonski
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical Laboratory Science Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Diana Martinez-Saucedo
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
| | - Lindsay M. Webb
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical Laboratory Science Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hanna Cortado
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank Robledo-Avila
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
| | - Luis I. Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical Laboratory Science Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Santiago Partida-Sánchez
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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56
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Seoane PI, Rückerl D, Casaravilla C, Barrios AA, Pittini Á, MacDonald AS, Allen JE, Díaz A. Particles from the Echinococcus granulosus laminated layer inhibit IL-4 and growth factor-driven Akt phosphorylation and proliferative responses in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39204. [PMID: 27966637 PMCID: PMC5155279 DOI: 10.1038/srep39204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of macrophages is a hallmark of inflammation in many type 2 settings including helminth infections. The cellular expansion is driven by the type 2 cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), as well as by M-CSF, which also controls homeostatic levels of tissue resident macrophages. Cystic echinococcosis, caused by the tissue-dwelling larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is characterised by normally subdued local inflammation. Infiltrating host cells make contact only with the acellular protective coat of the parasite, called laminated layer, particles of which can be ingested by phagocytic cells. Here we report that a particulate preparation from this layer (pLL) strongly inhibits the proliferation of macrophages in response to IL-4 or M-CSF. In addition, pLL also inhibits IL-4-driven up-regulation of Relm-α, without similarly affecting Chitinase-like 3 (Chil3/Ym1). IL-4-driven cell proliferation and up-regulation of Relm-α are both known to depend on the phosphatidylinositol (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which is dispensable for induction of Chil3/Ym1. Exposure to pLL in vitro inhibited Akt activation in response to proliferative stimuli, providing a potential mechanism for its activities. Our results suggest that the E. granulosus laminated layer exerts some of its anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation and consequent limitation of macrophage proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Seoane
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cecilia Casaravilla
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anabella A Barrios
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Álvaro Pittini
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research (MCCIR), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alvaro Díaz
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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57
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Van de Velde LA, Subramanian C, Smith AM, Barron L, Qualls JE, Neale G, Alfonso-Pecchio A, Jackowski S, Rock CO, Wynn TA, Murray PJ. T Cells Encountering Myeloid Cells Programmed for Amino Acid-dependent Immunosuppression Use Rictor/mTORC2 Protein for Proliferative Checkpoint Decisions. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:15-30. [PMID: 27903651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.766238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of T cell proliferation and function by immunoregulatory myeloid cells are an essential means of preventing self-reactivity and restoring tissue homeostasis. Consumption of amino acids such as arginine and tryptophan by immunoregulatory macrophages is one pathway that suppresses local T cell proliferation. Using a reduced complexity in vitro macrophage-T cell co-culture system, we show that macrophage arginase-1 is the only factor required by M2 macrophages to block T cells in G1, and this effect is mediated by l-arginine elimination rather than metabolite generation. Tracking how T cells adjust their metabolism when deprived of arginine revealed the significance of macrophage-mediated arginine deprivation to T cells. We found mTORC1 activity was unaffected in the initial G1 block. After 2 days of arginine deprivation, mTORC1 activity declined paralleling a selective down-regulation of SREBP target gene expression, whereas mRNAs involved in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and T cell activation were unaffected. Cell cycle arrest was reversible at any point by exogenous arginine, suggesting starved T cells remain poised awaiting nutrients. Arginine deprivation-induced cell cycle arrest was mediated in part by Rictor/mTORC2, providing evidence that this nutrient recognition pathway is a central component of how T cells measure environmental arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amber M Smith
- From the Departments of Infectious Diseases.,Immunology, and
| | - Luke Barron
- the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joseph E Qualls
- From the Departments of Infectious Diseases.,Immunology, and
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105 and
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A Wynn
- the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Peter J Murray
- From the Departments of Infectious Diseases, .,Immunology, and
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58
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He X, Tang R, Sun Y, Wang YG, Zhen KY, Zhang DM, Pan WQ. MicroR-146 blocks the activation of M1 macrophage by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 in hepatic schistosomiasis. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:339-347. [PMID: 27780686 PMCID: PMC5264274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by the parasite of the Schistosoma genus and is characterized by egg-induced hepatic granulomas and fibrosis. Macrophages play a central role in schistosomiasis with several studies highlighting their differentiation into M2 cells involved in the survival of infected mice through limitation of immunopathology. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms of regulating macrophage differentiation. Here, we showed that the early stage of infection by Schistosoma japonicum induced expression of type 1 T-helper-cell (Th1) cytokine, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), leading to increase in M1 cells. However, the presence of liver-trapped eggs induced the expression of Th2 cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 that upregulated the transcription of miR-146b by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/6 (STAT3/6) that bind to the promoter of the pre-miR-146b gene. We found that the miR-146a/b was significantly upregulated in macrophages during the progression of hepatic schistosomiasis. The elevated miR-146a/b inhibited the IFN-γ-induced differentiation of macrophages to M1 cells through targeting STAT1. Our data indicate the protective roles of miR-146a/b in hepatic schistosomiasis through regulating the differentiation of macrophages into M2 cells. miR-146 was selectively upregulated in macrophages during hepatic schistosomiasis. miR-146 blocked the differentiation of macrophages into M1 cells by targeting STAT1 in hepatic schistosomiasis. Th2 cytokines induced the expression of miR-146b by activating STAT3/6 that bind to the promoter of the pre-miR-146b gene. Th2 cytokines inhibited the activation of M1 macrophages by induction of miR-146b.
Macrophages play a central role in schistosomiasis by differentiating into various activation states. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of differentiation of macrophages into M2 cells for host survival. In this study, we revealed that the presence of liver-trapped parasite eggs induced expression of Th2 cytokines that promoted transcription of miR-146b by activating STAT3/6 that bind to the promoter of the pre-miR-146b gene, and the elevated miR-146b inhibited the IFN-γ-induced differentiation of macrophages into M1 cells by suppressing STAT1. These findings indicate the protective roles of miR-146a/b in hepatic schistosomiasis through regulating the differentiation of macrophages into M2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing He
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yan-Ge Wang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zhen
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wei-Qing Pan
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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59
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Role of Macrophages in the Repair Process during the Tissue Migrating and Resident Helminth Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8634603. [PMID: 27648452 PMCID: PMC5014929 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8634603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Th1/Th2/Th17 balance is a fundamental feature in the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment during helminth infections, and an imbalance in this paradigm greatly contributes to inflammatory disorders. In some cases of helminthiasis, an initial Th1 response could occur during the early phases of infection (acute), followed by a Th2 response that prevails in chronic infections. During the late phase of infection, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are important to counteract the inflammation caused by the Th1/Th17 response and larval migration, limiting damage and repairing the tissue affected. Macrophages are the archetype of phagocytic cells, with the primary role of pathogen destruction and antigen presentation. Nevertheless, other subtypes of macrophages have been described with important roles in tissue repair and immune regulation. These types of macrophages challenge the classical view of macrophages activated by an inflammatory response. The role of these subtypes of macrophages during helminthiasis is a controversial topic in immunoparasitology. Here, we analyze some of the studies regarding the role of AAMs in tissue repair during the tissue migration of helminths.
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60
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Bettina A, Zhang Z, Michels K, Cagnina RE, Vincent IS, Burdick MD, Kadl A, Mehrad B. M-CSF Mediates Host Defense during Bacterial Pneumonia by Promoting the Survival of Lung and Liver Mononuclear Phagocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5047-55. [PMID: 27183631 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia is a common and dangerous infection with diminishing treatment options due to increasing antibiotic resistance among causal pathogens. The mononuclear phagocyte system is a heterogeneous group of leukocytes composed of tissue-resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocyte-derived cells that are critical in defense against pneumonia, but mechanisms that regulate their maintenance and function during infection are poorly defined. M-CSF has myriad effects on mononuclear phagocytes but its role in pneumonia is unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that M-CSF is required for mononuclear phagocyte-mediated host defenses during bacterial pneumonia in a murine model of infection. Genetic deletion or immunoneutralization of M-CSF resulted in reduced survival, increased bacterial burden, and greater lung injury. M-CSF was necessary for the expansion of lung mononuclear phagocytes during infection but did not affect the number of bone marrow or blood monocytes, proliferation of precursors, or recruitment of leukocytes to the lungs. In contrast, M-CSF was essential to survival and antimicrobial functions of both lung and liver mononuclear phagocytes during pneumonia, and its absence resulted in bacterial dissemination to the liver and hepatic necrosis. We conclude that M-CSF is critical to host defenses against bacterial pneumonia by mediating survival and antimicrobial functions of mononuclear phagocytes in the lungs and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bettina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kathryn Michels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - R Elaine Cagnina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Isaah S Vincent
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Marie D Burdick
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Alexandra Kadl
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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61
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Lauvau G, Loke P, Hohl TM. Monocyte-mediated defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:397-409. [PMID: 27021645 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating blood monocytes are a heterogeneous leukocyte population that contributes critical antimicrobial and regulatory functions during systemic and tissue-specific infections. These include patrolling vascular tissue for evidence of microbial invasion, infiltrating peripheral tissues and directly killing microbial invaders, conditioning the inflammatory milieu at sites of microbial tissue invasion, and orchestrating the activation of innate and adaptive immune effector cells. The central focus of this review is the in vivo mechanisms by which monocytes and their derivative cells promote microbial clearance and immune regulation. We include an overview of murine models to examine monocyte functions during microbial challenges and review our understanding of the functional roles of monocytes and their derivative cells in host defense against bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cencer Center, New York, NY, United States.
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Fang Y, Wu C, Chen Q, Wu J, Yang Y, Guo X, Chen G, Wang Z. SjE16.7 activates macrophages and promotes Schistosoma japonicum egg-induced granuloma development. Acta Trop 2015; 149:49-58. [PMID: 25997882 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SjE16.7 is an egg-specific protein from Schistosoma japonicum that recruits neutrophils and initiates an inflammatory granuloma response in host tissue. However, since macrophages are known to be important regulators of egg granuloma formation we investigated the effect of SjE16.7 on this cell type. Here we report that SjE16.7 is a potent macrophage activator, inducing macrophage chemotaxis and stimulating cytokine production. Treatment of murine primary macrophages with SjE16.7 resulted in upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, IL-6 and TNF-α), as well as phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Moreover, SjE16.7 treatment increased MHC Class II expression on the surface of macrophages. Importantly, in vivo blockade of SjE16.7 significantly reduced egg-induced pathology, as a result of decreased leucocyte infiltration and reduced granuloma size. Our results suggest that SjE16.7 is an important pathogenic factor and a potential treatment target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyun Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Peng X, Zhang J, Xiao Z, Dong Y, Du J. CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Interaction Increases the Population of Ly6C(-)CX3CR1(hi) Macrophages Contributing to Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction-Induced Fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2797-805. [PMID: 26254342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines modulate inflammatory responses that are prerequisites for kidney injury. The specific role of monocyte-associated CX3CR1 and its cognate ligand CX3CL1 in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced kidney injury remains unclear. In this study, we found that UUO caused a CCR2-dependent increase in numbers of Ly6C(hi) monocytes both in the blood and kidneys and of Ly6C(-)CX3CR1(+) macrophages in the obstructed kidneys of mice. Using CX3CR1(gfp/+) knockin mice, we observed a rapid conversion of infiltrating proinflammatory Ly6C(+)CX3CR1(1o) monocytes/macrophages to anti-inflammatory Ly6C(-)CX3CR1(hi) macrophages. CX3CR1 deficiency affected neither monocyte trafficking nor macrophage differentiation in vivo upon renal obstruction, but CX3CR1 expression in monocytes and macrophages was required for increases in fibrosis in the obstructed kidneys. Mechanistically, CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction increases Ly6C(-)CX3CR1(hi) macrophage survival within the obstructed kidneys. Therefore, CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 may represent attractive therapeutic targets in obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Peng
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; and Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; and
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; and
| | - Yanjun Dong
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; and
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; and
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64
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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65
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Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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66
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Ly6C- Monocytes Regulate Parasite-Induced Liver Inflammation by Inducing the Differentiation of Pathogenic Ly6C+ Monocytes into Macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004873. [PMID: 26020782 PMCID: PMC4447383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes consist of two well-defined subsets, the Ly6C+ and Ly6C– monocytes. Both CD11b+ myeloid cells populations have been proposed to infiltrate tissues during inflammation. While infiltration of Ly6C+ monocytes is an established pathogenic factor during hepatic inflammation, the role of Ly6C– monocytes remains elusive. Mice suffering experimental African trypanosome infection die from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that is initiated by phagocytosis of parasites by liver myeloid cells and culminates in apoptosis/necrosis of liver myeloid and parenchymal cells that reduces host survival. C57BL/6 mice are considered as trypanotolerant to Trypanosoma congolense infection. We have reported that in these animals, IL-10, produced among others by myeloid cells, limits the liver damage caused by pathogenic TNF-producing Ly6C+ monocytes, ensuring prolonged survival. Here, the heterogeneity and dynamics of liver myeloid cells in T. congolense-infected C57/BL6 mice was further dissected. Moreover, the contribution of Ly6C– monocytes to trypanotolerance was investigated. By using FACS analysis and adoptive transfer experiments, we found that the accumulation of Ly6C– monocytes and macrophages in the liver of infected mice coincided with a drop in the pool of Ly6C+ monocytes. Pathogenic TNF mainly originated from Ly6C+ monocytes while Ly6C– monocytes and macrophages were major and equipotent sources of IL-10 within myeloid cells. Moreover, Nr4a1 (Nur77) transcription factor-dependent Ly6C– monocytes exhibited IL-10-dependent and cell contact-dependent regulatory properties contributing to trypanotolerance by suppressing the production of TNF by Ly6C+ monocytes and by promoting the differentiation of the latter cells into macrophages. Thus, Ly6C– monocytes can dampen liver damage caused by an extensive Ly6C+ monocyte-associated inflammatory immune response in T. congolense trypanotolerant animals. In a more general context, Ly6C– or Ly6C+ monocyte targeting may represent a therapeutic approach in liver pathogenicity induced by chronic infection. The liver is not only a central organ for efficient metabolism of nutrients and for toxin clearance, but also for immune surveillance, including elimination of intravascular infections. However, excess of nutrients like fat or of toxins like alcohol and certain medications, as well as infections can trigger overactive immune responses which destroy the liver. Such chronic inflammations are major worldwide human health problem with often lethal consequences. Thus, understanding the particular function of various liver immune cells could provide original concepts to alleviate damages in this vital organ. Here, we dissected the heterogeneity, dynamics and function of the myeloid/monocytic cell compartment in the liver of mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense parasite. We established that infiltration of Ly6C+ monocyte subset initiated liver injury in infected mice. More importantly, we revealed that another myeloid cell subset for which the role in liver injury remained elusive, the Ly6C- monocyte subset, exerted hepatoprotective function in infected mice by secreting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and by inducing, through cell-contact, the differentiation of pathogenic Ly6C+ monocytes into macrophages expressing genes coding for anti-inflammatory molecules. Thus, augmenting Ly6C- monocyte accumulation or functionality may represent a useful intervention strategy complementing anti-infective medication in conditions of liver injury due to chronic infections.
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Eckert C, Klein N, Kornek M, Lukacs-Kornek V. The complex myeloid network of the liver with diverse functional capacity at steady state and in inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:179. [PMID: 25941527 PMCID: PMC4403526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been an explosion of information regarding the role of various myeloid cells in liver pathology. Macrophages and dendritic cell (DC) play crucial roles in multiple chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The complexity of myeloid cell populations and the missing exclusive marker combination make the interpretation of the data often extremely difficult. The current review aims to summarize the multiple roles of macrophages and DCs in chronic liver diseases, especially pointing out how these cells influence liver immune and parenchymal cells thereby altering liver function and pathology. Moreover, the review outlines the currently known marker combinations for the identification of these cell populations for the study of their role in liver immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eckert
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Niklas Klein
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
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Blériot C, Dupuis T, Jouvion G, Eberl G, Disson O, Lecuit M. Liver-resident macrophage necroptosis orchestrates type 1 microbicidal inflammation and type-2-mediated tissue repair during bacterial infection. Immunity 2014; 42:145-58. [PMID: 25577440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells, the phagocytes of fetal origin that line the liver sinusoids, are key contributors of host defense against enteroinvasive bacteria. Here, we found that infection by Listeria monocytogenes induced the early necroptotic death of Kupffer cells, which was followed by monocyte recruitment and an anti-bacterial type 1 inflammatory response. Kupffer cell death also triggered a type 2 response that involved the hepatocyte-derived alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) and basophil-derived interleukin-4 (IL-4). This led to the alternative activation of the monocyte-derived macrophages recruited to the liver, which thereby replaced ablated Kupffer cells and restored liver homeostasis. Kupffer cell death is therefore a key signal orchestrating type 1 microbicidal inflammation and type-2-mediated liver repair upon infection. This indicates that beyond the classical dichotomy of type 1 and type 2 responses, these responses can develop sequentially in the context of a bacterial infection and act interdependently, orchestrating liver immune responses and return to homeostasis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blériot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Théo Dupuis
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Inserm U1117, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, French National Reference Center and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Listeria, 75015 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Pasteur Centre for Infectiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, 75015 Paris, France.
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Allen JE, Sutherland TE. Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:329-40. [PMID: 25028340 PMCID: PMC4179909 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is associated with both helminth infection and responses to injury. Pathways involved in tissue repair and helminth immunity overlap. The IL-4Rα is central to accelerating both repair and helminth control. Adaptive immunity contributes to more rapid wound repair.
Metazoan parasites typically induce a type 2 immune response, characterized by T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 among others. The type 2 response is host protective, reducing the number of parasites either through direct killing in the tissues, or expulsion from the intestine. Type 2 immunity also protects the host against damage mediated by these large extracellular parasites as they migrate through the body. At the center of both the innate and adaptive type 2 immune response, is the IL-4Rα that mediates many of the key effector functions. Here we highlight the striking overlap between the molecules, cells and pathways that mediate both parasite control and tissue repair. We have proposed that adaptive Th2 immunity evolved out of our innate repair pathways to mediate both accelerated repair and parasite control in the face of continual assault from multicellular pathogens. Type 2 cytokines are involved in many aspects of mammalian physiology independent of helminth infection. Therefore understanding the evolutionary relationship between helminth killing and tissue repair should provide new insight into immune mechanisms of tissue protection in the face of physical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Allen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Centre for Immunity, Infection & Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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