51
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Price RJ, Fisher DG, Suk JS, Hanes J, Ko HS, Kordower JH. Parkinson's disease gene therapy: Will focused ultrasound and nanovectors be the next frontier? Mov Disord 2019; 34:1279-1282. [PMID: 30908781 PMCID: PMC6754296 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Delaney G. Fisher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Hanes
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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52
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Masato A, Plotegher N, Boassa D, Bubacco L. Impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:35. [PMID: 31488222 PMCID: PMC6728988 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A full understanding of Parkinson's Disease etiopathogenesis and of the causes of the preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is still an unsolved puzzle. A multiple-hit hypothesis has been proposed, which may explain the convergence of familial, environmental and idiopathic forms of the disease. Among the various determinants of the degeneration of the neurons in Substantia Nigra pars compacta, in this review we will focus on the endotoxicity associated to dopamine dyshomeostasis. In particular, we will discuss the relevance of the reactive dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) in the catechol-induced neurotoxicity. Indeed, the synergy between the catechol and the aldehyde moieties of DOPAL exacerbates its reactivity, resulting in modification of functional protein residues, protein aggregation, oxidative stress and cell death. Interestingly, αSynuclein, whose altered proteostasis is a recurrent element in Parkinson's Disease pathology, is considered a preferential target of DOPAL modification. DOPAL triggers αSynuclein oligomerization leading to synapse physiology impairment. Several factors can be responsible for DOPAL accumulation at the pre-synaptic terminals, i.e. dopamine leakage from synaptic vesicles, increased rate of dopamine conversion to DOPAL by upregulated monoamine oxidase and decreased DOPAL degradation by aldehyde dehydrogenases. Various studies report the decreased expression and activity of aldehyde dehydrogenases in parkinsonian brains, as well as genetic variants associated to increased risk in developing the pathology. Thus, we discuss how the deregulation of these enzymes might be considered a contributing element in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease or a down-stream effect. Finally, we propose that a better understanding of the impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's Disease would allow a more refined patients stratification and the design of more targeted and successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Boassa
- Department of Neurosciences, and National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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53
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Guttuso T, Andrzejewski KL, Lichter DG, Andersen JK. Targeting kinases in Parkinson's disease: A mechanism shared by LRRK2, neurotrophins, exenatide, urate, nilotinib and lithium. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:121-130. [PMID: 31129265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several kinases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), most notably leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), as LRRK2 mutations are the most common genetic cause of a late-onset parkinsonism that is clinically indistinguishable from sporadic PD. More recently, several other kinases have emerged as promising disease-modifying targets in PD based on both preclinical studies and clinical reports on exenatide, the urate precursor inosine, nilotinib and lithium use in PD patients. These kinases include protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinases-3β and -3α (GSK-3β and GSK-3α), c-Abelson kinase (c-Abl) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5). Activities of each of these kinases are involved either directly or indirectly in phosphorylating tau or increasing α-synuclein levels, intracellular proteins whose toxic oligomeric forms are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. GSK-3β, GSK-3α and cdk5 are the principle kinases involved in phosphorylating tau at sites critical for the formation of tau oligomers. Exenatide analogues, urate, nilotinib and lithium have been shown to affect one or more of the above kinases, actions that can decrease the formation and increase the clearance of intraneuronal phosphorylated tau and α-synuclein. Here we review the current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting kinase-targeting agents as potential disease-modifying therapies for PD patients enriched with these therapeutic targets and incorporate LRRK2 physiology into this novel model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guttuso
- Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - Kelly L Andrzejewski
- Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - David G Lichter
- Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - Julie K Andersen
- The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America.
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54
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Zhang J, Li X, Li JD. The Roles of Post-translational Modifications on α-Synuclein in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:381. [PMID: 31057362 PMCID: PMC6482271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease is not entirely clear, the aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein has long been considered as an important risk factor. Elucidating the mechanisms that influence the aggregation of α-synuclein is essential for developing an effective diagnostic, preventative and therapeutic strategy to treat this devastating disease. The aggregation of α-synuclein is influenced by several post-translational modifications. Here, we summarized the major post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitination, truncation, nitration, O-GlcNAcylation) of α-synuclein and the effect of these modifications on α-synuclein aggregation, which may provide potential targets for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
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55
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Sgobio C, Sun L, Ding J, Herms J, Lovinger DM, Cai H. Unbalanced calcium channel activity underlies selective vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals in Parkinsonian mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4857. [PMID: 30890737 PMCID: PMC6425036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) release in striatum is functionally segregated across a dorsolateral/ventromedial axis. Interestingly, nigrostriatal DA signaling disruption in Parkinson's disease (PD) preferentially affects the dorsolateral striatum. The relationship between afferent presynaptic calcium transients (PreCaTs) in DA terminals and DA release in dorsolateral (Caudato-Putamen, DLS) and ventromedial (Nucleus Accumbens Shell, VS) striatal subregions was examined by ex vivo real-time dual-recording in conditional transgenic mice expressing the calcium indicator protein GCaMP3. In DLS, minimal increases in cytosolic calcium trigger steep DA release while PreCaTs and DA release in VS both were proportional to the number of pulses in burst stimulation. Co-expressing α-synuclein with the Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated A53T mutation and GCaMP3 in midbrain DA neurons revealed augmented cytosolic steady state and activity-dependent intra-terminal calcium levels preferentially in DLS, as well as hyperactivation and enhanced expression of N-type calcium channels. Thus, unbalanced calcium channel activity is a presynaptic mechanism to consider in the multifaceted pathogenic pathways of progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sgobio
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Translational research division, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jochen Herms
- Translational research division, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 81377, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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56
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Lillehaug S, Yetman MJ, Puchades MA, Checinska MM, Kleven H, Jankowsky JL, Bjaalie JG, Leergaard TB. Brain-wide distribution of reporter expression in five transgenic tetracycline-transactivator mouse lines. Sci Data 2019; 6:190028. [PMID: 30806643 PMCID: PMC6390708 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial pattern of transgene expression in tetracycline-controlled mouse models is governed primarily by the driver line used to introduce the tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA). Detailed maps showing where each tTA driver activates expression are therefore essential for designing and using tet-regulated models, particularly in brain research where cell type and regional specificity determine the circuits affected by conditional gene expression. We have compiled a comprehensive online repository of serial microscopic images showing brain-wide reporter expression for five commonly used tTA driver lines. We have spatially registered all images to a common three-dimensional mouse brain anatomical reference atlas for direct comparison of spatial distribution across lines. The high-resolution images and associated metadata are shared via the web page of the EU Human Brain Project. Images can be inspected using an interactive viewing tool that includes an optional overlay feature providing anatomical delineations and reference atlas coordinates. Interactive viewing is supplemented by semi-quantitative analyses of expression levels within anatomical subregions for each tTA driver line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveinung Lillehaug
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J. Yetman
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maja A. Puchades
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martyna M. Checinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kleven
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna L. Jankowsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jan G. Bjaalie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve B. Leergaard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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57
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Mor DE, Daniels MJ, Ischiropoulos H. The usual suspects, dopamine and alpha-synuclein, conspire to cause neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2019; 34:167-179. [PMID: 30633814 PMCID: PMC6379109 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily a movement disorder driven by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Early identification of the oxidative properties of dopamine implicated it as a potential source of oxidative stress in PD, yet few studies have investigated dopamine neurotoxicity in vivo. The discovery of PD-causing mutations in α-synuclein and the presence of aggregated α-synuclein in the hallmark Lewy body pathology of PD revealed another important player. Despite extensive efforts, the precise role of α-synuclein aggregation in neurodegeneration remains unclear. We recently manipulated both dopamine levels and α-synuclein expression in aged mice and found that only the combination of these 2 factors caused progressive neurodegeneration of the SN and an associated motor deficit. Dopamine modified α-synuclein aggregation in the SN, resulting in greater abundance of α-synuclein oligomers and unique dopamine-induced oligomeric conformations. Furthermore, disruption of the dopamine-α-synuclein interaction rescued dopaminergic neurons from degeneration in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans models. In this Perspective, we discuss these findings in the context of known α-synuclein and dopamine biology, review the evidence for α-synuclein oligomer toxicity and potential mechanisms, and discuss therapeutic implications. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E. Mor
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Malcolm J. Daniels
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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58
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Breger LS, Fuzzati Armentero MT. Genetically engineered animal models of Parkinson's disease: From worm to rodent. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:533-560. [PMID: 30552719 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by aberrant accumulation of insoluble proteins, including alpha-synuclein, and a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The extended neurodegeneration leads to a drop of striatal dopamine levels responsible for disabling motor and non-motor impairments. Although the causes of the disease remain unclear, it is well accepted among the scientific community that the disorder may also have a genetic component. For that reason, the number of genetically engineered animal models has greatly increased over the past two decades, ranging from invertebrates to more complex organisms such as mice and rats. This trend is growing as new genetic variants associated with the disease are discovered. The EU Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) has promoted the creation of an online database aiming at summarising the different features of experimental models of Parkinson's disease. This review discusses available genetic models of PD and the extent to which they adequately mirror the human pathology and reflects on future development and uses of genetically engineered experimental models for the study of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine S Breger
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Centre Broca Nouvelle Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux cedex, France
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59
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Dawson TM, Golde TE, Lagier-Tourenne C. Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1370-1379. [PMID: 30250265 PMCID: PMC6615039 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases have enhanced the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nevertheless, our understanding of these disorders and the development of mechanistically designed therapeutics can still benefit from more rigorous use of the models and from generation of animals that more faithfully recapitulate human disease. Here we review the current state of rodent models for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We discuss the limitations and utility of current models, issues regarding translatability, and future directions for developing animal models of these human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology; and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Todd E Golde
- McKnight Brain Institute Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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60
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Ortega‐de San Luis C, Sanchez‐Garcia MA, Nieto‐Gonzalez JL, García‐Junco‐Clemente P, Montero‐Sanchez A, Fernandez‐Chacon R, Pascual A. Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons and striatal interneurons are engaged in three parallel but interdependent postnatal neurotrophic circuits. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12821. [PMID: 30058223 PMCID: PMC6156350 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum integrates motor behavior using a well-defined microcircuit whose individual components are independently affected in several neurological diseases. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), synthesized by striatal interneurons, and Sonic hedgehog (Shh), produced by the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (DA SNpc), are both involved in the nigrostriatal maintenance but the reciprocal neurotrophic relationships among these neurons are only partially understood. To define the postnatal neurotrophic connections among fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons (FS), cholinergic interneurons (ACh), and DA SNpc, we used a genetically induced mouse model of postnatal DA SNpc neurodegeneration and separately eliminated Smoothened (Smo), the obligatory transducer of Shh signaling, in striatal interneurons. We show that FS postnatal survival relies on DA SNpc and is independent of Shh signaling. On the contrary, Shh signaling but not dopaminergic striatal innervation is required to maintain ACh in the postnatal striatum. ACh are required for DA SNpc survival in a GDNF-independent manner. These data demonstrate the existence of three parallel but interdependent neurotrophic relationships between SN and striatal interneurons, partially defined by Shh and GDNF. The definition of these new neurotrophic interactions opens the search for new molecules involved in the striatal modulatory circuit maintenance with potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ortega‐de San Luis
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
- Present address:
School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Manuel A. Sanchez‐Garcia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
| | - Jose Luis Nieto‐Gonzalez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y BiofísicaUniversidad de Sevilla, and CIBERNEDSevilleSpain
| | - Pablo García‐Junco‐Clemente
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y BiofísicaUniversidad de Sevilla, and CIBERNEDSevilleSpain
| | - Adoracion Montero‐Sanchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
| | - Rafael Fernandez‐Chacon
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y BiofísicaUniversidad de Sevilla, and CIBERNEDSevilleSpain
| | - Alberto Pascual
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevilleSpain
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61
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Mattson MP, Arumugam TV. Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1176-1199. [PMID: 29874566 PMCID: PMC6039826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network activity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, the accrual of oxidatively modified molecules and organelles, and inflammation. These alterations render the aging brain vulnerable to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and stroke. Emerging findings are revealing mechanisms by which sedentary overindulgent lifestyles accelerate brain aging, whereas lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges (exercise, fasting, and intellectual challenges) foster healthy brain aging. Here we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular biology of brain aging, how those processes interface with disease-specific neurodegenerative pathways, and how metabolic states influence brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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62
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Pozo Devoto VM, Falzone TL. Mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease: a role for α-synuclein? Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1075-1087. [PMID: 28883016 PMCID: PMC5611962 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinctive pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and the intracellular accumulation of Lewy bodies enriched in α-synuclein protein. Several lines of evidence from the study of sporadic, familial and pharmacologically induced forms of human Parkinson's disease also suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in disease progression. Although many functions have been proposed for α-synuclein, emerging data from human and animal models of Parkinson's disease highlight a role for α-synuclein in the control of neuronal mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we review the α-synuclein structural, biophysical and biochemical properties that influence relevant mitochondrial dynamic processes such as fusion-fission, transport and clearance. Drawing on current evidence, we propose that α-synuclein contributes to the mitochondrial defects that are associated with the pathology of this common and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Summary: The authors review the α-synuclein structural, biophysical and biochemical properties that influence relevant mitochondrial physiological processes such as fusion-fission, transport and clearance, and propose that α-synuclein contributes to the mitochondrial defects that are associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio M Pozo Devoto
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina .,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP1428, Argentina
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63
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Pupyshev AB, Korolenko TA, Akopyan AA, Amstislavskaya TG, Tikhonova MA. Suppression of autophagy in the brain of transgenic mice with overexpression of А53Т-mutant α-synuclein as an early event at synucleinopathy progression. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:140-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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64
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Tang X, Jiao L, Zheng M, Yan Y, Nie Q, Wu T, Wan X, Zhang G, Li Y, Wu S, Jiang B, Cai H, Xu P, Duan J, Lin X. Tau Deficiency Down-Regulated Transcription Factor Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 Expression in the Dopaminergic Neurons in Ventral Tegmental Area and Caused No Obvious Motor Deficits in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 373:52-59. [PMID: 29337233 PMCID: PMC5819331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tau protein participates in microtubule stabilization, axonal transport, and protein trafficking. Loss of normal tau function will exert a negative effect. However, current knowledge on the impact of tau deficiency on the motor behavior and related neurobiological changes is controversial. In this study, we examined motor functions and analyzed several proteins implicated in the maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons (mDANs) function of adult and aged tau+/+, tau+/-, tau-/- mice. We found tau deficiency could not induce significant motor disorders. However, we discovered lower expression levels of transcription factors Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) of mDANs in older aged mice. Compared with age-matched tau+/+ mice, there were 54.1% lower (p = 0.0192) OTX2 protein (OTX2-fluorescence intensity) in VTA DA neurons of tau+/- mice and 43.6% lower (p = 0.0249) OTX2 protein in VTA DA neurons of tau-/- mice at 18 months old. Combined with the relevant reports, our results suggested that tau deficiency alone might not be enough to mimic the pathology of Parkinson's disease. However, OTX2 down-regulation indicates that mDANs of tau-deficient mice will be more sensitive to toxic damage from MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaomei Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Song Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Department of Neurology & Guangdong Institute of Geriatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, #106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guanzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Anatomy & Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Yu J, Lai C, Shim H, Xie C, Sun L, Long CX, Ding J, Li Y, Cai H. Genetic ablation of dynactin p150 Glued in postnatal neurons causes preferential degeneration of spinal motor neurons in aged mice. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:10. [PMID: 29490687 PMCID: PMC5831668 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynactin p150Glued, the largest subunit of the dynactin macromolecular complex, binds to both microtubules and tubulin dimers through the N-terminal cytoskeleton-associated protein and glycine-rich (CAP-Gly) and basic domains, and serves as an anti-catastrophe factor in stabilizing microtubules in neurons. P150Glued also initiates dynein-mediated axonal retrograde transport. Multiple missense mutations at the CAP-Gly domain of p150Glued are associated with motor neuron diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders, further supporting the importance of microtubule domains (MTBDs) in p150Glued functions. However, most functional studies were performed in vitro. Whether p150Glued is required for neuronal function and survival in vivo is unknown. METHODS Using Cre-loxP genetic manipulation, we first generated a line of p150Glued knock-in mice by inserting two LoxP sites flanking the MTBD-coding exons 2 to 4 of p150Glued-encoding Dctn1 gene (Dctn1LoxP/), and then crossbred the resulting Dctn1LoxP/ mice with Thy1-Cre mice to generate the bigenic p150Glued (Dctn1LoxP/LoxP; Thy1-Cre) conditional knockout (cKO) mice for the downstream motor behavioral and neuropathological studies. RESULTS P150Glued expression was completely abolished in Cre-expressing postnatal neurons, including corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs) and spinal motor neurons (SMNs), while the MTBD-truncated forms remained. P150Glued ablation did not affect the formation of dynein/dynactin complex in neurons. The p150Glued cKO mice did not show any obvious developmental phenotypes, but exhibited impairments in motor coordination and rearing after 12 months of age. Around 20% loss of SMNs was found in the lumbar spinal cord of 18-month-old cKO mice, in company with increased gliosis, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disintegration and muscle atrophy. By contrast, no obvious degeneration of CSMNs, striatal neurons, midbrain dopaminergic neurons, cerebellar granule cells or Purkinje cells was observed. Abnormal accumulation of acetylated α-tubulin, and autophagosome/lysosome proteins was found in the SMNs of aged cKO mice. Additionally, the total and cell surface levels of glutamate receptors were also substantially elevated in the p150Glued-depleted spinal neurons, in correlation with increased vulnerability to excitotoxicity. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrate that p150Glued is particularly required to maintain the function and survival of SMNs during aging. P150Glued may exert its protective function through regulating the transportation of autophagosomes, lysosomes, and postsynaptic glutamate receptors in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Present address: Symptom Management Branch, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hoon Shim
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10467, USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
| | - Cai-Xia Long
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA
- Dendrite Morphogenesis and Plasticity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Core, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- NINDS Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3707, USA.
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), characterized by ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. NR4A2, a member of the NR4A orphan nucleus receptor family, is upregulated in mouse hearts with MI injury. Furthermore, NR4A2 knockdown aggravates heart injury as evidenced by enlarged hearts and increased apoptosis. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of NR4A2-regulated apoptosis, we used H9c2 cardiomyocytes deprived of serum and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) exposed to hypoxia to mimic ischemic conditions in vivo. As NR4A2 knockdown aggravates cardiomyocyte apoptosis, while NR4A2 overexpression ameliorates it, NR4A2 upregulation was considered an adaptive response to ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. By detecting changes in LC3 and using autophagy detection tools including Bafilomycin A1, 3MA and rapamycin, we found that NR4A2 knockdown promoted apoptosis through blocking autophagic flux. This apoptotic response was phenocopied by downregulation of NR4A2 after autophagic flux was impaired by Bafilomycin A1. Further study showed that NR4A2 binds to p53 directly and decreases its levels when it inhibits apoptosis; thus, p53/Bax is the downstream effector of NR4A2-mediated apoptosis, as previously reported. Changes in p53/Bax that were regulated by NR4A2 were also detected in injured hearts with NR4A2 knockdown. In addition, miR-212-3p is the upstream regulator of NR4A2, and it could downregulate the expression of NR4A2, as well as p53/Bax. The mechanism underlying the role of NR4A2 in apoptosis and autophagy was elucidated, and NR4A2 may be a therapeutic drug target for heart failure.
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The interaction between calcineurin and α-synuclein is regulated by calcium and calmodulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1109-1114. [PMID: 29409956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a protein phosphatase and widely distributed in eukaryotes, with an extremely high level of expression in mammalian brain. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small soluble protein expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. In our present study, we explored the interactions between CN and α-syn in vitro. Based on the data from microscale thermophoresis, GST pull-down assays, and co-immunoprecipitation, we found that CN binds α-syn. Furthermore, this interaction is mediated by calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) signaling. Additionally, thapsigargin (TG) triggered an increase in CN activity and α-syn aggregation in HEK293 cells stably transfected with α-syn. Our previous study in vivo suggest that overexpression of α-syn in transgenic mice significantly promoted CN activity and subsequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) in the midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. These in vivo and in vitro studies have been complementary with each other, representing the changes in the CN-dependent pathway affected by overexpression of α-syn.
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68
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Wang C, Kang X, Zhou L, Chai Z, Wu Q, Huang R, Xu H, Hu M, Sun X, Sun S, Li J, Jiao R, Zuo P, Zheng L, Yue Z, Zhou Z. Synaptotagmin-11 is a critical mediator of parkin-linked neurotoxicity and Parkinson's disease-like pathology. Nat Commun 2018; 9:81. [PMID: 29311685 PMCID: PMC5758517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin are the most common causes of autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD). Many putative substrates of parkin have been reported; their pathogenic roles, however, remain obscure due to poor characterization, particularly in vivo. Here, we show that synaptotagmin-11, encoded by a PD-risk gene SYT11, is a physiological substrate of parkin and plays critical roles in mediating parkin-linked neurotoxicity. Unilateral overexpression of full-length, but not C2B-truncated, synaptotagmin-11 in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) impairs ipsilateral striatal dopamine release, causes late-onset degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and induces progressive contralateral motor abnormalities. Mechanistically, synaptotagmin-11 impairs vesicle pool replenishment and thus dopamine release by inhibiting endocytosis. Furthermore, parkin deficiency induces synaptotagmin-11 accumulation and PD-like neurotoxicity in mouse models, which is reversed by SYT11 knockdown in the SNpc or knockout of SYT11 restricted to dopaminergic neurons. Thus, PD-like neurotoxicity induced by parkin dysfunction requires synaptotagmin-11 accumulation in SNpc dopaminergic neurons. Mutations in the parkin, an ubiquitin ligase, are linked to Parkinson’s disease. Here the authors show that synaptotagmin-11 is a parkin substrate and that its upregulation affects dopamine release, triggers degeneration, and causes motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.,Key Lab of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zuying Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huadong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Suhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruiying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Panli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lianghong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Jiang P, Dickson DW. Parkinson's disease: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:13-32. [PMID: 29151169 PMCID: PMC5828522 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive movement disorder of adults and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathologic diagnosis of PD requires moderate-to-marked neuronal loss in the ventrolateral substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein (αS) Lewy body pathology. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration correlates with the Parkinsonian motor features, but involvement of other peripheral and central nervous system regions leads to a wide range of non-motor features. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration is shared with other parkinsonian disorders, including some genetic forms of parkinsonism, but many of these disorders do not have Lewy bodies. An ideal animal model for PD, therefore, should exhibit age-dependent and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and abnormal αS pathology. Rodent models of PD using genetic or toxin based strategies have been widely used in the past several decades to investigate the pathogenesis and therapeutics of PD, but few recapitulate all the major clinical and pathologic features of PD. It is likely that new strategies or better understanding of fundamental disease processes may facilitate development of better animal models. In this review, we highlight progress in generating rodent models of PD based on impairments of four major cellular functions: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, autophagy-lysosomal metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. We attempt to evaluate how impairment of these major cellular systems contribute to PD and how they can be exploited in rodent models. In addition, we review recent cell biological studies suggesting a link between αS aggregation and impairment of nuclear membrane integrity, as observed during cellular models of apoptosis. We also briefly discuss the role of incompetent phagocytic clearance and how this may be a factor to consider in developing new rodent models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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70
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Ordonez DG, Lee MK, Feany MB. α-synuclein Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction through Spectrin and the Actin Cytoskeleton. Neuron 2017; 97:108-124.e6. [PMID: 29249285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetics and neuropathology strongly link α-synuclein aggregation and neurotoxicity to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and related α-synucleinopathies. Here we describe a new Drosophila model of α-synucleinopathy based on widespread expression of wild-type human α-synuclein, which shows robust neurodegeneration, early-onset locomotor deficits, and abundant α-synuclein aggregation. We use results of forward genetic screening and genetic analysis in our new model to demonstrate that α-synuclein expression promotes reorganization of the actin filament network and consequent mitochondrial dysfunction through altered Drp1 localization. Similar changes are present in a mouse α-synucleinopathy model and in postmortem brain tissue from patients with α-synucleinopathy. Importantly, we provide evidence that the interaction of α-synuclein with spectrin initiates pathological alteration of the actin cytoskeleton and downstream neurotoxicity. These findings suggest new therapeutic approaches for α-synuclein induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila G Ordonez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael K Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cota-Coronado JA, Sandoval-Ávila S, Gaytan-Dávila YP, Diaz NF, Vega-Ruiz B, Padilla-Camberos E, Díaz-Martínez NE. New transgenic models of Parkinson's disease using genome editing technology. Neurologia 2017; 35:486-499. [PMID: 29196142 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterised by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which results in dopamine depletion, leading to a number of motor and non-motor symptoms. DEVELOPMENT In recent years, the development of new animal models using nuclease-based genome-editing technology (ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases) has enabled the introduction of custom-made modifications into the genome to replicate key features of PD, leading to significant advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. CONCLUSIONS We review the most recent studies on this new generation of in vitro and in vivo PD models, which replicate the most relevant symptoms of the disease and enable better understanding of the aetiology and mechanisms of PD. This may be helpful in the future development of effective treatments to halt or slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cota-Coronado
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - S Sandoval-Ávila
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - Y P Gaytan-Dávila
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - N F Diaz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - B Vega-Ruiz
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - E Padilla-Camberos
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México
| | - N E Díaz-Martínez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, México.
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72
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In vivo models of alpha-synuclein transmission and propagation. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 373:183-193. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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73
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Alarcón-Arís D, Recasens A, Galofré M, Carballo-Carbajal I, Zacchi N, Ruiz-Bronchal E, Pavia-Collado R, Chica R, Ferrés-Coy A, Santos M, Revilla R, Montefeltro A, Fariñas I, Artigas F, Vila M, Bortolozzi A. Selective α-Synuclein Knockdown in Monoamine Neurons by Intranasal Oligonucleotide Delivery: Potential Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Ther 2017; 26:550-567. [PMID: 29273501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive neuronal death in brainstem nuclei and widespread accumulation of α-synuclein are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reduction of α-synuclein levels is therefore a potential therapy for PD. However, because α-synuclein is essential for neuronal development and function, α-synuclein elimination would dramatically impact brain function. We previously developed conjugated small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequences that selectively target serotonin (5-HT) or norepinephrine (NE) neurons after intranasal administration. Here, we used this strategy to conjugate inhibitory oligonucleotides, siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), with the triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor indatraline (IND), to selectively reduce α-synuclein expression in the brainstem monoamine nuclei of mice after intranasal delivery. Following internalization of the conjugated oligonucleotides in monoamine neurons, reduced levels of endogenous α-synuclein mRNA and protein were found in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), and locus coeruleus (LC). α-Synuclein knockdown by ∼20%-40% did not cause monoaminergic neurodegeneration and enhanced forebrain dopamine (DA) and 5-HT release. Conversely, a modest human α-synuclein overexpression in DA neurons markedly reduced striatal DA release. These results indicate that α-synuclein negatively regulates monoamine neurotransmission and set the stage for the testing of non-viral inhibitory oligonucleotides as disease-modifying agents in α-synuclein models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Alarcón-Arís
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Ariadna Recasens
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Galofré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Ruiz-Bronchal
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Pavia-Collado
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | | | - Albert Ferrés-Coy
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Fariñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Cellular Biology, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Francesc Artigas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona 08035, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Analia Bortolozzi
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, IIBB-CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Wang R, Yang S, Nie T, Zhu G, Feng D, Yang Q. Transcription Factors: Potential Cell Death Markers in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:552-560. [PMID: 28791585 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a long preclinical phase. The continuous loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of PD. Diagnosis largely depends on clinical observation, but motor dysfunctions do not emerge until 70%-80% of the nigrostriatal nerve terminals have been destroyed. Therefore, a biomarker that indicates the degeneration of DA neurons is urgently needed. Transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate RNA synthesis from a DNA template. The precise control of gene expression plays a critical role in the development, maintenance, and survival of cells, including DA neurons. Deficiency of certain transcription factors has been associated with DA neuron loss and PD. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors and discuss their structure, function, mechanisms of neuroprotection, and their potential for use as biomarkers indicating the degeneration of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tiejian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers exhibit distinct projection pattern and dopamine release dynamics at mouse dorsal striatum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5283. [PMID: 28706191 PMCID: PMC5509666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1)-positive dopaminergic (DA) neurons at the ventral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) preferentially degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD). Their projection pattern and dopamine release properties, however, remains uncharacterized. Here we show that ALDH1A1-positive axons project predominantly to the rostral two-thirds of dorsal striatum. A portion of these axons converge on a small fraction of striosome compartments restricted to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), where less dopamine release was measured compared to the adjacent matrix enriched with the ALDH1A1-negative axons. Genetic ablation of Aldh1a1 substantially increases the dopamine release in striosomes, but not in matrix. Additionally, the presence of PD-related human α-synuclein A53T mutant or dopamine transporter (DAT) blockers also differentially affects the dopamine output in striosomes and matrix. Together, these results demonstrate distinct dopamine release characteristics of ALDH1A1-positive DA fibers, supporting a regional specific function of ALDH1A1 in regulating dopamine availability/release in striatum.
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76
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Animal models of α-synucleinopathy for Parkinson disease drug development. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:515-529. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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77
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Li X, Zhang G, Nie Q, Wu T, Jiao L, Zheng M, Wan X, Li Y, Wu S, Jiang B, Xiang X, Duan J, Lin X. Baicalein blocks α-synuclein secretion from SN4741 cells and facilitates α-synuclein polymerization to big complex. Neurosci Lett 2017; 655:109-114. [PMID: 28676257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of α-synuclein (α-syn) acts as an essential driver in the propagation of synucleinopathies in brain. The clearance of extracellular α-syn or blockade of the cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn is a promising approach to prohibiting synucleinopathies propagation. Baicalein (BAI), a flavonoid from Chinese herb, has been reported to bind covalently to α-syn to inhibit α-syn fibrillation and degrade its fibrils. However, whether BAI inhibits α-syn secretion is unclear. Here we showed that BAI reduced α-syn in the media of dopaminergic cell lines (SN4741) overexpressing wild-type α-syn (W-syn) or A53T mutant type α-syn (A53T-syn), while increased α-syn expression in cell lysates, upregulated the cell viability and increased the ratio of LC3 II/LC3 I, the latter is an indicator reflects the macroautophagic level. Intriguingly, BAI did not clear extracellular α-syn directly but facilitated α-syn polymerization to big complex (over 72kDa), which revealed that BAI probably reduced α-syn transmission by facilitating α-syn polymerization to big complex. Taken together, BAI could be a potential drug to inhibit α-syn propagation among the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Nie
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomei Wan
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xianhong Xiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, #58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong General Hosptial, #106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guanzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xian Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, #74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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78
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Modulatory Role of Nurr1 Activation and Thrombin Inhibition in the Neuroprotective Effects of Dabigatran Etexilate in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4078-4089. [PMID: 28585189 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that both decreased nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1) expression and thrombin accumulation are involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). The new anticoagulant dabigatran etexilate (DE) is a direct thrombin inhibitor that owns benzimidazole group, which has been proposed to activate Nurr1. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of DE in rotenone model of PD. Rotenone was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg every other day for 21 days. An oral regimen of DE (15 mg/kg) was started after the 5th rotenone injection following the manifestations of PD. Treatment of PD rats with DE mitigated rotenone-induced neuronal degeneration and restored striatal dopamine level with motor recovery. As well, DE enhanced Nurr1 expression in substantia nigra along with increasing transcriptional activation of Nurr1-controlled genes namely tyrosine hydroxylase, vascular monoamine transporter, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and its receptor gene c-Ret, which are critical for development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. DE also suppressed thrombin accumulation in substantia nigra. Both effects probably contributed to repressing neurotoxic proinflammatory cytokines, which was manifested by decreased level of nuclear factor kappa beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In conclusion, the present results suggest that DE could possess significant neuroprotective and regenerative effects in a rotenone-induced PD animal model as consequence of Nurr1 activation and thrombin inhibition.
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Abstract
Across all kingdoms in the tree of life, calcium (Ca2+) is an essential element used by cells to respond and adapt to constantly changing environments. In multicellular organisms, it plays fundamental roles during fertilization, development and adulthood. The inability of cells to regulate Ca2+ can lead to pathological conditions that ultimately culminate in cell death. One such pathological condition is manifested in Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurological disorder in humans, which is characterized by the aggregation of the protein, α-synuclein. This Review discusses current evidence that implicates Ca2+ in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Understanding the mechanisms by which Ca2+ signaling contributes to the progression of this disease will be crucial for the development of effective therapies to combat this devastating neurological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Zaichick
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M McGrath
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gabriela Caraveo
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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80
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Zheng M, Jiao L, Tang X, Xiang X, Wan X, Yan Y, Li X, Zhang G, Li Y, Jiang B, Cai H, Lin X. Tau haploinsufficiency causes prenatal loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and reduction of transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 expression. FASEB J 2017; 31:3349-3358. [PMID: 28424350 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous tau knockout (Mapt-/-) mice develop age-dependent dopaminergic (DA) neuronal loss in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), supporting an important function of tau in maintaining the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) during aging. However, it remains to be determined whether the microtubule-associated protein tau regulates the differentiation and survival of mDANs during embryonic developmental stages. Here, we show that tau haploinsufficiency in postnatal day 0 (P0) heterozygous (Mapt+/-) pups, but not a complete loss of tau in the Mapt-/- littermates, led to a significant reduction of DA neurons in the VTA. This selective loss of DA neurons correlated with a similar reduction in orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2), which is restricted to VTA neurons at the postmitotic stage and selectively controls the neurogenesis and survival of specific neuronal subtypes of VTA. Moreover, the prenatal developmental cell death in the Mapt+/- VTA specifically increased, and the expression of microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-1A was significantly up-regulated in the P0 Mapt-/- , but not the Mapt+/- , pups. These results suggest that tau haploinsufficiency, without the compensation effect of MAP1A, induces reduction of Otx2 expression, increases prenatal cell death, and accordingly leads to selective loss of VTA DA neurons in the early postnatal stage. Our findings highlight the impact of tau haploinsufficiency on the survival of mDANs and indicate that tau may participate in midbrain development in a dose-dependent way.-Zheng, M., Jiao, L., Tang, X., Xiang, X., Wan, X., Yan, Y., Li, X., Zhang, G., Li, Y., Jiang, B., Cai, H., Lin, X. Tau haploinsufficiency causes prenatal loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and reduction of transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meige Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhong Xiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Wan
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingjian Li
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Transgenics Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; and
| | - Xian Lin
- Department of Anatomy, Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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81
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Kaur A, Sharma S. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a potential therapeutic target in various diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:293-312. [PMID: 28417246 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase related kinase superfamily. The signaling pathways of mTOR are integrated through the protein complexes of mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 controls protein synthesis, cell growth, proliferation, autophagy, cell metabolism, and stress responses, whereas mTORC2 seems to regulate cell survival and polarity. Dysregulation of the mTOR pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of disease conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and various renal diseases. The hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway leads to increase in cell growth and proliferation and also has been documented to stimulate tumor growth. Therefore, investigation of the involvement of mTOR and its downstream pathways in various diseases intensively preoccupied scientific community. The present review is focussed on recent advances in the understanding of the mTOR signaling pathway and its role in health and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avileen Kaur
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Pharmacology, I. S. F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Pharmacology, I. S. F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Rolland AS, Kareva T, Kholodilov N, Burke RE. A quantitative evaluation of a 2.5-kb rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter to target expression in ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons in vivo. Neuroscience 2017; 346:126-134. [PMID: 28108256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have become powerful tools in neuroscience for both basic research and potential therapeutic use. They have become especially important tools for optogenetic experiments based on their ability to achieve transgene expression in postmitotic neurons with regional selectivity. With the use of appropriate promoter elements they can achieve cellular specificity as well. One population of neurons that plays a central role in human neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases are the dopamine neurons of the midbrain. To study these neurons in vivo with advanced techniques it would be highly advantageous to characterize an appropriate specific promoter. To this end we have characterized a 2.5-kb sequence of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter. The rTHp(2.5) promoter induced expression of the fluorescent reporter protein mCherry in SN dopamine neurons. Although it showed excellent specificity in cortex and striatum, where no reporter expression was observed, in the SN region many neurons expressed reporter but not TH. We show that some of the TH negativity is due to the suppression of its expression by the transgene. We conclude that rTHp(2.5) does preferentially label dopamine neurons but its specificity is not complete within the substantia nigra and caution must be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tatyana Kareva
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nikolai Kholodilov
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert E Burke
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) modulates dopamine release and is disrupted in Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2253-E2262. [PMID: 28246328 PMCID: PMC5358362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616892114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a role for the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) in dopamine neurotransmission and Parkinson disease (PD). SV2C is expressed on the vesicles of dopamine-producing neurons, and genetic deletion of SV2C causes a reduction in synaptic release of dopamine. The reduced dopamine release is associated with a decrease in motor activity. SV2C is suspected of mediating the neuroprotective effects of nicotine, and we show an ablated neurochemical response to nicotine in SV2C-knockout mice. Last, we demonstrate that SV2C expression is specifically disrupted in mice that express mutated α-synuclein and in humans with PD. Together, these data establish SV2C as an important mediator of dopamine homeostasis and a potential contributor to PD pathogenesis. Members of the synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) family of proteins are involved in synaptic function throughout the brain. The ubiquitously expressed SV2A has been widely implicated in epilepsy, although SV2C with its restricted basal ganglia distribution is poorly characterized. SV2C is emerging as a potentially relevant protein in Parkinson disease (PD), because it is a genetic modifier of sensitivity to l-DOPA and of nicotine neuroprotection in PD. Here we identify SV2C as a mediator of dopamine homeostasis and report that disrupted expression of SV2C within the basal ganglia is a pathological feature of PD. Genetic deletion of SV2C leads to reduced dopamine release in the dorsal striatum as measured by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, reduced striatal dopamine content, disrupted α-synuclein expression, deficits in motor function, and alterations in neurochemical effects of nicotine. Furthermore, SV2C expression is dramatically altered in postmortem brain tissue from PD cases but not in Alzheimer disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, or multiple system atrophy. This disruption was paralleled in mice overexpressing mutated α-synuclein. These data establish SV2C as a mediator of dopamine neuron function and suggest that SV2C disruption is a unique feature of PD that likely contributes to dopaminergic dysfunction.
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84
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Functional alterations of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in spontaneous α-synuclein overexpressing rats. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:21-33. [PMID: 27771352 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is an important characteristic of the neurodegenerative processes of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Here we report that Berlin-Druckrey rats carrying a spontaneous mutation in the 3' untranslated region of α-syn mRNA (m/m rats) display a marked accumulation of α-syn in the mesencephalic area, striatum and frontal cortex, accompanied to severe dysfunctions in the dorsolateral striatum. Despite a small reduction in the number of SNpc and ventral tegmental area DAergic cells, the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the m/m rats do not show clear-cut alterations of the spontaneous and evoked firing activity, DA responses and somatic amphetamine-induced firing inhibition. Interestingly, mutant DAergic neurons display diminished whole-cell Ih conductance and a reduced frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents. By contrast, m/m rats show a severe impairment of DA and glutamate release in the dorsolateral striatum, as revealed by amperometric measure of DA currents and by electrophysiological recordings of glutamatergic synaptic events in striatal medium spiny neurons. These functional impairments are paralleled by a decreased expression of the DA transporter and VGluT1 proteins in the same area. Thus, together with α-syn overload in the mesencephalic region, striatum and frontal cortex, the main functional alterations occur in the DAergic and glutamatergic terminals in the dorsal striatum of the m/m rats.
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85
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α-Synuclein Mutation Inhibits Endocytosis at Mammalian Central Nerve Terminals. J Neurosci 2016; 36:4408-14. [PMID: 27098685 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3627-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-Synuclein (α-syn) missense and multiplication mutations have been suggested to cause neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. Before causing the progressive neuronal loss, α-syn mutations impair exocytosis, which may contribute to eventual neurodegeneration. To understand how α-syn mutations impair exocytosis, we developed a mouse model that selectively expressed PD-related human α-syn A53T (h-α-synA53T) mutation at the calyx of Held terminals, where release mechanisms can be dissected with a patch-clamping technique. With capacitance measurement of endocytosis, we reported that h-α-synA53T, either expressed transgenically or dialyzed in the short term in calyces, inhibited two of the most common forms of endocytosis, the slow and rapid vesicle endocytosis at mammalian central synapses. The expression of h-α-synA53Tin calyces also inhibited vesicle replenishment to the readily releasable pool. These findings may help to understand how α-syn mutations impair neurotransmission before neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT α-Synuclein (α-syn) missense or multiplication mutations may cause neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The initial impact of α-syn mutations before neuronal loss is impairment of exocytosis, which may contribute to eventual neurodegeneration. The mechanism underlying impairment of exocytosis is poorly understood. Here we report that an α-syn mutant, the human α-syn A53T, inhibited two of the most commonly observed forms of endocytosis, slow and rapid endocytosis, at a mammalian central synapse. We also found that α-syn A53T inhibited vesicle replenishment to the readily releasable pool. These results may contribute to accounting for the widely observed early synaptic impairment caused by α-syn mutations in the progression toward neurodegeneration.
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Connor-Robson N, Peters OM, Millership S, Ninkina N, Buchman VL. Combinational losses of synucleins reveal their differential requirements for compensating age-dependent alterations in motor behavior and dopamine metabolism. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:107-12. [PMID: 27614017 PMCID: PMC5021248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Synucleins are involved in multiple steps of the neurotransmitter turnover, but the largely normal synaptic function in young adult animals completely lacking synucleins suggests their roles are dispensable for execution of these processes. Instead, they may be utilized for boosting the efficiency of certain molecular mechanisms in presynaptic terminals, with a deficiency of synuclein proteins sensitizing to or exacerbating synaptic malfunction caused by accumulation of mild alterations, which are commonly associated with aging. Although functional redundancy within the family has been reported, it is unclear whether the remaining synucleins can fully compensate for the deficiency of a lost family member or whether some functions are specific for a particular member. We assessed several structural and functional characteristics of the nigrostriatal system of mice lacking members of the synuclein family in every possible combination and demonstrated that stabilization of the striatal dopamine level depends on the presence of α-synuclein and cannot be compensated by other family members, whereas β-synuclein is required for efficient maintenance of animal's balance and coordination in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen M Peters
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds RAS, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds RAS, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
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87
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Lan AP, Chen J, Chai ZF, Hu Y. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and cobalt in Parkinson's disease through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Biometals 2016; 29:665-78. [PMID: 27349232 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons. Despite extensive research in the past decades, the etiology of PD remains elusive. Nevertheless, multiple lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress is one of the common causes in the pathogenesis of PD. It has also been suggested that heavy metal-associated oxidative stress may be implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Here we review the roles of redox metals, including iron, copper and cobalt, in PD. Iron is a highly reactive element and deregulation of iron homeostasis is accompanied by concomitant oxidation processes in PD. Copper is a key metal in cell division process, and it has been shown to have an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Cobalt induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - J Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Z F Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Y Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
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88
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Abstract
As a key regulator of cell metabolism and survival, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) emerges as a novel therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease (PD). A growing body of research indicates that restoring perturbed mTOR signaling in PD models can prevent neuronal cell death. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms underlying mTOR-mediated effects in PD have not been fully understood yet. Here, we review recent progress in characterizing the association of mTOR signaling with PD risk factors and further discuss the potential roles of mTOR in PD.
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89
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Wang C, Niu M, Zhou Z, Zheng X, Zhang L, Tian Y, Yu X, Bu G, Xu H, Ma Q, Zhang YW. VPS35 regulates cell surface recycling and signaling of dopamine receptor D1. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:22-31. [PMID: 27460146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) is a retromer complex component regulating membrane protein trafficking and retrieval. Mutations or dysfunction of VPS35 have been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), which is pathologically characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in brain substantia nigra region. Dopamine plays a key role in regulating various brain physiological functions by binding to its receptors and triggering their endocytosis and signaling pathways. However, it is unclear whether there is a link between VPS35 and dopamine signaling in PD. Herein, we found that VPS35 interacted with dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1). Notably, overexpression and downregulation of VPS35 increased and decreased steady-state cell surface levels of DRD1 and phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) that are important dopamine signaling effectors, respectively. In addition, overexpression of VPS35 promoted cell surface recycling of endocytic DRD1. Furthermore, downregulation of VPS35 abolished dopamine-induced CREB/ERK phosphorylation. More importantly, although the PD-associated VPS35 mutant VPS35 (D620N) still interacted with DRD1, its expression did not affect cell surface recycling of DRD1 and phosphorylation of CREB/ERK nor rescue the reduction of CREB/ERK phosphorylation caused by VPS35 downregulation. These results demonstrate that VPS35 regulates DRD1 trafficking and DRD1-mediated dopamine signaling pathway, and that the PD-associated VPS35 (D620N) mutant loses such functions, providing a novel molecular mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mengxi Niu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qilin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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90
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Alpha-synuclein-based models of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:371-8. [PMID: 27158042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence, in the affected brain regions, of protein inclusions called 'Lewy bodies'. Most cases are sporadic, but mutations in several genes, including SNCA, which encodes α-synuclein, are associated with disease development. A myriad of α-synuclein-based models for studying Parkinson's disease have been generated over the last two decades through different methodologies. Collectively, these models offer new opportunities to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relentless progression of protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's. The present, non-exhaustive review focuses on mammalian models and the main strategies that are currently available, including transgenesis, viral vector gene delivery and the recently developed 'prion-like' models.
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91
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Benskey MJ, Perez RG, Manfredsson FP. The contribution of alpha synuclein to neuronal survival and function - Implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:331-59. [PMID: 26852372 PMCID: PMC5021132 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha synuclein (α-syn) is a neuropathological feature that defines a spectrum of disorders collectively termed synucleinopathies, and of these, Parkinson's disease (PD) is arguably the best characterized. Aggregated α-syn is the primary component of Lewy bodies, the defining pathological feature of PD, while mutations or multiplications in the α-syn gene result in familial PD. The high correlation between α-syn burden and PD has led to the hypothesis that α-syn aggregation produces toxicity through a gain-of-function mechanism. However, α-syn has been implicated to function in a diverse range of essential cellular processes such as the regulation of neurotransmission and response to cellular stress. As such, an alternative hypothesis with equal explanatory power is that the aggregation of α-syn results in toxicity because of a toxic loss of necessary α-syn function, following sequestration of functional forms α-syn into insoluble protein aggregates. Within this review, we will provide an overview of the literature linking α-syn to PD and the knowledge gained from current α-syn-based animal models of PD. We will then interpret these data from the viewpoint of the α-syn loss-of-function hypothesis and provide a potential mechanistic model by which loss of α-syn function could result in at least some of the neurodegeneration observed in PD. By providing an alternative perspective on the etiopathogenesis of PD and synucleinopathies, this may reveal alternative avenues of research in order to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for disease modifying strategies. The correlation between α-synuclein burden and Parkinson's disease pathology has led to the hypothesis that α-synuclein aggregation produces toxicity through a gain-of-function mechanism. However, in this review, we discuss data supporting the alternative hypothesis that the aggregation of α-synuclein results in toxicity because of loss of necessary α-synuclein function at the presynaptic terminal, following sequestration of functional forms of α-synuclein into aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University of the Health Sciences El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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92
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Dong J, Li S, Mo JL, Cai HB, Le WD. Nurr1-Based Therapies for Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:351-9. [PMID: 27012974 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have documented that orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 (also known as NR4A2) plays important roles in the midbrain dopamine (DA) neuron development, differentiation, and survival. Furthermore, it has been reported that the defects in Nurr1 are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, Nurr1 might be a potential therapeutic target for PD. Emerging evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies has recently demonstrated that Nurr1-activating compounds and Nurr1 gene therapy are able not only to enhance DA neurotransmission but also to protect DA neurons from cell injury induced by environmental toxin or microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Moreover, modulators that interact with Nurr1 or regulate its function, such as retinoid X receptor, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway, have the potential to enhance the effects of Nurr1-based therapies in PD. This review highlights the recent progress in preclinical studies of Nurr1-based therapies and discusses the outlook of this emerging therapy as a promising new generation of PD medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Lin Mo
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huai-Bin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Le
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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93
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Efficient and biologically relevant consensus strategy for Parkinson's disease gene prioritization. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:12. [PMID: 26961748 PMCID: PMC4784386 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic information enclosed in microarray data encodes relevant clues to overcome the poorly understood combination of genetic and environmental factors in Parkinson's disease (PD), which represents the major obstacle to understand its pathogenesis and to develop disease-modifying therapeutics. While several gene prioritization approaches have been proposed, none dominate over the rest. Instead, hybrid approaches seem to outperform individual approaches. METHODS A consensus strategy is proposed for PD related gene prioritization from mRNA microarray data based on the combination of three independent prioritization approaches: Limma, machine learning, and weighted gene co-expression networks. RESULTS The consensus strategy outperformed the individual approaches in terms of statistical significance, overall enrichment and early recognition ability. In addition to a significant biological relevance, the set of 50 genes prioritized exhibited an excellent early recognition ability (6 of the top 10 genes are directly associated with PD). 40 % of the prioritized genes were previously associated with PD including well-known PD related genes such as SLC18A2, TH or DRD2. Eight genes (CCNH, DLK1, PCDH8, SLIT1, DLD, PBX1, INSM1, and BMI1) were found to be significantly associated to biological process affected in PD, representing potentially novel PD biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Additionally, several metrics of standard use in chemoinformatics are proposed to evaluate the early recognition ability of gene prioritization tools. CONCLUSIONS The proposed consensus strategy represents an efficient and biologically relevant approach for gene prioritization tasks providing a valuable decision-making tool for the study of PD pathogenesis and the development of disease-modifying PD therapeutics.
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94
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Benba A, Jilbab A, Hammouch A. Discriminating Between Patients With Parkinson's and Neurological Diseases Using Cepstral Analysis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2016; 24:1100-1108. [PMID: 26929057 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2533582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we wanted to discriminate between two groups of patients (patients who suffer from Parkinson's disease and patients who suffer from other neurological disorders). We collected a variety of voice samples from 50 subjects using different recording devices in different conditions. Subsequently, we analyzed and extracted features from these samples using three different Cepstral techniques; Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), perceptual linear prediction (PLP), and ReAlitive SpecTrAl PLP (RASTA-PLP). For classification we used leave one subject out validation scheme along with five different supervised learning classifiers. The best obtained result was 90% using the first 11 coefficients of the PLP and linear SVM kernels.
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95
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Collier TJ, Redmond DE, Steece-Collier K, Lipton JW, Manfredsson FP. Is Alpha-Synuclein Loss-of-Function a Contributor to Parkinsonian Pathology? Evidence from Non-human Primates. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:12. [PMID: 26858591 PMCID: PMC4731516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies and neurites of midbrain dopamine neurons is diagnostic for Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to the proposal that PD is a toxic gain-of-function synucleinopathy. Here we discuss the alternative viewpoint that α-syn displacement from synapses by misfolding and aggregation results in a toxic loss-of-function. In support of this hypothesis we provide evidence from our pilot study demonstrating that knockdown of endogenous α-syn in dopamine neurons of non-human primates reproduces the pattern of nigrostriatal degeneration characteristic of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand Rapids, MI, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary'sGrand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - D Eugene Redmond
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurosurgery, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Axion Research FoundationHamden, CT, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand Rapids, MI, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary'sGrand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jack W Lipton
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand Rapids, MI, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary'sGrand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State UniversityGrand Rapids, MI, USA; Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary'sGrand Rapids, MI, USA
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96
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Nurr1 and Retinoid X Receptor Ligands Stimulate Ret Signaling in Dopamine Neurons and Can Alleviate α-Synuclein Disrupted Gene Expression. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14370-85. [PMID: 26490873 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1155-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-synuclein, a protein enriched in Lewy bodies and highly implicated in neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease, is distributed both at nerve terminals and in the cell nucleus. Here we show that a nuclear derivative of α-synuclein induces more pronounced changes at the gene expression level in mouse primary dopamine (DA) neurons compared to a derivative that is excluded from the nucleus. Moreover, by RNA sequencing we analyzed the extent of genome-wide effects on gene expression resulting from expression of human α-synuclein in primary mouse DA neurons. The results implicated the transcription factor Nurr1 as a key dysregulated target of α-synuclein toxicity. Forced Nurr1 expression restored the expression of hundreds of dysregulated genes in primary DA neurons expressing α-synuclein, and therefore prompted us to test the possibility that Nurr1 can be pharmacologically targeted by bexarotene, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor that forms heterodimers with Nurr1. Although our data demonstrated that bexarotene was ineffective in neuroprotection in rats in vivo, the results revealed that bexarotene has the capacity to coregulate subsets of Nurr1 target genes including the receptor tyrosine kinase subunit Ret. Moreover, bexarotene was able to restore dysfunctional Ret-dependent neurotrophic signaling in α-synuclein-overexpressing mouse DA neurons. These data highlight the role of the Nurr1-Ret signaling pathway as a target of α-synuclein toxicity and suggest that retinoid X receptor ligands with appropriate pharmacological properties could have therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How α-synuclein, a protein enriched in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease, is causing neuropathology in dopamine neurons remains unclear. This study elucidated how α-synuclein is influencing gene expression and how Nurr1, a transcription factor known to protect dopamine neurons against α-synuclein toxicity, can counteract these effects. Moreover, given the protective role of Nurr1, this study also investigated how Nurr1 could be pharmacologically targeted via bexarotene, a ligand of Nurr1's heterodimerization partner retinoid X receptor (RXR). The results showed that RXR ligands could increase neurotrophic signaling, but provided a mixed picture of its potential in a Parkinson's disease rat model in vivo. However, this study clearly emphasized Nurr1's neuroprotective role and indicated that other RXR ligands could have therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease.
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97
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Oh SM, Chang MY, Song JJ, Rhee YH, Joe EH, Lee HS, Yi SH, Lee SH. Combined Nurr1 and Foxa2 roles in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:510-25. [PMID: 25759364 PMCID: PMC4492814 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the physiological mechanisms promoting midbrain DA (mDA) neuron survival seems an appropriate option for developing treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). mDA neurons are specifically marked by expression of the transcription factors Nurr1 and Foxa2. We show herein that Nurr1 and Foxa2 interact to protect mDA neurons against various toxic insults, but their expression is lost during aging and degenerative processes. In addition to their proposed cell-autonomous actions in mDA neurons, forced expression of these factors in neighboring glia synergistically protects degenerating mDA neurons in a paracrine mode. As a consequence of these bimodal actions, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 in a PD mouse model markedly protected mDA neurons and motor behaviors associated with nigrostriatal DA neurotransmission. The effects of the combined gene delivery were dramatic, highly reproducible, and sustained for at least 1 year, suggesting that expression of these factors is a promising approach in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Phamacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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98
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Jagmag SA, Tripathi N, Shukla SD, Maiti S, Khurana S. Evaluation of Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:503. [PMID: 26834536 PMCID: PMC4718050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Animal models have contributed a large part to our understanding and therapeutics developed for treatment of PD. There are several more exhaustive reviews of literature that provide the initiated insights into the specific models; however a novel synthesis of the basic advantages and disadvantages of different models is much needed. Here we compare both neurotoxin based and genetic models while suggesting some novel avenues in PD modeling. We also highlight the problems faced and promises of all the mammalian models with the hope of providing a framework for comparison of various systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shail A Jagmag
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Naveen Tripathi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Sunil D Shukla
- Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girl's College Udaipur, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Sukant Khurana
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
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99
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Neuroprotective Transcription Factors in Animal Models of Parkinson Disease. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:6097107. [PMID: 26881122 PMCID: PMC4736191 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6097107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of transcription factors, including En1/2, Foxa1/2, Lmx1a/b, Nurr1, Otx2, and Pitx3, with key roles in midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development, also regulate adult mDA neuron survival and physiology. Mouse models with targeted disruption of some of these genes display several features reminiscent of Parkinson disease (PD), in particular the selective and progressive loss of mDA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The characterization of these animal models has provided valuable insights into various mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. Therefore, the dissection of the mechanisms and survival signalling pathways engaged by these transcription factors to protect mDA neuron from degeneration can suggest novel therapeutic strategies. The work on En1/2-mediated neuroprotection also highlights the potential of protein transduction technology for neuroprotective approaches in PD.
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100
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Sastry N, Zheng W, Liu G, Wang H, Chen X, Cai M, Contractor P, Sgobio C, Sun L, Xie C, Cai H. No apparent transmission of transgenic α-synuclein into nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in multiple mouse models. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:23. [PMID: 26635953 PMCID: PMC4668690 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α–synuclein (α–syn) is the main component of intracytoplasmic inclusions deposited in the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and certain other neurodegenerative disorders. Recent studies have explored the ability of α–syn to propagate between or across neighboring neurons and supposedly “infect” them with a prion–like mechanism. However, much of this research has used stereotaxic injections of heterologous α–syn fibrils to induce the spreading of inclusions in the rodent brains. Whether α–syn is able to transmit from the host cells to their neighboring cells in vivo is unclear. Methods Using immunestaining, we examined the potential propagation of α–syn into nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons in three lines of transgenic mice that overexpress human wild–type α–syn (hα–syn) in different neuron populations. Results After testing for three different routes by which hα–syn propagation might occur, we were unable to find any evidence that hα–syn behaved like a prion and could be transmitted overtime into the DA neurons initially lack of hα–syn expression. Conclusions In transgenic mice hα–syn does not have the ability to propagate at pathologically significant levels between or across neurons. It must be noted that these observations do not disprove the studies that show its prion–like qualities, but rather that propagation is not detectable in transgenic models that do not use any injections of heterologous proteins or viral vectors to induce a spreading state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namratha Sastry
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA ; Present addresses: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Wang Zheng
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
| | - Helen Wang
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA ; Present addresses: Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
| | - Michael Cai
- Unit on Synapse Development Plasticity, Clinical Brain Disorder Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ; Present addresses: Centennial High School, Elicott City, MD 21042 USA
| | - Parth Contractor
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA ; Present addresses: George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 USA
| | - Carmelo Sgobio
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 1A112, MSC 3707, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707 USA
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