51
|
Rahman M, Ham H, Liu X, Sugiura Y, Orth K, Krämer H. Visual neurotransmission in Drosophila requires expression of Fic in glial capitate projections. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:871-5. [PMID: 22544313 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fic domains can catalyze the addition of adenosine monophosphate to target proteins. To date, the function of Fic domain proteins in eukaryotic physiology remains unknown. We generated genetic models of the single Drosophila Fic domain–containing protein, Fic. Flies lacking Fic were viable and fertile, but blind. Photoreceptor cells depolarized normally following light stimulation, but failed to activate postsynaptic neurons, as indicated by the loss of ON transients in electroretinograms, consistent with a neurotransmission defect. Functional rescue of neurotransmission required expression of enzymatically active Fic on capitate projections of glia cells, but not neurons, supporting a role in the recycling of the visual neurotransmitter histamine. Histamine levels were reduced in the lamina of Fic null flies, and dietary histamine partially restored ON transients. These findings establish a previously unknown regulatory mechanism in visual neurotransmission and provide, to the best of our knowledge, the first evidence for a role of glial capitate projections in neurotransmitter recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhlasur Rahman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Histamine-gated ion channels in mammals? Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
53
|
Edwards TN, Nuschke AC, Nern A, Meinertzhagen IA. Organization and metamorphosis of glia in the Drosophila visual system. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2067-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
54
|
Dacks AM, Reisenman CE, Paulk AC, Nighorn AJ. Histamine-immunoreactive local neurons in the antennal lobes of the hymenoptera. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:2917-33. [PMID: 20533353 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks receive input that is transformed before being sent as output to higher centers of processing. These transformations are often mediated by local interneurons (LNs) that influence output based on activity across the network. In primary olfactory centers, the LNs that mediate these lateral interactions are extremely diverse. For instance, the antennal lobes (ALs) of bumblebees possess both gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- and histamine-immunoreactive (HA-ir) LNs, and both are neurotransmitters associated with fast forms of inhibition. Although the GABAergic network of the AL has been extensively studied, we sought to examine the anatomical features of the HA-ir LNs in relation to the other cellular elements of the bumblebee AL. As a population, HA-ir LNs densely innervate the glomerular core and sparsely arborize in the outer glomerular rind, overlapping with the terminals of olfactory receptor neurons. Individual fills of HA-ir LNs revealed heavy arborization of the outer ring of a single "principal" glomerulus and sparse arborization in the core of other glomeruli. In contrast, projection neurons and GABA-immunoreactive LNs project throughout the glomerular volume. To provide insight into the selective pressures that resulted in the evolution of HA-ir LNs, we determined the phylogenetic distribution of HA-ir LNs in the AL. HA-ir LNs were present in all but the most basal hymenopteran examined, although there were significant morphological differences between major groups within the Hymenoptera. The ALs of other insect taxa examined lacked HA-ir LNs, suggesting that this population of LNs arose within the Hymenoptera and underwent extensive morphological modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Dacks
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Edwards TN, Meinertzhagen IA. The functional organisation of glia in the adult brain of Drosophila and other insects. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:471-97. [PMID: 20109517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review annotates and categorises the glia of adult Drosophila and other model insects and analyses the developmental origins of these in the Drosophila optic lobe. The functions of glia in the adult vary depending upon their sub-type and location in the brain. The task of annotating glia is essentially complete only for the glia of the fly's lamina, which comprise: two types of surface glia-the pseudocartridge and fenestrated glia; two types of cortex glia-the distal and proximal satellite glia; and two types of neuropile glia-the epithelial and marginal glia. We advocate that the term subretinal glia, as used to refer to both pseudocartridge and fenestrated glia, be abandoned. Other neuropiles contain similar glial subtypes, but other than the antennal lobes these have not been described in detail. Surface glia form the blood brain barrier, regulating the flow of substances into and out of the nervous system, both for the brain as a whole and the optic neuropiles in particular. Cortex glia provide a second level of barrier, wrapping axon fascicles and isolating neuronal cell bodies both from neighbouring brain regions and from their underlying neuropiles. Neuropile glia can be generated in the adult and a subtype, ensheathing glia, are responsible for cleaning up cellular debris during Wallerian degeneration. Both the neuropile ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia may be involved in clearing neurotransmitters from the extracellular space, thus modifying the levels of histamine, glutamate and possibly dopamine at the synapse to ultimately affect behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara N Edwards
- Department of Biology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1.
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Brillet K, Pereira CA, Wagner R. Expression of membrane proteins in Drosophila Melanogaster S2 cells: Production and analysis of a EGFP-fused G protein-coupled receptor as a model. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 601:119-133. [PMID: 20099143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-344-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the process of selecting an appropriate host for the heterologous expression of functional eukaryotic membrane proteins, Drosophila S2 cells, although not yet fully explored, appear as a valuable alternative to mammalian cell lines or other virus-infected insect cell systems. This nonlytic, plasmid-based system actually combines several major physiological and bioprocess advantages that make it a highly potential and scalable cellular tool for the production of membrane proteins in a variety of applications, including functional characterization, pharmacological profiling, molecular simulations, structural analyses, or generation of vaccines. We present here a series of protocols and hints that would serve the successful expression of membrane proteins in S2 cells, using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)/G protein-coupled receptor (EGFP-GPCR) as a model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Brillet
- Dpt Récepteurs et des Protéines Membranaires, Illkirch, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Yusein S, Wolstenholme A, Semenov E. Functional consequences of mutations in the Drosophila histamine receptor HCLB. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:21-7. [PMID: 19716373 PMCID: PMC2805722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The gene hclB encodes a histamine-gated chloride channel subunit in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutations in hclB lead to defects in the visual system and altered sensitivity to the action of ivermectin. To investigate whether this member of the Cys-loop receptors is common across the Insecta, we analysed the genomes of seven other insect species (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera) and revealed orthologues of hclB in all of them. Sequence comparisons showed high identity levels between the orthologues, indicating similar constraints and conserved function between the species. Two D. melanogaster mutants, hclB(T1) (P293S) and hclB(T2) (W111*, a null mutation) were tested for the lapse into, and recovery from, paralysis induced by high temperature or the anaesthetic action of halothane. At 41 degrees C, the hclB(T2) flies lapsed into coma faster than wild-type or the hclB(T1) flies, while both mutants recovered more slowly. A substantially impaired recovery rate was also observed in hclB(T1) after anaesthesia with halothane. Enhanced synaptic signalling at low-intensity light stimuli was registered on electroretinograms recorded from the two mutant strains. Our results suggest that HCLB may play an essential and conserved role in insect neurophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shazie Yusein
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Akad. G. Bonchev bl.21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Overexpressing temperature-sensitive dynamin decelerates phototransduction and bundles microtubules in Drosophila photoreceptors. J Neurosci 2009; 29:14199-210. [PMID: 19906968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2873-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
shibire(ts1), a temperature-sensitive mutation of the Drosophila gene encoding a Dynamin orthologue, blocks vesicle endocytosis and thus synaptic transmission, at elevated, or restrictive temperatures. By targeted Gal4 expression, UAS-shibire(ts1) has been used to dissect neuronal circuits. We investigated the effects of UAS-shibire(ts1) overexpression in Drosophila photoreceptors at permissive (19 degrees C) and restrictive (31 degrees C) temperatures. At 19 degrees C, overexpression of UAS-shi(ts1) causes decelerated phototransduction and reduced neurotransmitter release. This phenotype is exacerbated with dark adaptation, age and in white mutants. Photoreceptors overexpressing UAS-shibire(ts1) contain terminals with widespread vacuolated mitochondria, reduced numbers of vesicles and bundled microtubules. Immuno-electron microscopy reveals that the latter are dynamin coated. Further, the microtubule phenotype is not restricted to photoreceptors, as UAS-shibire(ts1) overexpression in lamina cells also bundles microtubules. We conclude that dynamin has multiple functions that are interrupted by UAS-shibire(ts1) overexpression in Drosophila photoreceptors, destabilizing their neural communication irreversibly at previously reported permissive temperatures.
Collapse
|
59
|
Rao VT, Siddiqui SZ, Prichard RK, Forrester SG. A dopamine-gated ion channel (HcGGR3*) from Haemonchus contortus is expressed in the cervical papillae and is associated with macrocyclic lactone resistance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 166:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
60
|
Nikolaev A, Zheng L, Wardill TJ, O'Kane CJ, de Polavieja GG, Juusola M. Network adaptation improves temporal representation of naturalistic stimuli in Drosophila eye: II mechanisms. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4306. [PMID: 19180195 PMCID: PMC2628722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal networks must adapt constantly to best present the ever changing visual world to the brain. Here we test the hypothesis that adaptation is a result of different mechanisms at several synaptic connections within the network. In a companion paper (Part I), we showed that adaptation in the photoreceptors (R1-R6) and large monopolar cells (LMC) of the Drosophila eye improves sensitivity to under-represented signals in seconds by enhancing both the amplitude and frequency distribution of LMCs' voltage responses to repeated naturalistic contrast series. In this paper, we show that such adaptation needs both the light-mediated conductance and feedback-mediated synaptic conductance. A faulty feedforward pathway in histamine receptor mutant flies speeds up the LMC output, mimicking extreme light adaptation. A faulty feedback pathway from L2 LMCs to photoreceptors slows down the LMC output, mimicking dark adaptation. These results underline the importance of network adaptation for efficient coding, and as a mechanism for selectively regulating the size and speed of signals in neurons. We suggest that concert action of many different mechanisms and neural connections are responsible for adaptation to visual stimuli. Further, our results demonstrate the need for detailed circuit reconstructions like that of the Drosophila lamina, to understand how networks process information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nikolaev
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor J. Wardill
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O'Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo G. de Polavieja
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto ‘Nicolás Cabrera’ de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikko Juusola
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Gao S, Takemura SY, Ting CY, Huang S, Lu Z, Luan H, Rister J, Thum AS, Yang M, Hong ST, Wang JW, Odenwald WF, White BH, Meinertzhagen IA, Lee CH. The neural substrate of spectral preference in Drosophila. Neuron 2008; 60:328-42. [PMID: 18957224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila vision is mediated by inputs from three types of photoreceptor neurons; R1-R6 mediate achromatic motion detection, while R7 and R8 constitute two chromatic channels. Neural circuits for processing chromatic information are not known. Here, we identified the first-order interneurons downstream of the chromatic channels. Serial EM revealed that small-field projection neurons Tm5 and Tm9 receive direct synaptic input from R7 and R8, respectively, and indirect input from R1-R6, qualifying them to function as color-opponent neurons. Wide-field Dm8 amacrine neurons receive input from 13-16 UV-sensing R7s and provide output to projection neurons. Using a combinatorial expression system to manipulate activity in different neuron subtypes, we determined that Dm8 neurons are necessary and sufficient for flies to exhibit phototaxis toward ultraviolet instead of green light. We propose that Dm8 sacrifices spatial resolution for sensitivity by relaying signals from multiple R7s to projection neurons, which then provide output to higher visual centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Gao
- Unit on Neuronal Connectivity, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Romero-Calderón R, Uhlenbrock G, Borycz J, Simon AF, Grygoruk A, Yee SK, Shyer A, Ackerson LC, Maidment NT, Meinertzhagen IA, Hovemann BT, Krantz DE. A glial variant of the vesicular monoamine transporter is required to store histamine in the Drosophila visual system. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000245. [PMID: 18989452 PMCID: PMC2570955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other monoamine neurotransmitters, the mechanism by which the brain's histamine content is regulated remains unclear. In mammals, vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) are expressed exclusively in neurons and mediate the storage of histamine and other monoamines. We have studied the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster in which histamine is the primary neurotransmitter released from photoreceptor cells. We report here that a novel mRNA splice variant of Drosophila VMAT (DVMAT-B) is expressed not in neurons but rather in a small subset of glia in the lamina of the fly's optic lobe. Histamine contents are reduced by mutation of dVMAT, but can be partially restored by specifically expressing DVMAT-B in glia. Our results suggest a novel role for a monoamine transporter in glia that may be relevant to histamine homeostasis in other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Romero-Calderón
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Center for Neuroscience and Genetics Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Guido Uhlenbrock
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jolanta Borycz
- Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anne F. Simon
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Center for Neuroscience and Genetics Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Grygoruk
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Center for Neuroscience and Genetics Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Yee
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Center for Neuroscience and Genetics Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Shyer
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Center for Neuroscience and Genetics Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Larry C. Ackerson
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nigel T. Maidment
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - David E. Krantz
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Center for Neuroscience and Genetics Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Altered ivermectin pharmacology and defective visual system in Drosophila mutants for histamine receptor HCLB. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2008; 8:211-22. [PMID: 18839229 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-008-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila gene hclB encodes a histamine-gated chloride channel, which can be activated by the neurotoxin ivermectin when expressed in vitro. We have identified two novel hclB mutants, carrying either a missense mutation (P293S, allele hclB (T1)) or a putative null mutation (W111*, allele hclB (T2)), as well as a novel splice form of the gene. In survival studies, hclB (T1) mutants were more sensitive to ivermectin than wild-type, whereas hclB (T2) were more resistant. Electroretinogram recordings from the two mutants exhibited enlarged peak amplitudes of the transient components, indicating altered synaptic transmission between retinal photoneurons and their target cells. Ivermectin treatment severely affected or completely suppressed these transient components in an allele-specific manner. This suppression of synaptic signals by ivermectin was dose-dependent. These results identify HCLB as an important in vivo target for ivermectin in Drosophila melanogaster, and demonstrate the involvement of this protein in the visual pathway.
Collapse
|