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Vauquelin G. On the 'micro'-pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms that contribute to long-lasting drug action. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1085-98. [PMID: 26165720 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1067196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimal drug therapy often requires continuing high levels of target occupancy. Besides the traditional pharmacokinetic (PK) contribution thereto, drug-target interactions that comprise successive 'microscopic' steps as well as the intervention of the cell membrane and other 'micro'-anatomical structures nearby may help attaining this objective. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the 'micro'-pharmacodynamic (PD) and PK mechanisms that may increase a drug's residence time. Special focus is on induced-fit- and bivalent ligand binding models as well as on the ability of the plasma membrane surrounding the target to act as a repository for the drug (e.g., microkinetic model), to actively participate in the binding process (e.g., exosite model) and, along with microanatomical elements like synapses and interstitial spaces, to act on the drug's diffusion properties (reduction in dimensionality and drug-rebinding models). EXPERT OPINION The PK profile, as well as the target dissociation kinetics of a drug, may fail to account for its long-lasting efficiency in intact tissues and in vivo. This lacuna could potentially be alleviated by incorporating some of the enumerated 'microscopic' mechanisms and, to unveil them, dedicated experiments on sufficiently physiologically relevant biological material like cell monolayers can already be implemented early on in the lead optimization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- a Free University Brussels (VUB), Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology Department , Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium +32 2 6291955 ; +32 2 6291358 ;
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52
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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53
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Walkup GK, You Z, Ross PL, Allen EKH, Daryaee F, Hale MR, O'Donnell J, Ehmann DE, Schuck VJA, Buurman ET, Choy AL, Hajec L, Murphy-Benenato K, Marone V, Patey SA, Grosser LA, Johnstone M, Walker SG, Tonge PJ, Fisher SL. Translating slow-binding inhibition kinetics into cellular and in vivo effects. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:416-23. [PMID: 25894085 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Many drug candidates fail in clinical trials owing to a lack of efficacy from limited target engagement or an insufficient therapeutic index. Minimizing off-target effects while retaining the desired pharmacodynamic (PD) response can be achieved by reduced exposure for drugs that display kinetic selectivity in which the drug-target complex has a longer half-life than off-target-drug complexes. However, though slow-binding inhibition kinetics are a key feature of many marketed drugs, prospective tools that integrate drug-target residence time into predictions of drug efficacy are lacking, hindering the integration of drug-target kinetics into the drug discovery cascade. Here we describe a mechanistic PD model that includes drug-target kinetic parameters, including the on- and off-rates for the formation and breakdown of the drug-target complex. We demonstrate the utility of this model by using it to predict dose response curves for inhibitors of the LpxC enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an animal model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant K Walkup
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhiping You
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip L Ross
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eleanor K H Allen
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Michael R Hale
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John O'Donnell
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Ehmann
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virna J A Schuck
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ed T Buurman
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison L Choy
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurel Hajec
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerry Murphy-Benenato
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Valerie Marone
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara A Patey
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lena A Grosser
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michele Johnstone
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen G Walker
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Peter J Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Stewart L Fisher
- Infection Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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54
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Gherbi K, May LT, Baker JG, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Negative cooperativity across β1-adrenoceptor homodimers provides insights into the nature of the secondary low-affinity CGP 12177 β1-adrenoceptor binding conformation. FASEB J 2015; 29:2859-71. [PMID: 25837585 PMCID: PMC4478806 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
At the β1-adrenoceptor, CGP 12177 potently antagonizes agonist responses at the primary high-affinity catecholamine conformation while also exerting agonist effects of its own through a secondary low-affinity conformation. A recent mutagenesis study identified transmembrane region (TM)4 of the β1-adrenoceptor as key for this low-affinity conformation. Others suggested that TM4 has a role in β1-adrenoceptor oligomerization. Here, assessment of the dissociation rate of a fluorescent analog of CGP 12177 [bordifluoropyrromethane-tetramethylrhodamine-(±)CGP 12177 (BODIPY-TMR-CGP)] at the human β1-adrenoceptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed negative cooperative interactions between 2 distinct β1-adrenoceptor conformations. The dissociation rate of 3 nM BODIPY-TMR-CGP was 0.09 ± 0.01 min−1 in the absence of competitor ligands, and this was enhanced 2.2- and 2.1-fold in the presence of 1 µM CGP 12177 and 1 µM propranolol, respectively. These effects on the BODIPY-TMR-CGP dissociation rate were markedly enhanced in β1-adrenoceptor homodimers constrained by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (9.8- and 9.9-fold for 1 µM CGP 12177 and 1 µM propranolol, respectively) and abolished in β1-adrenoceptors containing TM4 mutations vital for the second conformation pharmacology. This study suggests that negative cooperativity across a β1-adrenoceptor homodimer may be responsible for generating the low-affinity pharmacology of the secondary β1-adrenoceptor conformation.—Gherbi, K., May, L. T., Baker, J. G., Briddon, S. J., Hill, S. J. Negative cooperativity across β1-adrenoceptor homodimers provides insights into the nature of the secondary low-affinity CGP 12177 β1-adrenoceptor binding conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gherbi
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren T May
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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55
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Baker JG, Proudman RGW, Hill SJ. Salmeterol's extreme β2 selectivity is due to residues in both extracellular loops and transmembrane domains. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:103-20. [PMID: 25324048 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmeterol is a long-acting β2-agonist, widely used as an inhaled treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has very high β2-affinity (log KD -8.95) and is very selective for the β2-adrenoceptor (1000-fold selectivity over the β1-adrenoceptor). This study used a mutagenesis approach to determine the exact amino acids in the human β2-adrenoceptor responsible for this very high selectivity. Wild-type β2- and β1-adrenoceptors, chimeric β2/β1-adrenoceptors, and receptors with single-point mutations were transfected into Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, and affinity and function were studied using [(3)H]CGP 12177 [(-)-4-(3-tert-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-benzimidazol-2-one] whole-cell binding and [(3)H]cAMP accumulation. Extracellular loop 3 (and specifically amino acid K305) had the largest single effect by reducing salmeterol's affinity for the β2-adrenoceptor by 31-fold. H296 in transmembrane 6 also had a major effect (18-fold reduction in salmeterol affinity). Combining these, in the double mutant β2-H296K-K305D, reduced salmeterol's affinity by 275-fold, to within 4-fold of that of the β1-adrenoceptor, without affecting the affinity or selectivity of other β2-agonists (salbutamol, formoterol, fenoterol, clenbuterol, or adrenaline). Another important amino acid was Y308 in transmembrane 7, although this also affected the affinity and selectivity of other agonists. F194 in extracellular loop 2 and R304 in extracellular loop 3 also had minor effects. None of these mutations (including the double mutant β2-H296K-K305D) affected the efficacy or duration of action of salmeterol. This suggests that the high affinity and selectivity of salmeterol are due to specific amino acids within the receptor itself, but that the duration of action is at least in part due to other factors, for example lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G W Proudman
- Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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56
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Yiu KW, Lee CK, Kwok KC, Cheung NH. Measuring the kinetics of the binding of xenoestrogens and estrogen receptor alpha by fluorescence polarization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11591-11599. [PMID: 25180905 DOI: 10.1021/es503801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of endocrine disruption by environmental xenoestrogens is unclear. Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an example. Its concentration in human serum is low, and its binding with estrogen receptor (ER) is weak. Yet its effect on prostate and mammary gland development was observed. We investigated whether this effect could be explained in terms of binding kinetics. We used the method of fluorescence polarization anisotropy to measure the kinetic rate constants of the binding of ERα with 19 xenoestrogens. Relative binding affinities (RBA) were also deduced from the kinetics. We drew three observations. First, our RBAs were consistent with published values, thus establishing the validity of our results. Second, our method allowed the determination of low RBAs (∼ 10(-4)) of lipophilic ligands, such as dibutyl phthalate. They could not be measured by steady-state IC50 assays because of their low solubility. Third, we found that BPA had a surprisingly high kon > 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). While its RBA was 1500 times lower than that of 17β estradiol (E2), its kon was >1/90 that of E2. As a result, a 10 min surge of BPA from pM to nM could drive the fraction of BPA-activated ERα to a potent 0.1%. This might help to explain the observable estrogenic impacts of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Wing Yiu
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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57
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Corriden R, Kilpatrick LE, Kellam B, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Kinetic analysis of antagonist-occupied adenosine-A3 receptors within membrane microdomains of individual cells provides evidence of receptor dimerization and allosterism. FASEB J 2014; 28:4211-22. [PMID: 24970394 PMCID: PMC4202110 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, using a fluorescent adenosine-A3 receptor (A3AR) agonist and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), we demonstrated high-affinity labeling of the active receptor (R*) conformation. In the current study, we used a fluorescent A3AR antagonist (CA200645) to study the binding characteristics of antagonist-occupied inactive receptor (R) conformations in membrane microdomains of individual cells. FCS analysis of CA200645-occupied A3ARs revealed 2 species, τD2 and τD3, that diffused at 2.29 ± 0.35 and 0.09 ± 0.03 μm(2)/s, respectively. FCS analysis of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged A3AR exhibited a single diffusing species (0.105 μm(2)/s). The binding of CA200645 to τD3 was antagonized by nanomolar concentrations of the A3 antagonist MRS 1220, but not by the agonist NECA (up to 300 nM), consistent with labeling of R. CA200645 normally dissociated slowly from the A3AR, but inclusion of xanthine amine congener (XAC) or VUF 5455 during washout markedly accelerated the reduction in the number of particles exhibiting τD3 characteristics. It is notable that this effect was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of particles with τD2 diffusion. These data show that FCS analysis of ligand-occupied receptors provides a unique means of monitoring ligand A3AR residence times that are significantly reduced as a consequence of allosteric interaction across the dimer interface
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, and
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, and
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, and
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Institute of Cell Signalling, School of Life Sciences, Medical School, and
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58
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Sykes DA, Parry C, Reilly J, Wright P, Fairhurst RA, Charlton SJ. Observed Drug-Receptor Association Rates Are Governed by Membrane Affinity: The Importance of Establishing “Micro-Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationships” at the β2-Adrenoceptor. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:608-17. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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59
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Lorey S, Fiedler E, Kunert A, Nerkamp J, Lange C, Fiedler M, Bosse-Doenecke E, Meysing M, Gloser M, Rundfeldt C, Rauchhaus U, Hänssgen I, Göttler T, Steuernagel A, Fiedler U, Haupts U. Novel ubiquitin-derived high affinity binding proteins with tumor targeting properties. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8493-507. [PMID: 24474690 PMCID: PMC3961674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.519884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting effector molecules to tumor cells is a promising mode of action for cancer therapy and diagnostics. Binding proteins with high affinity and specificity for a tumor target that carry effector molecules such as toxins, cytokines, or radiolabels to their intended site of action are required for these applications. In order to yield high tumor accumulation while maintaining low levels in healthy tissues and blood, the half-life of such conjugates needs to be in an optimal range. Scaffold-based binding molecules are small proteins with high affinity and short systemic circulation. Due to their low molecular complexity, they are well suited for combination with effector molecules as well as half-life extension technologies yielding therapeutics with half-lives adapted to the specific therapy. We have identified ubiquitin as an ideal scaffold protein due to its outstanding biophysical and biochemical properties. Based on a dimeric ubiquitin library, high affinity and specific binding molecules, so-called Affilin® molecules, have been selected against the extradomain B of fibronectin, a target almost exclusively expressed in tumor tissues. Extradomain B-binding molecules feature high thermal and serum stability as well as strong in vitro target binding and in vivo tumor accumulation. Application of several half-life extension technologies results in molecules of largely unaffected affinity but significantly prolonged in vivo half-life and tumor retention. Our results demonstrate the utility of ubiquitin as a scaffold for the generation of high affinity binders in a modular fashion, which can be combined with effector molecules and half-life extension technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lorey
- From Scil Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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60
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Vauquelin G, Bricca G, Van Liefde I. Avidity and positive allosteric modulation/cooperativity act hand in hand to increase the residence time of bivalent receptor ligands. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:530-43. [PMID: 24118041 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent ligands bear two target-binding pharmacophores. Their simultaneous binding increases their affinity (avidity) and residence time. They become 'bitopic' when the binding sites at the target permit the pharmacophores the exert allosteric modulation of each other's affinity and/or activity. Present simulations reveal that positive cooperativity exacerbates these phenomena, whereas negative cooperativity curtails them, irrespective of whether the association or dissociation rates of the individual pharmacophores are affected. Positive cooperativity delays the attainment of equilibrium binding, yielding 'hemi-equilibrium' conditions and only apparent affinity constants under usual experimental conditions. Monovalent ligands that bind to one of the target sites decrease the bitopic ligand's residence time concentration-wise; their potency depends on their association rate and thereon acting cooperativity rather than on affinity. This stems from the repetitive, very fast reformation of fully bound bitopic ligand-target complexes by rebinding of freshly dissociated pharmacophores. These studies deal with kinetic binding properties (of increasing interest in pharmacology) of bitopic ligands (a promising avenue in medicinal chemistry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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61
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Kroll C, Mansi R, Braun F, Dobitz S, Maecke HR, Wennemers H. Hybrid Bombesin Analogues: Combining an Agonist and an Antagonist in Defined Distances for Optimized Tumor Targeting. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16793-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4087648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kroll
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Friederike Braun
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dobitz
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helmut R. Maecke
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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62
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Qi Z, Schlaich C, Schalley CA. Multivalency in the gas phase: H/D exchange reactions unravel the dynamic "rock 'n' roll" motion in dendrimer-dendrimer complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:14867-75. [PMID: 24105808 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent dendrimer-dendrimer complexes were successfully ionized by electrospray ionization of partly protonated amino-terminated polypropylene amine (POPAM) and POPAM dendrimers fully functionalized with benzo[21]crown-7 on all branches. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments conducted on dendrimer-dendrimer complexes in the high vacuum of a mass spectrometer give rise to a complete exchange of all labile NH hydrogen atoms. As crown ethers represent noncovalent protective groups against HDX reactions on the ammonium group to which they are coordinated, this result provides evidence for a very dynamic binding situation: each crown is mobile enough to move from one ammonium binding site to another. Schematically, one might compare this motion with two rock 'n' roll dancers that swirl around each other without completely losing all contact at any time. Although the multivalent attachment certainly increases the overall affinity, the "microdynamics" of individual site binding and dissociation remains fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Qi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin (Germany), Fax: (+49) 30 838-55817
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63
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Dahl G, Akerud T. Pharmacokinetics and the drug–target residence time concept. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:697-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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64
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Vauquelin G. Simplified models for heterobivalent ligand binding: when are they applicable and which are the factors that affect their target residence time. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:949-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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65
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Vauquelin G, Charlton SJ. Exploring avidity: understanding the potential gains in functional affinity and target residence time of bivalent and heterobivalent ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1771-85. [PMID: 23330947 PMCID: PMC3623049 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalent ligands are increasingly important therapeutic agents. Although the naturally occurring antibodies are predominant, it is becoming more common to combine different antibody fragments or even low molecular weight compounds to generate heterobivalent ligands. Such ligands exhibit markedly increased affinity (i.e. avidity) and target residence time when both pharmacophores can bind simultaneously to their target sites. This is because binding of one pharmacophore forces the second tethered one to stay close to its corresponding site. This 'forced proximity' favours its binding and rebinding (once dissociated) to that site. However, rebinding will also take place when the diffusion of freshly dissociated ligands is merely slowed down. The present differential equation-based simulations explore the way both situations affect ligand binding. Both delay the attainment of binding equilibrium (resulting in steep saturation curves) and also increase the target residence time. Competitive ligands are able to interfere in a concentration-dependent manner, although much higher concentrations are required in the 'forced proximity' situation. Also, it is only in that situation that the ligand shows increased affinity. These simulations shed light on two practical consequences. Depending on the pharmacokinetic half-life of the bivalent ligand in the body, it may not have sufficient time to achieve equilibrium with the target. This will result in lower potency than expected, although it would have significant advantages in terms of residence time. In in vitro experiments, the manifestation of steep saturation curves and of accelerated dissociation in the presence of competitive ligands could mistakenly be interpreted as evidence for non-competitive, allosteric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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66
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Zhang R, Windsor WT. In vitro kinetic profiling of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors by progress curve analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1030:59-79. [PMID: 23821260 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-484-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic profiling of drug binding to its target reveals important mechanistic parameters including drug-target residence time. In this chapter, we focus on global progress curve analysis as a convenient method for kinetic profiling. Detailed guidelines with pros and cons for various experimental designs and data analysis are provided. Kinetic profiling of Boceprevir and Telaprevir is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumin Zhang
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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67
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Deng H, Wang C, Su M, Fang Y. Probing Biochemical Mechanisms of Action of Muscarinic M3 Receptor Antagonists with Label-Free Whole Cell Assays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301495n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Deng
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
| | - Chaoming Wang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
- NanoScience Technology Center,
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Ming Su
- NanoScience Technology Center,
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816,
United States
| | - Ye Fang
- Biochemical Technologies, Science
and Technology Division, Corning Inc.,
Corning, New York 14831, United States
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68
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Vauquelin G, Van Liefde I. Radioligand dissociation measurements: potential interference of rebinding and allosteric mechanisms and physiological relevance of the biological model systems. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:583-95. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.687720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Vauquelin G, Bostoen S, Vanderheyden P, Seeman P. Clozapine, atypical antipsychotics, and the benefits of fast-off D2 dopamine receptor antagonism. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:337-72. [PMID: 22331262 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug-receptor interactions are traditionally quantified in terms of affinity and efficacy, but there is increasing awareness that the drug-on-receptor residence time also affects clinical performance. While most interest has hitherto been focused on slow-dissociating drugs, D(2) dopamine receptor antagonists show less extrapyramidal side effects but still have excellent antipsychotic activity when they dissociate swiftly. Fast dissociation of clozapine, the prototype of the "atypical antipsychotics", has been evidenced by distinct radioligand binding approaches both on cell membranes and intact cells. The surmountable nature of clozapine in functional assays with fast-emerging responses like calcium transients is confirmatory. Potential advantages and pitfalls of the hitherto used techniques are discussed, and recommendations are given to obtain more precise dissociation rates for such drugs. Surmountable antagonism is necessary to allow sufficient D(2) receptor stimulation by endogenous dopamine in the striatum. Simulations are presented to find out whether this can be achieved during sub-second bursts in dopamine concentration or rather during much slower, activity-related increases thereof. While the antagonist's dissociation rate is important to distinguish between both mechanisms, this becomes much less so when contemplating time intervals between successive drug intakes, i.e., when pharmacokinetic considerations prevail. Attention is also drawn to the divergent residence times of hydrophobic antagonists like haloperidol when comparing radioligand binding data on cell membranes with those on intact cells and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Vauquelin
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Target–drug interactions: first principles and their application to drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vauquelin G. Determination of drug–receptor residence times by radioligand binding and functional assays: experimental strategies and physiological relevance. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Demaegdt H, Gard P, De Backer JP, Lukaszuk A, Szemenyei E, Tóth G, Tourwé D, Vauquelin G. Binding of "AT4 receptor" ligands to insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) in intact Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 339:34-44. [PMID: 21457753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) recognises "AT(4)-receptor" ligands like angiotensin IV (Ang IV) and peptidomimetics like AL-11. The metabolic stability and high affinity of [(3)H]AL-11 for catalytically active IRAP allowed its detection in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell membranes in the absence of chelators (Demaegdt et al., 2009). Here, we show that, contrary to [(3)H]Ang IV, [(3)H]AL-11 displays high affinity and specificity for IRAP in intact CHO-K1 cells as well. After binding to IRAP at the surface, [(3)H]AL-11 is effectively internalized by an endocytotic process. Unexpectedly, surface binding and internalization of [(3)H]AL-11 was not affected by pretreating the cells with Ang IV but declined with AL-11. In the latter case surface expression of IRAP even increased. After elimination of simpler explanations, it is proposed that metabolically stable "AT(4)-receptor" ligands undergo semi-continuous cycling between the cell surface and endosomal compartments. The in vivo efficacy of stable and unstable "AT(4)-receptor" ligands could therefore differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Demaegdt
- Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Research Group of Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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