51
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Bronisz A, Rooj AK, Krawczyński K, Peruzzi P, Salińska E, Nakano I, Purow B, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J. The nuclear DICER-circular RNA complex drives the deregulation of the glioblastoma cell microRNAome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/51/eabc0221. [PMID: 33328224 PMCID: PMC7744081 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The assortment of cellular microRNAs ("microRNAome") is a vital readout of cellular homeostasis, but the mechanisms that regulate the microRNAome are poorly understood. The microRNAome of glioblastoma is substantially down-regulated in comparison to the normal brain. Here, we find malfunction of the posttranscriptional maturation of the glioblastoma microRNAome and link it to aberrant nuclear localization of DICER, the major enzymatic complex responsible for microRNA maturation. Analysis of DICER's nuclear interactome reveals the presence of an RNA binding protein, RBM3, and of a circular RNA, circ2082, within the complex. Targeting of this complex by knockdown of circ2082 results in the restoration of cytosolic localization of DICER and widespread derepression of the microRNAome, leading to transcriptome-wide rearrangements that mitigate the tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo with correlation to favorable outcomes in patients with glioblastoma. These findings uncover the mechanistic foundation of microRNAome deregulation in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bronisz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A K Rooj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Krawczyński
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Salińska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - I Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - B Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - E A Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Godlewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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52
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Thomas L, Florio T, Perez-Castro C. Extracellular Vesicles Loaded miRNAs as Potential Modulators Shared Between Glioblastoma, and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:590034. [PMID: 33328891 PMCID: PMC7671965 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.590034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest brain tumor. Its poor prognosis is due to cell heterogeneity, invasiveness, and high vascularization that impede an efficient therapeutic approach. In the past few years, several molecular links connecting GBM to neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) were identified at preclinical and clinical level. In particular, giving the increasing critical role that epigenetic alterations play in both GBM and NDDs, we deeply analyzed the role of miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs acting epigenetic modulators in several key biological processes. Specific miRNAs, transported by extracellular vesicles (EVs), act as intercellular communication signals in both diseases. In this way, miRNA-loaded EVs modulate GBM tumorigenesis, as they spread oncogenic signaling within brain parenchyma, and control the aggregation of neurotoxic protein (Tau, Aβ-amyloid peptide, and α-synuclein) in NDDs. In this review, we highlight the most promising miRNAs linking GBM and NDDs playing a significant pathogenic role in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tullio Florio
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Carolina Perez-Castro
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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53
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Balaji E V, Kumar N, Satarker S, Nampoothiri M. Zinc as a plausible epigenetic modulator of glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173549. [PMID: 32926916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor (WHO grade 4 astrocytoma) with unknown causes and is associated with a reduced life expectancy. The available treatment options namely radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy have failed to improve life expectancy. Out of the various therapeutic approaches, epigenetic therapy is one of the most studied. Epigenetic therapy is involved in the effective treatment of GBM by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase, histone deacetylation and non-coding RNA. It also promotes the expression of the tumor suppressor gene and is involved in the suppression of the oncogene. Various targets are being studied to implement proper epigenetic regulation to control GBM effectively. Zinc is one of the micronutrients which is considered to maintain epigenetic regulation by promoting the proper DNA folding, protecting genetic material from the oxidative damage and controlling the enzyme activation involved in the epigenetic regulation. Here, we are discussing the importance of zinc in regulating the epigenetic modifications and assessing its role in glioblastoma research. The discussion also highlights the importance of artificial intelligence using epigenetics for envisaging the glioma progression, diagnosis and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Balaji E
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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54
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Scala M, Mojarrad M, Riazuddin S, Brigatti KW, Ammous Z, Cohen JS, Hosny H, Usmani MA, Shahzad M, Riazuddin S, Stanley V, Eslahi A, Person RE, Elbendary HM, Comi AM, Poskitt L, Salpietro V, Genomics QS, Rosenfeld JA, Williams KB, Marafi D, Xia F, Biderman Waberski M, Zaki MS, Gleeson J, Puffenberger E, Houlden H, Maroofian R. RSRC1 loss-of-function variants cause mild to moderate autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Brain 2020; 143:e31. [PMID: 32227164 PMCID: PMC7174030 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Genetic Center of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - Julie S Cohen
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heba Hosny
- National Institute of Neuromotor System, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad A Usmani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mohsin Shahzad
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Atiye Eslahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hasnaa M Elbendary
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Anne M Comi
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katie B Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta Biderman Waberski
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Joseph Gleeson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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55
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Forterre A, Komuro H, Aminova S, Harada M. A Comprehensive Review of Cancer MicroRNA Therapeutic Delivery Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071852. [PMID: 32660045 PMCID: PMC7408939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of molecular oncology, microRNAs (miRNAs) and their role in regulating physiological processes and cancer pathogenesis have been a revolutionary discovery over the last decade. It is now considered that miRNA dysregulation influences critical molecular pathways involved in tumor progression, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis in a wide range of cancer types. Hence, altering miRNA levels in cancer cells has promising potential as a therapeutic intervention, which is discussed in many other articles in this Special Issue. Some of the most significant hurdles in therapeutic miRNA usage are the stability and the delivery system. In this review, we cover a comprehensive update on the challenges and strategies for the development of therapeutic miRNA delivery systems that includes virus-based delivery, non-viral delivery (artificial lipid-based vesicles, polymer-based or chemical structures), and recently emerged extracellular vesicle (EV)-based delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Forterre
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, 67200 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Hiroaki Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan;
| | - Shakhlo Aminova
- Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48825, USA;
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-884-6940
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56
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Esposito CL, Nuzzo S, Ibba ML, Ricci-Vitiani L, Pallini R, Condorelli G, Catuogno S, de Franciscis V. Combined Targeting of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells by Neutralizing RNA-Bio-Drugs for STAT3. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061434. [PMID: 32486489 PMCID: PMC7352497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An important drawback in the management of glioblastoma (GBM) patients is the frequent relapse upon surgery and therapy. A likely explanation is that conventional therapies poorly affect a small population of stem-like cancer cells (glioblastoma stem cells, GSCs) that remain capable of repopulating the tumour mass. Indeed, the development of therapeutic strategies able to hit GSCs while reducing the tumour burden has become an important challenge to increase a patient’s survival. The signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) has been reported to play a pivotal role in maintaining the tumour initiating capacity of the GSC population. Therefore, in order to impair the renewal and propagation of the PDGFRβ-expressing GSC population, here we took advantage of the aptamer–siRNA chimera (AsiC), named Gint4.T-STAT3, that we previously have shown to efficiently antagonize STAT3 in subcutaneous PDGFRβ-positive GBM xenografts. We demonstrate that the aptamer conjugate is able to effectively and specifically prevent patient-derived GSC function and expansion. Moreover, because of the therapeutic potential of using miR-10b inhibitors and of the broad expression of the Axl receptor in GBM, we used the GL21.T anti-Axl aptamer as the targeting moiety for anti-miR-10b, showing that, in combination with the STAT3 AsiC, the aptamer–miR-10b antagonist treatment further enhances the inhibition of GSC sphere formation. Our results highlight the potential to use a combined approach with targeted RNA therapeutics to inhibit GBM tumour dissemination and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lucia Esposito
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.L.E.); (V.d.F.); Tel.: +39-0813722343 (C.L.E. & V.d.F.)
| | - Silvia Nuzzo
- IRCCS SDN (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, SYNLAB istituto di Diagnostica Nucleare), 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Luigia Ibba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.L.I.); (G.C.)
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.L.I.); (G.C.)
- IRCCS Neuromed (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Neuromed)—Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Silvia Catuogno
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vittorio de Franciscis
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.L.E.); (V.d.F.); Tel.: +39-0813722343 (C.L.E. & V.d.F.)
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57
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Segal M, Slack FJ. Challenges identifying efficacious miRNA therapeutics for cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:987-992. [PMID: 32421364 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1765770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Segal
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth, Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beth, Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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58
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Pottoo FH, Javed MN, Rahman JU, Abu-Izneid T, Khan FA. Targeted delivery of miRNA based therapeuticals in the clinical management of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 69:391-398. [PMID: 32302695 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive (WHO grade IV) form of diffuse glioma endowed with tremendous invasive capacity. The availability of narrow therapeutic choices for GBM management adds to the irony, even the post-treatment median survival time is roughly around 14-16 months. Gene mutations seem to be cardinal to GBM formation, owing to involvement of amplified and mutated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-encoding genes, leading to dysregulation of growth factor signaling pathways. Of-late, the role of different microRNAs (miRNAs) in progression and proliferation of GBM was realized, which lead to their burgeon potential applications for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. miRNA signatures are intricately linked with onset and progression of GBM. Although, progression of GBM causes significant changes in the BBB to form BBTB, but still efficient passage of cancer therapeutics, including antibodies and miRNAs are prevented, leading to low bioavailability. Recent developments in the nanomedicine field provide novel approaches to manage GBM via efficient and brain targeted delivery of miRNAs either alone or as part of cytotoxic pharmaceutical composition, thereby modulating cell signaling in well predicted manner to promise positive therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New-Delhi, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
| | - Jawad Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Firdos Alam Khan
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research and Medical consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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59
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DeOcesano-Pereira C, Machado RAC, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Sogayar MC. Emerging Roles and Potential Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2611. [PMID: 32283739 PMCID: PMC7178171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a diversity of RNA species, which do not have the potential to encode proteins. Non-coding RNAs include two classes of RNAs, namely: short regulatory ncRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The short regulatory RNAs, containing up to 200 nucleotides, include small RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNA), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). The lncRNAs include long antisense RNAs and long intergenic RNAs (lincRNAs). Non-coding RNAs have been implicated as master regulators of several biological processes, their expression being strictly regulated under physiological conditions. In recent years, particularly in the last decade, substantial effort has been made to investigate the function of ncRNAs in several human diseases, including cancer. Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer in adults, with deregulated expression of small and long ncRNAs having been implicated in onset, progression, invasiveness, and recurrence of this tumor. The aim of this review is to guide the reader through important aspects of miRNA and lncRNA biology, focusing on the molecular mechanism associated with the progression of this highly malignant cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brazil Avenue, São Paulo 05503-900 SP, Brazil; (C.D.-P.); (A.M.C.-T.)
| | - Raquel A. C. Machado
- Department of Life Science and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, 1500 Vital Brazil Avenue, São Paulo 05503-900 SP, Brazil; (C.D.-P.); (A.M.C.-T.)
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05360-130 SP, Brazil
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60
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Zhang S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Xiao Q, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Qiu Y, Zhu F. The mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic novel nucleic acids for hepatocellular carcinoma emerging in past score years. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:1860-1883. [PMID: 32249290 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite The Central Dogma states the destiny of gene as 'DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein', the nucleic acids not only store and transmit genetic information but also, surprisingly, join in intracellular vital movement as a regulator of gene expression. Bioinformatics has contributed to knowledge for a series of emerging novel nucleic acids molecules. For typical cases, microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) exert crucial role in regulating vital biological processes, especially in malignant diseases. Due to extraordinarily heterogeneity among all malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged enormous limitation in diagnosis and therapy. Mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic nucleic acids for HCC emerging in past score years have been systematically reviewed. Particularly, we have organized recent advances on nucleic acids of HCC into three facets: (i) summarizing diverse nucleic acids and their modification (miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, circulating tumor DNA and DNA methylation) acting as potential biomarkers in HCC diagnosis; (ii) concluding different patterns of three key noncoding RNAs (miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA) in gene regulation and (iii) outlining the progress of these novel nucleic acids for HCC diagnosis and therapy in clinical trials, and discuss their possibility for clinical applications. All in all, this review takes a detailed look at the advances of novel nucleic acids from potential of biomarkers and elaboration of mechanism to early clinical application in past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital in Zhejiang University, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Life Sciences in Nanchang University, China
| | - Zhengwen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Qitao Xiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yan Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yunqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital in Zhejiang University, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation, The First Affiliated Hospital in Zhejiang University, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Zhejiang University, China
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61
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Fu Y, Wang D, Wang H, Cai M, Li C, Zhang X, Chen H, Hu Y, Zhang X, Ying M, He W, Zhang J. TSPO deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to hypoxia, angiogenesis, and a growth-promoting metabolic shift toward glycolysis in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2020; 22:240-252. [PMID: 31563962 PMCID: PMC7442372 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ligands of mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) have been widely used as diagnostic biomarkers for glioma. However, the true biological actions of TSPO in vivo and its role in glioma tumorigenesis remain elusive. METHODS TSPO knockout xenograft and spontaneous mouse glioma models were employed to assess the roles of TSPO in the pathogenesis of glioma. A Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to evaluate mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in TSPO knockout and wild-type glioma cells. RESULTS TSPO deficiency promoted glioma cell proliferation in vitro in mouse GL261 cells and patient-derived stem cell-like GBM1B cells. TSPO knockout increased glioma growth and angiogenesis in intracranial xenografts and a mouse spontaneous glioma model. Loss of TSPO resulted in a greater number of fragmented mitochondria, increased glucose uptake and lactic acid conversion, decreased oxidative phosphorylation, and increased glycolysis. CONCLUSION TSPO serves as a key regulator of glioma growth and malignancy by controlling the metabolic balance between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis.1. TSPO deficiency promotes glioma growth and angiogenesis.2. TSPO regulates the balance between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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Reese M, Flammang I, Yang Z, Dhayat SA. Potential of Exosomal microRNA-200b as Liquid Biopsy Marker in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010197. [PMID: 31941049 PMCID: PMC7016821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant tumor entity, characterized by rapid disease progression, early metastatic dissemination, and late diagnosis at advanced tumor stages. Recently, we explored the clinical impact of several microRNAs (miR) associated with proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and chemoresistance in tissue and blood serum specimens of PDAC patients. Here, we evaluated the potential of these miRs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in PDAC in serum exosomes and their respective EpCAM-positive (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) subset. Expression analysis by RT-qRT-PCR (real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) revealed an overexpression of miR-200b and miR-200c in serum exosomes of PDAC patients as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001; p = 0.024) and patients with chronic pancreatitis (p = 0.005; p = 0.19). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that a biomarker panel consisting of miR-200b and miR-200c from total and EpCAM-positive serum exosomes enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA.19-9) to 97% (p < 0.0001). Univariate survival analysis revealed a correlation between shorter overall survival (OS) and high expression of miR-200c in total serum exosomes (p = 0.038) and miR-200b in EpCAM-positive serum exosomes (p = 0.032), whereas EpCAM exosomal miR-200b was also indicative of shorter OS in the subgroup of patients treated with curative intent (p = 0.013). Multivariate survival analysis showed that miR-200b derived from EpCAM-positive serum exosomes might serve as an independent prognostic factor in PDAC (p = 0.044). Our findings indicate a potential role of exosomal miR-200 as diagnostic and prognostic liquid biopsy marker in PDAC and call for validation in a larger, multicenter setting.
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63
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Innao V, Allegra A, Pulvirenti N, Allegra AG, Musolino C. Therapeutic potential of antagomiRs in haematological and oncological neoplasms. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2020; 29:e13208. [PMID: 31899849 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of the role of MicroRNAs (or miRNAs) has been emphasised by the large number of studies in human tumour cells, underlining the high impact of post-transcriptional processes in cancer onset, progression, invasion and metastatisation. Currently known as oncomiR, real databases are collecting all the smaller fragments of RNA capable of participating in the oncogenesis. AIMS With the aim to collect for the first time the most important acquisitions in literature about antagomiRs in oncology, our narrative review is born with the purpose of showing that specific antisense oligonucleotides, capable to bind and antagonise single or multiple miRNAs, are effective as therapeutic compounds. RESULTS Peptide or locked nucleic acids, miRNA sponges or antagomiRs attached to plasmid or lentiviral vectors carrying miRNA sequences to its target are objects of our analysis, demonstrating their effectiveness in a large number and types of tumours. We have also tried how to overcome their high immunogenicity, which remains its greatest limit for clinical use. CONCLUSIONS They are ambitious but fascinating promise to alter the promotion of the tumour growth by binding specific molecular targets, with high precision and low toxicity, leaving the scientists the chance of development as anti-cancer drugs and not just.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Innao
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicolina Pulvirenti
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaetano Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana dell'Adulto e dell'Età Evolutiva "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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64
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microRNA: The Impact on Cancer Stemness and Therapeutic Resistance. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010008. [PMID: 31861404 PMCID: PMC7016867 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death worldwide, causing a large social and economic burden. However, most anti-cancer treatments face the problems of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, finding an effective cure for cancer needs to be solved urgently. Recently, the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) provides a new orientation for cancer research and therapy. CSCs share main characteristics with stem cells and are able to generate an entire tumor. Besides, CSCs usually escape from current anti-cancer therapies, which is partly responsible for tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small noncoding RNA and regulate gene post-transcriptional expression. The dysregulation of miRNAs leads to plenty of diseases, including cancer. The aberrant miRNA expression in CSCs enhances stemness maintenance. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNAs on CSCs in the eight most common cancers, hoping to bridge the research of miRNAs and CSCs with clinical applications. We found that miRNAs can act as tumor promoter or suppressor. The dysregulation of miRNAs enhances cell stemness and contributes to tumor metastasis and therapeutic resistance via the formation of feedback loops and constitutive activation of carcinogenic signaling pathways. More importantly, some miRNAs may be potential targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and cancer treatments.
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65
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Splicing Dysregulation as Oncogenic Driver and Passenger Factor in Brain Tumors. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010010. [PMID: 31861467 PMCID: PMC7016899 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms ranging from almost benign to highly aggressive phenotypes. The malignancy of these tumors mostly relies on gene expression reprogramming, which is frequently accompanied by the aberrant regulation of RNA processing mechanisms. In brain tumors, defects in alternative splicing result either from the dysregulation of expression and activity of splicing factors, or from mutations in the genes encoding splicing machinery components. Aberrant splicing regulation can generate dysfunctional proteins that lead to modification of fundamental physiological cellular processes, thus contributing to the development or progression of brain tumors. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on splicing abnormalities in brain tumors and how these alterations contribute to the disease by sustaining proliferative signaling, escaping growth suppressors, or establishing a tumor microenvironment that fosters angiogenesis and intercellular communications. Lastly, we review recent efforts aimed at developing novel splicing-targeted cancer therapies, which employ oligonucleotide-based approaches or chemical modulators of alternative splicing that elicit an impact on brain tumor biology.
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66
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Chen KC, Chen PH, Ho KH, Shih CM, Chou CM, Cheng CH, Lee CC. IGF-1-enhanced miR-513a-5p signaling desensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide by targeting the NEDD4L-inhibited Wnt/β-catenin pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225913. [PMID: 31805126 PMCID: PMC6894868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-line alkylating agent for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Clarifying the mechanisms inducing TMZ insensitivity may be helpful in improving its therapeutic effectiveness against GBM. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling and micro (mi)RNAs are relevant in mediating GBM progression. However, their roles in desensitizing GBM cells to TMZ are still unclear. We aimed to identify IGF-1-mediated miRNA regulatory networks that elicit TMZ insensitivity for GBM. IGF-1 treatment attenuated TMZ cytotoxicity via WNT/β-catenin signaling, but did not influence glioma cell growth. By miRNA array analyses, 93 upregulated and 148 downregulated miRNAs were identified in IGF-1-treated glioma cells. miR-513a-5p from the miR-513a-2 gene locus was upregulated by IGF-1-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Its elevated levels were also observed in gliomas versus normal cells, in array data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the GSE61710, GSE37366, and GSE41032 datasets. In addition, lower levels of neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4-like (NEDD4L), an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that inhibits WNT signaling, were found in gliomas by analyzing cells, arrays, and RNA sequencing data of TCGA glioma patients. Furthermore, a negative correlation was identified between miR-513a-5p and NEDD4L in glioma. NEDD4L was also validated as a direct target gene of miR-513a-5p, and it was reduced by IGF-1 treatment. Overexpression of NEDD4L inhibited glioma cell viability and reversed IGF-1-repressed TMZ cytotoxicity. In contrast, miR-513a-5p significantly affected NEDD4L-inhibited WNT signaling and reduced TMZ cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate a distinct role of IGF-1 signaling through miR-513a-5p-inhibited NEDD4L networks in influencing GBM's drug sensitivity to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ku-Chung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Hsu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hao Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chwen-Ming Shih
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Cheng Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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67
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To KKW, Fong W, Tong CWS, Wu M, Yan W, Cho WCS. Advances in the discovery of microRNA-based anticancer therapeutics: latest tools and developments. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:63-83. [PMID: 31739699 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1690449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that repress the expression of their target genes by reducing mRNA stability and/or inhibiting translation. miRNAs are known to be aberrantly regulated in cancers. Modulators of miRNA (mimics and antagonists) have emerged as novel therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.Areas covered: This review summarizes the various strategies that have been applied to correct the dysregulated miRNA in cancer cells. The authors also discuss the recent advances in the technical development and preclinical/clinical evaluation of miRNA-based therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: Application of miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment is appealing because they are able to modulate multiple dysregulated genes and/or signaling pathways in cancer cells. Major obstacles hindering their clinical development include drug delivery, off-target effects, efficacious dose determination, and safety. Tumor site-specific delivery of novel miRNA therapeutics may help to minimize off-target effects and toxicity. Combination of miRNA therapeutics with other anticancer treatment modalities could provide a synergistic effect, thus allowing the use of lower dose, minimizing off-target effects, and improving the overall safety profile in cancer patients. It is critical to identify individual miRNAs with cancer type-specific and context-specific regulation of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in order to facilitate the precise use of miRNA anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Winnie Fong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christy W S Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingxia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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68
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He QL, Qin SY, Tao L, Ning HJ, Jiang HX. Prognostic value and prospective molecular mechanism of miR-100-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive study based on 1,258 samples. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6126-6142. [PMID: 31788087 PMCID: PMC6865135 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic value and molecular mechanism of microRNA-100-5p (miR-100-5p) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear. To explore the prognostic value and the mechanism of miR-100-5p in HCC, the present study analyzed the results of 18 previous studies and bioinformatic datasets. The clinical significance of miR-100-5p and its targets in HCC were investigated using The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus, as well as relevant literature. In total, 12 online tools were used to predict the target genes of miR-100-5p. Bioinformatics analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were performed, and genomic alterations of the hub genes were evaluated. A meta-analysis with 1,258 samples revealed that miR-100-5p was significantly downregulated in HCC [standard mean difference (SMD), −0.94; 95% confidence interval (CI), −1.14 to −0.74; I2, 35.2%]. Lower miR-100-5p expression was associated with poorer clinical characteristics and a poorer prognosis for patients with HCC. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis revealed that the ‘regulation of transcription’, ‘chromatin remodeling complex’, ‘transcription regulator activity’, ‘pathways in cancer’ and ‘heparan sulfate biosynthesis’ were the most enriched terms. Furthermore, expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC)2, HDAC3, SHC-transforming protein 1 (SHC1), Ras-related protein Rac1 (RAC1) and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL (CBL) was negatively correlated with miR-100-5p expression. Among these, upregulated HDAC2 [hazard ratio (HR), 1.910; 95% CI, 1.309–2.787; P=0.0007], HDAC3 (HR, 1.474; 95% CI, 1.012–2.146; P=0.0435), SHC1 (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.043–2.215; P=0.0281) and RAC1 (HR, 1.817; 95% CI, 1.248–2.645; P=0.0022) were associated with shorter survival. Alterations in HDAC2, SHC1, RAC1 and IGF1R were linked with a poorer outcome for HCC, and alternative splicing of SHC and RAC1 were significantly decreased and increased in HCC, respectively. In summary, the downregulation of miR-100-5p may be involved in the progression and prognosis of HCC. The upregulation of HDAC2, HDAC3, SHC1 and RAC1 may indicate a poorer survival rate for patients with HCC. Thus, miR-100-5p and these 4 potential target genes may provide novel therapeutic targets and prognostic predictors for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jian Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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69
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Olivier M, Asmis R, Hawkins GA, Howard TD, Cox LA. The Need for Multi-Omics Biomarker Signatures in Precision Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194781. [PMID: 31561483 PMCID: PMC6801754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technologies have led to unprecedented efforts characterizing the molecular changes that underlie the development and progression of a wide array of complex human diseases, including cancer. As a result, multi-omics analyses—which take advantage of these technologies in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other omics areas—have been proposed and heralded as the key to advancing precision medicine in the clinic. In the field of precision oncology, genomics approaches, and, more recently, other omics analyses have helped reveal several key mechanisms in cancer development, treatment resistance, and recurrence risk, and several of these findings have been implemented in clinical oncology to help guide treatment decisions. However, truly integrated multi-omics analyses have not been applied widely, preventing further advances in precision medicine. Additional efforts are needed to develop the analytical infrastructure necessary to generate, analyze, and annotate multi-omics data effectively to inform precision medicine-based decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Olivier
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Reto Asmis
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest Baptist Health Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Timothy D Howard
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Laura A Cox
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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70
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MicroRNA Regulation of the Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091369. [PMID: 31540086 PMCID: PMC6770380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The revelation that microRNAs (miRNAs) exist within the human genome uncovered an underappreciated mechanism of gene expression. For cells to regulate expression of their genes, miRNA molecules and argonaute proteins bind to mRNAs and interfere with efficient translation of the RNA transcript. Although miRNAs have important roles in normal tissues, miRNAs may adopt aberrant functions in malignant cells depending on their classification as either a tumor suppressor or oncogenic miRNA. Within this review, the current status of miRNA regulation is described in the context of signaling through the lysophosphatidic acid receptors, including the lysophosphatidic acid-producing enzyme, autotaxin. Thus far, research has revealed miRNAs that increase in response to lysophosphatidic acid stimulation, such as miR-21, miR-30c-2-3p, and miR-122. Other miRNAs inhibit the translation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors, such as miR-15b, miR-23a, and miR200c, or proteins that are downstream of lysophosphatidic acid signaling, such as miR-146 and miR-21. With thousands of miRNAs still uncharacterized, it is anticipated that the complex regulation of lysophosphatidic acid signaling by miRNAs will continue to be elucidated. RNA-based therapeutics have entered the clinic with enormous potential in precision medicine. This exciting field is rapidly emerging and it will be fascinating to witness its expansion in scope.
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71
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Gimple RC, Bhargava S, Dixit D, Rich JN. Glioblastoma stem cells: lessons from the tumor hierarchy in a lethal cancer. Genes Dev 2019; 33:591-609. [PMID: 31160393 PMCID: PMC6546059 DOI: 10.1101/gad.324301.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gimple et al. provide a review of the most recent evidence regarding the existence of GSCs in glioblastoma tumors and progress made in defining their key molecular regulators. Glioblastoma ranks among the most lethal of all human cancers. Glioblastomas display striking cellular heterogeneity, with stem-like glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) at the apex. Although the original identification of GSCs dates back more than a decade, the purification and characterization of GSCs remains challenging. Despite these challenges, the evidence that GSCs play important roles in tumor growth and response to therapy has grown. Like normal stem cells, GSCs are functionally defined and distinguished from their differentiated tumor progeny at core transcriptional, epigenetic, and metabolic regulatory levels, suggesting that no single therapeutic modality will be universally effective against a heterogenous GSC population. Glioblastomas induce a systemic immunosuppression with mixed responses to oncoimmunologic modalities, suggesting the potential for augmentation of response with a deeper consideration of GSCs. Unfortunately, the GSC literature has been complicated by frequent use of inferior cell lines and a lack of proper functional analyses. Collectively, glioblastoma offers a reliable cancer to study cancer stem cells to better model the human disease and inform improved biologic understanding and design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shruti Bhargava
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Deobrat Dixit
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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72
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Diana A, Gaido G, Murtas D. MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174123. [PMID: 31450858 PMCID: PMC6747235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gaido
- Department of Surgery, Cottolengo Mission Hospital Charia, 60200 Meru, Kenya
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
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Huang W, Zhong Z, Luo C, Xiao Y, Li L, Zhang X, Yang L, Xiao K, Ning Y, Chen L, Liu Q, Hu X, Zhang J, Ding X, Xiang S. The miR-26a/AP-2α/Nanog signaling axis mediates stem cell self-renewal and temozolomide resistance in glioma. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5497-5516. [PMID: 31534499 PMCID: PMC6735392 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of transcription factor AP-2α has been functionally associated with various cancers, but its clinical significance and molecular mechanisms in human glioma are largely elusive. Methods: AP-2α expression was analyzed in human glioma tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in glioma cell lines by Western blot. The effects of AP-2α on glioma cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor formation were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethyNCthiazol-2-yl)-25-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and transwell assays in vitro and in nude mouse models in vivo. The influence of AP-2α on glioma cell stemness was analyzed by sphere-formation, self-renewal and limiting dilution assays in vitro and in intracranial mouse models in vivo. The effects of AP-2α on temozolomide (TMZ) resistance were detected by the MTT assay, cell apoptosis, real-time PCR analysis, western blotting and mouse experiments. The correlation between AP-2α expression and the expression of miR-26a, Nanog was determined by luciferase reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and expression analysis. Results: AP-2α expression was downregulated in 58.5% of glioma tissues and in 4 glioma cell lines. AP-2α overexpression not only reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cell lines but also suppressed the sphere-formation and self-renewal abilities of glioma stem cells in vitro. Moreover, AP-2α overexpression inhibited subcutaneous and intracranial xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, AP-2α enhanced the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ. Finally, AP-2α directly bound to the regulatory region of the Nanog gene, reduced Nanog, Sox2 and CD133 expression. Meanwhile, AP-2α indirectly downregulated Nanog expression by inhibiting the interleukin 6/janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL6/JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway, consequently decreasing O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. In addition, miR-26a decreased AP-2α expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of AP-2α and reversed the tumor suppressive role of AP-2α in glioma, which was rescued by a miR-26a inhibitor. TMZ and the miR-26a inhibitor synergistically suppressed intracranial GSC growth. Conclusion: These results suggest that AP-2α reduces the stemness and TMZ resistance of glioma by inhibiting the Nanog/Sox2/CD133 axis and IL6/STAT3 signaling pathways. Therefore, AP-2α and miR-26a inhibition might represent a new target for developing new therapeutic strategies in TMZ resistance and recurrent glioma patients.
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74
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Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) plays a pivotal role in cardiomyocyte survival through a Bnip3-dependent mechanism. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:549. [PMID: 31320615 PMCID: PMC6639386 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of cardiomyocyte death is an important therapeutic strategy for heart failure. In this study, we focused on translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), a highly conserved protein that is expressed ubiquitously in mammalian tissues, including heart. TCTP plays pivotal roles in survival of certain cell types, but its function in cardiomyocytes has not been examined. We aimed to clarify the role of TCTP in cardiomyocyte survival and the underlying mechanism. Here, we demonstrated that downregulation of TCTP with siRNA induced cell death of cardiomyocytes with apoptotic and autophagic features, accompanied with mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. TCTP loss did not induce cell death of cardiac fibroblasts. Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) was found to mediate the TCTP-loss-induced cardiomyocyte death. In exploring the clinical significance of the TCTP expression in the heart, we found that DOX treatment markedly downregulated the protein expression of TCTP in cultured cardiomyocytes and in mouse heart tissue. Exogenous rescue of TCTP expression attenuated DOX-induced cardiomyocyte death. In mice, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of TCTP resulted in decreased susceptibility to DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction, accompanied with attenuated induction of Bnip3. Dihydroartemisinin, a pharmacological TCTP inhibitor, induced development of heart failure and cardiomyocyte death in control mice, but not in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific TCTP overexpression. Our findings revealed TCTP has a pivotal role in cardiomyocyte survival, at least in part through a Bnip3-dependent mechanism. TCTP could be considered as a candidate therapeutic target to prevent DOX-induced heart failure.
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75
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RSRC1 suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by regulating PTEN expression. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1747-1753. [PMID: 31257492 PMCID: PMC6625388 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine/serine-rich coiled coil 1 (RSRC1) is a gene which plays a significant role in the constitutive and alternative splicing of mRNA and transcriptional regulation. It has been implicated in various neurological disorders, as well as in cancer. However, its role in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the role of RSRC1 in GC. RSRC1 expression in GC tissues was determined by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of RSRC1 on cell proliferation and migration were detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay and a Transwell migration assay. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were used to explore the molecular mechanisms of of action of RSRC1 in GC. The results indicated that RSRC1 expression was downregulated in GC tissues compared to paired normal tissues and the reduced expression of RSRC1 was shown to contribute to a poor prognosis of patients with GC. RSRC1 knockdown promoted the proliferation and migration of GC cells. In addition, the knockdown of RSRC1 decreased the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a potent tumor suppressor gene controlling cellular growth and viability. On the whole, the findings of the present study indicate that RSRC1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene in GC and that it may exert its effects by regulating PTEN expression.
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76
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Miroshnichenko S, Patutina O. Enhanced Inhibition of Tumorigenesis Using Combinations of miRNA-Targeted Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:488. [PMID: 31156429 PMCID: PMC6531850 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for effective strategies to inhibit tumorigenesis remains one of the most relevant scientific challenges. Among the most promising approaches is the direct modulation of the function of short non-coding RNAs, particularly miRNAs. These molecules are propitious targets for anticancer therapy, since they perform key regulatory roles in a variety of signaling cascades related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. The development of pathological states is often associated with deregulation of miRNA expression. The present review describes in detail the strategies aimed at modulating miRNA activity that invoke antisense oligonucleotide construction, such as small RNA zippers, miRNases (miRNA-targeted artificial ribonucleases), miRNA sponges, miRNA masks, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides, and synthetic miRNA mimics. The broad impact of developed miRNA-based therapeutics on the various events of tumorigenesis is also discussed. Above all, the focus of this review is to evaluate the results of the combined application of different miRNA-based agents and chemotherapeutic drugs for the inhibition of tumor development. Many studies indicate a considerable increase in the efficacy of anticancer therapy as a result of additive or synergistic effects of simultaneously applied therapies. Different drug combinations, such as a cocktail of antisense oligonucleotides or multipotent miRNA sponges directed at several oncogenic microRNAs belonging to the same/different miRNA families, a mixture of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides and cytostatic drugs, and a combination of synthetic miRNA mimics, have a more complex and profound effect on the various events of tumorigenesis as compared with treatment with a single miRNA-based agent or chemotherapeutic drug. These data provide strong evidence that the simultaneous application of several distinct strategies aimed at suppressing different cellular processes linked to tumorigenesis is a promising approach for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Miroshnichenko
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Patutina
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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77
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Krichevsky AM, Uhlmann EJ. Oligonucleotide Therapeutics as a New Class of Drugs for Malignant Brain Tumors: Targeting mRNAs, Regulatory RNAs, Mutations, Combinations, and Beyond. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:319-347. [PMID: 30644073 PMCID: PMC6554258 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are rapidly progressive and often fatal owing to resistance to therapies and based on their complex biology, heterogeneity, and isolation from systemic circulation. Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor, has high mortality, and affects both children and adults. Despite significant advances in understanding the pathology, multiple clinical trials employing various treatment strategies have failed. With much expanded knowledge of the GBM genome, epigenome, and transcriptome, the field of neuro-oncology is getting closer to achieve breakthrough-targeted molecular therapies. Current developments of oligonucleotide chemistries for CNS applications make this new class of drugs very attractive for targeting molecular pathways dysregulated in brain tumors and are anticipated to vastly expand the spectrum of currently targetable molecules. In this chapter, we will overview the molecular landscape of malignant gliomas and explore the most prominent molecular targets (mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and genomic mutations) that provide opportunities for the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics for this class of neurologic diseases. Because malignant brain tumors focally disrupt the blood-brain barrier, this class of diseases might be also more susceptible to systemic treatments with oligonucleotides than other neurologic disorders and, thus, present an entry point for the oligonucleotide therapeutics to the CNS. Nevertheless, delivery of oligonucleotides remains a crucial part of the treatment strategy. Finally, synthetic gRNAs guiding CRISPR-Cas9 editing technologies have a tremendous potential to further expand the applications of oligonucleotide therapeutics and take them beyond RNA targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Krichevsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Erik J Uhlmann
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
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78
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RNA-mediated therapies in myotonic dystrophy. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:2013-2022. [PMID: 30086404 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic neuromuscular disease caused by a dominantly inherited 'CTG' repeat expansion in the gene encoding DM Protein Kinase (DMPK). The repeats are transcribed into mRNA, which forms hairpins and binds with high affinity to the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family of proteins, sequestering them from their normal function. The loss of function of MBNL proteins causes numerous downstream effects, primarily the appearance of nuclear foci, mis-splicing, and ultimately myotonia and other clinical symptoms. Antisense and other RNA-mediated technologies have been applied to target toxic-repeat mRNA transcripts to restore MBNL protein function in DM1 models, such as cells and mice, and in humans. This technique has had promising results in DM1 therapeutics by alleviating pathogenic phenotypes.
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79
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Osborn MF, Coles AH, Golebiowski D, Echeverria D, Moazami MP, Watts JK, Sena-Esteves M, Khvorova A. Efficient Gene Silencing in Brain Tumors with Hydrophobically Modified siRNAs. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1251-1258. [PMID: 29654062 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal form of primary brain tumor with dismal median and 2-year survivals of 14.5 months and 18%, respectively. The paucity of new therapeutic agents stems from the complex biology of a highly adaptable tumor that uses multiple survival and proliferation mechanisms to circumvent current treatment approaches. Here, we investigated the potency of a new generation of siRNAs to silence gene expression in orthotopic brain tumors generated by transplantation of human glioma stem-like cells in athymic nude mice. We demonstrate that cholesterol-conjugated, nuclease-resistant siRNAs (Chol-hsiRNAs) decrease mRNA and silence luciferase expression by 90% in vitro in GBM neurospheres. Furthermore, Chol-hsiRNAs distribute broadly in brain tumors after a single intratumoral injection, achieving sustained and potent (>45% mRNA and >90% protein) tumor-specific gene silencing. This readily available platform is sequence-independent and can be adapted to target one or more candidate GBM driver genes, providing a straightforward means of modulating GBM biology in vivoMol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1251-8. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire F Osborn
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew H Coles
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Diane Golebiowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Michael P Moazami
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan K Watts
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts. .,Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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80
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Ru Q, Li WL, Xiong Q, Chen L, Tian X, Li CY. Voltage-gated potassium channel blocker 4-aminopyridine induces glioma cell apoptosis by reducing expression of microRNA-10b-5p. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29514931 PMCID: PMC5921578 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv channels) were associated with regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in tumor cells. Our previous study proved that the Kv channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in glioma. However, the precise mechanisms were not clear yet. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as key mediators in the progression of tumor, so the aim of this study was to investigate the role of miRNAs in the apoptosis-promoting effect of 4-AP in glioma cells. Using a microRNA array, we found that 4-AP altered the miRNA expression in glioma cells, and the down-regulation of miR-10b-5p induced by 4-AP was verified by real-time PCR. Transfection of miR-10b-5p mimic significantly inhibited 4-AP-induced caspases activation and apoptosis. Moreover, we verified that apoptosis-related molecule Apaf-1 was the direct target of miR-10b-5p. Furthermore, miR-10b-5p mimic significantly inhibited 4-AP-induced up-regulation of Apaf-1 and its downstream apoptosis-related proteins, such as cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, Kv channel blocker 4-AP may exert its anti-tumor effect by down-regulating the expression of miR-10b-5p and then raised expression of Apaf-1 and its downstream apoptosis-related proteins. Current data provide evidence that miRNAs play important roles in Kv channels-mediated cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ru
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wei-Ling Li
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chao-Ying Li
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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81
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Abstract
Stroke-induced endothelial cell injury leads to destruction of cerebral microvasculature and significant damage to the brain tissue. A subacute phase of cerebral ischemia is associated with regeneration involving the activation of vascular remodeling, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation processes. Effective restoration and improvement of blood supply to the damaged brain tissue offers a potential therapy for stroke. microRNAs (miRNAs) are recently identified small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and significantly influence the essential cellular processes associated with brain repair following stroke. A number of specific miRNAs are implicated in regulating the development and propagation of the ischemic tissue damage as well as in mediating post-stroke regeneration. In this review, I discuss the functions of the miRNA miR-155 and the effect of its in vivo inhibition on brain recovery following experimental cerebral ischemia. The article introduces new and unexplored approach to cerebral regeneration: regulation of brain tissue repair through a direct modulation of specific miRNA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Roitbak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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82
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Petrovic N, Ergun S. miRNAs as Potential Treatment Targets and Treatment Options in Cancer. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:157-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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83
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Nguyen DD, Chang S. Development of Novel Therapeutic Agents by Inhibition of Oncogenic MicroRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E65. [PMID: 29280958 PMCID: PMC5796015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs, miRNAs) are regulatory small noncoding RNAs, with their roles already confirmed to be important for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression affecting cell physiology and disease development. Upregulation of a cancer-causing miRNA, known as oncogenic miRNA, has been found in many types of cancers and, therefore, represents a potential new class of targets for therapeutic inhibition. Several strategies have been developed in recent years to inhibit oncogenic miRNAs. Among them is a direct approach that targets mature oncogenic miRNA with an antisense sequence known as antimiR, which could be an oligonucleotide or miRNA sponge. In contrast, an indirect approach is to block the biogenesis of miRNA by genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system or a small molecule inhibitor. The development of these inhibitors is straightforward but involves significant scientific and therapeutic challenges that need to be resolved. In this review, we summarize recent relevant studies on the development of miRNA inhibitors against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Duc Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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84
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Lima CR, Gomes CC, Santos MF. Role of microRNAs in endocrine cancer metastasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 456:62-75. [PMID: 28322989 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The deregulation of transcription and processing of microRNAs (miRNAs), as well as their function, has been involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including cancer. Despite advances in therapeutic approaches, cancer still represents one of the major health problems worldwide. Cancer metastasis is an aggravating factor in tumor progression, related to increased treatment complexity and a worse prognosis. After more than one decade of extensive studies of miRNAs, the fundamental role of these molecules in cancer progression and metastasis is beginning to be elucidated. Recent evidences have demonstrated a significant role of miRNAs on the metastatic cascade, acting either as pro-metastatic or anti-metastatic. They are involved in distinct steps of metastasis including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration/invasion, anoikis survival, and distant organ colonization. Studies on the roles of miRNAs in cancer have focused mainly on two fronts: the establishment of a miRNA signature for different tumors, which may aid in early diagnosis using these miRNAs as markers, and functional studies of specific miRNAs, determining their targets, function and regulation. Functional miRNA studies on endocrine cancers are still scarce and represent an important area of research, since some tumors, although not frequent, present a high mortality rate. Among the endocrine tumors, thyroid cancer is the most common and best studied. Several miRNAs show lowered expression in endocrine cancers (i.e. miR-200s, miR-126, miR-7, miR-29a, miR-30a, miR-137, miR-206, miR-101, miR-613, miR-539, miR-205, miR-9, miR-195), while others are commonly overexpressed (i.e. miR-21, miR-183, miR-31, miR-let7b, miR-584, miR-146b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-25, miR-595). Additionally, some miRNAs were found in serum exosomes (miR-151, miR-145, miR-31), potentially serving as diagnostic tools. In this review, we summarize studies concerning the discovery and functions of miRNAs and their regulatory roles in endocrine cancer metastasis, which may contribute for the finding of novel therapeutic targets. The review focus on miRNAs with at least some identified targets, with established functions and, if possible, upstream regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilene Rebouças Lima
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cibele Crastequini Gomes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marinilce Fagundes Santos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1524, Prédio I, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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85
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor and, even with the current multimodal therapy, is an invariably lethal cancer with a life expectancy that depends on the tumor subtype but, even in the most favorable cases, rarely exceeds 2 years. Epigenetic factors play an important role in gliomagenesis, are strong predictors of outcome, and are important determinants for the resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. The latest addition to the epigenetic machinery is the noncoding RNA (ncRNA), that is, RNA molecules that are not translated into a protein and that exert their function by base pairing with other nucleic acids in a reversible and nonmutational mode. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a class of ncRNA of about 22 bp that regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in the mRNA and silence its translation into proteins. MicroRNAs reversibly regulate transcription through nonmutational mechanisms; accordingly, they can be considered as epigenetic effectors. In this review, we will discuss the role of miRNA in glioma focusing on their role in drug resistance and on their potential applications in the therapy of this tumor.
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86
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Lozada-Delgado EL, Grafals-Ruiz N, Vivas-Mejía PE. RNA interference for glioblastoma therapy: Innovation ladder from the bench to clinical trials. Life Sci 2017; 188:26-36. [PMID: 28864225 PMCID: PMC5617340 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest type of primary brain tumor with a prognosis of 14months after diagnosis. Current treatment for GBM patients includes "total" tumor resection, temozolomide-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy or a combination of these options. Although, several targeted therapies, gene therapy, and immunotherapy are currently in the clinic and/or in clinical trials, the overall survival of GBM patients has hardly improved over the last two decades. Therefore, novel multitarget modalities are urgently needed. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a novel strategy for the treatment of most cancers, including GBM. RNAi-based therapies consist of using small RNA oligonucleotides to regulate protein expression at the post-transcriptional level. Despite the therapeutic potential of RNAi molecules, systemic limitations including short circulatory stability and low release into the tumor tissue have halted their progress to the clinic. The effective delivery of RNAi molecules through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents an additional challenge. This review focuses on connecting the translational process of RNAi-based therapies from in vitro evidence to pre-clinical studies. We delineate the effect of RNAi in GBM cell lines, describe their effectiveness in glioma mouse models, and compare the proposed drug carriers for the effective transport of RNAi molecules through the BBB to reach the tumor in the brain. Furthermore, we summarize the most important obstacles to overcome before RNAi-based therapy becomes a reality for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L Lozada-Delgado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00927, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States
| | - Nilmary Grafals-Ruiz
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States
| | - Pablo E Vivas-Mejía
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00935, United States.
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87
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Wei Z, Batagov AO, Schinelli S, Wang J, Wang Y, El Fatimy R, Rabinovsky R, Balaj L, Chen CC, Hochberg F, Carter B, Breakefield XO, Krichevsky AM. Coding and noncoding landscape of extracellular RNA released by human glioma stem cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1145. [PMID: 29074968 PMCID: PMC5658400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-released RNA may mediate intercellular communication and serve as biomarkers. Here we develop a protocol enabling quantitative, minimally biased analysis of extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) associated with microvesicles, exosomes (collectively called EVs), and ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). The exRNA complexes isolated from patient-derived glioma stem-like cultures exhibit distinct compositions, with microvesicles most closely reflecting cellular transcriptome. exRNA is enriched in small ncRNAs, such as miRNAs in exosomes, and precisely processed tRNA and Y RNA fragments in EVs and exRNPs. EV-enclosed mRNAs are mostly fragmented, and UTRs enriched; nevertheless, some full-length mRNAs are present. Overall, there is less than one copy of non-rRNA per EV. Our results suggest that massive EV/exRNA uptake would be required to ensure functional impact of transferred RNA on brain recipient cells and predict the most impactful miRNAs in such conditions. This study also provides a catalog of diverse exRNAs useful for biomarker discovery and validates its feasibility on cerebrospinal fluid. While circulating DNA has been extensively explored as a potential cancer biomarker, RNA potential has been overlooked so far. Here the authors present a comprehensive analysis of extracellular RNA secreted by glioblastoma cells that could prove a valuable resource for biomarker discovery and a means of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arsen O Batagov
- Vishuo Biomedical, #3-33 Teletech Park, 20 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117674, Singapore
| | - Sergio Schinelli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Jintu Wang
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rosalia Rabinovsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Fred Hochberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.,Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bob Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, HMS Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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88
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Rapid identification and validation of novel targeted approaches for Glioblastoma: A combined ex vivo-in vivo pharmaco-omic model. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:281-288. [PMID: 28923369 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a major factor in glioblastoma's poor response to therapy and seemingly inevitable recurrence. Only two glioblastoma drugs have received Food and Drug Administration approval since 1998, highlighting the urgent need for new therapies. Profiling "omics" analyses have helped characterize glioblastoma molecularly and have thus identified multiple molecular targets for precision medicine. These molecular targets have influenced clinical trial design; many "actionable" mutation-focused trials are underway, but because they have not yet led to therapeutic breakthroughs, new strategies for treating glioblastoma, especially those with a pharmacological functional component, remain in high demand. In that regard, high-throughput screening that allows for expedited preclinical drug testing and the use of GBM models that represent tumor heterogeneity more accurately than traditional cancer cell lines is necessary to maximize the successful translation of agents into the clinic. High-throughput screening has been successfully used in the testing, discovery, and validation of potential therapeutics in various cancer models, but it has not been extensively utilized in glioblastoma models. In this report, we describe the basic aspects of high-throughput screening and propose a modified high-throughput screening model in which ex vivo and in vivo drug testing is complemented by post-screening pharmacological, pan-omic analysis to expedite anti-glioma drugs' preclinical testing and develop predictive biomarker datasets that can aid in personalizing glioblastoma therapy and inform clinical trial design.
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89
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Sasmita AO, Wong YP, Ling APK. Biomarkers and therapeutic advances in glioblastoma multiforme. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 14:40-51. [PMID: 28840962 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant tumor within the brain. Generally classified as primary and secondary with several different subtypes, ample molecular biomarkers have risen throughout the years which have garnered the attention of researchers. The advancements in genomics and proteomics have allowed researchers to gather prominent molecular biomarkers. All these biomarkers are gathered by means of biopsy or bodily fluid sample collection and are quantitatively analyzed by polymerase chain reaction coupled with other computational technologies. This review highlights the significance, regulation and prevalence of molecular biomarkers such as O6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, epidermal growth factor receptor vIII, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation and several others which expressed differently in different types and molecular subtypes of GBM. The discoveries and roles of GBM-specific microRNAs including miR-21 and miR-10b as biomarkers with promising prognostic values were also delineated. The role and mechanism of biomarkers in GBM tumorigenesis are essential in the development of therapy for patients suffering from the disease itself. Thus, this review also discusses the mechanisms, effects and limitations of therapy such as temozolomide, viral gene transfer, biomarker-based vaccines or even engineered T cells for more specific responses. Biomarkers have displayed a high value and could eventually be utilized as drug targets. It is hoped that by combining different aspects of the disease which present with different biomarkers could lead to the development of a robust, effective and innovative take on GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences & Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ying Pei Wong
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences & Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences & Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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90
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Ames H, Halushka MK, Rodriguez FJ. miRNA Regulation in Gliomas: Usual Suspects in Glial Tumorigenesis and Evolving Clinical Applications. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:246-254. [PMID: 28431179 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing role for noncoding small RNAs (miRNA) has been uncovered in carcinogenesis. These oligonucleotides can promote degradation and/or inhibit translation of key mRNAs. Recent studies have also highlighted a possible role for miRNAs in adult and pediatric brain tumors, including high- and low-grade gliomas, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and neoplasms associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. Gliomas represent the most common category of primary intraparenchymal brain tumors, and, for example, manipulation of signaling pathways, through inhibition of PTEN transcription appears to be an important function of miRNA dysregulation through miR-21, miR-106b, and miR-26a. Moreover, altered miRNA expression in gliomas play roles in the regulation of common tumorigenic processes, including receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, angiogenesis, invasion, suppression of differentiation, cell cycle enhancement, and inhibition of apoptosis. Suppression of differentiation requires the downregulation of a number of miRNAs that are both enriched in the brain and required for terminal glial differentiation, including miR-219 and miR-338. Our evolving understanding about the biology of gliomas make them attractive for miRNA study, given that recent evidence suggests that epigenetic and subtle genetic changes may contribute to their pathogenesis. Identification of key miRNAs also provides a rationale for developing robust biomarkers and inhibitory RNA strategies for therapeutic purposes in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ames
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc K Halushka
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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91
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MicroRNA Regulation of Glycolytic Metabolism in Glioblastoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9157370. [PMID: 28804724 PMCID: PMC5539934 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9157370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common malignant brain tumour in adults. A well-known hallmark of GMB and many other tumours is aerobic glycolysis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short nonprotein coding sequences that exert posttranscriptional controls on gene expression and represent critical regulators of aerobic glycolysis in GBM. In GBM, miRNAs regulate the expression of glycolytic genes directly and via the regulation of metabolism-associated tumour suppressors and oncogenic signalling pathways. This review aims to establish links between miRNAs expression levels, the expression of GBM glycolytic regulatory genes, and the malignant progression and prognosis of GBM. In this review, the involvement of 25 miRNAs in the regulation of glycolytic metabolism of GBM is discussed. Seven of these miRNAs have been shown to regulate glycolytic metabolism in other tumour types. Further eight miRNAs, which are differentially expressed in GBM, have also been reported to regulate glycolytic metabolism in other cancer types. Thus, these miRNAs could serve as potential glycolytic regulators in GBM but will require functional validation. As such, the characterisation of these molecular and metabolic signatures in GBM can facilitate a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this disease.
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92
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MiR-19b and miR-16 cooperatively signaling target the regulator ADRA1A in Hypertensive heart disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:1178-1183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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93
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RNA processing as an alternative route to attack glioblastoma. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1129-1141. [PMID: 28608251 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic analyses have become an important tool to identify new avenues for therapy. This is especially true for cancer types with extremely poor outcomes, since our lack of effective therapies offers no tangible clinical starting point to build upon. The highly malignant brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) exemplifies such a refractory cancer, with only 15 month average patient survival. Analyses of several hundred GBM samples compiled by the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) have produced an extensive transcriptomic map, identified prevalent chromosomal alterations, and defined important driver mutations. Unfortunately, clinical trials based on these results have not yet delivered an improvement on outcome. It is, therefore, necessary to characterize other regulatory routes known for playing a role in tumor relapse and response to treatment. Alternative splicing affects more than 90% of the human coding genes and it is an important source for transcript variation and gene regulation. Mutations and alterations in splicing factors are highly prevalent in multiple cancers, demonstrating the potential for splicing to act as a tumor driver. As a result, numerous genes are expressed as cancer-specific splicing isoforms that are functionally distinct from the canonical isoforms found in normal tissue. These include genes that regulate cancer-critical pathways such as apoptosis, DNA repair, cell proliferation, and migration. Splicing defects can even induce genomic instability, a common characteristic of cancer, and a driver of tumor evolution. Importantly, components of the splicing machinery are targetable; multiple drugs can inhibit splicing factors or promote changes in splicing which could be exploited to begin improving clinical outcomes. Here, we review the current literature and present a case for exploring RNA processing as therapeutic route for the treatment of GBM.
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94
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Ma C, Wei F, Xia H, Liu H, Dong X, Zhang Y, Luo Q, Liu Y, Li Y. MicroRNA-10b mediates TGF-β1-regulated glioblastoma proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1739-1748. [PMID: 28393237 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that exaggerated proliferation, metastasis and the mesenchymal subtype is related with worst prognoses in glioblastoma (GBM) and that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a potent factor in regulating the proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype of GBM, the detailed mechanisms are still far from elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which play critical roles in various diseases by regulating target gene expression. We report that miR-10b, a molecule downstream of TGF-β1, is involved in TGF-β1-regulated GBM cell proliferation, migration and EMT. We found that exposure of GBM cells to TGF-β1 significantly upregulated miR-10b expression. Overexpression of miR-10b promotes GBM cell proliferation, migration and EMT, whereas depletion of miR-10b obtained reverse effects. Further studies uncovered that some tumor-associated genes including epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (Apaf-1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are target genes of miR-10b. In human GBM xenografts, antagomiR directed against miR-10b markedly suppressed tumor growth, and the tumor volume shrunk from 1252.5±285 to 873.4±205 mm3 after antagomiR‑10b treatment for 3 weeks compared with the control group (P<0.01). Taken together, our data collectively demonstrate that the proliferation, migration and EMT features of GBM cells can be regulated by TGF-β1 stimulation through controlling miR-10b. Thus, our findings provide a rationale for targeting TGF-β1 or miR-10b for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Huan Xia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Haiyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xuechao Dong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory of PLA, The Eleventh Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory of PLA, The Eleventh Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Changchun, Jilin 130122, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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95
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El Fatimy R, Subramanian S, Uhlmann EJ, Krichevsky AM. Genome Editing Reveals Glioblastoma Addiction to MicroRNA-10b. Mol Ther 2017; 25:368-378. [PMID: 28153089 PMCID: PMC5368404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumor remains among the most lethal and incurable human diseases. Oncogenic microRNA-10b (miR-10b) is strongly and universally upregulated in GBM, and its inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) reduces the growth of heterogeneous glioma cells; therefore, miR-10b represents a unique therapeutic target for GBM. Here we explored the effects of miR-10b gene editing on GBM. Using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, we investigated effects of miR-10b gene editing on the growth of cultured human glioma cells, tumor-initiating stem-like cells, and mouse GBM xenografts, as well as the oncogene-induced transformation of normal astrocytes. We show that GBM is strictly "addicted" to miR-10b and that miR-10b gene ablation is lethal for glioma cell cultures and established intracranial tumors. miR-10b loss-of-function mutations lead to the death of glioma, but not other cancer cell lines. We have not detected escaped proliferative clones of GBM cells edited in the miR-10b locus. Finally, neoplastic transformation of normal astrocytes was abolished by the miR-10b-editing vectors. This study demonstrates the feasibility of gene editing for brain tumors in vivo and suggests virus-mediated miR-10b gene ablation as a promising therapeutic approach that permanently eliminates the key regulator essential for tumor growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid El Fatimy
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shruthi Subramanian
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erik J Uhlmann
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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96
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Mercatelli N, Galardi S, Ciafrè SA. MicroRNAs as Multifaceted Players in Glioblastoma Multiforme. MIRNAS IN DIFFERENTIATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2017; 333:269-323. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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97
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Kit O, Vodolazhsky D, Rostorguev E, Porksheyan D, Panina S. The role of micro-RNA in the regulation of signal pathways in gliomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:481-498. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176306481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are invasive brain tumors with high rates of recurrence and mortality. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly form of glioma with nearly 100% rate of recurrence and unfavorable prognosis in patients. Micro-RNAs (miR) are the class of wide-spread short non-coding RNAs that inhibit translation via binding to the mRNA of target genes. The aim of the present review is to analyze recent studies and experimental results concerning aberrant expression profiles of miR, which target components of the signaling pathways Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt, EGFR, TGFb, HIF1a in glioma/glioblastoma. Particularly, the interactions of miR with targets of 2-hydroxyglutarate (the product of mutant isocytrate dehydrogenase, R132H IDH1, which is specific for the glioma pathogenesis) have been considered in the present review. Detecting specific miRNAs in tissue and serum may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for glioma, as well as for predicting treatment response of an individual patient, and potentially serving as a mechanism for creating personalized treatment strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- O.I. Kit
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | | | - E.E. Rostorguev
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - D.H. Porksheyan
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - S.B. Panina
- Rostov Research Institute of Oncology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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98
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Teplyuk NM, Uhlmann EJ, Gabriely G, Volfovsky N, Wang Y, Teng J, Karmali P, Marcusson E, Peter M, Mohan A, Kraytsberg Y, Cialic R, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Tannous B, Krichevsky AM. Therapeutic potential of targeting microRNA-10b in established intracranial glioblastoma: first steps toward the clinic. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:268-87. [PMID: 26881967 PMCID: PMC4772951 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-10b (miR-10b) is a unique oncogenic miRNA that is highly expressed in all GBM subtypes, while absent in normal neuroglial cells of the brain. miR-10b inhibition strongly impairs proliferation and survival of cultured glioma cells, including glioma-initiating stem-like cells (GSC). Although several miR-10b targets have been identified previously, the common mechanism conferring the miR-10b-sustained viability of GSC is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in heterogeneous GSC, miR-10b regulates cell cycle and alternative splicing, often through the non-canonical targeting via 5'UTRs of its target genes, including MBNL1-3, SART3, and RSRC1. We have further assessed the inhibition of miR-10b in intracranial human GSC-derived xenograft and murine GL261 allograft models in athymic and immunocompetent mice. Three delivery routes for the miR-10b antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors (ASO), direct intratumoral injections, continuous osmotic delivery, and systemic intravenous injections, have been explored. In all cases, the treatment with miR-10b ASO led to targets' derepression, and attenuated growth and progression of established intracranial GBM. No significant systemic toxicity was observed upon ASO administration by local or systemic routes. Our results indicate that miR-10b is a promising candidate for the development of targeted therapies against all GBM subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Teplyuk
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik J Uhlmann
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galina Gabriely
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Teng
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Merlene Peter
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athul Mohan
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yevgenya Kraytsberg
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron Cialic
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jakub Godlewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bakhos Tannous
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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99
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Mwangi JN, Chiu NHL. High Percentage of Isomeric Human MicroRNA and Their Analytical Challenges. Noncoding RNA 2016; 2:ncrna2040013. [PMID: 29657271 PMCID: PMC5831925 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna2040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR) are short non-coding RNAs known to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, and have been reported as biomarkers for various diseases. miR have also been served as potential drug targets. The identity, functions and detection of a specific miR are determined by its RNA sequence, whose composition is made up of only 4 canonical ribonucleotides. Hence, among over two thousand human miR, their nucleotide compositions are expected to be similar but the extent of similarity has not been reported. In this study, the sequences of mature human miR were downloaded from miRBase, and collated using different tools to determine and compare their nucleotide compositions and sequences. 55% of all human miR were found to be structural isomers. The structural isomers of miR (SimiR) are defined as having the same size and identical nucleotide composition. A number of SimiR were also found to have high sequence similarities. To investigate the extent of SimiR in biological samples, three disease models were chosen, and disease-associated miR were identified from miR2Disease. Among the disease models, as high as 73% of miR were found to be SimiR. This report provides the missing information about human miR and highlights the challenges on the detection of SimiR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Mwangi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
| | - Norman H L Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
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100
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Mu L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Shang D, Tan F, Li Y, Chen X. Tumor Location and Survival Outcomes in Adult Patients with Supratentorial Glioblastoma by Levels of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression. World Neurosurg 2016; 97:279-283. [PMID: 27744078 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a key immunotherapy target for glioblastoma (GBM). This study explored the correlation of TLR9 expression with tumor location and survival outcomes in patients with supratentorial GBM. METHODS We retrospectively identified 46 patients with supratentorial GBMs and divided them into those with high TLR9 (TRL9High) and low TLR9 (TRL9Low) levels. The 2 groups were compared by patients' ages, sex, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, resection extent, tumor location, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The TLR9 expression percentages for the GBM specimens were TRL9High: 72% (33/46) and TRL9Low: 28% (13/46). The 2 groups showed no differences in patient age (P = 0.147) and sex (χ2 = 0.002, P = 0.966), preoperative KPS score (χ2 = 0.033, P = 0.855), or resection extent (χ2 = 2.405, P = 0.121). Location differed significantly, with 85% (11/13) of TRL9Low tumors in the left hemisphere and 45% (15/33) of TRL9High tumors on the same side (χ2 = 5.82, P = 0.016). The TRL9Low group had a median PFS of 612 days (range, 77-926 days), significantly longer than the TRL9High group (355 days; range, 105-861 days; P = 0.042). Median OS of the TRL9Low group (733 days; range, 163-969 days) was also significantly longer than in the TRL9High group (396 days; range, 135-1024 days; P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Patients with TRL9Low supratentorial GBM tend to have longer survival than those with higher TLR9 expression. Such tumors show a location preference for the left hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsen Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Fangcun, Liwan District, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hubei Provincal Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Dewei Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Fangcun, Liwan District, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Fangcun, Liwan District, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Fangcun, Liwan District, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhu Chen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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