Genome-wide patterns of nucleotide substitution reveal stringent functional constraints on the protein sequences of thermophiles

Amino acid sequence constraint and gene expression pattern across the life history in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

The relationship between gene expression across the life cycle and protein conservation in Plasmodium falciparum was examined by comparing gene expression data for six life-history stages with the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per site dN between 901 orthologous gene pairs of P. falciparum and Plasmodium yoelii. A high level of expression across the life history was associated with decreased dN and thus with protein conservation. By contrast, differential expression in the sporozoite and merozoite stages was associated with increased dN. At least some sporozoite- and merozoite-expressed genes with high dN have probably been subject to positive selection arising from parasite-host coevolution. A high level of expression across the life history was associated with higher than average G+C content at the first and second codon positions, whereas a high level of expression in the sporozoite and merozoite was associated with reduced G+C content at the first and second codon positions, the latter pattern evidently reflecting the relaxation of constraint on the amino acid sequence.

On the mutation rate of herpes simplex virus type 1

All seven DNA-based microbes for which carefully established mutation rates and mutational spectra were previously available displayed a genomic mutation rate in the neighborhood of 0.003 per chromosome replication. The pathogenic mammalian DNA virus herpes simplex type 1 has an estimated genomic mutation rate compatible with that value.

Evidence for abundant slightly deleterious polymorphisms in bacterial populations

The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution predicts that slightly deleterious mutations subject to purifying selection are widespread in natural populations, particularly those of large effective population size. To test this hypothesis, the standardized difference between pairwise nucleotide difference and number of segregation sites (corrected for number of sequences) was estimated for 149 population data sets from 84 species of bacteria. This quantity (Tajima's D-statistic) was estimated separately for synonymous (D(syn)) and nonsynonymous (D(non)) polymorphisms. D(syn) was positive in 70% of data sets, and the overall median D(syn) (0.873) was positive. By contrast D(non) was negative in 68% of data sets, and the overall median D(non) (-0.656) was negative. The preponderance of negative values of D(non) is evidence that there are widespread rare nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the process of being eliminated by purifying selection, as predicted to occur in populations with large effective size by the nearly neutral theory. The major exceptions to this trend were seen among surface proteins, particularly those of bacteria parasitic on vertebrates, which included a number of cases of polymorphisms apparently maintained by balancing selection.

Genomic and proteomic adaptations to growth at high temperature

Most positively selected mutations cause changes in metabolism, resulting in a better-adapted phenotype. But as well as acting on the information content of genes, natural selection may also act directly on nucleic acid and protein molecules. We review the evidence for direct temperature-dependent natural selection acting on genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes.