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Walker A, Russmann V, Deeg CA, von Toerne C, Kleinwort KJH, Szober C, Rettenbeck ML, von Rüden EL, Goc J, Ongerth T, Boes K, Salvamoser JD, Vezzani A, Hauck SM, Potschka H. Proteomic profiling of epileptogenesis in a rat model: Focus on inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 53:138-158. [PMID: 26685804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge about the patterns of molecular alterations during epileptogenesis is a presupposition for identifying targets for preventive or disease-modifying approaches, as well as biomarkers of the disease. Large-scale differential proteome analysis can provide unique and novel perspectives based on comprehensive data sets informing about the complex regulation patterns in the disease proteome. Thus, we have completed an elaborate differential proteome analysis based on label-free LC-MS/MS in a rat model of epileptogenesis. Hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex tissues were sampled and analyzed separately at three key time points chosen for monitoring disease development following electrically-induced status epilepticus, namely, the early post-insult phase, the latency phase, and the chronic phase with spontaneous recurrent seizures. We focused the bioinformatics analysis on proteins linked to immune and inflammatory responses, because of the emerging evidence of the specific pathogenic role of inflammatory signalings during epileptogenesis. In the early post-insult and the latency phases, pathway enrichment analysis revealed an extensive over-representation of Toll-like receptor signaling, pro-inflammatory cytokines, heat shock protein regulation, and transforming growth factor beta signaling and leukocyte transendothelial migration. The inflammatory response in the chronic phase proved to be more moderate with differential expression in the parahippocampal cortex exceeding that in the hippocampus. The data sets provide novel information about numerous differentially expressed proteins, which serve as interaction partners or modulators in key disease-associated inflammatory signaling events. Noteworthy, a set of proteins which act as modulators of the ictogenic Toll-like receptor signaling proved to be differentially expressed. In addition, we report novel data demonstrating the regulation of different Toll-like receptor ligands during epileptogenesis. Taken together, the findings deepen our understanding of modulation of inflammatory signaling during epileptogenesis providing an excellent and comprehensive basis for the identification of target and biomarker candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Russmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany; Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Kristina J H Kleinwort
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Szober
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Maruja L Rettenbeck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Goc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Ongerth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Boes
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Josephine D Salvamoser
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
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Vezzani A, Fujinami RS, White HS, Preux PM, Blümcke I, Sander JW, Löscher W. Infections, inflammation and epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:211-234. [PMID: 26423537 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the tendency to have unprovoked epileptic seizures. Anything causing structural or functional derangement of brain physiology may lead to seizures, and different conditions may express themselves solely by recurrent seizures and thus be labelled "epilepsy." Worldwide, epilepsy is the most common serious neurological condition. The range of risk factors for the development of epilepsy varies with age and geographic location. Congenital, developmental and genetic conditions are mostly associated with the development of epilepsy in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. Head trauma, infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and tumours may occur at any age and may lead to the development of epilepsy. Infections of the CNS are a major risk factor for epilepsy. The reported risk of unprovoked seizures in population-based cohorts of survivors of CNS infections from developed countries is between 6.8 and 8.3 %, and is much higher in resource-poor countries. In this review, the various viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infectious diseases of the CNS which result in seizures and epilepsy are discussed. The pathogenesis of epilepsy due to brain infections, as well as the role of experimental models to study mechanisms of epileptogenesis induced by infectious agents, is reviewed. The sterile (non-infectious) inflammatory response that occurs following brain insults is also discussed, as well as its overlap with inflammation due to infections, and the potential role in epileptogenesis. Furthermore, autoimmune encephalitis as a cause of seizures is reviewed. Potential strategies to prevent epilepsy resulting from brain infections and non-infectious inflammation are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-"Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- INSERM UMR1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
- Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Research Methodology, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josemir W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N £BG, UK
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Du Y, Kemper T, Qiu J, Jiang J. Defining the therapeutic time window for suppressing the inflammatory prostaglandin E2 signaling after status epilepticus. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:123-30. [PMID: 26689339 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1134322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in nearly all neurological and some psychiatric disorders. Resembling its extraneural counterpart, neuroinflammation can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the responding molecules. The overall effect of inflammation on disease progression is highly dependent on the extent of inflammatory mediator production and the duration of inflammatory induction. The time-dependent aspect of inflammatory responses suggests that the therapeutic time window for quelling neuroinflammation might vary with molecular targets and injury types. Therefore, it is important to define the therapeutic time window for anti-inflammatory therapeutics, as contradicting or negative results might arise when different treatment regimens are utilized even in similar animal models. Herein, we discuss a few critical factors that can help define the therapeutic time window and optimize treatment paradigm for suppressing the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin-mediated inflammation after status epilepticus. These determinants should also be relevant to other anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies for the CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Du
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
| | - Timothy Kemper
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
| | - Jiange Qiu
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , United States
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Iori V, Frigerio F, Vezzani A. Modulation of neuronal excitability by immune mediators in epilepsy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:118-23. [PMID: 26629681 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A complex set of inflammatory molecules and their receptors has been described in epileptogenic foci in different forms of pharmacoresistant epilepsies. By activating receptor-mediated pathways in neurons, these molecules have profound neuromodulatory effects that are distinct from their canonical activation of immune functions. Importantly, the neuromodulatory actions of some inflammatory molecules contribute to hyperexcitability in neural networks that underlie seizures. This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) and danger signals (HMGB1) in decreasing seizure threshold, thereby contributing to seizure generation and the associated neuropathology. We will discuss preclinical studies suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of specific inflammatory signals may be useful to treat drug-resistant seizures in human epilepsy, and possibly arrest epileptogenesis in individuals at risk of developing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Iori
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Frigerio
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Department of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy.
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Ludewig P, Gallizioli M, Urra X, Behr S, Brait VH, Gelderblom M, Magnus T, Planas AM. Dendritic cells in brain diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:352-67. [PMID: 26569432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mattia Gallizioli
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xabier Urra
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Behr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa H Brait
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Since the launch of our journal as Nature Clinical Practice Neurology in 2005, we have seen remarkable progress in many areas of neurology research, but what does the future hold? Will advances in basic research be translated into effective disease-modifying therapies, and will personalized medicine finally become a reality? For this special Viewpoint article, we invited a panel of Advisory Board members and other journal contributors to outline their research priorities and predictions in neurology for the next 10 years.
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