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Tang F, Liu W, Zhang F, Xin ZT, Wei MT, Zhang PH, Yang H, Ly H, Cao WC. IL-12 RB1 genetic variants contribute to human susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome infection among Chinese. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2183. [PMID: 18478121 PMCID: PMC2367437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines play important roles in antiviral action. We examined whether polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-12 receptor B1 (IL-12RB1) affect the susceptibility to and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Methods A case-control study was carried out in Chinese SARS patients and healthy controls. The genotypes of 4SNPs on IL-12 RB1 gene, +705A/G,+1158T/C, +1196G/C and +1664 C/T, were determined by PCR-RFLP. Haplotypes were estimated from the genotype data using the expectation-maximisation algorithm. Results Comparison between patients and close contacts showed that individuals with the +1664 C/T (CT and TT) genotype had a 2.09-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90–7.16) and 2.34-fold (95% CI, 1.79–13.37) increased risk of developing SARS, respectively. For any of the other three polymorphisms, however, no significant difference can be detected in allele or genotype frequencies between patients and controls. Additionally, estimation of the frequencies of multiple-locus haplotypes revealed potential risk haplotypes (GCCT) for SARS infection. Conclusions Our data indicate that genetic variants of IL12RB1confer genetic susceptibility to SARS infection, but not necessary associated with the progression of the disease in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Tao Xin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mao-Ti Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of APFCP Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hinh Ly
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Tang JW, To K, Lo AW, Sung JJ, Ng H, Chan PK. Quantitative temporal-spatial distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in post-mortem tissues. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1245-53. [PMID: 17607787 PMCID: PMC7166469 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Few post-mortem studies have been performed on patients who have died from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). No studies have examined how the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) loads in different organs with respect to time, post-mortem. The aim of this study was to determine the quantitative temporal-spatial distribution of SARS-CoV in the post-mortem tissue samples of seven patients. Quantitation of a house-keeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was undertaken to standardize the amount of tissue tested. SARS-CoV viral load and SARS-CoV/GAPDH RNA ratio for each organ type were related to four time durations: onset of illness to death, death to post-mortem tissue sampling, and total durations of treatment with ribavirin and hydrocortisone. The SARS-CoV/GAPDH RNA ratio remained relatively stable in most organ tissue types for all these time durations. The ratio reached the highest value of equal to or greater than one for lung and small bowel, whereas those for heart, liver, spleen, and kidney were always less than one. It is concluded that SARS-CoV viral loads in these organs remain relatively stable, post-mortem. This quantitative assessment further supports SARS-CoV has a specific tropism for the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which may be related to the density of SARS-CoV receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W. Tang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka‐Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony W.I. Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph J.Y. Sung
- Department of Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H.K. Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K.S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hamming I, Cooper ME, Haagmans BL, Hooper NM, Korstanje R, Osterhaus ADME, Timens W, Turner AJ, Navis G, van Goor H. The emerging role of ACE2 in physiology and disease. J Pathol 2007; 212:1-11. [PMID: 17464936 PMCID: PMC7167724 DOI: 10.1002/path.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key regulator of systemic blood pressure and renal function and a key player in renal and cardiovascular disease. However, its (patho)physiological roles and its architecture are more complex than initially anticipated. Novel RAAS components that may add to our understanding have been discovered in recent years. In particular, the human homologue of ACE (ACE2) has added a higher level of complexity to the RAAS. In a short period of time, ACE2 has been cloned, purified, knocked‐out, knocked‐in; inhibitors have been developed; its 3D structure determined; and new functions have been identified. ACE2 is now implicated in cardiovascular and renal (patho)physiology, diabetes, pregnancy, lung disease and, remarkably, ACE2 serves as a receptor for SARS and NL63 coronaviruses. This review covers available information on the genetic, structural and functional properties of ACE2. Its role in a variety of (patho)physiological conditions and therapeutic options of modulation are discussed. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hamming
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) presented as an atypical pneumonia that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome in approximately 20% of cases and was associated with a mortality of about 10%. The etiological agent was a novel coronavirus (CoV). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is the functional receptor for SARS-CoV; DC-SIGN and CD209L (L-SIGN) can enhance viral entry. Although the virus infects the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys, the disease is limited to the lungs, where diffuse alveolar damage is accompanied by a disproportionately sparse inflammatory infiltrate. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly IP-10, IL-8, and MCP-1, are elevated in the lungs and peripheral blood, but there is an unusual lack of an antiviral interferon (IFN) response. The virus is susceptible to exogenous type I IFN but suppresses the induction of IFN. Innate immunity is important for viral clearance in the mouse model. Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies that develop during convalescence prevent reinfection in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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55
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Chan KYK, Ching JCY, Xu MS, Cheung ANY, Yip SP, Yam LYC, Lai ST, Chu CM, Wong ATY, Song YQ, Huang FP, Liu W, Chung PH, Leung GM, Chow EYD, Chan EYT, Chan JCK, Ngan H, Tam P, Chan LC, Sham P, Chan VSF, Peiris M, Lin SCL, Khoo US. Association of ICAM3 genetic variant with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:271-80. [PMID: 17570115 PMCID: PMC7202406 DOI: 10.1086/518892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms have been demonstrated to be associated with vulnerability to human infection. ICAM3, an intercellular adhesion molecule important for T cell activation, and FCER2 (CD23), an immune response gene, both located on chromosome 19p13.3 were investigated for host genetic susceptibility and association with clinical outcome. A case-control study based on 817 patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 307 health care worker control subjects, 290 outpatient control subjects, and 309 household control subjects unaffected by SARS from Hong Kong was conducted to test for genetic association. No significant association to susceptibility to SARS-CoV infection was found for the FCER2 and the ICAM3 single nucleotide polymorphisms. However, patients with SARS homozygous for ICAM3 Gly143 showed significant association with higher lactate dehydrogenase levels (P=.0067; odds ratio [OR], 4.31 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37–13.56]) and lower total white blood cell counts (P=.022; OR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.10–0.89]) on admission. These findings support the role of ICAM3 in the immunopathogenesis of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Y. K. Chan
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Johannes C. Y. Ching
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - M. S. Xu
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Annie N. Y. Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Shea-Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | - You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
- Genome Research Center, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | | | - G. M. Leung
- Department of Community Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | | | - Eric Y. T. Chan
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Jane C. K. Chan
- Hospital Authority Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Collaborative Group, Hong Kong Hospital Authority Head OfficeHong Kong
| | - Hextan Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Paul Tam
- Department of Surgery, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
- Genome Research Center, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Li-Chong Chan
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Pak Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Vera S. F. Chan
- Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Malik Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
| | - Steve C. L. Lin
- Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Ui-Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research CentreHong Kong
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Ui-Soon Khoo, Rm. 324, 3/F, University Pathology Bldg., Dept. of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong ()
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56
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Fan X, Wang Y, Sun K, Zhang W, Yang X, Wang S, Zhen Y, Wang J, Li W, Han Y, Liu T, Wang X, Chen J, Wu H, Hui R. Polymorphisms of ACE2 gene are associated with essential hypertension and antihypertensive effects of Captopril in women. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:187-96. [PMID: 17473847 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ACE2 appears to counterbalance the vasopressor effect of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) in the reninangiotensin system. We hypothesized that ACE2 polymorphisms could confer a high risk of hypertension and have an impact on the antihypertensive response to ACE inhibitors. The hypothesis was tested in two casecontrol studies and a clinical trial of 3,408 untreated hypertensive patients randomized to Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Captopril, or Nifedipine treatments for 4 weeks. ACE2 rs2106809 T allele was found to confer a 1.6-fold risk for hypertension in women (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.132.06), whereas when combined with the effect of the ACE DD genotype, the risk was 2.34-fold (95% CI, 1.754.85) in two independent samples. The adjusted diastolic blood pressure response to Captopril was 3.3 mm Hg lower in ACE2 T allele carriers than in CC genotype carriers (P=0.019) in women. We conclude that the ACE2 T allele confers a high risk for hypertension and reduced antihypertensive response to ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fan
- Hypertension Division, Department of Cardiology, Ministry of Education & Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute & FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Yang W, Huang W, Su S, Li B, Zhao W, Chen S, Gu D. Association study of ACE2 (angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2) gene polymorphisms with coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction in a Chinese Han population. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 111:333-40. [PMID: 16822235 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results are accumulating that ACE2 (angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2) might act as a protective protein for cardiovascular diseases; however, only a few studies in human populations have been carried out. This prompted us to perform a case-control study to investigate the relationship of ACE2 polymorphisms with CHD (coronary heart disease) and MI (myocardial infarction). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ACE2 gene (1075A/G, 8790A/G and 16854G/C) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP (restriction-fragment-length polymorphism) in 811 patients with CHD (of which 508 were patients with MI) and 905 normal controls in a Chinese population. The polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium (r(2)=0.854-0.973). Analyses were conducted by gender, because the ACE2 gene is on the X chromosome. In females, an association was detected with MI for 1075A/G (P=0.026; odds ratio=1.98) and 16854G/C (P=0.028; odds ratio=1.97) in recessive models after adjusting for covariates. In male subjects, two haplotypes (AAG and GGC) were common in frequency. In male subjects not consuming alcohol, the haplotype GGC was associated with a 1.76-fold risk of CHD [95% CI (confidence interval), 1.15-2.69; P=0.007] and a 1.77-fold risk of MI (95% CI, 1.12-2.81; P=0.015) with environmental factors adjusted, when compared with the most common haplotype AAG. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that common genetic variants in the ACE2 gene might impact on MI in females, and may possibly interact with alcohol consumption to affect the risk of CHD and MI in Chinese males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Division of Population Genetics and Prevention, Cardiovascular Institute, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China
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58
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Huang W, Yang W, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Gu D, Chen R. Association study of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene (ACE2) polymorphisms and essential hypertension in northern Han Chinese. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 20:968-71. [PMID: 17024138 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Huang
- Bioinformatics Laboratory and National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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59
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Zhong J, Yan Z, Liu D, Ni Y, Zhao Z, Zhu S, Tepel M, Zhu Z. Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene A/G polymorphism and elevated blood pressure in Chinese patients with metabolic syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 147:91-5. [PMID: 16459167 PMCID: PMC7127450 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To establish whether angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene A/G single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with hypertension in Chinese patients with metabolic syndrome. The study was conducted in 353 patients with metabolic syndrome. The alleles of the ACE2 A/G polymorphism, which is located on the X chromosome, were detected using polymerase chain reaction and subsequent cleavage by Alu I restriction endonuclease. G allele frequencies in patients with metabolic syndrome were 36.6% in female subjects and 43.4% in male subjects, respectively. Female patients with metabolic syndrome who carry the GG genotype had a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure compared with other genotypes. Multivariate logistic regression showed that female gender (P = 0.019) and carrying only the G allele (odds ratio 2.83 [95% CI 1.36 to 5.91]; P = 0.005) were significantly associated with increased diastolic blood pressure. It is concluded that the ACE2 A/G polymorphism is associated with hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiming Zhu
- Reprint requests: Dr. Zhiming Zhu, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Abstract
The previous epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has ended. However, many questions concerning how the aetiological agent, the novel SARS coronavirus (CoV), causes illness in humans remain unanswered. The pathology of fatal cases of SARS is dominated by diffuse alveolar damage. Specific histological changes are not detected in other organs. These contrast remarkably with the clinical picture, in which there are apparent manifestations in multiple organs. Both pathogen and host factors are important in the pathogenesis of SARS. The choice of specific receptors and the unique genome of the SARS‐CoV are important elements in understanding the biology of the pathogen. For the host cells, the outcome of SARS‐CoV infection, whether there are cytopathic effects or not, depends on the cell types that are infected. At the whole‐body level, immune‐mediated damage, due to activation of cytokines and/or chemokines and, perhaps, autoimmunity, may play key roles in the clinical and pathological features of SARS. Continued research is still required to determine the pathogenetic mechanisms involved and to combat this new emerging human infectious disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony WI Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nelson LS Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka‐Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
The best treatment strategy for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is still unknown. Ribavirin and corticosteroids were used extensively during the SARS outbreak. Ribavirin has been criticized for its lack of efficacy. Corticosteroids are effective in lowering the fever and reversing changes in the chest radiograph but have the caveat of encouraging viral replication. The effectiveness of corticosteroids has only been suggested by uncontrolled observations, and the role of these agents in therapy remains to be established by randomized controlled studies. Both ribavirin and corticosteroids have very significant side effects. The lopinavir/ritonavir combination has been shown to reduce the intubation rate and the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes when used with ribavirin. When patients deteriorate clinically despite treatment with ribavirin and corticosteroids, rescue treatment with convalescent plasma and immunoglobulin may be beneficial. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation is a sound treatment for SARS patients with respiratory failure if administered with due precaution in the correct environment. Interferons and other novel agents may hold promise as useful anti-SARS therapies in the future. The experience with traditional Chinese medicine is encouraging, and its use as an adjuvant should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Lai
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, 2-10, Princess Margaret Hospital Road, Lai Chi Kok, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Itoyama S, Keicho N, Hijikata M, Quy T, Phi NC, Long HT, Ha LD, Ban VV, Matsushita I, Yanai H, Kirikae F, Kirikae T, Kuratsuji T, Sasazuki T. Identification of an alternative 5'-untranslated exon and new polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene: lack of association with SARS in the Vietnamese population. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:52-7. [PMID: 15937940 PMCID: PMC7138097 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed genetic variations of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), considering that it might influence patients' susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) or development of SARS as a functional receptor. By cloning of the full‐length cDNA of the ACE2 gene in the lung, where replication occurs on SARS‐CoV, it was shown that there are different splicing sites. All exons including the new alternative exon, exon‐intron boundaries, and the corresponding 5′‐flanking region of the gene were investigated and 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found. Out of these, 13 SNPs including one non‐synonymous substitution and three 3′‐UTR polymorphisms were newly identified. A case control study involving 44 SARS cases, 16 anti‐SARS‐CoV antibody‐positive contacts, 87 antibody‐negative contacts, and 50 non‐contacts in Vietnam, failed to obtain any evidence that the ACE2 gene polymorphisms are involved in the disease process in the population. Nevertheless, identification of new 5′‐untranslated exon and new SNPs is considered helpful in investigating regulation of ACE2 gene expression in the future. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Itoyama
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Hijikata
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tran Quy
- Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hoang Thuy Long
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Dang Ha
- Institute for Clinical Research in Tropical Medicine, Vietnam
| | | | - Ikumi Matsushita
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yanai
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti‐Tuberculosis Association, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Japan
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Lau YL, Peiris JSM. Pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:404-10. [PMID: 15950449 PMCID: PMC7127490 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV). The tissue tropism of SARS-CoV includes not only the lung, but also the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and liver. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the C-type lectin CD209L (also known L-SIGN), and DC-SIGN bind SARS-CoV, but ACE2 appears to be the key functional receptor for the virus. There is a prominent innate immune response to SARS-CoV infection, including acute-phase proteins, chemokines, inflammatory cytokines and C-type lectins such as mannose-binding lectin, which plays a protective role against SARS. By contrast there may be a lack of type 1 interferon response. Moreover, lymphopenia with decreased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is common during the acute phase. Convalescent patients have IgG-class neutralizing antibodies that recognize amino acids 441-700 of the spike protein (S protein) as the major epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Room 117 New Clinical Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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Chan KCA, Tang NLS, Hui DSC, Chung GTY, Wu AKL, Chim SSC, Chiu RWK, Lee N, Choi KW, Sung YM, Chan PKS, Tong YK, Lai ST, Yu WC, Tsang O, Lo YMD. Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:26. [PMID: 15819995 PMCID: PMC1090578 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been postulated that genetic predisposition may influence the susceptibility to SARS-coronavirus infection and disease outcomes. A recent study has suggested that the deletion allele (D allele) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with hypoxemia in SARS patients. Moreover, the ACE D allele has been shown to be more prevalent in patients suffering from adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a previous study. Thus, we have investigated the association between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the progression to ARDS or requirement of intensive care in SARS patients. METHOD One hundred and forty genetically unrelated Chinese SARS patients and 326 healthy volunteers were recruited. The ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS There is no significant difference in the genotypic distributions and the allelic frequencies of the ACE I/D polymorphism between the SARS patients and the healthy control subjects. Moreover, there is also no evidence that ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with the progression to ARDS or the requirement of intensive care in the SARS patients. In multivariate logistic analysis, age is the only factor associated with the development of ARDS while age and male sex are independent factors associated with the requirement of intensive care. CONCLUSION The ACE I/D polymorphism is not directly related to increased susceptibility to SARS-coronavirus infection and is not associated with poor outcomes after SARS-coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- KC Allen Chan
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Nelson LS Tang
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - David SC Hui
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Grace TY Chung
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Alan KL Wu
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen SC Chim
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Rossa WK Chiu
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Nelson Lee
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - KW Choi
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - YM Sung
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Paul KS Chan
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - YK Tong
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - ST Lai
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - WC Yu
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Owen Tsang
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - YM Dennis Lo
- The Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
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