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Clements RL, Morano AA, Navarro FM, McGee JP, Du EW, Streva VA, Lindner SE, Dvorin JD. Identification of basal complex protein that is essential for maturation of transmission-stage malaria parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204167119. [PMID: 35972967 PMCID: PMC9407223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204167119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global driver of morbidity and mortality. To generate new antimalarials, one must elucidate the fundamental cell biology of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the deadliest cases of malaria. A membranous and proteinaceous scaffold called the inner membrane complex (IMC) supports the parasite during morphological changes, including segmentation of daughter cells during asexual replication and formation of transmission-stage gametocytes. The basal complex lines the edge of the IMC during segmentation and likely facilitates IMC expansion. It is unknown, however, what drives IMC expansion during gametocytogenesis. We describe the discovery of a basal complex protein, PfBLEB, which we find to be essential for gametocytogenesis. Parasites lacking PfBLEB harbor defects in IMC expansion and are unable to form mature gametocytes. This article demonstrates a role for a basal complex protein outside of asexual division, and, importantly, highlights a potential molecular target for the ablation of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Clements
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander A. Morano
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Francesca M. Navarro
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James P. McGee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Esrah W. Du
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vincent A. Streva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott E. Lindner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jeffrey D. Dvorin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Kumar S, Li X, McDew-White M, Reyes A, Delgado E, Sayeed A, Haile MT, Abatiyow BA, Kennedy SY, Camargo N, Checkley LA, Brenneman KV, Button-Simons KA, Duraisingh MT, Cheeseman IH, Kappe SHI, Nosten F, Ferdig MT, Vaughan AM, Anderson TJC. A Malaria Parasite Cross Reveals Genetic Determinants of Plasmodium falciparum Growth in Different Culture Media. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878496. [PMID: 35711667 PMCID: PMC9197316 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What genes determine in vitro growth and nutrient utilization in asexual blood-stage malaria parasites? Competition experiments between NF54, clone 3D7, a lab-adapted African parasite, and a recently isolated Asian parasite (NHP4026) reveal contrasting outcomes in different media: 3D7 outcompetes NHP4026 in media containing human serum, while NHP4026 outcompetes 3D7 in media containing AlbuMAX, a commercial lipid-rich bovine serum formulation. To determine the basis for this polymorphism, we conducted parasite genetic crosses using humanized mice and compared genome-wide allele frequency changes in three independent progeny populations cultured in media containing human serum or AlbuMAX. This bulk segregant analysis detected three quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions [on chromosome (chr) 2 containing aspartate transaminase AST; chr 13 containing EBA-140; and chr 14 containing cysteine protease ATG4] linked with differential growth in serum or AlbuMAX in each of the three independent progeny pools. Selection driving differential growth was strong (s = 0.10 – 0.23 per 48-hour lifecycle). We conducted validation experiments for the strongest QTL on chr 13: competition experiments between ΔEBA-140 and 3D7 wildtype parasites showed fitness reversals in the two medium types as seen in the parental parasites, validating this locus as the causative gene. These results (i) demonstrate the effectiveness of bulk segregant analysis for dissecting fitness traits in P. falciparum genetic crosses, and (ii) reveal intimate links between red blood cell invasion and nutrient composition of growth media. Use of parasite crosses combined with bulk segregant analysis will allow systematic dissection of key nutrient acquisition/metabolism and red blood cell invasion pathways in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xue Li
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ann Reyes
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Delgado
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Abeer Sayeed
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Meseret T. Haile
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Biley A. Abatiyow
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Spencer Y. Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lisa A. Checkley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Katelyn V. Brenneman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Katrina A. Button-Simons
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian H. Cheeseman
- Program in Host Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Ferdig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Ashley M. Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashley M. Vaughan, ; Tim J. C. Anderson,
| | - Tim J. C. Anderson
- Program in Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Ashley M. Vaughan, ; Tim J. C. Anderson,
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Mulugeta A, Assefa A, Eshetie A, Asmare B, Birhanie M, Gelaw Y. Six-year trend analysis of malaria prevalence at University of Gondar Specialized Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from 2014 to 2019. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1411. [PMID: 35082339 PMCID: PMC8792057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, malaria is the major public health disease caused by plasmodium species and transmitted by the bite of the female anopheles mosquito. Assessment of the trend of malaria prevalence is important in the control and prevention of the disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the six year trend of malaria prevalence at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, from 2014 to 2019. A retrospective laboratory registration logbook review study was conducted on the malaria blood film examination results at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The data was collected by using a data extraction tool and entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants and presented by graphs, tables and texts. The binary logistic regression was also used to test the association the trend of malaria prevalence and different factors like sex, age, year, and season. From a total of 17,500 malaria blood film examinations, 1341 (7.7%) were confirmed for malaria parasites. Of the confirmed malaria cases, 47.2%, 45.6% and 7.2% were P. vivax, P. falciparum and mixed infection, respectively. The proportion of P. vivax was the predominant species in the first three study years (2014-2016) and P. falciparum became the predominant species in the last three study years (2017-2019). The odds of malaria prevalence was lower by 68%, 60% and 69% in the year 2017, 2018 and 2019 compared to 2014, respectively. It was also 1.41 times higher in males than in females. Moreover, the odds of malaria prevalence were 1.60, 1.64, 2.45 and 1.82 times higher in the age group of < 5, 5-14, 15-24 and 25-54 years old compared to the older age groups (> 54 years old), respectively. Even there was a significant declining in prevalence trend; malaria is still a major public health problem. The study showed that there was high seasonal fluctuation from year to year. Moreover, males and the younger age groups were more affected than females and old age groups, respectively. Therefore, malaria prevention and control activities should be strengthened and require extra efforts by considering these variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanuel Mulugeta
- School Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Assefa
- School Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Eshetie
- School Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanie Asmare
- School Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Birhanie
- School Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yemataw Gelaw
- School Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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van Esveld SL, Meerstein‐Kessel L, Boshoven C, Baaij JF, Barylyuk K, Coolen JPM, van Strien J, Duim RAJ, Dutilh BE, Garza DR, Letterie M, Proellochs NI, de Ridder MN, Venkatasubramanian PB, de Vries LE, Waller RF, Kooij TWA, Huynen MA. A Prioritized and Validated Resource of Mitochondrial Proteins in Plasmodium Identifies Unique Biology. mSphere 2021; 6:e0061421. [PMID: 34494883 PMCID: PMC8550323 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium species have a single mitochondrion that is essential for their survival and has been successfully targeted by antimalarial drugs. Most mitochondrial proteins are imported into this organelle, and our picture of the Plasmodium mitochondrial proteome remains incomplete. Many data sources contain information about mitochondrial localization, including proteome and gene expression profiles, orthology to mitochondrial proteins from other species, coevolutionary relationships, and amino acid sequences, each with different coverage and reliability. To obtain a comprehensive, prioritized list of Plasmodium falciparum mitochondrial proteins, we rigorously analyzed and integrated eight data sets using Bayesian statistics into a predictive score per protein for mitochondrial localization. At a corrected false discovery rate of 25%, we identified 445 proteins with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 97%. They include proteins that have not been identified as mitochondrial in other eukaryotes but have characterized homologs in bacteria that are involved in metabolism or translation. Mitochondrial localization of seven Plasmodium berghei orthologs was confirmed by epitope labeling and colocalization with a mitochondrial marker protein. One of these belongs to a newly identified apicomplexan mitochondrial protein family that in P. falciparum has four members. With the experimentally validated mitochondrial proteins and the complete ranked P. falciparum proteome, which we have named PlasmoMitoCarta, we present a resource to study unique proteins of Plasmodium mitochondria. IMPORTANCE The unique biology and medical relevance of the mitochondrion of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum have made it the subject of many studies. However, we actually do not have a comprehensive assessment of which proteins reside in this organelle. Many omics data are available that are predictive of mitochondrial localization, such as proteomics data and expression data. Individual data sets are, however, rarely complete and can provide conflicting evidence. We integrated a wide variety of available omics data in a manner that exploits the relative strengths of the data sets. Our analysis gave a predictive score for the mitochondrial localization to each nuclear encoded P. falciparum protein and identified 445 likely mitochondrial proteins. We experimentally validated the mitochondrial localization of seven of the new mitochondrial proteins, confirming the quality of the complete list. These include proteins that have not been observed mitochondria before, adding unique mitochondrial functions to P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma L. van Esveld
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette Meerstein‐Kessel
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cas Boshoven
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jochem F. Baaij
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jordy P. M. Coolen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joeri van Strien
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald A. J. Duim
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel R. Garza
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology (Rega Institute), Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijn Letterie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas I. Proellochs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle N. de Ridder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ross F. Waller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Taco W. A. Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Huynen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Ebel ER, Kuypers FA, Lin C, Petrov DA, Egan ES. Common host variation drives malaria parasite fitness in healthy human red cells. eLife 2021; 10:e69808. [PMID: 34553687 PMCID: PMC8497061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of Plasmodium falciparum parasites within red blood cells (RBCs) causes severe disease in humans, especially in Africa. Deleterious alleles like hemoglobin S are well-known to confer strong resistance to malaria, but the effects of common RBC variation are largely undetermined. Here, we collected fresh blood samples from 121 healthy donors, most with African ancestry, and performed exome sequencing, detailed RBC phenotyping, and parasite fitness assays. Over one-third of healthy donors unknowingly carried alleles for G6PD deficiency or hemoglobinopathies, which were associated with characteristic RBC phenotypes. Among non-carriers alone, variation in RBC hydration, membrane deformability, and volume was strongly associated with P. falciparum growth rate. Common genetic variants in PIEZO1, SPTA1/SPTB, and several P. falciparum invasion receptors were also associated with parasite growth rate. Interestingly, we observed little or negative evidence for divergent selection on non-pathogenic RBC variation between Africans and Europeans. These findings suggest a model in which globally widespread variation in a moderate number of genes and phenotypes modulates P. falciparum fitness in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Ebel
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research InstituteOaklandUnited States
| | - Carrie Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Elizabeth S Egan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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Rawat M, Srivastava A, Johri S, Gupta I, Karmodiya K. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity and Stage Transition under Temperature Stress in Synchronized Plasmodium falciparum Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0000821. [PMID: 34232098 PMCID: PMC8552519 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle exhibiting phenotypic and morphogenic variations in two different hosts by existing in heterogeneous developmental states. To investigate this cellular heterogeneity of the parasite within the human host, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of synchronized Plasmodium cells under control and temperature treatment conditions. Using the Malaria Cell Atlas (https://www.sanger.ac.uk/science/tools/mca) as a guide, we identified 9 subtypes of the parasite distributed across known intraerythrocytic stages. Interestingly, temperature treatment results in the upregulation of the AP2-G gene, the master regulator of sexual development in a small subpopulation of the parasites. Moreover, we identified a heterogeneous stress-responsive subpopulation (clusters 5, 6, and 7 [∼10% of the total population]) that exhibits upregulation of stress response pathways under normal growth conditions. We also developed an online exploratory tool that will provide new insights into gene function under normal and temperature stress conditions. Thus, our study reveals important insights into cell-to-cell heterogeneity in the parasite population under temperature treatment that will be instrumental toward a mechanistic understanding of cellular adaptation and population dynamics in Plasmodium falciparum. IMPORTANCE The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle exhibiting phenotypic variations in two different hosts accompanied by cell-to-cell variability that is important for stress tolerance, immune evasion, and drug resistance. To investigate cellular heterogeneity determined by gene expression, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of about 12,000 synchronized Plasmodium cells under physiologically relevant normal (37°C) and temperature stress (40°C) conditions phenocopying the cyclic bouts of fever experienced during malarial infection. In this study, we found that parasites exhibit transcriptional heterogeneity in an otherwise morphologically synchronized culture. Also, a subset of parasites is continually committed to gametocytogenesis and stress-responsive pathways. These observations have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance generation and vaccine development against the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Rawat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreya Johri
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishanpal Karmodiya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Cairns M, Ceesay SJ, Sagara I, Zongo I, Kessely H, Gamougam K, Diallo A, Ogboi JS, Moroso D, Van Hulle S, Eloike T, Snell P, Scott S, Merle C, Bojang K, Ouedraogo JB, Dicko A, Ndiaye JL, Milligan P. Effectiveness of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) treatments when SMC is implemented at scale: Case-control studies in 5 countries. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003727. [PMID: 34495978 PMCID: PMC8457484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has shown high protective efficacy against clinical malaria and severe malaria in a series of clinical trials. We evaluated the effectiveness of SMC treatments against clinical malaria when delivered at scale through national malaria control programmes in 2015 and 2016. METHODS AND FINDINGS Case-control studies were carried out in Mali and The Gambia in 2015, and in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Nigeria, and The Gambia in 2016. Children aged 3-59 months presenting at selected health facilities with microscopically confirmed clinical malaria were recruited as cases. Two controls per case were recruited concurrently (on or shortly after the day the case was detected) from the neighbourhood in which the case lived. The primary exposure was the time since the most recent course of SMC treatment, determined from SMC recipient cards, caregiver recall, and administrative records. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) associated with receipt of SMC within the previous 28 days, and SMC 29 to 42 days ago, compared with no SMC in the past 42 days. These ORs, which are equivalent to incidence rate ratios, were used to calculate the percentage reduction in clinical malaria incidence in the corresponding time periods. Results from individual countries were pooled in a random-effects meta-analysis. In total, 2,126 cases and 4,252 controls were included in the analysis. Across the 7 studies, the mean age ranged from 1.7 to 2.4 years and from 2.1 to 2.8 years among controls and cases, respectively; 42.2%-50.9% and 38.9%-46.9% of controls and cases, respectively, were male. In all 7 individual case-control studies, a high degree of personal protection from SMC against clinical malaria was observed, ranging from 73% in Mali in 2016 to 98% in Mali in 2015. The overall OR for SMC within 28 days was 0.12 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.21; p < 0.001), indicating a protective effectiveness of 88% (95% CI: 79%, 94%). Effectiveness against clinical malaria for SMC 29-42 days ago was 61% (95% CI: 47%, 72%). Similar results were obtained when the analysis was restricted to cases with parasite density in excess of 5,000 parasites per microlitre: Protective effectiveness 90% (95% CI: 79%, 96%; P<0.001), and 59% (95% CI: 34%, 74%; P<0.001) for SMC 0-28 days and 29-42 days ago, respectively. Potential limitations include the possibility of residual confounding due to an association between exposure to malaria and access to SMC, or differences in access to SMC between patients attending a clinic and community controls; however, neighbourhood matching of cases and controls, and covariate adjustment, attempted to control for these aspects, and the observed decline in protection over time, consistent with expected trends, argues against a major bias from these sources. CONCLUSIONS SMC administered as part of routine national malaria control activities provided a very high level of personal protection against clinical malaria over 28 days post-treatment, similar to the efficacy observed in clinical trials. The case-control design used in this study can be used at intervals to ensure SMC treatments remain effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cairns
- International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Serign Jawo Ceesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Issaka Zongo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamit Kessely
- Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tony Eloike
- Jedima International Health Consult, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Paul Snell
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Scott
- International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Merle
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kalifa Bojang
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Ndiaye
- Universite Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
- University of Thies, Thies, Senegal
| | - Paul Milligan
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Koepfli C, Nguitragool W, de Almeida ACG, Kuehn A, Waltmann A, Kattenberg E, Ome-Kaius M, Rarau P, Obadia T, Kazura J, Monteiro W, Darcy AW, Wini L, Bassat Q, Felger I, Sattabongkot J, Robinson LJ, Lacerda M, Mueller I. Identification of the asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocyte reservoir under different transmission intensities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009672. [PMID: 34449764 PMCID: PMC8428688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding epidemiological variables affecting gametocyte carriage and density is essential to design interventions that most effectively reduce malaria human-to-mosquito transmission. Methodology/Principal findings Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax parasites and gametocytes were quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR assays using the same methodologies in 5 cross-sectional surveys involving 16,493 individuals in Brazil, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands. The proportion of infections with detectable gametocytes per survey ranged from 44–94% for P. falciparum and from 23–72% for P. vivax. Blood-stage parasite density was the most important predictor of the probability to detect gametocytes. In moderate transmission settings (prevalence by qPCR>5%), parasite density decreased with age and the majority of gametocyte carriers were children. In low transmission settings (prevalence<5%), >65% of gametocyte carriers were adults. Per survey, 37–100% of all individuals positive for gametocytes by RT-qPCR were positive by light microscopy for asexual stages or gametocytes (overall: P. falciparum 178/348, P. vivax 235/398). Conclusions/Significance Interventions to reduce human-to-mosquito malaria transmission in moderate-high endemicity settings will have the greatest impact when children are targeted. In contrast, all age groups need to be included in control activities in low endemicity settings to achieve elimination. Detection of infections by light microscopy is a valuable tool to identify asymptomatic blood stage infections that likely contribute most to ongoing transmission at the time of sampling. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cause the vast majority of all human malaria cases. Across all transmission settings, a large proportion of infections of the two species remain asymptomatic. These infections are not diagnosed and treated by control programs focusing on clinical cases. They can carry gametocytes, the sexual stage of the parasite that establishes infections in mosquitos, thus asymptomatic infections contribute to transmission. In order to determine who is likely to contribute to transmission, gametocyte densities were measured by sensitive molecular methods in afebrile individuals in four countries. The proportion of infections with gametocytes varied greatly among surveys, and was higher in regions that had experienced low transmission for extended periods of time. In moderate-high transmission settings, gametocyte densities were particularly high in children below six years, highlighting the importance that interventions to reduce transmission include this age group. The majority of gametocyte carriers was positive by light microscopy. The comprehensive data on gametocyte carriage presented here lays the foundation for the development of more effective screen and treat activities to reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Koepfli
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anne Cristine Gomes de Almeida
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kuehn
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreea Waltmann
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eline Kattenberg
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Maria Ome-Kaius
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Patricia Rarau
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Obadia
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité Malaria: parasites et Hôtes, Département Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - James Kazura
- Centre for Global Health & Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wuelton Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Andrew W. Darcy
- National Health Training and Research Institute, Ministry of Health, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Lyndes Wini
- Vector Borne Diseases Program, Ministry of Health, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leanne J. Robinson
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Population Health & Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Unité Malaria: parasites et Hôtes, Département Parasites et Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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10
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Ofir-Birin Y, Ben Ami Pilo H, Cruz Camacho A, Rudik A, Rivkin A, Revach OY, Nir N, Block Tamin T, Abou Karam P, Kiper E, Peleg Y, Nevo R, Solomon A, Havkin-Solomon T, Rojas A, Rotkopf R, Porat Z, Avni D, Schwartz E, Zillinger T, Hartmann G, Di Pizio A, Quashie NB, Dikstein R, Gerlic M, Torrecilhas AC, Levy C, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Bowie AG, Regev-Rudzki N. Malaria parasites both repress host CXCL10 and use it as a cue for growth acceleration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4851. [PMID: 34381047 PMCID: PMC8357946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are thought to use host molecular cues to control when to initiate life-cycle transitions, but these signals are mostly unknown, particularly for the parasitic disease malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. The chemokine CXCL10 is present at high levels in fatal cases of cerebral malaria patients, but is reduced in patients who survive and do not have complications. Here we show a Pf 'decision-sensing-system' controlled by CXCL10 concentration. High CXCL10 expression prompts P. falciparum to initiate a survival strategy via growth acceleration. Remarkably, P. falciparum inhibits CXCL10 synthesis in monocytes by disrupting the association of host ribosomes with CXCL10 transcripts. The underlying inhibition cascade involves RNA cargo delivery into monocytes that triggers RIG-I, which leads to HUR1 binding to an AU-rich domain of the CXCL10 3'UTR. These data indicate that when the parasite can no longer keep CXCL10 at low levels, it can exploit the chemokine as a cue to shift tactics and escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Ofir-Birin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hila Ben Ami Pilo
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Abel Cruz Camacho
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ariel Rudik
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anna Rivkin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Or-Yam Revach
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netta Nir
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Block Tamin
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edo Kiper
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Peleg
- Structural Proteomics Unit, Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities (LSCF), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reinat Nevo
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aryeh Solomon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Havkin-Solomon
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Rotkopf
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dror Avni
- The Institute of Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases and the Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Schwartz
- The Institute of Geographic Medicine and Tropical Diseases and the Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Neils Ben Quashie
- Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Centre for Tropical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rivka Dikstein
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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11
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Sourabh S, Yasmin R, Tuteja R. Plasmodium falciparum DDX3X is a nucleocytoplasmic protein and requires N-terminal for DNA helicase activity. Parasitol Int 2021; 85:102420. [PMID: 34265466 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a haemato-protozoan disease which causes thousands of deaths every year. Due to the alarming increase of drug resistant strains of P. falciparum, malaria is now becoming more deadly. Helicases are the most important components of the cellular machinery without which cells are unable to survive. The importance of helicases has been proven in variety of organisms. In this study we have reported detailed biochemical characterization of human homologue of DDX3X from Plasmodium falciparum (PfDDX3X). Our study revealed that PfDDX3X is ATP- dependent DNA helicase whereas in human host it is ATP-dependent RNA helicase. We show that N-terminal is essential for its activity and it is present in nucleus and cytoplasm in intraerythrocytic developmental stages of P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Also, it is highly expressed in the schizont stage of P. falciparum 3D7strain. The present study suggests that a protein can perform different functions in different systems. The present study will help to understand the basic biology of malaria parasite P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sourabh
- Parasite Biology Group, ICGEB, P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rahena Yasmin
- Parasite Biology Group, ICGEB, P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Renu Tuteja
- Parasite Biology Group, ICGEB, P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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12
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Abstract
Malaria parasites exhibit a complex lifecycle, requiring extensive asexual replication in the liver and blood of the vertebrate host, and in the haemocoel of the insect vector. Yet, they must also undergo a single round of sexual reproduction, which occurs in the vector's midgut upon uptake of a blood meal. Sexual reproduction is obligate for infection of the vector and thus, is essential for onwards transmission to new hosts. Sex in malaria parasites involves several bottlenecks in parasite number, making the stages involved attractive targets for blocking disease transmission. Malaria parasites have evolved a suite of adaptations ("strategies") to maximise the success of sexual reproduction and transmission, which could undermine transmission-blocking interventions. Yet, understanding parasite strategies may also reveal novel opportunities for such interventions. Here, we outline how evolutionary and ecological theories, developed to explain reproductive strategies in multicellular taxa, can be applied to explain two reproductive strategies (conversion rate and sex ratio) expressed by malaria parasites within the vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schneider
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sarah E Reece
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Jansongsaeng S, Srimongkolpithak N, Pengon J, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Khotavivattana T. 5-Phenoxy Primaquine Analogs and the Tetraoxane Hybrid as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133991. [PMID: 34208832 PMCID: PMC8272044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of drug resistance to the current antimalarial agents has led to the urgent need for the discovery of new and effective compounds. In this work, a series of 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs with 8-aminoquinoline core (7a–7h) was synthesized and investigated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Most analogs showed improved blood antimalarial activity compared to the original primaquine. To further explore a drug hybrid strategy, a conjugate compound between tetraoxane and the representative 5-phenoxy-primaquine analog 7a was synthesized. In our work, the hybrid compound 12 exhibited almost a 30-fold increase in the blood antimalarial activity (IC50 = 0.38 ± 0.11 μM) compared to that of primaquine, with relatively low toxicity against mammalian cells (SI = 45.61). Furthermore, we found that these 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs and the hybrid exhibit significant heme polymerization inhibition, an activity similar to that of chloroquine, which could contribute to their improved antimalarial activity. The 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs and the tetraoxane hybrid could serve as promising candidates for the further development of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somruedee Jansongsaeng
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Nitipol Srimongkolpithak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-218-7621
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14
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Evers F, Cabrera-Orefice A, Elurbe DM, Kea-Te Lindert M, Boltryk SD, Voss TS, Huynen MA, Brandt U, Kooij TWA. Composition and stage dynamics of mitochondrial complexes in Plasmodium falciparum. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3820. [PMID: 34155201 PMCID: PMC8217502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of mitochondrial functioning is largely restricted to traditional model organisms, which only represent a fraction of eukaryotic diversity. The unusual mitochondrion of malaria parasites is a validated drug target but remains poorly understood. Here, we apply complexome profiling to map the inventory of protein complexes across the pathogenic asexual blood stages and the transmissible gametocyte stages of Plasmodium falciparum. We identify remarkably divergent composition and clade-specific additions of all respiratory chain complexes. Furthermore, we show that respiratory chain complex components and linked metabolic pathways are up to 40-fold more prevalent in gametocytes, while glycolytic enzymes are substantially reduced. Underlining this functional switch, we find that cristae are exclusively present in gametocytes. Leveraging these divergent properties and stage dynamics for drug development presents an attractive opportunity to discover novel classes of antimalarials and increase our repertoire of gametocytocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Evers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dei M Elurbe
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Kea-Te Lindert
- Electron Microscopy Center, RTC Microscopy, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylwia D Boltryk
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till S Voss
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martijn A Huynen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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15
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Goh XT, Lim YAL, Lee PC, Nissapatorn V, Chua KH. Diversity and natural selection of Merozoite surface Protein-1 in three species of human malaria parasites: Contribution from South-East Asian isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 244:111390. [PMID: 34087264 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the genetic diversity of human malaria parasites (i.e., P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. knowlesi) in Malaysia and southern Thailand targeting the 19-kDa C-terminal region of Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (MSP-119). This region is essential for the recognition and invasion of erythrocytes and it is considered one of the leading candidates for asexual blood stage vaccines. However, the genetic data of MSP-119 among human malaria parasites in Malaysia is limited and there is also a need to update the current sequence diversity of this gene region among the Thailand isolates. In this study, genomic DNA was extracted from 384 microscopy-positive blood samples collected from patients who attended the hospitals or clinics in Malaysia and malaria clinics in Thailand from the year 2008 to 2016. The MSP-119 was amplified using PCR followed by bidirectional sequencing. DNA sequences identified in the present study were subjected to Median-joining network analysis with sequences of MSP-119 obtained from GenBank. DNA sequence analysis revealed that PfMSP-119 of Malaysian and Thailand isolates was not genetically conserved as high number of haplotypes were detected and positive selection was prevalent in PfMSP-119, hence questioning its suitability to be used as a vaccine candidate. A novel haplotype (Q/TNG/L) was also detected in Thailand P. falciparum isolate. In contrast, PvMSP-119 was highly conserved, however for the first time, a non-synonymous substitution (A1657S) was reported among Malaysian isolates. As for PkMSP-119, the presence of purifying selection and low nucleotide diversity indicated that it might be a potential vaccine target for P. knowlesi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ting Goh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ping Chin Lee
- School of Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP) and School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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16
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Singh S, Santos JM, Orchard LM, Yamada N, van Biljon R, Painter HJ, Mahony S, Llinás M. The PfAP2-G2 transcription factor is a critical regulator of gametocyte maturation. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:1005-1024. [PMID: 33368818 PMCID: PMC8330521 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation from asexual blood stages to mature sexual gametocytes is required for the transmission of malaria parasites. Here, we report that the ApiAP2 transcription factor, PfAP2-G2 (PF3D7_1408200) plays a critical role in the maturation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. PfAP2-G2 binds to the promoters of a wide array of genes that are expressed at many stages of the parasite life cycle. Interestingly, we also find binding of PfAP2-G2 within the gene body of almost 3,000 genes, which strongly correlates with the location of H3K36me3 and several other histone modifications as well as Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1), suggesting that occupancy of PfAP2-G2 in gene bodies may serve as an alternative regulatory mechanism. Disruption of pfap2-g2 does not impact asexual development, but the majority of sexual parasites are unable to mature beyond stage III gametocytes. The absence of pfap2-g2 leads to overexpression of 28% of the genes bound by PfAP2-G2 and none of the PfAP2-G2 bound genes are downregulated, suggesting that it is a repressor. We also find that PfAP2-G2 interacts with chromatin remodeling proteins, a microrchidia (MORC) protein, and another ApiAP2 protein (PF3D7_1139300). Overall our data demonstrate that PfAP2-G2 establishes an essential gametocyte maturation program in association with other chromatin-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprita Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Joana M. Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Lindsey M. Orchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Naomi Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Riëtte van Biljon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Heather J. Painter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Shaun Mahony
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802, Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 16802
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17
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Agyeman YN, Newton S, Annor RB, Owusu-Dabo E. Intermittent preventive treatment comparing two versus three doses of sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in the prevention of anaemia in pregnancy in Ghana: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250350. [PMID: 33878140 PMCID: PMC8057609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012 the World Health Organisation (WHO) revised the policy on Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulphadoxine Pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) to at least three doses for improved protection against malaria parasitaemia and its associated effects such as anaemia during pregnancy. We assessed the different SP dosage regimen available under the new policy to determine the dose at which women obtained optimal protection against anaemia during pregnancy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who attended antenatal clinic at four different health facilities in Ghana. The register at the facilities served as a sampling frame and simple random sampling was used to select all the study respondents; they were enrolled consecutively as they kept reporting to the facility to receive antenatal care to obtain the required sample size. The haemoglobin level was checked using the Cyanmethemoglobin method. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to generate odds ratios, confidence intervals and p-values. The overall prevalence of anaemia among the pregnant women was 62.6%. Pregnant women who had taken 3 or more doses of IPTp-SP had anaemia prevalence of 54.1% compared to 66.6% of those who had taken one or two doses IPTp-SP. In the multivariable logistic model, primary (aOR 0.61; p = 0.03) and tertiary education (aOR 0.40; p = <0.001) decreased the odds of anaemia in pregnancy. Further, pregnant women who were anaemic at the time of enrollment (aOR 3.32; p = <0.001) to the Antenatal Care clinic and had malaria infection at late gestation (aOR 2.36; p = <0.001) had higher odds of anaemia in pregnancy. Anaemia in pregnancy remains high in the Northern region of Ghana. More than half of the pregnant women were anaemic despite the use of IPTp-SP. Maternal formal education reduced the burden of anaemia in pregnancy. The high prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy amid IPTp-SP use in Northern Ghana needs urgent attention to avert negative maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaa Nyarko Agyeman
- Department of Population and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Sam Newton
- Department of Global and International Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Department of Global and International Health, School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Jabeena CA, Govindaraju G, Rawat M, Gopi S, Sethumadhavan DV, Jaleel A, Sasankan D, Karmodiya K, Rajavelu A. Dynamic association of the H3K64 trimethylation mark with genes encoding exported proteins in Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100614. [PMID: 33839154 PMCID: PMC8095176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications have emerged as critical regulators of virulence genes and stage-specific gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum. However, the specific roles of histone core epigenetic modifications in regulating the stage-specific gene expression are not well understood. In this study, we report an unconventional trimethylation at lysine 64 on histone 3 (H3K64me3) and characterize its functional relevance in P. falciparum. We show that PfSET4 and PfSET5 proteins of P. falciparum methylate H3K64 and that they prefer the nucleosome as a substrate over free histone 3 proteins. Structural analysis of PfSET5 revealed that it interacts with the nucleosome as a dimer. The H3K64me3 mark is dynamic, being enriched in the ring and trophozoite stages and drastically reduced in the schizont stages. Stage-specific global chromatin immunoprecipitation –sequencing analysis of the H3K64me3 mark revealed the selective enrichment of this methyl mark on the genes of exported family proteins in the ring and trophozoite stages and a significant reduction of the same in the schizont stages. Collectively, our data identify a novel epigenetic mark that is associated with the subset of genes encoding for exported proteins, which may regulate their expression in different stages of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jabeena
- Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathri Govindaraju
- Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukul Rawat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soundhararajan Gopi
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat & Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Devadathan Valiyamangalath Sethumadhavan
- Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Cardiovascular Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Dhakshmi Sasankan
- Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Krishanpal Karmodiya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Pathogen Biology Group, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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19
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Cobbold SA, V Tutor M, Frasse P, McHugh E, Karnthaler M, Creek DJ, Odom John A, Tilley L, Ralph SA, McConville MJ. Non-canonical metabolic pathways in the malaria parasite detected by isotope-tracing metabolomics. Mol Syst Biol 2021; 17:e10023. [PMID: 33821563 PMCID: PMC8022201 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, proliferates rapidly in human erythrocytes by actively scavenging multiple carbon sources and essential nutrients from its host cell. However, a global overview of the metabolic capacity of intraerythrocytic stages is missing. Using multiplex 13 C-labelling coupled with untargeted mass spectrometry and unsupervised isotopologue grouping, we have generated a draft metabolome of P. falciparum and its host erythrocyte consisting of 911 and 577 metabolites, respectively, corresponding to 41% of metabolites and over 70% of the metabolic reaction predicted from the parasite genome. An additional 89 metabolites and 92 reactions were identified that were not predicted from genomic reconstructions, with the largest group being associated with metabolite damage-repair systems. Validation of the draft metabolome revealed four previously uncharacterised enzymes which impact isoprenoid biosynthesis, lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial metabolism and are necessary for parasite development and proliferation. This study defines the metabolic fate of multiple carbon sources in P. falciparum, and highlights the activity of metabolite repair pathways in these rapidly growing parasite stages, opening new avenues for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Cobbold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Madel V Tutor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Philip Frasse
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Emma McHugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Markus Karnthaler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Audrey Odom John
- The Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Stuart A Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBio21 Institute of Molecular Science and BiotechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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20
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Wright AE, Collins JE, Roberts B, Roberts JC, Winder PL, Reed JK, Diaz MC, Pomponi SA, Chakrabarti D. Antiplasmodial Compounds from Deep-Water Marine Invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040179. [PMID: 33805935 PMCID: PMC8064351 DOI: 10.3390/md19040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel drug leads for malaria therapy are urgently needed because of the widespread emergence of resistance to all available drugs. Screening of the Harbor Branch enriched fraction library against the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain (Dd2) followed by bioassay-guided fractionation led to the identification of two potent antiplasmodials; a novel diterpene designated as bebrycin A (1) and the known C21 degraded terpene nitenin (2). A SYBR Green I assay was used to establish a Dd2 EC50 of 1.08 ± 0.21 and 0.29 ± 0.02 µM for bebrycin A and nitenin, respectively. Further analysis was then performed to assess the stage specificity of the inhibitors antiplasmodial effects on the Dd2 intraerythrocytic life cycle. Exposure to bebrycin A was found to block parasite maturation at the schizont stage if added any time prior to late schizogony at 42 hours post invasion, (HPI). In contrast, early life cycle exposure to nitenin (prior to 18 HPI) was identified as crucial to parasite inhibition, suggesting nitenin may target the maturation of the parasite during the transition from ring to early trophozoite (6–18 HPI), a novel property among known antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (J.C.R.); (P.L.W.); (J.K.R.); (M.C.D.); (S.A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.W.); (D.C.); Tel.: +1-772-242-2459 (A.E.W.); +1-407-882-2256 (D.C.)
| | - Jennifer E. Collins
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.E.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Bracken Roberts
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.E.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Jill C. Roberts
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (J.C.R.); (P.L.W.); (J.K.R.); (M.C.D.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Priscilla L. Winder
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (J.C.R.); (P.L.W.); (J.K.R.); (M.C.D.); (S.A.P.)
| | - John K. Reed
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (J.C.R.); (P.L.W.); (J.K.R.); (M.C.D.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Maria Cristina Diaz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (J.C.R.); (P.L.W.); (J.K.R.); (M.C.D.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Shirley A. Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US Highway 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (J.C.R.); (P.L.W.); (J.K.R.); (M.C.D.); (S.A.P.)
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA; (J.E.C.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.W.); (D.C.); Tel.: +1-772-242-2459 (A.E.W.); +1-407-882-2256 (D.C.)
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21
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Sulistyowaty MI, Uyen NH, Suganuma K, Chitama BYA, Yahata K, Kaneko O, Sugimoto S, Yamano Y, Kawakami S, Otsuka H, Matsunami K. Six New Phenylpropanoid Derivatives from Chemically Converted Extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) and Their Antiparasitic Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:1756. [PMID: 33801067 PMCID: PMC8004034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical conversion of the extract of natural resources is a very attractive way to expand the chemical space to discover bioactive compounds. In order to search for new medicines to treat parasitic diseases that cause high morbidity and mortality in affected countries in the world, the ethyl acetate extract from the rhizome of Alpinia galanga (L.) has been chemically converted by epoxidation using dioxirane generated in situ. The biological activity of chemically converted extract (CCE) of A. galanga (L.) significantly increased the activity against Leishmania major up to 82.6 ± 6.2 % at 25 μg/mL (whereas 2.7 ± 0.8% for the original extract). By bioassay-guided fractionation, new phenylpropanoids (1-6) and four known compounds, hydroquinone (7), 4-hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methoxy)benzaldehyde (8), isocoumarin cis 4-hydroxymelein (9), and (2S,3S,6R,7R,9S,10S)-humulene triepoxide (10) were isolated from CCE. The structures of isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses of 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and MS spectra. The most active compound was hydroquinone (7) with IC50 = 0.37 ± 1.37 μg/mL as a substantial active principle of CCE. In addition, the new phenylpropanoid 2 (IC50 = 27.8 ± 0.34 μg/mL) also showed significant activity against L. major compared to the positive control miltefosine (IC50 = 7.47 ± 0.3 μg/mL). The activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei gambisense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodeisense. Interestingly, compound 2 was selectively active against trypanosomes with potent activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the bioactive "unnatural" natural products from the crude extract of A. galanga (L.) by chemical conversion and on its activities against causal pathogens of leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanny Ika Sulistyowaty
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.I.S.); (N.H.U.); (S.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Nguyen Hoang Uyen
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.I.S.); (N.H.U.); (S.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Ben-Yeddy Abel Chitama
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.-Y.A.C.); (K.Y.); (O.K.)
| | - Kazuhide Yahata
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.-Y.A.C.); (K.Y.); (O.K.)
| | - Osamu Kaneko
- Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (B.-Y.A.C.); (K.Y.); (O.K.)
| | - Sachiko Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.I.S.); (N.H.U.); (S.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoshi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.I.S.); (N.H.U.); (S.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Susumu Kawakami
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Hideaki Otsuka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan; (S.K.); (H.O.)
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; (M.I.S.); (N.H.U.); (S.S.); (Y.Y.)
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22
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Hassett MR, Roepe PD. In vitro growth competition experiments that suggest consequences of the substandard artemisinin epidemic that may be accelerating drug resistance in P. falciparum malaria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248057. [PMID: 33690638 PMCID: PMC7942984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, artemisinin (ART)-combination therapies (ACTs) have shown declining efficacy within Southeast Asia (SEA). These resistance-like phenomena manifest as a delayed clearance phenotype (DCP) in some patients treated with ACTs. ACTs are currently the recommended treatment for P. falciparum infections by the World Health Organization (WHO), and they are our last line of defense to effectively treat all strains of malaria. Acceleration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is often theorized to be exacerbated by the use of subtherapeutic dosages of drugs ("substandard" drug), which for ACTs has been well documented over the last decade. Troublingly, in 2017, the WHO estimated that nearly 1 in 10 medical products tested in low- and middle-income countries failed to meet quality standards. We have developed a tissue culture-based approach for testing possible connections between substandard treatment and the spread of ACT resistant blood stage forms of P. falciparum. Via sequencing of pfk13, a molecular marker that is predictive for ART resistance (ARTR), we monitor competition of sensitive vs resistant strains over time and under various conditions and define conditions that favor emergence of ARTR parasites. Our findings help to define the conditions under which substandard drug treatments might favor the proliferation of mutant PfK13-mediated drug resistant strains over drug sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Hassett
- Dept. of Chemistry and Dept. of Biochemistry & Cellular & Molecular Biology, Georgetown University (MRH, PDR), Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Roepe
- Dept. of Chemistry and Dept. of Biochemistry & Cellular & Molecular Biology, Georgetown University (MRH, PDR), Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Baldé MA, Tuenter E, Matheeussen A, Traoré MS, Cos P, Maes L, Camara A, Diallo MST, Baldé ES, Balde AM, Pieters L, Foubert K. Bioassay-guided isolation of antiplasmodial and antimicrobial constituents from the roots of Terminalia albida. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113624. [PMID: 33246123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia albida (Combretaceae), widely used in Guinean traditional medicine, showed promising activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Candida albicans in previous studies. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out in order to isolate the compounds responsible for these activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fractionation and isolation were performed by flash chromatography, followed by semi-preparative HPLC-DAD-MS. The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out by 1D and 2D NMR as well as HR-ESI-MS. Isolated compounds were evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and their cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells was determined. RESULTS Bioassay-guided fractionation of Terminalia albida root resulted in the isolation of 14 compounds (1-14), and their antimicrobial properties were evaluated. Pantolactone (1) (IC50 0.60 ± 0.03 μM) demonstrated significant activity against P. falciparum. Other compounds, including 3,4,3'-tri-O-methyl-ellagic acid (3), the triterpenes arjunolic acid (5), arjungenin (6), arjunic acid (7) and arjunglucoside II (10), and the phenol glycoside calophymembranside-B (14), were less active and showed IC50 values in the range 5-15 μM. None of the tested compound showed antibacterial or antifungal activity. CONCLUSION These results may explain at least in part the activity of the root extract of T. albida against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Aliou Baldé
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Sahar Traoré
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, BP, 1017, Guinea; Research and Valorization Center on Medicinal Plants Dubreka, BP, 6411, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aïssata Camara
- Research and Valorization Center on Medicinal Plants Dubreka, BP, 6411, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Elhadj Saïdou Baldé
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, BP, 1017, Guinea
| | - Aliou Mamadou Balde
- Department of Pharmacy, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, BP, 1017, Guinea; Research and Valorization Center on Medicinal Plants Dubreka, BP, 6411, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
The malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a severe threat to human health across the globe. This parasite alone causes the highest morbidity and mortality than any other species of Plasmodium. The parasites dynamically multiply in the erythrocytes of the vertebrate hosts, a large number of reactive oxygen species that damage biological macromolecules are produced in the cell during parasite growth. To relieve this intense oxidative stress, the parasite employs an NADPH-dependent thioredoxin and glutathione system that acts as an antioxidant and maintains redox status in the parasite. The mutual interaction of both redox proteins is involved in various biological functions and the survival of the erythrocytic stage of the parasite. Since the Plasmodium species is deficient in catalase and classical glutathione peroxidase, so their redox balance relies on a complex set of five peroxiredoxins, differentially positioned in the cytosol, mitochondria, apicoplast, and nucleus with partly overlapping substrate preferences. Moreover, Plasmodium falciparum possesses a set of members belonging to the thioredoxin superfamily, such as three thioredoxins, two thioredoxin-like proteins, one dithiol, three monocysteine glutaredoxins, and one redox-active plasmoredoxin with largely redundant functions. This review paper aims to discuss and encapsulate the biological function and current knowledge of the functional redox network of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitri Tiwari
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Nivedita Sharma
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | | | - Neelima Mishra
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
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25
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Pereira PHS, Garcia CRS. Melatonin action in Plasmodium infection: Searching for molecules that modulate the asexual cycle as a strategy to impair the parasite cycle. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12700. [PMID: 33025644 PMCID: PMC7757246 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half of the world's population lives in countries at risk of malaria infection, which results in approximately 450,000 deaths annually. Malaria parasites infect erythrocytes in a coordinated manner, with cycle durations in multiples of 24 hours, which reflects a behavior consistent with the host's circadian cycle. Interference in cycle coordination can help the immune system to naturally fight infection. Consequently, there is a search for new drugs that interfere with the cycle duration for combined treatment with conventional antimalarials. Melatonin appears to be a key host hormone responsible for regulating circadian behavior in the parasite cycle. In addition to host factors, there are still unknown factors intrinsic to the parasite that control the cycle duration. In this review, we present a series of reports of indole compounds and melatonin derivatives with antimalarial activity that were tested on several species of Plasmodium to evaluate the cytotoxicity to parasites and human cells, in addition to the ability to interfere with the development of the erythrocytic cycle. Most of the reported compounds had an IC50 value in the low micromolar range, without any toxicity to human cells. Triptosil, an indole derivative of melatonin, was able to inhibit the effect of melatonin in vitro without causing changes to the parasitemia. The wide variety of tested compounds indicates that it is possible to develop a compound capable of safely eliminating parasites from the host and interfering with the life cycle, which is promising for the development of new combined therapies against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. S. Pereira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Celia R. S. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Shaw WR, Holmdahl IE, Itoe MA, Werling K, Marquette M, Paton DG, Singh N, Buckee CO, Childs LM, Catteruccia F. Multiple blood feeding in mosquitoes shortens the Plasmodium falciparum incubation period and increases malaria transmission potential. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009131. [PMID: 33382824 PMCID: PMC7774842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many mosquito species, including the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, naturally undergo multiple reproductive cycles of blood feeding, egg development and egg laying in their lifespan. Such complex mosquito behavior is regularly overlooked when mosquitoes are experimentally infected with malaria parasites, limiting our ability to accurately describe potential effects on transmission. Here, we examine how Plasmodium falciparum development and transmission potential is impacted when infected mosquitoes feed an additional time. We measured P. falciparum oocyst size and performed sporozoite time course analyses to determine the parasite's extrinsic incubation period (EIP), i.e. the time required by parasites to reach infectious sporozoite stages, in An. gambiae females blood fed either once or twice. An additional blood feed at 3 days post infection drastically accelerates oocyst growth rates, causing earlier sporozoite accumulation in the salivary glands, thereby shortening the EIP (reduction of 2.3 ± 0.4 days). Moreover, parasite growth is further accelerated in transgenic mosquitoes with reduced reproductive capacity, which mimic genetic modifications currently proposed in population suppression gene drives. We incorporate our shortened EIP values into a measure of transmission potential, the basic reproduction number R0, and find the average R0 is higher (range: 10.1%-12.1% increase) across sub-Saharan Africa than when using traditional EIP measurements. These data suggest that malaria elimination may be substantially more challenging and that younger mosquitoes or those with reduced reproductive ability may provide a larger contribution to infection than currently believed. Our findings have profound implications for current and future mosquito control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Robert Shaw
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inga E. Holmdahl
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maurice A. Itoe
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristine Werling
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meghan Marquette
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas G. Paton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naresh Singh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline O. Buckee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Childs
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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27
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Abbas SS, Dijkstra TMH. Detection and stage classification of Plasmodium falciparum from images of Giemsa stained thin blood films using random forest classifiers. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:130. [PMID: 33097073 PMCID: PMC7585298 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional method for the diagnosis of malaria parasites is the microscopic examination of stained blood films, which is time consuming and requires expertise. We introduce computer-based image segmentation and life stage classification with a random forest classifier. Segmentation and stage classification are performed on a large dataset of malaria parasites with ground truth labels provided by experts. METHODS We made use of Giemsa stained images obtained from the blood of 16 patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Experts labeled the parasite types from each of the images. We applied a two-step approach: image segmentation followed by life stage classification. In segmentation, we classified each pixel as a parasite or non-parasite pixel using a random forest classifier. Performance was evaluated with classification accuracy, Dice coefficient and free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. In life stage classification, we classified each of the segmented objects into one of 8 classes: 6 parasite life stages, early ring, late ring or early trophozoite, mid trophozoite, early schizont, late schizont or segmented, and two other classes, white blood cell or debris. RESULTS Our segmentation method gives an average cross-validated Dice coefficient of 0.82 which is a 13% improvement compared to the Otsu method. The Otsu method achieved a True Positive Fraction (TPF) of 0.925 at the expense of a False Positive Rate (FPR) of 2.45. At the same TPF of 0.925, our method achieved an FPR of 0.92, an improvement by more than a factor two. We find that inclusion of average intensity of the whole image as feature for the random forest considerably improves segmentation performance. We obtain an overall accuracy of 58.8% when classifying all life stages. Stages are mostly confused with their neighboring stages. When we reduce the life stages to ring, trophozoite and schizont only, we obtain an accuracy of 82.7%. CONCLUSION Pixel classification gives better segmentation performance than the conventional Otsu method. Effects of staining and background variations can be reduced with the inclusion of average intensity features. The proposed method and data set can be used in the development of automatic tools for the detection and stage classification of malaria parasites. The data set is publicly available as a benchmark for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saiden Abbas
- Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd M. H. Dijkstra
- Department for Women’s Health, University Clinic Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Huang G, Solano CM, Melendez J, Yu-Alfonzo S, Boonhok R, Min H, Miao J, Chakrabarti D, Yuan Y. Discovery of fast-acting dual-stage antimalarial agents by profiling pyridylvinylquinoline chemical space via copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112889. [PMID: 33045660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To identity fast-acting, multistage antimalarial agents, a series of pyridylvinylquinoline-triazole analogues have been synthesized via CuAAC. Most of the compounds display significant inhibitory effect on the drug-resistant malarial Dd2 strain at low submicromolar concentrations. Among the tested analogues, compound 60 is the most potent molecule with an EC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.01 μM. Our current study indicates that compound 60 is a fast-acting antimalarial compound and it demonstrates stage specific action at the trophozoite phase in the P. falciparum asexual life cycle. In addition, compound 60 is active against both early and late stage P. falciparum gametocytes. From a mechanistic perspective, compound 60 shows good activity as an inhibitor of β-hematin formation. Collectively, our findings suggest that fast-acting agent 60 targets dual life stages of the malarial parasites and warrant further investigation of pyridylvinylquinoline hybrids as new antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Claribel Murillo Solano
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Joel Melendez
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Sabrina Yu-Alfonzo
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Rachasak Boonhok
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA; Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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29
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Farrington LA, Callaway PC, Vance HM, Baskevitch K, Lutz E, Warrier L, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Jagannathan P, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Opsonized antigen activates Vδ2+ T cells via CD16/FCγRIIIa in individuals with chronic malaria exposure. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008997. [PMID: 33085728 PMCID: PMC7605717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly respond to phosphoantigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum in an innate-like manner, without prior antigen exposure or processing. Vδ2 T cells have been shown to inhibit parasite replication in vitro and are associated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in vivo. Although a marked expansion of Vδ2 T cells is seen after acute malaria infection in naïve individuals, repeated malaria causes Vδ2 T cells to decline both in frequency and in malaria-responsiveness, and to exhibit numerous transcriptional and phenotypic changes, including upregulation of the Fc receptor CD16. Here we investigate the functional role of CD16 on Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to malaria. We show that CD16+ Vδ2 T cells possess more cytolytic potential than their CD16- counterparts, and bear many of the hallmarks of mature NK cells, including KIR expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Vδ2 T cells from heavily malaria-exposed individuals are able to respond to opsonized P.falciparum-infected red blood cells through CD16, representing a second, distinct pathway by which Vδ2 T cells may contribute to anti-parasite effector functions. This response was independent of TCR engagement, as demonstrated by blockade of the phosphoantigen presenting molecule Butyrophilin 3A1. Together these results indicate that Vδ2 T cells in heavily malaria-exposed individuals retain the capacity for antimalarial effector function, and demonstrate their activation by opsonized parasite antigen. This represents a new role both for Vδ2 T cells and for opsonizing antibodies in parasite clearance, emphasizing cooperation between the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Perri C. Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Baskevitch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Lutz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ester Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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30
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Kariuki SN, Marin-Menendez A, Introini V, Ravenhill BJ, Lin YC, Macharia A, Makale J, Tendwa M, Nyamu W, Kotar J, Carrasquilla M, Rowe JA, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski D, Weekes MP, Cicuta P, Williams TN, Rayner JC. Red blood cell tension protects against severe malaria in the Dantu blood group. Nature 2020; 585:579-583. [PMID: 32939086 PMCID: PMC7116803 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria has had a major effect on the human genome, with many protective polymorphisms-such as the sickle-cell trait-having been selected to high frequencies in malaria-endemic regions1,2. The blood group variant Dantu provides 74% protection against all forms of severe malaria in homozygous individuals3-5, a similar degree of protection to that afforded by the sickle-cell trait and considerably greater than that offered by the best malaria vaccine. Until now, however, the protective mechanism has been unknown. Here we demonstrate the effect of Dantu on the ability of the merozoite form of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum to invade red blood cells (RBCs). We find that Dantu is associated with extensive changes to the repertoire of proteins found on the RBC surface, but, unexpectedly, inhibition of invasion does not correlate with specific RBC-parasite receptor-ligand interactions. By following invasion using video microscopy, we find a strong link between RBC tension and merozoite invasion, and identify a tension threshold above which invasion rarely occurs, even in non-Dantu RBCs. Dantu RBCs have higher average tension than non-Dantu RBCs, meaning that a greater proportion resist invasion. These findings provide both an explanation for the protective effect of Dantu, and fresh insight into why the efficiency of P. falciparum invasion might vary across the heterogenous populations of RBCs found both within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N Kariuki
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Viola Introini
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yen-Chun Lin
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Macharia
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Makale
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Metrine Tendwa
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Wilfred Nyamu
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - J Alexandra Rowe
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kirk Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas N Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Chaianantakul N, Sungkapong T, Supatip J, Kingsang P, Kamlaithong S, Suwanakitti N. Antimalarial effect of cell penetrating peptides derived from the junctional region of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. Peptides 2020; 131:170372. [PMID: 32673701 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfDHFR-TS) is an important target of antifolate antimalarial drugs. However, drug resistant parasites are widespread in malaria endemic regions. The unique bifunctional property of PfDHFR-TS could be exploited for the design of allosteric inhibitors that interfere with the active dimer conformation. In this study, peptides were derived from the junctional region (JR) of PfDHFR-TS amino acid sequence in the αj1 helix (JR-helix) and the DHFR domain that is necessary for interaction with αj1 helix (JR21). Five peptides were synthesized and tested for inhibition of PfDHFR-TS enzyme by Bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) based on the growth of an E. coli DHFR and TS knockout complemented with a recombinant plasmid expressing PfDHFR-TS enzyme. Significant inhibition was observed for JR21 and JR21 conjugated to cell-penetrating octa-arginine peptide (rR8-JR21) with 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3.87 and 1.53 μM, respectively. The JR-helix and rR8-JR-helix peptides were inactive. JR21 and rR8-JR21 peptides showed similar growth inhibitory effects on P. falciparum NF54 parasites cultured in vitro. Treatment with rR8-JR21 delayed parasite development, in which an accumulation of ring stage parasites was observed after 12 h of culture. Minimal red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis was observed at the highest dose of peptide tested. The most potent peptide rR8-JR21 not only compromised the development of the P. falciparum, but also inhibited the parasite growth and has low hemolytic effect on human RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natpasit Chaianantakul
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Tippawan Sungkapong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Jaturayut Supatip
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Pitchayanin Kingsang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Sarayut Kamlaithong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nattida Suwanakitti
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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32
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Anam ZE, Joshi N, Gupta S, Yadav P, Chaurasiya A, Kahlon AK, Kaushik S, Munde M, Ranganathan A, Singh S. A De novo Peptide from a High Throughput Peptide Library Blocks Myosin A -MTIP Complex Formation in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176158. [PMID: 32859024 PMCID: PMC7503848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites, through their motor machinery, produce the required propulsive force critical for host cell-entry. The conserved components of this so-called glideosome machinery are myosin A and myosin A Tail Interacting Protein (MTIP). MTIP tethers myosin A to the inner membrane complex of the parasite through 20 amino acid-long C-terminal end of myosin A that makes direct contacts with MTIP, allowing the invasion of Plasmodium falciparum in erythrocytes. Here, we discovered through screening a peptide library, a de-novo peptide ZA1 that binds the myosin A tail domain. We demonstrated that ZA1 bound strongly to myosin A tail and was able to disrupt the native myosin A tail MTIP complex both in vitro and in vivo. We then showed that a shortened peptide derived from ZA1, named ZA1S, was able to bind myosin A and block parasite invasion. Overall, our study identified a novel anti-malarial peptide that could be used in combination with other antimalarials for blocking the invasion of Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zill e Anam
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Nishant Joshi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201304, India;
| | - Sakshi Gupta
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ayushi Chaurasiya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Amandeep Kaur Kahlon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Shikha Kaushik
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Manoj Munde
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Anand Ranganathan
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; (Z.e.A.); (P.Y.); (A.C.); (A.K.K.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (S.S.)
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33
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Reyser T, To TH, Egwu C, Paloque L, Nguyen M, Hamouy A, Stigliani JL, Bijani C, Augereau JM, Joly JP, Portela J, Havot J, Marque SRA, Boissier J, Robert A, Benoit-Vical F, Audran G. Alkoxyamines Designed as Potential Drugs against Plasmodium and Schistosoma Parasites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173838. [PMID: 32846996 PMCID: PMC7503767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria and schistosomiasis are major infectious causes of morbidity and mortality in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. Due to the widespread drug resistance of the parasites, the availability of new efficient and affordable drugs for these endemic pathologies is now a critical public health issue. In this study, we report the design, the synthesis and the preliminary biological evaluation of a series of alkoxyamine derivatives as potential drugs against Plasmodium and Schistosoma parasites. The compounds (RS/SR)-2F, (RR/SS)-2F, and 8F, having IC50 values in nanomolar range against drug-resistant P. falciparum strains, but also five other alkoxyamines, inducing the death of all adult worms of S. mansoni in only 1 h, can be considered as interesting chemical starting points of the series for improvement of the activity, and further structure activity, relationship studies. Moreover, investigation of the mode of action and the rate constants kd for C-ON bond homolysis of new alkoxyamines is reported, showing a possible alkyl radical mediated biological activity. A theoretical chemistry study allowed us to design new structures of alkoxyamines in order to improve the selectivity index of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Reyser
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Tung H. To
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Chinedu Egwu
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucie Paloque
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Alexandre Hamouy
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Jean-Luc Stigliani
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Christian Bijani
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
| | - Jean-Michel Augereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Patrick Joly
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Julien Portela
- S.A.S ParaDev, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France;
| | - Jeffrey Havot
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR 5244 CNRS, University of Perpignan, IFREMER, Univ. Montpellier, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Anne Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Françoise Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31555 Toulouse, France; (T.R.); (C.E.); (L.P.); (M.N.); (A.H.); (J.-L.S.); (C.B.); (J.-M.A.)
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 31024 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
| | - Gérard Audran
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Case 551, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille CEDEX 20, France; (T.H.T.); (J.-P.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.A.M.); (J.B.); (A.R.); (F.B.-V.); (G.A.)
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Silva AT, Lobo L, Oliveira IS, Gomes J, Teixeira C, Nogueira F, Marques EF, Ferraz R, Gomes P. Building on Surface-Active Ionic Liquids for the Rescuing of the Antimalarial Drug Chloroquine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155334. [PMID: 32727096 PMCID: PMC7432003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids derived from classical antimalarials are emerging as a new approach towards the cost-effective rescuing of those drugs. Herein, we disclose novel surface-active ionic liquids derived from chloroquine and natural fatty acids whose antimalarial activity in vitro was found to be superior to that of the parent drug. The most potent ionic liquid was the laurate salt of chloroquine, which presented IC50 values of 4 and 110 nM against a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively, corresponding to an 11- and 6-fold increase in potency as compared to the reference chloroquine bisphosphate salt against the same strains. This unprecedented report opens new perspectives in both the fields of malaria chemotherapy and of surface-active ionic liquids derived from active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.T.S.); (J.G.); (C.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Lis Lobo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.L.); (F.N.)
| | - Isabel S. Oliveira
- CIQ-UP, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.S.O.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Joana Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.T.S.); (J.G.); (C.T.); (R.F.)
- CIQ-UP, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.S.O.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.T.S.); (J.G.); (C.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.L.); (F.N.)
| | - Eduardo F. Marques
- CIQ-UP, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.S.O.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.T.S.); (J.G.); (C.T.); (R.F.)
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Politécnico do Porto, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.T.S.); (J.G.); (C.T.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-2-2040-2563
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Vanaerschot M, Murithi JM, Pasaje CFA, Ghidelli-Disse S, Dwomoh L, Bird M, Spottiswoode N, Mittal N, Arendse LB, Owen ES, Wicht KJ, Siciliano G, Bösche M, Yeo T, Kumar TRS, Mok S, Carpenter EF, Giddins MJ, Sanz O, Ottilie S, Alano P, Chibale K, Llinás M, Uhlemann AC, Delves M, Tobin AB, Doerig C, Winzeler EA, Lee MCS, Niles JC, Fidock DA. Inhibition of Resistance-Refractory P. falciparum Kinase PKG Delivers Prophylactic, Blood Stage, and Transmission-Blocking Antiplasmodial Activity. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:806-816.e8. [PMID: 32359426 PMCID: PMC7369637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The search for antimalarial chemotypes with modes of action unrelated to existing drugs has intensified with the recent failure of first-line therapies across Southeast Asia. Here, we show that the trisubstituted imidazole MMV030084 potently inhibits hepatocyte invasion by Plasmodium sporozoites, merozoite egress from asexual blood stage schizonts, and male gamete exflagellation. Metabolomic, phosphoproteomic, and chemoproteomic studies, validated with conditional knockdown parasites, molecular docking, and recombinant kinase assays, identified cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) as the primary target of MMV030084. PKG is known to play essential roles in Plasmodium invasion of and egress from host cells, matching MMV030084's activity profile. Resistance selections and gene editing identified tyrosine kinase-like protein 3 as a low-level resistance mediator for PKG inhibitors, while PKG itself never mutated under pressure. These studies highlight PKG as a resistance-refractory antimalarial target throughout the Plasmodium life cycle and promote MMV030084 as a promising Plasmodium PKG-targeting chemotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Vanaerschot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James M Murithi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Charisse Flerida A Pasaje
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Louis Dwomoh
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK, Scotland
| | - Megan Bird
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Natasha Spottiswoode
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nimisha Mittal
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauren B Arendse
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Edward S Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA; Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giulia Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Bösche
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - T R Santha Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sachel Mok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emma F Carpenter
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marla J Giddins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olalla Sanz
- Diseases of the Developing World Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry & Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA; Huck Center for Malaria Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Delves
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK, Scotland
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia
| | | | - Marcus C S Lee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Ressurreição M, Thomas JA, Nofal SD, Flueck C, Moon RW, Baker DA, van Ooij C. Use of a highly specific kinase inhibitor for rapid, simple and precise synchronization of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi asexual blood-stage parasites. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235798. [PMID: 32673324 PMCID: PMC7365400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of the asexual erythrocytic stage of development, Plasmodium spp. parasites undergo a series of morphological changes and induce alterations in the host cell. At the end of this stage, the parasites egress from the infected cell, after which the progeny invade a new host cell. These processes are rapid and occur in a time-dependent manner. Of particular importance, egress and invasion of erythrocytes by the parasite are difficult to capture in an unsynchronized culture, or even a culture that has been synchronized within a window of one to several hours. Therefore, precise synchronization of parasite cultures is of paramount importance for the investigation of these processes. Here we describe a method for synchronizing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi asexual blood stage parasites with ML10, a highly specific inhibitor of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) that arrests parasite growth approximately 15 minutes prior to egress. This inhibitor allows parasite cultures to be synchronized so that all parasites are within a window of development of several minutes, with a simple wash step. Furthermore, we show that parasites remain viable for several hours after becoming arrested by the compound and that ML10 has advantages, owing to its high specificity and low EC50, over the previously used PKG inhibitor Compound 2. Here, we demonstrate that ML10 is an invaluable tool for the study of Plasmodium spp. asexual blood stage biology and for the routine synchronization of P. falciparum and P. knowlesi cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Ressurreição
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Thomas
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie D. Nofal
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Flueck
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christiaan van Ooij
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Colombia has officially adopted the parasite density levels of severe malaria established by the WHO (>50,000 parasites/μl). These values have been inferred from areas of high transmission in Africa and are not consistent with the dynamics of low and unstable transmission in Colombia. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the parasite density values observed in patients with severe malaria and their distribution in the different ecoepidemiological regions of Colombia. METHODS A retrospective and descriptive study of confirmed cases of severe malaria was conducted in endemic areas of malaria in Colombia over the period 2014-2017. Data were collected from secondary sources of the Subnational Programs of Malaria Prevention and Control. Person, place, and time variables were selected. The official definition of severe malaria was adopted, and compliance with these criteria was determined. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted with absolute and relative frequency measures, and the relevant statistical tests were applied. RESULTS The overall parasite density values in Colombia showed a geometric mean of 5,919 parasites/μl (95% CI: 5,608-6,248). By parasite species, the values were 6,151 (95% CI: 5,631-6,718) for Plasmodium falciparum and 5,815 (95% CI: 5,428-6,230) for Plasmodium vivax. The highest parasite density values were recorded in the Amazon ecoepidemiological region (8,177; 95% CI: 6,015-11,116), and the lowest values were recorded in the Andean region (5,026; 95% CI: 2,409-10,480). CONCLUSIONS In endemic areas of low and unstable malaria transmission in the Colombian territory, the parasite density levels observed in populations with severe malaria are lower than the officially established values. The parasite density criterion is not really a relevant criterion for the definition of severe cases in Colombia and it certainly not be used to make a clinical decision about the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario J. Olivera
- Grupo de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- * E-mail:
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Mahmoud AB, Danton O, Kaiser M, Han S, Moreno A, Abd Algaffar S, Khalid S, Oh WK, Hamburger M, Mäser P. Lignans, Amides, and Saponins from Haplophyllum tuberculatum and Their Antiprotozoal Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:E2825. [PMID: 32575379 PMCID: PMC7355546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A screening of Sudanese medicinal plants for antiprotozoal activities revealed that the chloroform and water fractions of the ethanolic root extract of Haplophyllum tuberculatum exhibited appreciable bioactivity against Leishmania donovani. The antileishmanial activity was tracked by HPLC-based activity profiling, and eight compounds were isolated from the chloroform fraction. These included lignans tetrahydrofuroguaiacin B (1), nectandrin B (2), furoguaiaoxidin (7), and 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-dihydroxylignan-9-ol (10), and four cinnamoylphenethyl amides, namely dihydro-feruloyltyramine (5), (E)-N-feruloyltyramine (6), N,N'-diferuloylputrescine (8), and 7'-ethoxy-feruloyltyramine (9). The water fraction yielded steroid saponins 11-13. Compounds 1, 2, and 5-13 are reported for the first time from Haplophyllum species and the family Rutaceae. The antiprotozoal activity of the compounds plus two stereoisomeric tetrahydrofuran lignans-fragransin B2 (3) and fragransin B1 (4)-was determined against Leishmania donovani amastigotes, Plasmodium falciparum, and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream forms, along with their cytotoxicity to rat myoblast L6 cells. Nectandrin B (2) exhibited the highest activity against L. donovani (IC50 4.5 µM) and the highest selectivity index (25.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Babiker Mahmoud
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (O.D.); (M.H.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan;
| | - Ombeline Danton
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (O.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Sohee Han
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.H.); (W.K.O.)
| | | | - Shereen Abd Algaffar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, 14411 Omdurman, Sudan;
| | - Sami Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, 14411 Omdurman, Sudan;
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (S.H.); (W.K.O.)
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (O.D.); (M.H.)
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; (O.D.); (M.H.)
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Hickey B, Teneza-Mora N, Lumsden J, Reyes S, Sedegah M, Garver L, Hollingdale MR, Banania JG, Ganeshan H, Dowler M, Reyes A, Tamminga C, Singer A, Simmons A, Belmonte M, Belmonte A, Huang J, Inoue S, Velasco R, Abot S, Vasquez CS, Guzman I, Wong M, Twomey P, Wojnarski M, Moon J, Alcorta Y, Maiolatesi S, Spring M, Davidson S, Chaudhury S, Villasante E, Richie TL, Epstein JE. IMRAS-A clinical trial of mosquito-bite immunization with live, radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites: Impact of immunization parameters on protective efficacy and generation of a repository of immunologic reagents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233840. [PMID: 32555601 PMCID: PMC7299375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) by mosquito bite provides >90% sterile protection against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria in humans. RAS invade hepatocytes but do not replicate. CD8+ T cells recognizing parasite-derived peptides on the surface of infected hepatocytes are likely the primary protective mechanism. We conducted a randomized clinical trial of RAS immunization to assess safety, to achieve 50% vaccine efficacy (VE) against controlled human malaria infection (CHMI), and to generate reagents from protected and non-protected subjects for future identification of protective immune mechanisms and antigens. Methods Two cohorts (Cohort 1 and Cohort 2) of healthy, malaria-naïve, non-pregnant adults age 18–50 received five monthly immunizations with infected (true-immunized, n = 21) or non-infected (mock-immunized, n = 5) mosquito bites and underwent homologous CHMI at 3 weeks. Immunization parameters were selected for 50% protection based on prior clinical data. Leukapheresis was done to collect plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results Adverse event rates were similar in true- and mock-immunized subjects. Two true- and two mock-immunized subjects developed large local reactions likely caused by mosquito salivary gland antigens. In Cohort 1, 11 subjects received 810–1235 infected bites; 6/11 (55%) were protected against CHMI vs. 0/3 mock-immunized and 0/6 infectivity controls (VE 55%). In Cohort 2, 10 subjects received 839–1131 infected bites with a higher first dose and a reduced fifth dose; 9/10 (90%) were protected vs. 0/2 mock-immunized and 0/6 controls (VE 90%). Three/3 (100%) protected subjects administered three booster immunizations were protected against repeat CHMI vs. 0/6 controls (VE 100%). Cohort 2 uniquely showed a significant rise in IFN-γ responses after the third and fifth immunizations and higher antibody responses to CSP. Conclusions PfRAS were generally safe and well tolerated. Cohort 2 had a higher first dose, reduced final dose, higher antibody responses to CSP and significant rise of IFN-γ responses after the third and fifth immunizations. Whether any of these factors contributed to increased protection in Cohort 2 requires further investigation. A cryobank of sera and cells from protected and non-protected individuals was generated for future immunological studies and antigen discovery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994525.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Hickey
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Nimfa Teneza-Mora
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Joanne Lumsden
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sharina Reyes
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Garver
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hollingdale
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jo Glenna Banania
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Megan Dowler
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Anatalio Reyes
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Cindy Tamminga
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Singer
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Alicia Simmons
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Arnel Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jun Huang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sandra Inoue
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel Velasco
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steve Abot
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Carlos S. Vasquez
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ivelese Guzman
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mimi Wong
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Patrick Twomey
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mariusz Wojnarski
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - James Moon
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Yolanda Alcorta
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Santina Maiolatesi
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michele Spring
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Silas Davidson
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Biotechnology HPC Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Richie
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Judith E. Epstein
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
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Mbosso Teinkela JE, Siwe Noundou X, Zeh Mimba JE, Meyer F, Tabouguia OM, Assob Nguedia JC, Hoppe HC, Krause RWM, Wintjens R, Azebaze GAB. Compound isolation and biological activities of Piptadeniastrum africanum (hook.f.) Brennan roots. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 255:112716. [PMID: 32151754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dicotyledonous plant Piptadeniastrum africanum (hook.f.) Brennan (Fabaceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat various human complaints including bronchitis, coughing, urino-genital ailments, meningitis, abdominal pain, treatment of wounds, malaria and gastrointestinal ailments, and is used as a purgative and worm expeller. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study describes the phytochemical investigation and the determination of the antimicrobial, antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activities of crude extract, fractions and compounds extracted from Piptadeniastrum africanum roots. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated compounds were obtained using several chromatographic techniques. The structures of all compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses (1D and 2D NMR) and by comparing their NMR data with those found in literature. In vitro antimicrobial activity of samples was evaluated using the microdilution method on bacterial (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Candida krusei) strains, while in vitro cell-growth inhibition activities were assessed against two parasites (Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7). The cytotoxicity properties of samples were assayed against HeLa human cervical carcinoma. RESULTS Five compounds were isolated and identified as: tricosanol 1, 5α-stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-β-ol 2, betulinic acid 3, oleanolic acid 4 and piptadenamide 5. This is the first report of the isolation of these five compounds from the roots of P. africanum. The (Hex:EtOAc 50:50) fraction exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis (MIC 250 μg/mL), while the other fractions and isolated compounds had weak antimicrobial activities. Only the EtOAc fraction presented a moderate antimalarial activity with an IC50 of 16.5 μg/mL. The MeOH crude extract and three fractions (Hexane, Hexane-EtOAc 25% and EtOAc-MeOH 25%) exhibited significant trypanocidal activity with IC50 values of 3.0, 37.5, 3.8 and 9.5 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated a scientific rational of the traditional uses of P. africanum and indicate that this plant should be further investigated to identify some of the chemical components that exhibited the activities reported in this study and therefore may constitute new lead candidates in parasiticidal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Emmanuel Mbosso Teinkela
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Department RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Xavier Siwe Noundou
- University Institute of Wood Technology of Mbalmayo, University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon; Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | | | - Franck Meyer
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Department RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | | | | | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Nanomaterials and Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, South Africa
| | - René Wintjens
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Department RD3, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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Ezenyi IC, Verma V, Singh S, Okhale SE, Adzu B. Ethnopharmacology-aided antiplasmodial evaluation of six selected plants used for malaria treatment in Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 254:112694. [PMID: 32092499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sub - Saharan Africa has a high malaria burden and Nigeria accounts for majority of malaria cases worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate selected plants extracts used against malaria in Nigeria for antiplasmodial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnomedicinal based - approach by literature survey was used to identify plants used in the study. The parts of the plant used were collected and extracted with 70% v/v ethanol; a portion of each extract was used to prepare successive solvent and residual fractions. Chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) P. falciparum strain and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were used for antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity screening respectively. Hemolysis assay was also carried out on red blood cells (RBCs). Test for in vivo efficacy of an active extract was conducted in a mouse model of established P. berghei ANKA-infection. RESULTS A total of six plants; Andropogon schirensis, Celtis durandii, Chasmanthera dependens, Daniellia ogea, Icacina trichantha and Triumfetta cordifolia were selected and screened. Triumfetta cordifolia leaf extract was observed to display moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 48.09 μg/ml) and was non-toxic to HEK293 cells and erythrocytes. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, T. cordifolia significantly (p<0.001) suppressed parasitemia, significantly (p<0.001) inhibited RBC depletion and prolonged survival in infected mice. CONCLUSIONS T. cordifolia ethanol extract possesses antiplasmodial efficacy and this is the first report of its kind on the plant. It is a potential candidate for further studies to identify its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Ezenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - V Verma
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - S Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - S E Okhale
- Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - B Adzu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria
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Polino AJ, Nasamu AS, Niles JC, Goldberg DE. Assessment of Biological Role and Insight into Druggability of the Plasmodium falciparum Protease Plasmepsin V. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:738-746. [PMID: 32069391 PMCID: PMC7155168 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Upon infecting a red blood cell (RBC), the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum drastically remodels its host by exporting hundreds of proteins into the RBC cytosol. This protein export program is essential for parasite survival. Hence export-related proteins could be potential drug targets. One essential enzyme in this pathway is plasmepsin V (PMV), an aspartic protease that processes export-destined proteins in the parasite endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) motif. Despite long-standing interest in this enzyme, functional studies have been hindered by the inability of previous technologies to produce a regulatable lethal depletion of PMV. To overcome this technical barrier, we designed a system for stringent post-transcriptional regulation allowing a tightly controlled, tunable knockdown of PMV. Using this system, we found that PMV must be dramatically depleted to affect parasite growth, suggesting the parasite maintains this enzyme in substantial excess. Surprisingly, depletion of PMV arrested parasite growth immediately after RBC invasion, significantly before the death from exported protein deficit that has previously been described. The data suggest that PMV inhibitors can halt parasite growth at two distinct points in the parasite life cycle. However, overcoming the functional excess of PMV in the parasite may require inhibitor concentrations far beyond the enzyme's IC50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Polino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Armiyaw S Nasamu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Sow C, Laughhunn A, Girard YA, Lanteri MC, Amar El Dusouqui S, Stassinopoulos A, Grellier P. Inactivation of Plasmodium falciparum in whole blood using the amustaline and glutathione pathogen reduction technology. Transfusion 2020; 60:799-805. [PMID: 32129497 PMCID: PMC7187285 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of transfusion-transmitted (TT) malaria is mainly associated with whole blood (WB) or red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Risk mitigation relies mostly on donor deferral while a limited number of countries perform blood testing, both negatively impacting blood availability. This study investigated the efficacy of the pathogen reduction system using amustaline and glutathione (GSH) to inactivate Plasmodium falciparum in WB. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS WB units were spiked with ring stage P. falciparum infected RBCs. Parasite loads were measured in samples at time of infection, after 24 hours at room temperature (RT), and after a 24-hour incubation at RT post-treatment with 0.2 mM amustaline and 2 mM GSH. Serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples were inoculated to RBC cultures and maintained up to 4 weeks. Parasitemia was quantified by cytometry. RESULTS The P. falciparum viability assay has a limit of detection of a single live parasite per sample. Input parasite titer was >5.7 log10 TCID50 per mL. A 24-hour incubation at RT paused parasite development in controls, but they retained viability and infectivity when tested in culture. In contrast, no infectious parasites were detected in the amustaline/GSH-treated sample after 4 weeks of culture. CONCLUSION A robust level of P. falciparum inactivation was achieved in WB using amustaline/GSH treatment. Parasite log reduction was >5.7 log10 TCID50 per mL. Development of such a pathogen reduction system may provide an opportunity to reduce the risk of TT malaria and improve blood availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cissé Sow
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National dʼHistoire Naturelle, CNRSParisFrance
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Grellier
- MCAM, UMR 7245, Muséum National dʼHistoire Naturelle, CNRSParisFrance
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de Sousa ACC, Maepa K, Combrinck JM, Egan TJ. Lapatinib, Nilotinib and Lomitapide Inhibit Haemozoin Formation in Malaria Parasites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071571. [PMID: 32235391 PMCID: PMC7180468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continued loss of antimalarials to resistance, drug repositioning may have a role in maximising efficiency and accelerating the discovery of new antimalarial drugs. Bayesian statistics was previously used as a tool to virtually screen USFDA approved drugs for predicted β-haematin (synthetic haemozoin) inhibition and in vitro antimalarial activity. Here, we report the experimental evaluation of nine of the highest ranked drugs, confirming the accuracy of the model by showing an overall 93% hit rate. Lapatinib, nilotinib, and lomitapide showed the best activity for inhibition of β-haematin formation and parasite growth and were found to inhibit haemozoin formation in the parasite, providing mechanistic insights into their mode of antimalarial action. We then screened the USFDA approved drugs for binding to the β-haematin crystal, applying a docking method in order to evaluate its performance. The docking method correctly identified imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, and lomitapide. Experimental evaluation of 22 of the highest ranked purchasable drugs showed a 24% hit rate. Lapatinib and nilotinib were chosen as templates for shape and electrostatic similarity screening for lead hopping using the in-stock ChemDiv compound catalogue. The actives were novel structures worthy of future investigation. This study presents a comparison of different in silico methods to identify new haemozoin-inhibiting chemotherapeutic alternatives for malaria that proved to be useful in different ways when taking into consideration their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina C. de Sousa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;
| | - Keletso Maepa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; (K.M.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jill M. Combrinck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; (K.M.); (J.M.C.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Kutsumura N, Koyama Y, Saitoh T, Yamamoto N, Nagumo Y, Miyata Y, Hokari R, Ishiyama A, Iwatsuki M, Otoguro K, Ōmura S, Nagase H. Structure-Activity Relationship between Thiol Group-Trapping Ability of Morphinan Compounds with a Michael Acceptor and Anti-Plasmodium falciparum Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051112. [PMID: 32131542 PMCID: PMC7179212 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) and most of its derivatives showed in vitro antimalarial activities against chloroquine-resistant and -sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strains (K1 and FCR3, respectively). In addition, the time-dependent changes of the addition reactions of the BNTX derivatives with 1-propanethiol were examined by 1H-NMR experiments to estimate their thiol group-trapping ability. The relative chemical reactivity of the BNTX derivatives to trap the thiol group of 1-propanethiol was correlated highly with the antimalarial activity. Therefore, the measurements of the thiol group-trapping ability of the BNTX derivatives with a Michael acceptor is expected to become an alternative method for in vitro malarial activity and related assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Kutsumura
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; (N.K.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (Y.N.)
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan;
| | - Yasuaki Koyama
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; (N.K.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; (N.K.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; (N.K.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Miyata
- School of Medicine, Keio University, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Rei Hokari
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (R.H.); (A.I.); (M.I.); (K.O.); (S.Ō.)
| | - Aki Ishiyama
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (R.H.); (A.I.); (M.I.); (K.O.); (S.Ō.)
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (R.H.); (A.I.); (M.I.); (K.O.); (S.Ō.)
| | - Kazuhiko Otoguro
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (R.H.); (A.I.); (M.I.); (K.O.); (S.Ō.)
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (R.H.); (A.I.); (M.I.); (K.O.); (S.Ō.)
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; (N.K.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (Y.N.)
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-6437
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Coetzee N, von Grüning H, Opperman D, van der Watt M, Reader J, Birkholtz LM. Epigenetic inhibitors target multiple stages of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2355. [PMID: 32047203 PMCID: PMC7012883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenome of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is associated with regulation of various essential processes in the parasite including control of proliferation during asexual development as well as control of sexual differentiation. The unusual nature of the epigenome has prompted investigations into the potential to target epigenetic modulators with novel chemotypes. Here, we explored the diversity within a library of 95 compounds, active against various epigenetic modifiers in cancerous cells, for activity against multiple stages of P. falciparum development. We show that P. falciparum is differentially susceptible to epigenetic perturbation during both asexual and sexual development, with early stage gametocytes particularly sensitive to epi-drugs targeting both histone and non-histone epigenetic modifiers. Moreover, 5 compounds targeting histone acetylation and methylation show potent multistage activity against asexual parasites, early and late stage gametocytes, with transmission-blocking potential. Overall, these results warrant further examination of the potential antimalarial properties of these hit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanika Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Hilde von Grüning
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Daniel Opperman
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariette van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marié Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
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Batugedara G, Lu XM, Saraf A, Sardiu ME, Cort A, Abel S, Prudhomme J, Washburn MP, Florens L, Bunnik EM, Le Roch KG. The chromatin bound proteome of the human malaria parasite. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000327. [PMID: 32017676 PMCID: PMC7067212 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins interacting with DNA are fundamental for mediating processes such as gene expression, DNA replication and maintenance of genome integrity. Accumulating evidence suggests that the chromatin of apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum, is highly organized, and this structure provides an epigenetic mechanism for transcriptional regulation. To investigate how parasite chromatin structure is being regulated, we undertook comparative genomics analysis using 12 distinct eukaryotic genomes. We identified conserved and parasite-specific chromatin-associated domains (CADs) and proteins (CAPs). We then used the chromatin enrichment for proteomics (ChEP) approach to experimentally capture CAPs in P. falciparum. A topological scoring analysis of the proteomics dataset revealed stage-specific enrichments of CADs and CAPs. Finally, we characterized, two candidate CAPs: a conserved homologue of the structural maintenance of chromosome 3 protein and a homologue of the crowded-like nuclei protein, a plant-like protein functionally analogous to animal nuclear lamina proteins. Collectively, our results provide a comprehensive overview of CAPs in apicomplexans, and contribute to our understanding of the complex molecular components regulating chromatin structure and genome architecture in these deadly parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Batugedara
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xueqing M. Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anita Saraf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Mihaela E. Sardiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Anthony Cort
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Steven Abel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacques Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael P. Washburn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Evelien M. Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Karine G. Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Gbedande K, Carpio VH, Stephens R. Using two phases of the CD4 T cell response to blood-stage murine malaria to understand regulation of systemic immunity and placental pathology in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:88-114. [PMID: 31903675 PMCID: PMC7540220 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria remain a risk for millions of children and pregnant women. Here, we seek to integrate knowledge of mouse and human T helper cell (Th) responses to blood-stage Plasmodium infection to understand their contribution to protection and pathology. Although there is no complete Th subset differentiation, the adaptive response occurs in two phases in non-lethal rodent Plasmodium infection, coordinated by Th cells. In short, cellular immune responses limit the peak of parasitemia during the first phase; in the second phase, humoral immunity from T cell-dependent germinal centers is critical for complete clearance of rapidly changing parasite. A strong IFN-γ response kills parasite, but an excess of TNF compared with regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β) can cause immunopathology. This common pathway for pathology is associated with anemia, cerebral malaria, and placental malaria. These two phases can be used to both understand how the host responds to rapidly growing parasite and how it attempts to control immunopathology and variation. This dual nature of T cell immunity to Plasmodium is discussed, with particular reference to the protective nature of the continuous generation of effector T cells, and the unique contribution of effector memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi Gbedande
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Victor H Carpio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robin Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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de Jong RM, Tebeje SK, Meerstein‐Kessel L, Tadesse FG, Jore MM, Stone W, Bousema T. Immunity against sexual stage Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites. Immunol Rev 2020; 293:190-215. [PMID: 31840844 PMCID: PMC6973022 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficient spread of malaria from infected humans to mosquitoes is a major challenge for malaria elimination initiatives. Gametocytes are the only Plasmodium life stage infectious to mosquitoes. Here, we summarize evidence for naturally acquired anti-gametocyte immunity and the current state of transmission blocking vaccines (TBV). Although gametocytes are intra-erythrocytic when present in infected humans, developing Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes may express proteins on the surface of red blood cells that elicit immune responses in naturally exposed individuals. This immune response may reduce the burden of circulating gametocytes. For both P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, there is a solid evidence that antibodies against antigens present on the gametocyte surface, when co-ingested with gametocytes, can influence transmission to mosquitoes. Transmission reducing immunity, reducing the burden of infection in mosquitoes, is a well-acknowledged but poorly quantified phenomenon that forms the basis for the development of TBV. Transmission enhancing immunity, increasing the likelihood or intensity of transmission to mosquitoes, is more speculative in nature but is convincingly demonstrated for P. vivax. With the increased interest in malaria elimination, TBV and monoclonal antibodies have moved to the center stage of malaria vaccine development. Methodologies to prioritize and evaluate products are urgently needed.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunomodulation
- Life Cycle Stages
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/transmission
- Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium vivax/growth & development
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos M. de Jong
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Lisette Meerstein‐Kessel
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular InformaticsRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Fitsum G. Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Matthijs M. Jore
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Will Stone
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and InfectionLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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50
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Thiam LG, Aniweh Y, Quansah EB, Donkor JK, Gwira TM, Kusi KA, Niang M, Awandare GA. Cell trace far-red is a suitable erythrocyte dye for multi-color Plasmodium falciparum invasion phenotyping assays. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:11-20. [PMID: 31903776 PMCID: PMC6987746 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219897393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion phenotyping assays are a very useful tool for assessing parasite diversity and virulence, and for characterizing the formation of ligand–receptor interactions. However, such assays need to be highly sensitive and reproducible, and the selection of labeling dyes for differentiating donor and acceptor erythrocytes is a critical factor. We investigated the suitability of cell trace far-red (CTFR) as a dye for P. falciparum invasion phenotyping assays. Using the dyes carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) and dichloro dimethyl acridin one succinimidyl ester (DDAO-SE) as comparators, we used a dye-dilution approach to assess the limitations and specific staining procedures for the applicability of CTFR in P. falciparum invasion phenotyping assays. Our data show that CTFR effectively labels acceptor erythrocytes and provides a stable fluorescent intensity at relatively low concentrations. CTFR also yielded a higher fluorescence intensity relative to DDAO-SE and with a more stable fluorescence intensity over time. Furthermore, CTFR did not affect merozoites invasion of erythrocytes and was not toxic to the parasite’s intraerythrocytic development. Additionally, CTFR offers flexibility in the choice of combinations with several other DNA dyes, which broaden its usage for P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion assays, considering a wider range of flow cytometers with various laser settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laty G Thiam
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens,
College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon,
Accra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens,
College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon,
Accra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
| | - Evelyn B Quansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens,
College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon,
Accra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
| | - Jacob K Donkor
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
| | - Theresa M Gwira
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens,
College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon,
Accra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens,
College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon,
Accra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical
Research, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra
| | - Makhtar Niang
- Unité d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 220,
Senegal
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens,
College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon,
Accra
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of
Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra
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