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Li F, Duman-Scheel M, Yang D, Du W, Zhang J, Zhao C, Qin L, Xin S. Sonic hedgehog signaling induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via induction of the G1 cyclin-retinoblastoma axis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1787-94. [PMID: 20720195 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.208520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a crucial event in the pathogenesis of intimal hyperplasia, the main cause of restenosis following vascular reconstruction. Here, the impact of sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli family zinc finger 2 (Gli2) signaling on VSMC proliferation was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS Increased Shh signaling was detected in VSMCs in the neointima of vein grafts obtained from mice undergoing restenosis. Comparable results were found in primary cultured human VSMCs (hVSMCs) obtained from patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, which were used to further assess the impacts of Shh signaling on VSMC proliferation. Inhibition of Shh signaling in hVSMCs through treatment with cyclopamine or knockdown of Gli2 results in G(1) arrest and reduced cyclin D1, cyclin E, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRB) levels. In contrast, activation of Shh/Gli2 signaling in hVSMCs results in increased levels of G(1) cyclins and promotes G(1)-S transition. Stimulation of hVSMC proliferation by Shh is abolished by cyclin D1 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Combined, these results demonstrate that Shh/Gli2 signaling stimulates VSMC proliferation via regulation of the G(1) cyclin-retinoblastoma axis and suggest that antagonists that target the Shh pathway may be therapeutically beneficial in the prevention of intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghe Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, 1st Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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52
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Heretsch P, Tzagkaroulaki L, Giannis A. Cyclopamine and hedgehog signaling: chemistry, biology, medical perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3418-27. [PMID: 20429080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When Odysseus left the devastated city of Troy after ten years of siege he could not foresee the perils he still had to face. The encounter with the cyclops, a giant with only one eye placed in the middle of its forehead, was doubtlessly one of the creepiest and most dangerous of his adventures. In the end, Odysseus could only escape with the help of a sheep. Whether Homers cyclops was inspired by the observation of terribly malformed neonates remains speculative. However, when sheep herders in Idaho in the middle of the 20th century faced an increasing number of cyclops-like sheep in their herds, a unique cascade of chemical, biological, and medicinal discoveries was initiated. This Minireview tells this story and shows its impact on modern biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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53
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Heretsch P, Tzagkaroulaki L, Giannis A. Modulators of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6613-24. [PMID: 20708941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery by C. Nüsslein-Volhard and E. F. Wieschaus, hedgehog (hh) signaling has come a long way. Today it is regarded as a key regulator in embryogenesis where it governs processes like cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue patterning. Furthermore, in adults it is involved in the maintenance of stem cells, and in tissue repair and regeneration. But hh signaling has a second-much darker-face: it plays an important role in several types of human cancers where it promotes growth and enables proliferation of tumor stem cells. The etiology of medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma is tightly linked to aberrant hh activity, but also cancers of the prostate, the pancreas, the colon, the breasts, rhabdomyosarcoma, and leukemia, are dependent on irregular hh activity. Recent clinical studies have shown that hh signaling can be the basis of an important new class of therapeutic agents with far-reaching implications in oncology. Thus, modulation of hh signaling by means of small molecules has emerged as a valuable tool in combating these hh-dependent cancers. Cyclopamine, a unique natural product with a fascinating history, was the first identified inhibitor of hh signaling and its story is closely linked to the progress in the whole field. In this review we will trace the story of cyclopamine, give an overview on the biological modes of hh signaling both in untransformed and malignant cells, and finally present potent modulators of the hh pathway-many of them already in clinical studies. For more than 30 years now the knowledge on hh signaling has grown steadily-an end to this development is far from being conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institut for Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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54
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Peukert S, Miller-Moslin K. Small-molecule inhibitors of the hedgehog signaling pathway as cancer therapeutics. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:500-12. [PMID: 20229564 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Hedgehog (Hh) molecular signaling pathway have emerged in recent years as a promising new class of potential therapeutics for cancer treatment. Numerous drug discovery efforts have resulted in the identification of a wide variety of small molecules that target different members of this pathway, including Smoothened (Smo), Sonic hedgehog protein (Shh), and Gli1. Several Smo inhibitors have now entered human clinical trials, and successful proof-of-concept studies have been carried out in patients with defined genetic mutations in the Hh pathway. This review provides a general overview of three main topics in this rapidly expanding area: 1) the various types of biological assays and in vivo models that have been employed for the identification and optimization of Hh pathway inhibitors; 2) Smo inhibitors reported to date, including recent clinical results where available; and 3) efforts toward the identification and characterization of inhibitors of other members of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Peukert
- Department of Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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55
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Pan S, Wu X, Jiang J, Gao W, Wan Y, Cheng D, Han D, Liu J, Englund NP, Wang Y, Peukert S, Miller-Moslin K, Yuan J, Guo R, Matsumoto M, Vattay A, Jiang Y, Tsao J, Sun F, Pferdekamper AC, Dodd S, Tuntland T, Maniara W, Kelleher JF, Yao YM, Warmuth M, Williams J, Dorsch M. Discovery of NVP-LDE225, a Potent and Selective Smoothened Antagonist. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:130-4. [PMID: 24900187 DOI: 10.1021/ml1000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of aberrant hedgehog (Hh) signaling has shown promise for therapeutic intervention in cancer. A cell-based phenotypic high-throughput screen was performed, and the lead structure (1) was identified as an inhibitor of the Hh pathway via antagonism of the Smoothened receptor (Smo). Structure-activity relationship studies led to the discovery of a potent and specific Smoothened antagonist N-(6-((2S,6R)-2,6-dimethylmorpholino)pyridin-3-yl)-2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl-3-carboxamide (5m, NVP-LDE225), which is currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Pan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Xu Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Jiqing Jiang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Wenqi Gao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Yongqin Wan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Dai Cheng
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Dong Han
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Jun Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Nathan P. Englund
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Yan Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Stefan Peukert
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Karen Miller-Moslin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jing Yuan
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ribo Guo
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Melissa Matsumoto
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Anthony Vattay
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yun Jiang
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jeffrey Tsao
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Fangxian Sun
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - AnneMarie C. Pferdekamper
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Stephanie Dodd
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Wieslawa Maniara
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Joseph F. Kelleher
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Yung-mae Yao
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Markus Warmuth
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Juliet Williams
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marion Dorsch
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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56
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New developments in the discovery of small molecule Hedgehog pathway antagonists. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:428-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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57
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Sullivan JP, Minna JD, Shay JW. Evidence for self-renewing lung cancer stem cells and their implications in tumor initiation, progression, and targeted therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:61-72. [PMID: 20094757 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of rare tumor cells with stem cell features first in leukemia and later in solid tumors has emerged as an important area in cancer research. It has been determined that these stem-like tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells, are the primary cellular component within a tumor that drives disease progression and metastasis. In addition to their stem-like ability to self-renew and differentiate, cancer stem cells are also enriched in cells resistant to conventional radiation therapy and to chemotherapy. The immediate implications of this new tumor growth paradigm not only require a re-evaluation of how tumors are initiated, but also on how tumors should be monitored and treated. However, despite the relatively rapid pace of cancer stem cell research in solid tumors such as breast, brain, and colon cancers, similar progress in lung cancer remains hampered in part due to an incomplete understanding of lung epithelial stem cell hierarchy and the complex heterogeneity of the disease. In this review, we provide a critical summary of what is known about the role of normal and malignant lung stem cells in tumor development, the progress in characterizing lung cancer stem cells and the potential for therapeutically targeting pathways of lung cancer stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Sullivan
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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58
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Mas C, Ruiz i Altaba A. Small molecule modulation of HH-GLI signaling: current leads, trials and tribulations. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:712-23. [PMID: 20412786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many human sporadic cancers have been recently shown to require the activity of the Hedgehog-GLI pathway for sustained growth. The survival and expansion of cancer stem cells is also HH-GLI dependent. Here we review the advances on the modulation of HH-GLI signaling by small molecules. We focus on both natural compounds and synthetic molecules that target upstream pathway components, mostly SMOOTHENED, and those that target the last steps of the pathway, the GLI transcription factors. In this review we have sought to provide some bases for useful comparisons, listing original assays used and sources to facilitate comparisons of IC50 values. This area is a rapidly expanding field where biology, medicine and chemistry intersect, both in academia and industry. We also highlight current clinical trials, with positive results in early stages. While we have tried to be exhaustive regarding the molecules, not all data is in the public domain yet. Indeed, we have opted to avoid listing chemical structures but these can be easily found in the references given. Finally, we are hopeful that the best molecules will soon reach the patients but caution about the lack of investment on compounds that lack tight IP positions. While the market in developed nations is expected to compensate the investment and risk of making HH-GLI modulators, other sources or plans must be available for developing nations and poor patient populations. The promise of curing cancer recalls the once revered dream of El Dorado, which taught us that not everything that GLI-tters is gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Mas
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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59
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Kim J, Tang JY, Gong R, Kim J, Lee JJ, Clemons KV, Chong CR, Chang KS, Fereshteh M, Reya T, Liu JO, Epstein EH, Stevens DA, Beachy PA. Itraconazole, a commonly used antifungal that inhibits Hedgehog pathway activity and cancer growth. Cancer Cell 2010; 17:388-99. [PMID: 20385363 PMCID: PMC4039177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a screen of drugs previously tested in humans we identified itraconazole, a systemic antifungal, as a potent antagonist of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway that acts by a mechanism distinct from its inhibitory effect on fungal sterol biosynthesis. Systemically administered itraconazole, like other Hh pathway antagonists, can suppress Hh pathway activity and the growth of medulloblastoma in a mouse allograft model and does so at serum levels comparable to those in patients undergoing antifungal therapy. Mechanistically, itraconazole appears to act on the essential Hh pathway component Smoothened (SMO) by a mechanism distinct from that of cyclopamine and other known SMO antagonists, and prevents the ciliary accumulation of SMO normally caused by Hh stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Ruoyu Gong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jynho Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John J. Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
| | - Curtis R. Chong
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Clinical Compound Screening Initiative, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kris S. Chang
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Mark Fereshteh
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Tannishtha Reya
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Clinical Compound Screening Initiative, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Ervin H. Epstein
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
| | - Philip A. Beachy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence:
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60
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Heretsch P, Tzagkaroulaki L, Giannis A. Cyclopamin und der Hedgehog-Signaltransduktionsweg: Chemie, Biologie, medizinische Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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61
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Klopp AH, Woodward WA. Therapeutic strategies to eliminate breast cancer stem cells. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-009-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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62
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Robarge KD, Brunton SA, Castanedo GM, Cui Y, Dina MS, Goldsmith R, Gould SE, Guichert O, Gunzner JL, Halladay J, Jia W, Khojasteh C, Koehler MFT, Kotkow K, La H, Lalonde RL, Lau K, Lee L, Marshall D, Marsters JC, Murray LJ, Qian C, Rubin LL, Salphati L, Stanley MS, Stibbard JHA, Sutherlin DP, Ubhayaker S, Wang S, Wong S, Xie M. GDC-0449-a potent inhibitor of the hedgehog pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5576-81. [PMID: 19716296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SAR for a wide variety of heterocyclic replacements for a benzimidazole led to the discovery of functionalized 2-pyridyl amides as novel inhibitors of the hedgehog pathway. The 2-pyridyl amides were optimized for potency, PK, and drug-like properties by modifications to the amide portion of the molecule resulting in 31 (GDC-0449). Amide 31 produced complete tumor regression at doses as low as 12.5mg/kg BID in a medulloblastoma allograft mouse model that is wholly dependent on the Hh pathway for growth and is currently in human clinical trials, where it is initially being evaluated for the treatment of BCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D Robarge
- Genentech, Small Molecule Drug Discovery 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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