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Li J, Cao L, Staiger CJ. Capping Protein Modulates Actin Remodeling in Response to Reactive Oxygen Species during Plant Innate Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1125-1136. [PMID: 27909046 PMCID: PMC5291016 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns to activate innate immune signaling events, such as bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The actin cytoskeleton remodels during the first 5 min of innate immune signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal cells; however, the immune signals that impinge on actin cytoskeleton and its response regulators remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that rapid actin remodeling upon elicitation with diverse microbe-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns represent a conserved plant immune response. Actin remodeling requires ROS generated by the defense-associated NADPH oxidase, RBOHD. Moreover, perception of flg22 by its cognate receptor complex triggers actin remodeling through the activation of RBOHD-dependent ROS production. Our genetic studies reveal that the ubiquitous heterodimeric capping protein transduces ROS signaling to the actin cytoskeleton during innate immunity. Additionally, we uncover a negative feedback loop between actin remodeling and flg22-induced ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064 (J.L., L.C., C.J.S.); and
- The Bindley Bioscience Center and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (C.J.S.)
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064 (J.L., L.C., C.J.S.); and
- The Bindley Bioscience Center and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (C.J.S.)
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064 (J.L., L.C., C.J.S.); and
- The Bindley Bioscience Center and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 (C.J.S.)
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52
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Li Z, Ding B, Zhou X, Wang GL. The Rice Dynamin-Related Protein OsDRP1E Negatively Regulates Programmed Cell Death by Controlling the Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006157. [PMID: 28081268 PMCID: PMC5266325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) mediated by mitochondrial processes has emerged as an important mechanism for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the role of translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol during PCD remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the rice dynamin-related protein 1E (OsDRP1E) negatively regulates PCD by controlling mitochondrial structure and cytochrome c release. We used a map-based cloning strategy to isolate OsDRP1E from the lesion mimic mutant dj-lm and confirmed that the E409V mutation in OsDRP1E causes spontaneous cell death in rice. Pathogen inoculation showed that dj-lm significantly enhances resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens. Functional analysis of the E409V mutation showed that the mutant protein impairs OsDRP1E self-association and formation of a higher-order complex; this in turn reduces the GTPase activity of OsDRP1E. Furthermore, confocal microscopy showed that the E409V mutation impairs localization of OsDRP1E to the mitochondria. The E409V mutation significantly affects the morphogenesis of cristae in mitochondria and causes the abnormal release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the mitochondria-localized protein OsDRP1E functions as a negative regulator of cytochrome c release and PCD in plants. Plants have developed a hypersensitive response (HR) that shows rapid programed cell death (PCD) around the infection site, which in turn limits pathogen invasion and restricts the spread of pathogens. Although many studies reported the characterization of PCD in different pathosystems in the last decade, the molecular mechanisms on how PCD is initiated and how it regulates host resistance are still unclear. Lesion mimic mutants exhibit spontaneous HR-like cell death without pathogen invasion and are ideal genetic materials for dissecting the PCD pathway. In this study, we characterized the lesion mimic gene OsDRP1E that negatively regulates plant PCD through the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Our results suggest that the E409V point mutation in the dynamin-related protein OsDRP1E affects the morphogenesis of mitochondrial cristae that leads to the cytochrome c release into cytoplasm. This study provides new insights into the function of dynamin-related proteins in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (GLW); (BD)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GLW); (BD)
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53
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Collins CA, Leslie ME, Peck SC, Heese A. Simplified Enrichment of Plasma Membrane Proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings Using Differential Centrifugation and Brij-58 Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1564:155-168. [PMID: 28124253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6813-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) forms a barrier between a plant cell and its environment. Proteins at this subcellular location play diverse and complex roles, including perception of extracellular signals to coordinate cellular changes. Analyses of PM proteins, however, are often limited by the relatively low abundance of these proteins in the total cellular protein pool. Techniques traditionally used for enrichment of PM proteins are time consuming, tedious, and require extensive optimization. Here, we provide a simple and reproducible enrichment procedure for PM proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings starting from total microsomal membranes isolated by differential centrifugation. To enrich for PM proteins, total microsomes are treated with the nonionic detergent Brij-58 to decrease the abundance of contaminating organellar proteins. This protocol combined with the genetic resources available in Arabidopsis provides a powerful tool that will enhance our understanding of proteins at the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina A Collins
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Michelle E Leslie
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Scott C Peck
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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54
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Huck NV, Leissing F, Majovsky P, Buntru M, Aretz C, Flecken M, Müller JPJ, Vogel S, Schillberg S, Hoehenwarter W, Conrath U, Beckers GJM. Combined 15N-Labeling and TandemMOAC Quantifies Phosphorylation of MAP Kinase Substrates Downstream of MKK7 in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2050. [PMID: 29276520 PMCID: PMC5727051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a widespread posttranslational modification that plays a key role in eukaryotic signal transduction. Due to the dynamics of protein abundance, low stoichiometry and transient nature of protein phosphorylation, the detection and accurate quantification of substrate phosphorylation by protein kinases remains a challenge in phosphoproteome research. Here, we combine tandem metal-oxide affinity chromatography (tandemMOAC) with stable isotope 15N metabolic labeling for the measurement and accurate quantification of low abundant, transiently phosphorylated peptides by mass spectrometry. Since tandemMOAC is not biased toward the enrichment of acidophilic, basophilic, or proline-directed kinase substrates, the method is applicable to identify targets of all these three types of protein kinases. The MKK7-MPK3/6 module, for example, is involved in the regulation of plant development and plant basal and systemic immune responses, but little is known about downstream cascade components. Using our here described phosphoproteomics approach we identified several MPK substrates downstream of the MKK7-MPK3/6 phosphorylation cascade in Arabidopsis. The identification and validation of dynamin-related protein 2 as a novel phosphorylation substrate of the MKK7-MPK3/6 module establishes a novel link between MPK signaling and clathrin-mediated vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola V. Huck
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Majovsky
- Proteome Analytics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Buntru
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christina Aretz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mirkko Flecken
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg P. J. Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Vogel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerold J. M. Beckers
- Department of Plant Physiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerold J. M. Beckers,
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55
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Abstract
Genetic dissection has led to a sophisticated understanding of receptor kinases in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Fluorescence confocal microscopy is essential to identify the (sub)cellular locations of resting and signaling receptor kinases that trigger molecular events in plant cells upon ligand perception. In this regard, the internalization of plasma membrane-localized FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) into endosomes induced by its ligand flg22, a peptide derived from bacterial flagellin, is a model system for studying activation status-dependent and endosomal receptor kinase trafficking routes and can be used in screens to identify pathogen effectors that target these trafficking routes for virulence promotion. In this chapter we describe approaches of visualizing fluorescently tagged FLS2, including protocols for flg22-induced endocytosis, instrument parameters, and image analysis. These approaches can be easily adapted for other receptor kinases, using the fast transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana for microscopic inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Loiseau
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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56
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Zhang Y, Yu Q, Jiang N, Yan X, Wang C, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhu M, Bednarek SY, Xu J, Pan J. Clathrin regulates blue light-triggered lateral auxin distribution and hypocotyl phototropism in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:165-176. [PMID: 27770560 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phototropism is the process by which plants grow towards light in order to maximize the capture of light for photosynthesis, which is particularly important for germinating seedlings. In Arabidopsis, hypocotyl phototropism is predominantly triggered by blue light (BL), which has a profound effect on the establishment of asymmetric auxin distribution, essential for hypocotyl phototropism. Two auxin efflux transporters ATP-binding cassette B19 (ABCB19) and PIN-formed 3 (PIN3) are known to mediate the effect of BL on auxin distribution in the hypocotyl, but the details for how BL triggers PIN3 lateralization remain poorly understood. Here, we report a critical role for clathrin in BL-triggered, PIN3-mediated asymmetric auxin distribution in hypocotyl phototropism. We show that unilateral BL induces relocalization of clathrin in the hypocotyl. Loss of clathrin light chain 2 (CLC2) and CLC3 affects endocytosis and lateral distribution of PIN3 thereby impairing BL-triggered establishment of asymmetric auxin distribution and consequently, phototropic bending. Conversely, auxin efflux inhibitors N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid affect BL-induced relocalization of clathrin, endocytosis and lateralization of PIN3 as well as asymmetric distribution of auxin. These results together demonstrate an important interplay between auxin and clathrin function that dynamically regulates BL-triggered hypocotyl phototropism in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Qinqin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Qingmei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences and NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
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57
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XVII Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Meeting Report. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:S1-S22. [PMID: 28384051 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-29-12-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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58
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Baker RF, Leach KA, Boyer NR, Swyers MJ, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Skopelitis T, Luo A, Sylvester A, Jackson D, Braun DM. Sucrose Transporter ZmSut1 Expression and Localization Uncover New Insights into Sucrose Phloem Loading. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1876-1898. [PMID: 27621426 PMCID: PMC5100798 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose transporters (SUTs) translocate sucrose (Suc) across cellular membranes, and in eudicots, multiple SUTs are known to function in Suc phloem loading in leaves. In maize (Zea mays), the Sucrose Transporter1 (ZmSut1) gene has been implicated in Suc phloem loading based upon RNA expression in leaves, electrophysiological experiments, and phenotypic analysis of zmsut1 mutant plants. However, no previous studies have examined the cellular expression of ZmSut1 RNA or the subcellular localization of the ZmSUT1 protein to assess the gene's hypothesized function in Suc phloem loading or to evaluate its potential roles, such as phloem unloading, in nonphotosynthetic tissues. To this end, we performed RNA in situ hybridization experiments, promoter-reporter gene analyses, and ZmSUT1 localization studies to elucidate the cellular expression pattern of the ZmSut1 transcript and protein. These data showed that ZmSut1 was expressed in multiple cell types throughout the plant and indicated that it functions in phloem companion cells to load Suc and also in other cell types to retrieve Suc from the apoplasm to prevent its accumulation and loss to the transpiration stream. Additionally, by comparing a phloem-mobile tracer with ZmSut1 expression, we determined that developing maize leaves dynamically switch from symplasmic to apoplasmic phloem unloading, reconciling previously conflicting reports, and suggest that ZmSut1 does not have an apparent function in either unloading process. A model for the dual roles for ZmSut1 function (phloem loading and apoplasmic recycling), Sut1 evolution, and its possible use to enhance Suc export from leaves in engineering C3 grasses for C4 photosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Frank Baker
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Kristen A Leach
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Nathanial R Boyer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Michael J Swyers
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Tara Skopelitis
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Anding Luo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - Anne Sylvester
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - David Jackson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
| | - David M Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (R.F.B., K.A.L., N.R.B., M.J.S., D.M.B.);
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 (Y.B.-A., T.S., D.J.); and
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 (A.L., A.S.)
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Leslie ME, Rogers SW, Heese A. Increased callose deposition in plants lacking DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 2B is dependent upon POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1244594. [PMID: 27748639 PMCID: PMC5157887 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1244594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Callose deposition within the cell wall is a well-documented plant immune response to pathogenic organisms as well as to pathogen-/microbe- associated molecular patterns (P/MAMPs). However, the molecular mechanisms that modulate pathogen-induced callose deposition are less understood. We reported previously that Arabidopsis plants lacking the vesicle trafficking component DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 2B (DRP2B) display increased callose deposition in response to the PAMP flg22. Here, we show that increased number of flg22-induced callose deposits in drp2b leaves is fully dependent on the callose synthase POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANT 4 (PMR4). We propose that in addition to functioning in flg22-induced endocytosis of the plant receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2, DRP2B may regulate the trafficking of proteins involved in callose synthesis, such as PMR4, and/or callose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Leslie
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sean W. Rogers
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
- CONTACT Antje Heese 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211
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60
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Mbengue M, Bourdais G, Gervasi F, Beck M, Zhou J, Spallek T, Bartels S, Boller T, Ueda T, Kuhn H, Robatzek S. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11034-9. [PMID: 27651493 PMCID: PMC5047200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is of critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one of which is the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, the extent to which these spatiotemporal dynamics are generally present among pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other receptor kinases associated with plant immunity, PEP RECEPTOR 1/2 (PEPR1/2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), internalize in a ligand-specific manner. In all cases, endocytosis requires the coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and thus depends on receptor activation status. We also show the internalization of liganded FLS2, suggesting the transport of signaling competent receptors. Trafficking of activated PRRs requires clathrin and converges onto the same endosomal vesicles that are also shared with the hormone receptor BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Importantly, clathrin-dependent endocytosis participates in plant defense against bacterial infection involving FLS2-mediated stomatal closure and callose deposition, but is uncoupled from activation of the flagellin-induced oxidative burst and MAP kinase signaling. In conclusion, immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptors depends on clathrin, a critical component for the endocytosis of signaling competent receptors into a common endosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio Gervasi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Fruit Tree Research Center, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Zhou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Spallek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Bartels
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Ueda
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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61
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Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana endogenous elicitor peptides (AtPeps) are released into the apoplast after cellular damage caused by pathogens or wounding to induce innate immunity by direct binding to the membrane-localized leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases, PEP RECEPTOR1 (PEPR1) and PEPR2. Although the PEPR-mediated signaling components and responses have been studied extensively, the contributions of the subcellular localization and dynamics of the active PEPRs remain largely unknown. We used live-cell imaging of the fluorescently labeled and bioactive pep1 to visualize the intracellular behavior of the PEPRs in the Arabidopsis root meristem. We found that AtPep1 decorated the plasma membrane (PM) in a receptor-dependent manner and cointernalized with PEPRs. Trafficking of the AtPep1-PEPR1 complexes to the vacuole required neither the trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE)-localized vacuolar H(+)-ATPase activity nor the function of the brefeldin A-sensitive ADP-ribosylation factor-guanine exchange factors (ARF-GEFs). In addition, AtPep1 and different TGN/EE markers colocalized only rarely, implying that the intracellular route of this receptor-ligand pair is largely independent of the TGN/EE. Inducible overexpression of the Arabidopsis clathrin coat disassembly factor, Auxilin2, which inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), impaired the AtPep1-PEPR1 internalization and compromised AtPep1-mediated responses. Our results show that clathrin function at the PM is required to induce plant defense responses, likely through CME of cell surface-located signaling components.
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Contributions of host cellular trafficking and organization to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Type-3 Effector XopB Inhibits Plant Defence Responses by Interfering with ROS Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159107. [PMID: 27398933 PMCID: PMC4939948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria 85-10 (Xcv) translocates about 30 type-3 effector proteins (T3Es) into pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) to suppress plant immune responses. Among them is XopB which interferes with PTI, ETI and sugar-mediated defence responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and direct targets are unknown so far. Here, we examined the XopB-mediated suppression of plant defence responses in more detail. Infection of susceptible pepper plants with Xcv lacking xopB resulted in delayed symptom development compared to Xcv wild type infection concomitant with an increased formation of salicylic acid (SA) and expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Expression of xopB in Arabidopsis thaliana promoted the growth of the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 strain. This was paralleled by a decreased SA-pool and a lower induction of SA-dependent PR gene expression. The expression pattern of early flg22-responsive marker genes indicated that MAPK signalling was not altered in the presence of XopB. However, XopB inhibited the flg22-triggered burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, the transcript accumulation of AtOXI1, a ROS-dependent marker gene, was reduced in xopB-expressing Arabidopsis plants as well as callose deposition. The lower ROS production correlated with a low level of basal and flg22-triggered expression of apoplastic peroxidases and the NADPH oxidase RBOHD. Conversely, deletion of xopB in Xcv caused a higher production of ROS in leaves of susceptible pepper plants. Together our results demonstrate that XopB modulates ROS responses and might thereby compromise plant defence.
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Wang C, Hu T, Yan X, Meng T, Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhang X, Gu Y, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Gadeyne A, Lin J, Persson S, Van Damme D, Li C, Bednarek SY, Pan J. Differential Regulation of Clathrin and Its Adaptor Proteins during Membrane Recruitment for Endocytosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:215-29. [PMID: 26945051 PMCID: PMC4854679 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is dependent on the function of clathrin and its accessory heterooligomeric adaptor protein complexes, ADAPTOR PROTEIN2 (AP-2) and the TPLATE complex (TPC), and is negatively regulated by the hormones auxin and salicylic acid (SA). The details for how clathrin and its adaptor complexes are recruited to the plasma membrane (PM) to regulate CME, however, are poorly understood. We found that SA and the pharmacological CME inhibitor tyrphostin A23 reduce the membrane association of clathrin and AP-2, but not that of the TPC, whereas auxin solely affected clathrin membrane association, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Genetic and pharmacological experiments revealed that loss of AP2μ or AP2σ partially affected the membrane association of other AP-2 subunits and that the AP-2 subunit AP2σ, but not AP2μ, was required for SA- and tyrphostin A23-dependent inhibition of CME Furthermore, we show that although AP-2 and the TPC are both required for the PM recruitment of clathrin in wild-type cells, the TPC is necessary for clathrin PM association in AP-2-deficient cells. These results indicate that developmental signals may differentially modulate the membrane recruitment of clathrin and its core accessory complexes to regulate the process of CME in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Tianwei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Yutong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Qingmei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Ying Gu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Astrid Gadeyne
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Jinxing Lin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Staffan Persson
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Chuanyou Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China (C.W., T.H., X.Y., T.M., Y.W., Q.W., J.P.);State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.Z., C.L.);Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (Y.G.);Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössisch Technische Hochschule Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (C.S.-R.);Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.G., D.V.D.);College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China (J.L.);Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (S.P.); andDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (S.Y.B.)
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Nguyen PDT, Pike S, Wang J, Nepal Poudel A, Heinz R, Schultz JC, Koo AJ, Mitchum MG, Appel HM, Gassmann W. The Arabidopsis immune regulator SRFR1 dampens defences against herbivory by Spodoptera exigua and parasitism by Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:588-600. [PMID: 26310916 PMCID: PMC6638418 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. Cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. Previously, we identified SUPPRESSOR OF rps4-RLD1 (SRFR1) as a negative regulator of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 expressing avrRps4. The use of multiple stresses is a powerful tool to further define gene function. Here, we examined whether SRFR1 also impacts resistance to a herbivorous insect in leaves and to a cyst nematode in roots. Interestingly, srfr1-1 plants showed increased resistance to herbivory by the beet army worm Spodoptera exigua and to parasitism by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii compared with the corresponding wild-type Arabidopsis accession RLD. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure the transcript levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET) pathway genes, we found that enhanced resistance of srfr1-1 plants to S. exigua correlated with specific upregulation of the MYC2 branch of the JA pathway concurrent with suppression of the SA pathway. In contrast, the greater susceptibility of RLD was accompanied by simultaneously increased transcript levels of SA, JA and JA/ET signalling pathway genes. Surprisingly, mutation of either SRFR1 or EDS1 increased resistance to H. schachtii, indicating that the concurrent presence of both wild-type genes promotes susceptibility. This finding suggests a novel form of resistance in Arabidopsis to the biotrophic pathogen H. schachtii or a root-specific regulation of the SA pathway by EDS1, and places SRFR1 at an intersection between multiple defence pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Dung T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jianying Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Arati Nepal Poudel
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Robert Heinz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Jack C Schultz
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Abraham J Koo
- Division of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Heidi M Appel
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
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67
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Zhou S, Okekeogbu I, Sangireddy S, Ye Z, Li H, Bhatti S, Hui D, McDonald DW, Yang Y, Giri S, Howe KJ, Fish T, Thannhauser TW. Proteome Modification in Tomato Plants upon Long-Term Aluminum Treatment. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1670-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhou
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Ikenna Okekeogbu
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Sasikiran Sangireddy
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Zhujia Ye
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Sarabjit Bhatti
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture,
Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John
A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Daniel W. McDonald
- Phenotype Screening Corporation, 4028 Papermill Road, Knoxville, Tennessee 37909, United States
| | - Yong Yang
- RW Holley
Center for Agriculture and Health, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Shree Giri
- RW Holley
Center for Agriculture and Health, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J. Howe
- RW Holley
Center for Agriculture and Health, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tara Fish
- RW Holley
Center for Agriculture and Health, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Theodore W. Thannhauser
- RW Holley
Center for Agriculture and Health, Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Wang WM, Liu PQ, Xu YJ, Xiao S. Protein trafficking during plant innate immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:284-98. [PMID: 26345282 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell's protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense-associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense-related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peng-Qiang Liu
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-Ju Xu
- Rice Research Institute & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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69
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Yu Q, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yan X, Wang C, Xu J, Pan J. Clathrin-Mediated Auxin Efflux and Maxima Regulate Hypocotyl Hook Formation and Light-Stimulated Hook Opening in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:101-112. [PMID: 26458873 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of auxin maxima by PIN-FORMED 3 (PIN3)- and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE AUX1 (LAX) 3 (AUX1/LAX3)-mediated auxin transport is essential for hook formation in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Until now, however, the underlying regulatory mechanism has remained poorly understood. Here, we show that loss of function of clathrin light chain CLC2 and CLC3 genes enhanced auxin maxima and thereby hook curvature, alleviated the inhibitory effect of auxin overproduction on auxin maxima and hook curvature, and delayed blue light-stimulated auxin maxima reduction and hook opening. Moreover, pharmacological experiments revealed that auxin maxima formation and hook curvature in clc2 clc3 were sensitive to auxin efflux inhibitors 1-naphthylphthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid but not to the auxin influx inhibitor 1-naphthoxyacetic acid. Live-cell imaging analysis further uncovered that loss of CLC2 and CLC3 function impaired PIN3 endocytosis and promoted its lateralization in the cortical cells but did not affect AUX1 localization. Taken together, these results suggest that clathrin regulates auxin maxima and thereby hook formation through modulating PIN3 localization and auxin efflux, providing a novel mechanism that integrates developmental signals and environmental cues to regulate plant skotomorphogenesis and photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, NUS Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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70
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Frescatada-Rosa M, Robatzek S, Kuhn H. Should I stay or should I go? Traffic control for plant pattern recognition receptors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:23-9. [PMID: 26344487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ cell surface-localised receptors to recognise potential invaders via perception of microbe-derived molecules. This is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind microbe-associated or damage-associated molecular patterns or perceive apoplastic effector proteins secreted by microorganisms. In either case, effective recognition and initiation of appropriate defence responses rely on a signalling competent pool of receptors at the cell surface. Maintenance of this pool of receptors at the plasma membrane is guaranteed by sorting of properly folded ligand-unbound and ligand-bound receptors via the secretory-endosomal network in an activation-dependent manner. Recent findings highlight that ligand-induced endocytosis is found across members of distinct PRR families suggesting a conserved mechanism by which PRRs and immunity is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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71
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Chaparro-Garcia A, Schwizer S, Sklenar J, Yoshida K, Petre B, Bos JIB, Schornack S, Jones AME, Bozkurt TO, Kamoun S. Phytophthora infestans RXLR-WY Effector AVR3a Associates with Dynamin-Related Protein 2 Required for Endocytosis of the Plant Pattern Recognition Receptor FLS2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137071. [PMID: 26348328 PMCID: PMC4562647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize effectors to suppress basal plant defense known as PTI (Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity). However, our knowledge of PTI suppression by filamentous plant pathogens, i.e. fungi and oomycetes, remains fragmentary. Previous work revealed that the co-receptor BAK1/SERK3 contributes to basal immunity against the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Moreover BAK1/SERK3 is required for the cell death induced by P. infestans elicitin INF1, a protein with characteristics of PAMPs. The P. infestans host-translocated RXLR-WY effector AVR3a is known to supress INF1-mediated cell death by binding the plant E3 ligase CMPG1. In contrast, AVR3aKI-Y147del, a deletion mutant of the C-terminal tyrosine of AVR3a, fails to bind CMPG1 and does not suppress INF1-mediated cell death. Here, we studied the extent to which AVR3a and its variants perturb additional BAK1/SERK3-dependent PTI responses in N. benthamiana using the elicitor/receptor pair flg22/FLS2 as a model. We found that all tested variants of AVR3a suppress defense responses triggered by flg22 and reduce internalization of activated FLS2. Moreover, we discovered that AVR3a associates with the Dynamin-Related Protein 2 (DRP2), a plant GTPase implicated in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, silencing of DRP2 impaired ligand-induced FLS2 internalization but did not affect internalization of the growth receptor BRI1. Our results suggest that AVR3a associates with a key cellular trafficking and membrane-remodeling complex involved in immune receptor-mediated endocytosis. We conclude that AVR3a is a multifunctional effector that can suppress BAK1/SERK3-mediated immunity through at least two different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Schwizer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Li J, Henty-Ridilla JL, Staiger BH, Day B, Staiger CJ. Capping protein integrates multiple MAMP signalling pathways to modulate actin dynamics during plant innate immunity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7206. [PMID: 26018794 PMCID: PMC4458898 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and animals perceive diverse microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors and activate innate immune signalling. The actin cytoskeleton has been suggested as a target for innate immune signalling and a key transducer of cellular responses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying actin remodelling and the precise functions of these rearrangements during innate immunity remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate rapid actin remodelling in response to several distinct MAMP signalling pathways in plant epidermal cells. The regulation of actin dynamics is a convergence point for basal defence machinery, such as cell wall fortification and transcriptional reprogramming. Our quantitative analyses of actin dynamics and genetic studies reveal that MAMP-stimulated actin remodelling is due to the inhibition of capping protein (CP) by the signalling lipid, phosphatidic acid. In addition, CP promotes resistance against bacterial and fungal phytopathogens. These findings demonstrate that CP is a central target for the plant innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 335 Hansen Life Sciences Building, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064, USA
| | - Jessica L. Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 335 Hansen Life Sciences Building, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064, USA
| | - Benjamin H. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 335 Hansen Life Sciences Building, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-6254, USA
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 335 Hansen Life Sciences Building, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064, USA
- The Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, 1203 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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73
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Ben Khaled S, Postma J, Robatzek S. A moving view: subcellular trafficking processes in pattern recognition receptor-triggered plant immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:379-402. [PMID: 26243727 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge for plants is to induce localized defense responses at sites of pathogen attack. Therefore, host subcellular trafficking processes enable accumulation and exchange of defense compounds, which contributes to the plant on-site defenses in response to pathogen perception. This review summarizes our current understanding of the transport processes that facilitate immunity, the significance of which is highlighted by pathogens reprogramming membrane trafficking through host cell translocated effectors. Prominent immune-related cargos of plant trafficking pathways are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which must be present at the plasma membrane to sense microbes in the apoplast. We focus on the dynamic localization of the FLS2 receptor and discuss the pathways that regulate receptor transport within the cell and their link to FLS2-mediated immunity. One emerging theme is that ligand-induced late endocytic trafficking is conserved across different PRR protein families as well as across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ben Khaled
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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