51
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Li H, Liu CC, Zheng H, Huang TY. Amyloid, tau, pathogen infection and antimicrobial protection in Alzheimer's disease -conformist, nonconformist, and realistic prospects for AD pathogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:34. [PMID: 30603085 PMCID: PMC6306008 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been developed over the years to guide efforts in search of therapeutic strategies. MAIN BODY In this review, we focus on four AD hypotheses currently relevant to AD onset: the prevailing amyloid cascade hypothesis, the well-recognized tau hypothesis, the increasingly popular pathogen (viral infection) hypothesis, and the infection-related antimicrobial protection hypothesis. In briefly reviewing the main evidence supporting each hypothesis and discussing the questions that need to be addressed, we hope to gain a better understanding of the complicated multi-layered interactions in potential causal and/or risk factors in AD pathogenesis. As a defining feature of AD, the existence of amyloid deposits is likely fundamental to AD onset but is insufficient to wholly reproduce many complexities of the disorder. A similar belief is currently also applied to hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates within neurons, where tau has been postulated to drive neurodegeneration in the presence of pre-existing Aβ plaques in the brain. Although infection of the central nerve system by pathogens such as viruses may increase AD risk, it is yet to be determined whether this phenomenon is applicable to all cases of sporadic AD and whether it is a primary trigger for AD onset. Lastly, the antimicrobial protection hypothesis provides insight into a potential physiological role for Aβ peptides, but how Aβ/microbial interactions affect AD pathogenesis during aging awaits further validation. Nevertheless, this hypothesis cautions potential adverse effects in Aβ-targeting therapies by hindering potential roles for Aβ in anti-viral protection. CONCLUSION AD is a multi-factor complex disorder, which likely requires a combinatorial therapeutic approach to successfully slow or reduce symptomatic memory decline. A better understanding of how various causal and/or risk factors affecting disease onset and progression will enhance the likelihood of conceiving effective treatment paradigms, which may involve personalized treatment strategies for individual patients at varying stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Timothy Y. Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA USA
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52
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Wang ZH, Liu P, Liu X, Yu SP, Wang JZ, Ye K. Delta-secretase (AEP) mediates tau-splicing imbalance and accelerates cognitive decline in tauopathies. J Exp Med 2018; 215:3038-3056. [PMID: 30373880 PMCID: PMC6279401 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wang et al. demonstrate that AEP cleaves SRPK2 in tauopathies and plays a functional role in mediating tau-splicing imbalance and accelerating cognitive decline in mouse models of tauopathy. SRPK2 is abnormally activated in tauopathies including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). SRPK2 is known to play an important role in pre–mRNA splicing by phosphorylating SR-splicing factors. Dysregulation of tau exon 10 pre–mRNA splicing causes pathological imbalances in 3R- and 4R-tau, leading to neurodegeneration; however, the role of SRPK2 in these processes remains unclear. Here we show that delta-secretase (also known as asparagine endopeptidase; AEP), which is activated in AD, cleaves SRPK2 and increases its nuclear translocation as well as kinase activity, augmenting exon 10 inclusion. Conversely, AEP-uncleavable SRPK2 N342A mutant increases exon 10 exclusion. Lentiviral expression of truncated SRPK2 increases 4R-tau isoforms and accelerates cognitive decline in htau mice. Uncleavable SRPK2 N342A expression improves synaptic functions and prevents spatial memory deficits in tau intronic mutant FTDP-17 transgenic mice. Hence, AEP mediates tau-splicing imbalance in tauopathies via cleaving SRPK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pai Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China .,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA .,Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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53
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Götz J, Halliday G, Nisbet RM. Molecular Pathogenesis of the Tauopathies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:239-261. [PMID: 30355155 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tauopathies constitute a group of diseases that have Tau inclusions in neurons or glia as their common denominator. In this review, we describe the biochemical and histological differences in Tau pathology that are characteristic of the spectrum of frontotemporal lobar degeneration as primary tauopathies and of Alzheimer's disease as a secondary tauopathy, as well as the commonalities and differences between the familial and sporadic forms. Furthermore, we discuss selected advances in transgenic animal models in delineating the different pathomechanisms of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;
| | - Glenda Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Nisbet
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia;
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54
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Spencer B, Brüschweiler S, Sealey-Cardona M, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Florio J, Mante M, Trinh I, Rissman RA, Konrat R, Masliah E. Selective targeting of 3 repeat Tau with brain penetrating single chain antibodies for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:69-87. [PMID: 29934874 PMCID: PMC6112111 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly affecting more than 5 million people in the U.S. AD is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau in the brain, and is manifested by severe impairments in memory and cognition. Therefore, removing tau pathology has become one of the main therapeutic goals for the treatment of AD. Tau (tubulin-associated unit) is a major neuronal cytoskeletal protein found in the CNS encoded by the gene MAPT. Alternative splicing generates two major isoforms of tau containing either 3 or 4 repeat (R) segments. These 3R or 4RTau species are differentially expressed in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have been focused on reducing Tau accumulation with antibodies against total Tau, 4RTau or phosphorylated isoforms. Here, we developed a brain penetrating, single chain antibody that specifically recognizes a pathogenic 3RTau. This single chain antibody was modified by the addition of a fragment of the apoB protein to facilitate trafficking into the brain, once in the CNS these antibody fragments reduced the accumulation of 3RTau and related deficits in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. NMR studies showed that the single chain antibody recognized an epitope at aa 40-62 of 3RTau. This single chain antibody reduced 3RTau transmission and facilitated the clearance of Tau via the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Together, these results suggest that targeting 3RTau with highly specific, brain penetrating, single chain antibodies might be of potential value for the treatment of tauopathies such as Pick's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sven Brüschweiler
- Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Sealey-Cardona
- Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Trinh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, USA
| | - Robert Konrat
- Department of Computational and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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55
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Kiseleva OI, Lisitsa AV, Poverennaya EV. Proteoforms: Methods of Analysis and Clinical Prospects. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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56
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Live-Cell Imaging Reveals Tau Isoforms Imbalance Disrupts Traffic of APP Vesicles in Human Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 37:1968-1970. [PMID: 28228519 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3688-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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57
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Pozo Devoto VM, Falzone TL. Mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease: a role for α-synuclein? Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1075-1087. [PMID: 28883016 PMCID: PMC5611962 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinctive pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and the intracellular accumulation of Lewy bodies enriched in α-synuclein protein. Several lines of evidence from the study of sporadic, familial and pharmacologically induced forms of human Parkinson's disease also suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in disease progression. Although many functions have been proposed for α-synuclein, emerging data from human and animal models of Parkinson's disease highlight a role for α-synuclein in the control of neuronal mitochondrial dynamics. Here, we review the α-synuclein structural, biophysical and biochemical properties that influence relevant mitochondrial dynamic processes such as fusion-fission, transport and clearance. Drawing on current evidence, we propose that α-synuclein contributes to the mitochondrial defects that are associated with the pathology of this common and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Summary: The authors review the α-synuclein structural, biophysical and biochemical properties that influence relevant mitochondrial physiological processes such as fusion-fission, transport and clearance, and propose that α-synuclein contributes to the mitochondrial defects that are associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio M Pozo Devoto
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina .,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME-CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP1428, Argentina
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58
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Hefti MM, Farrell K, Kim S, Bowles KR, Fowkes ME, Raj T, Crary JF. High-resolution temporal and regional mapping of MAPT expression and splicing in human brain development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195771. [PMID: 29634760 PMCID: PMC5892924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule associated protein tau plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies suggest that tau also plays a role in disorders of neuronal connectivity, including epilepsy and post-traumatic stress disorder. Animal studies have shown that the MAPT gene, which codes for the tau protein, undergoes complex pre-mRNA alternative splicing to produce multiple isoforms during brain development. Human data, particularly on temporal and regional variation in tau splicing during development are however lacking. In this study, we present the first detailed examination of the temporal and regional sequence of MAPT alternative splicing in the developing human brain. We used a novel computational analysis of large transcriptomic datasets (total n = 502 patients), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting to examine tau expression and splicing in post-mortem human fetal, pediatric and adult brains. We found that MAPT exons 2 and 10 undergo abrupt shifts in expression during the perinatal period that are unique in the canonical human microtubule-associated protein family, while exon 3 showed small but significant temporal variation. Tau isoform expression may be a marker of neuronal maturation, temporally correlated with the onset of axonal growth. Immature brain regions such as the ganglionic eminence and rhombic lip had very low tau expression, but within more mature regions, there was little variation in tau expression or splicing. We thus demonstrate an abrupt, evolutionarily conserved shift in tau isoform expression during the human perinatal period that may be due to tau expression in maturing neurons. Alternative splicing of the MAPT pre-mRNA may play a vital role in normal brain development across multiple species and provides a basis for future investigations into the developmental and pathological functions of the tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Hefti
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JFC); (MMH)
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - SoongHo Kim
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kathryn R. Bowles
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Fowkes
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John F. Crary
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JFC); (MMH)
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59
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Modulation of Tau Isoforms Imbalance Precludes Tau Pathology and Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. Cell Rep 2018; 23:709-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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60
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Wray S. Modeling tau pathology in human stem cell derived neurons. Brain Pathol 2018; 27:525-529. [PMID: 28585382 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau pathology is a defining characteristic of multiple neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) with tau pathology. There is strong evidence from genetics and experimental models to support a central role for tau dysfunction in neuronal death, suggesting tau is a promising therapeutic target for AD and FTD. However, the development of tau pathology can precede symptom onset by several years, so understanding the earliest molecular events in tauopathy is a priority area of research. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from patients with genetic causes of tauopathy provide an opportunity to derive limitless numbers of human neurons with physiologically appropriate expression levels of mutated genes for in vitro studies into disease mechanisms. This review discusses the progress made to date using this approach and highlights some of the challenges and unanswered questions this technology has the potential to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
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61
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Phos-tau peptide immunization of amyloid-tg-mice reduced non-mutant phos-tau pathology, improved cognition and reduced amyloid plaques. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:48-58. [PMID: 29432723 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tau-immumotherapy has shown promising results in tangle/tauopathy-tg animal models. Here we immunized amyloid-mice (APPSwe/PSEN1dE9-tg, presenting amyloid-plaques, not neurofibrillary-tangles) with phos-tau peptides, previously shown by us to have high efficacy in mutant-tau tauopathy-mice. These amyloid-mice allowed us to test the effect of the vaccine in a model of familial AD patients with mutant amyloid plaque pathology, where tau pathology - once develops - is of non-mutant tau. Fourteen-month-old amyloid-mice were immunized with phos-tau peptides or vehicle. Eight weeks later, amelioration of cognitive impairment was noticed. Histological analysis revealed that the phos (non-mutant)-tau pathology (detected by us in these aged amyloid-mice while not in non-tg-mice), was lower in the phos-tau immunized amyloid-mice than in the non-immunized mice. Interestingly, we detected a decrease in amyloid plaque pathology, probably associated with the increased microglial burden, which surrounded both tau and amyloid pathology. These results point to the added value of immunizing AD-mice with the phos-tau-vaccine, targeting both tau and amyloid pathology, which may have clinical relevance. It also points to the multifaceted interplay between tau/amyloid pathologies.
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62
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Abstract
Neurons rely on complex axonal transport mechanisms that mediate the intracellular dynamics of proteins, vesicles, and mitochondria along their high polarized structure. The fast improvement of live imaging techniques of fluorescent cargos allowed the identification of the diverse motion properties of different transported molecules. These properties arise as the result of molecular interactions between many players involved in axonal transport. Motor proteins, microtubule tracks, cargo association, and even axonal viscosity contribute to the proper axonal dynamics of different cargos. The unique properties in each cargo determine their distribution and location that is relevant to ensure neuronal cell activity and survival. This chapter provides a computational-based method for the generation of cargo trajectories and the identification of different motion regimes while cargo moves along axons. Then, the procedure to extract relevant parameters from active, diffusive, and confined motion is provided. These properties will allow a better comprehension of the nature and characteristics of cargo motion in living cells, therefore contributing to understanding the consequences of transport defects that arise during diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Alloatti
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bruno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física (IFIBA) CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas L Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) CONICET-UBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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63
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Polanco JC, Li C, Bodea LG, Martinez-Marmol R, Meunier FA, Götz J. Amyloid-β and tau complexity — towards improved biomarkers and targeted therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 14:22-39. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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64
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Optimization of in vitro conditions to study the arachidonic acid induction of 4R isoforms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 141:65-88. [PMID: 28882312 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein tau exists in six different isoforms that accumulate as filamentous aggregates in a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases classified as tauopathies. One potential source of heterogeneity between these diseases could arise from differential tau isoform aggregation. in vitro assays employing arachidonic acid as an inducer of aggregation have been pivotal in gaining an understanding of the longest four repeat tau isoform (2N4R). These approaches have been less successful for modeling the shorter 1N4R and 0N4R tau isoforms in vitro. Through a careful analysis of in vitro conditions for aggregation, we found that the differences in the acidity of tau isoform N-terminal projection domains determine whether tau filaments cluster into larger assemblies in solution. Beyond the potential biological implications of filament clustering, we provide optimized conditions for the arachidonic acid induction of shorter 4R tau isoforms aggregation in vitro that greatly reduce filament clustering and improved modeling results.
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65
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Pozo Devoto VM, Dimopoulos N, Alloatti M, Pardi MB, Saez TM, Otero MG, Cromberg LE, Marín-Burgin A, Scassa ME, Stokin GB, Schinder AF, Sevlever G, Falzone TL. αSynuclein control of mitochondrial homeostasis in human-derived neurons is disrupted by mutations associated with Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5042. [PMID: 28698628 PMCID: PMC5506004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) converges on a common pathogenic pathway of mitochondrial defects in which α-Synuclein (αSyn) is thought to play a role. However, the mechanisms by which αSyn and its disease-associated allelic variants cause mitochondrial dysfunction remain unknown. Here, we analyzed mitochondrial axonal transport and morphology in human-derived neurons overexpressing wild-type (WT) αSyn or the mutated variants A30P or A53T, which are known to have differential lipid affinities. A53T αSyn was enriched in mitochondrial fractions, inducing significant mitochondrial transport defects and fragmentation, while milder defects were elicited by WT and A30P. We found that αSyn-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation was linked to expression levels in WT and A53T variants. Targeted delivery of WT and A53T αSyn to the outer mitochondrial membrane further increased fragmentation, whereas A30P did not. Genomic editing to disrupt the N-terminal domain of αSyn, which is important for membrane association, resulted in mitochondrial elongation without changes in fusion-fission protein levels, suggesting that αSyn plays a direct physiological role in mitochondrial size maintenance. Thus, we demonstrate that the association of αSyn with the mitochondria, which is modulated by protein mutation and dosage, influences mitochondrial transport and morphology, highlighting its relevance in a common pathway impaired in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio Martin Pozo Devoto
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Dimopoulos
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Matías Alloatti
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - María Belén Pardi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) -CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Trinidad M Saez
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET). Vuelta de obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP, 1428, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Otero
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Lucas Eneas Cromberg
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina
| | - Antonia Marín-Burgin
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) -CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Elida Scassa
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Gorazd B Stokin
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, CZ-65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro F Schinder
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Neuronal, Fundación Instituto Leloir (IIBBA - CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Sevlever
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Montañeses 2325, Buenos Aires, C1428AQK, Argentina
| | - Tomás Luis Falzone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires, CP1121, Argentina. .,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME (CONICET). Vuelta de obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, CP, 1428, Argentina.
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66
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Marciniak E, Leboucher A, Caron E, Ahmed T, Tailleux A, Dumont J, Issad T, Gerhardt E, Pagesy P, Vileno M, Bournonville C, Hamdane M, Bantubungi K, Lancel S, Demeyer D, Eddarkaoui S, Vallez E, Vieau D, Humez S, Faivre E, Grenier-Boley B, Outeiro TF, Staels B, Amouyel P, Balschun D, Buee L, Blum D. Tau deletion promotes brain insulin resistance. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2257-2269. [PMID: 28652303 PMCID: PMC5551570 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying tau pathology-induced synaptic/cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration are poorly understood. One prevalent hypothesis is that hyperphosphorylation, misfolding, and fibrillization of tau impair synaptic plasticity and cause degeneration. However, tau pathology may also result in the loss of specific physiological tau functions, which are largely unknown but could contribute to neuronal dysfunction. In the present study, we uncovered a novel function of tau in its ability to regulate brain insulin signaling. We found that tau deletion leads to an impaired hippocampal response to insulin, caused by altered IRS-1 and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10) activities. Our data also demonstrate that tau knockout mice exhibit an impaired hypothalamic anorexigenic effect of insulin that is associated with energy metabolism alterations. Consistently, we found that tau haplotypes are associated with glycemic traits in humans. The present data have far-reaching clinical implications and raise the hypothesis that pathophysiological tau loss-of-function favors brain insulin resistance, which is instrumental for cognitive and metabolic impairments in Alzheimer's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Marciniak
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Antoine Leboucher
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Emilie Caron
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France
| | - Tariq Ahmed
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011EGID, Lille, France
| | - Julie Dumont
- LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France.,Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Tarik Issad
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Pagesy
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Margaux Vileno
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Clément Bournonville
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Malika Hamdane
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Kadiombo Bantubungi
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011EGID, Lille, France
| | - Steve Lancel
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011EGID, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Demeyer
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Sabiha Eddarkaoui
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vallez
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011EGID, Lille, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Humez
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Emilie Faivre
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France.,Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011EGID, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France.,Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 RID-AGE Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Buee
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France.,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- Université de Lille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 JPArc, Lille, France .,LabEx DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to ALZheimer's disease), Lille, France
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Arber C, Lovejoy C, Wray S. Stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease: progress and challenges. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:42. [PMID: 28610595 PMCID: PMC5470327 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models which capture the precise patient genome, in the cell type of interest, with physiological expression levels of the gene(s) of interest. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, together with advances in 2D and 3D neuronal differentiation, offers a unique opportunity to overcome this challenge and generate a limitless supply of human neurons for in vitro studies. iPSC-neuron models have been widely employed to model AD and we discuss in this review the progress that has been made to date using patient-derived neurons to recapitulate key aspects of AD pathology and how these models have contributed to a deeper understanding of AD molecular mechanisms, as well as addressing the key challenges posed by using this technology and what progress is being made to overcome these. Finally, we highlight future directions for the use of iPSC-neurons in AD research and highlight the potential value of this technology to neurodegenerative research in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arber
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Christopher Lovejoy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.
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68
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Alternative splicing as a regulator of development and tissue identity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:437-451. [PMID: 28488700 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of eukaryotic transcripts is a mechanism that enables cells to generate vast protein diversity from a limited number of genes. The mechanisms and outcomes of alternative splicing of individual transcripts are relatively well understood, and recent efforts have been directed towards studying splicing networks. It has become apparent that coordinated splicing networks regulate tissue and organ development, and that alternative splicing has important physiological functions in different developmental processes in humans.
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