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Dunican C, Andradi-Brown C, Ebmeier S, Georgiadou A, Cunnington AJ. The malarial blood transcriptome: translational applications. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:651-660. [PMID: 38421063 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The blood transcriptome of malaria patients has been used extensively to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and host immune responses to disease, identify candidate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and reveal new therapeutic targets for drug discovery. This review gives a high-level overview of the three main translational applications of these studies (diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics) by summarising recent literature and outlining the main limitations and future directions of each application. It highlights the need for consistent and accurate definitions of disease states and subject groups and discusses how prognostic studies must distinguish clearly between analyses that attempt to predict future disease states and those which attempt to discriminate between current disease states (classification). Lastly it examines how many promising therapeutics fail due to the choice of imperfect animal models for pre-clinical testing and lack of appropriate validation studies in humans, and how future transcriptional studies may be utilised to overcome some of these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dunican
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Clare Andradi-Brown
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Stefan Ebmeier
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Athina Georgiadou
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Aubrey J Cunnington
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, U.K
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
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Shaikh AA, Alqasem HM, Alshubruqi YA, Alasmari SZ, Makkawi MH. Association of ABO, Rh-D and Kell blood groups with transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors from the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective observational study. Saudi Med J 2024; 45:414-423. [PMID: 38657987 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.4.20240007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) and ABO, Rh-D, and Kell blood systems among blood donors. METHODS This was a retrospective study of 10,095 donors who visited the Blood Bank at Asir Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia. Data including demographic information, ABO, Rh-D, and Kell blood groups, and serological and molecular test results of TTIs (the TTIs were obtained from each donor's records). Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were employed to establish possible associations between blood groups and TTIs. RESULTS The prevalence rate of TTIs among donors was 6.3%, with HBcAb (70%) being the most prevalent biomarker among positive donors. Donors with the O blood group were at a higher risk of contracting TTIs. Significant associations were observed between HIV and blood group A (χ2=6.30, p=0.01), HBsAg and group AB (χ2=17.3193, p=0.00003), malaria and group A (χ2=5.0567, p=0.02), and HBV-DNA and group AB (χ2=12.3163, p=0.0004). Also, Kell blood group was significantly associated with HIV (χ2=14.5, p=0.0001), HBcAb (χ2=78.51, p<0.0001), and syphilis (χ2=25.225, p<0.00001). CONCLUSION ABO and Kell blood groups are associated with TTI markers. These findings highlight the need for improved strategies and approaches in screening and managing blood donations to minimize the risk of TTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Shaikh
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Shaikh, Makkawi, Alasmari), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory (Alqasem, Alshubrugi), Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan M Alqasem
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Shaikh, Makkawi, Alasmari), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory (Alqasem, Alshubrugi), Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya A Alshubruqi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Shaikh, Makkawi, Alasmari), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory (Alqasem, Alshubrugi), Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Z Alasmari
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Shaikh, Makkawi, Alasmari), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory (Alqasem, Alshubrugi), Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Makkawi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Shaikh, Makkawi, Alasmari), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, and from the Department of Clinical Laboratory (Alqasem, Alshubrugi), Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Zuberi UF, Aqeel S, Hashmi F, Khan W. Altered haematological parameters in children with malaria infection, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116190. [PMID: 38309088 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to illustrate the effect of malaria infection on red blood cell parameters in children and evaluate the diagnostic relevance of haematological parameters in predicting malaria. METHODS The studies were identified through databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to retrieve related articles. Fourteen studies were selected by literature search based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a meta-analysis on different red blood cell parameters was performed. RESULTS Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, and RBC count show statistically significant findings with p values of (<0.00001), (p<0.00001) and (p=0.0004), respectively. Other parameters like MCV, MCH, and MCHC show statistically non-significant results with p values of 0.21, 0.36, and 0.63, respectively. CONCLUSION Considering the above findings, the combination of haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, and RBC counts could be used as reliable parameters to predict the presence of infection and included in the diagnostic strategy for malaria in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umra Fatima Zuberi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Sana Aqeel
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Faizeaab Hashmi
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Wajihullah Khan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Kotepui KU, Mahittikorn A, Wilairatana P, Masangkay FR, Kotepui M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between magnesium levels and malaria severity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1348. [PMID: 38228783 PMCID: PMC10791651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is associated with Plasmodium infections and malaria severity. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize the link between Plasmodium infections and magnesium levels for improved clinical guidance and therapeutic interventions in malaria-affected regions. A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including ProQuest, Scopus, Embase, Ovid, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The risk of bias in the selected studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. A thematic synthesis was employed to demonstrate the magnesium levels across selected studies, for analyzing and grouping based on geographic regions, age demographics, and clinical manifestations of malaria. Meta-analyses determined differences in magnesium levels between individuals with malaria, uninfected controls, and patients with different clinical severities of malaria. The effect sizes from individual studies were pooled using the random-effects model. Out of 2533 records identified, 13 studies were included in the review. The thematic synthesis revealed complex and varied results, with studies showing different magnesium levels in malaria patients across different geographies, age groups, and clinical presentations. The meta-analysis indicated elevated magnesium levels in malaria patients compared with uninfected controls (P < 0.01, Hedges' g: 1.94, 95% CI 0.86-3.03, I2: 98.38%, 9 studies). No statistically significant difference was observed in magnesium levels between patients with severe and nonsevere malaria (P: 0.34, Hedges' g: 0.62, 95% CI - 0.64-1.88, I2: 91.46%, 2 studies). A significant increase in magnesium levels was seen in patients with malaria who died compared with those who survived (P < 0.01, Hedges' g: 0.39, 95% CI 0.13-0.64, I2: 3.39%, 3 studies). This systematic review and meta-analysis presented relationship between magnesium levels and malaria. While the meta-analysis indicated a general trend of increased magnesium levels in patients with malaria, the substantial heterogeneity and instability of the results hint toward a rich yet uncharted territory requiring more research depth. The intricate interplay between magnesium levels and malaria beckons a multidimensional approach in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | | | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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Gordon PD, De Ville C, Sacchettini JC, Coté GL. A portable brightfield and fluorescence microscope toward automated malarial parasitemia quantification in thin blood smears. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266441. [PMID: 35390054 PMCID: PMC8989350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is often most endemic in remote regions where diagnostic microscopy services are unavailable. In such regions, the use of rapid diagnostic tests fails to quantify parasitemia measurements which reflect the concentration of Plasmodium parasites in the bloodstream. Thus, novel diagnostic and monitoring technologies capable of providing such information could improve the quality of treatment, monitoring, and eradication efforts. A low-cost, portable microscope for gathering quantitative parasitemia data from fluorescently stained thin blood smears is presented. The system employs bimodal imaging using components optimized for cost savings, system robustness, and optical performance. The microscope is novel for its use of monochromatic visible illumination paired with a long working distance singlet aspheric objective lens that can image both traditionally mounted and cartridge-based blood smears. Eight dilutions of red blood cells containing laboratory cultured wild-type P. falciparum were used to create thin smears which were stained with SYBR Green-1 fluorescent dye. Two subsequent images are captured for each field-of-view, with brightfield images providing cell counts and fluorescence images providing parasite localization data. Results indicate the successful resolution of sub-micron sized parasites, and parasitemia measurements from the prototype microscope display linear correlation with measurements from a benchtop microscope with a limit of detection of 0.18 parasites per 100 red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Gordon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Courtney De Ville
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gerard L. Coté
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Baptista V, Peng WK, Minas G, Veiga MI, Catarino SO. Review of Microdevices for Hemozoin-Based Malaria Detection. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12020110. [PMID: 35200370 PMCID: PMC8870200 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite being preventable and treatable, malaria still puts almost half of the world's population at risk. Thus, prompt, accurate and sensitive malaria diagnosis is crucial for disease control and elimination. Optical microscopy and immuno-rapid tests are the standard malaria diagnostic methods in the field. However, these are time-consuming and fail to detect low-level parasitemia. Biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices, as reported to different applications, usually offer high sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use at the point of care. Thus, these can be explored as an alternative for malaria diagnosis. Alongside malaria infection inside the human red blood cells, parasites consume host hemoglobin generating the hemozoin crystal as a by-product. Hemozoin is produced in all parasite species either in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, hemozoin crystals are produced as the parasites invade the red blood cells and their content relates to disease progression. Hemozoin is, therefore, a unique indicator of infection, being used as a malaria biomarker. Herein, the so-far developed biosensors and lab-on-a-chip devices aiming for malaria detection by targeting hemozoin as a biomarker are reviewed and discussed to fulfil all the medical demands for malaria management towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Baptista
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Weng Kung Peng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Building A1, University Innovation Park, Dongguan 523808, China;
| | - Graça Minas
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Veiga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana O. Catarino
- Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (G.M.); (S.O.C.)
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4806-909 Guimarães, Portugal
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Yoboue CA, Hosch S, Donfack OT, Guirou EA, Nlavo BM, Ayekaba MO, Guerra C, Phiri WP, Garcia GA, Schindler T, Daubenberger CA. Characterising co-infections with Plasmodium spp., Mansonella perstans or Loa loa in asymptomatic children, adults and elderly people living on Bioko Island using nucleic acids extracted from malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009798. [PMID: 35100277 PMCID: PMC8830708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular and comprehensive epidemiological surveys of the filarial nematodes Mansonella perstans and Loa loa in children, adolescents and adults living across Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea are lacking. We aimed to demonstrate that blood retained on malaria rapid diagnostic tests, commonly deployed for malaria surveys, could be used as a source of nucleic acids for molecular based detection of M. perstans and L. loa. We wanted to determine the positivity rate and distribution of filarial nematodes across different age groups and geographical areas as well as to understand level of co-infections with malaria in an asymptomatic population. Methodology M. perstans, L. loa and Plasmodium spp. parasites were monitored by qPCR in a cross-sectional study using DNA extracted from a subset malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) collected during the annual malaria indicator survey conducted on Bioko Island in 2018. Principal findings We identified DNA specific for the two filarial nematodes investigated among 8.2% (263) of the 3214 RDTs screened. Positivity rates of M. perstans and L. loa were 6.6% and 1.5%, respectively. M. perstans infection were more prominent in male (10.5%) compared to female (3.9%) survey participants. M. perstans parasite density and positivity rate was higher among older people and the population living in rural areas. The socio-economic status of participants strongly influenced the infection rate with people belonging to the lowest socio-economic quintile more than 3 and 5 times more likely to be L. loa and M. perstans infected, respectively. No increased risk of being co-infected with Plasmodium spp. parasites was observed among the different age groups. Conclusions/Significance We found otherwise asymptomatic individuals were infected with M. perstans and L. loa. Our study demonstrates that employing mRDTs probed with blood for malaria testing represents a promising, future tool to preserve and ship NAs at room temperature to laboratories for molecular, high-throughput diagnosis and genotyping of blood-dwelling nematode filarial infections. Using this approach, asymptomatic populations can be reached and surveyed for infectious diseases beyond malaria. Mansonella perstans and Loa loa are filarial nematodes that infect millions of people living in less developed areas, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa. Both parasites are neglected among other filarial nematodes because both are regarded as causing mainly asymptomatic infections. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) deployed during malaria surveys as a convenient sampling strategy for molecular surveillance of blood-dwelling filarial nematode infections. Our findings demonstrate the potential of mRDTs as a source of parasite DNA beyond malaria, providing an opportunity to expand current knowledge on the distribution and populations mostly affected by M. perstans and L. loa infections to Equatorial Guinea, located in Central-West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Aya Yoboue
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Salome Hosch
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Etienne A. Guirou
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carlos Guerra
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Wonder P. Phiri
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Tobias Schindler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TS); (CAD)
| | - Claudia A. Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TS); (CAD)
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Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Pramasivan S, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Saeung A, Vythilingam I. Blood meal analysis of Anopheles vectors of simian malaria based on laboratory and field studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:354. [PMID: 35013403 PMCID: PMC8748441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood feeding and host-seeking behaviors of a mosquito play an imperative role in determining its vectorial capacity in transmitting pathogens. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding blood feeding behavior of Anopheles species in Malaysia. Collection of resting Anopheles mosquitoes for blood meal analysis poses a great challenge especially for forest dwelling mosquitoes. Therefore, a laboratory-based study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of mosquitoes caught using human landing catch (HLC) for blood meal analysis, and subsequently to document blood feeding behavior of local Anopheles mosquitoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The laboratory-based experiment from this study revealed that mosquitoes caught using HLC had the potential to be used for blood meal analysis. Besides HLC, mosquitoes were also collected using manual aspirator and Mosquito Magnet. Overall, 47.4% of 321 field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to six species were positive for vertebrate host DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (45.9%) followed by wild boar (27.4%), dog (15.3%) and monkey (7.5%). Interestingly, only Anopheles cracens and Anopheles introlatus (Leucosphyrus Group) fed on monkey. This study further confirmed that members of the Leucosphyrus Group are the predominant vectors for knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia mainly due to their simio-anthropophagic feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Insect Vector Study, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Budiningsih I, Dachlan YP, Hadi U, Middeldorp JM. Quantitative cytokine level of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β and circulating Epstein-Barr virus DNA load in individuals with acute Malaria due to P. falciparum or P. vivax or double infection in a Malaria endemic region in Indonesia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261923. [PMID: 34962938 PMCID: PMC8714090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection are risk factors in the development of Burkitt’s lymphoma. In Indonesia, 100% of the population is persistently infected with EBV early in life and at risk of developing EBV-linked cancers. Currently, 10.7 million people in Indonesia are living in Malaria-endemic areas. This cross-sectional study was initiated to investigate how acute Malaria dysregulates immune control over latent EBV infection. Using blood and plasma samples of 68 patients with acute Malaria and 27 healthy controls, we measured the level of parasitemia for each plasmodium type (P. falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed) by microscopy and rapid test. The level of 4 regulatory cytokines was determined by quantitative ELISA and the level of circulating EBV genome by real-time PCR targeting the single copy EBNA-1 sequence. All Plasmodium-infected cases had high-level parasitemia (>1000 parasites/ul blood) except for one case. EBV-DNA levels were significantly more elevated in P. falciparum and P. vivax infections (P<0.05) compared to controls. EBV-DNA levels were not related to age, gender, Malaria symptoms, or plasmodium type. TNF-α and IL-10 levels were increased in Malaria cases versus controls, but IFN-γ and TGF- β levels were comparable between the groups. Only TNF-α levels in P. falciparum cases showed a clear correlation with elevated EBV DNA levels (R2 = 0.8915). This is the first study addressing the relation between EBV (re)activation and cytokine responses during acute Malaria, revealing a clear correlation between pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and EBV-DNA levels, specifically in P. falciparum cases, suggesting this cytokine to be key in dysregulating EBV homeostasis during acute P. falciparum Malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insani Budiningsih
- Post Graduate Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoes Prijatna Dachlan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Usman Hadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Hospital-School of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- * E-mail: (UH); (JMM)
| | - Jaap Michiel Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (UH); (JMM)
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Moore CP, Pieterson K, DeSousa JM, Toote LE, Wright DW. Characterization and utility of immobilized metal affinity-functionalized cellulose membranes for point-of-care malaria diagnostics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1186:123023. [PMID: 34788723 PMCID: PMC8633758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is a well-established technique for protein separation and purification. IMAC has been previously utilized to capture the malaria biomarker histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) from blood, enhancing the sensitivity of field-appropriate diagnostic tools such as lateral flow assays. However, little work has been done to translate this technique to a truly field-usable design. In this study, IMAC-functionalized cellulose membranes are created and characterized fully for future use in applied malaria diagnostics. IMAC-functionalized cellulose membranes were investigated across a range of cellulose substrates, IMAC ligands, and divalent transition metals before use in a capture and elution flowthrough workflow. Following characterization and optimization, it was found that iminodiacetic acid bound to Zn(II) was the most promising ligand-metal pair, with three available coordination sites and a molar loading capacity of 57.7 μmol of metal/cm3 of cellulose. Using these parameters, more than 99% of HRP2 was captured from a large-volume lysed blood sample in a simple flow-through assay and 89% of the captured protein was eluted from the membrane using the chelating compound ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Use of this enhancement protocol on an in-house HRP2 lateral flow assay (LFA) yielded a limit of detection of 7 parasites/μL, a 15.8x enhancement factor compared to traditional LFA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson P Moore
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, 1234 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Kristina Pieterson
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, 1234 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Jenna M DeSousa
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, 1234 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Lauren E Toote
- Elizabethtown College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1 Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA 17022, USA
| | - David W Wright
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Chemistry, 1234 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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11
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Wilairatana P, Mahannop P, Tussato T, Hayeedoloh IM, Boonhok R, Klangbud WK, Mala W, Kotepui KU, Kotepui M. C-reactive protein as an early biomarker for malaria infection and monitoring of malaria severity: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22033. [PMID: 34764364 PMCID: PMC8585865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) can be used as a marker for the early detection and monitoring of malaria severity. Potentially relevant studies were searched in Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. Differences in CRP between (1) severe malaria and uncomplicated malaria, (2) uncomplicated malaria and asymptomatic malaria, (3) uncomplicated malaria and febrile/healthy controls, and (4) asymptomatic malaria and febrile/healthy controls were estimated using random-effects models. Twenty-nine studies were included for meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis demonstrated higher mean CRP levels in (1) patients with severe malaria compared with uncomplicated malaria (p < 0.001, standard mean difference [SMD]: 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-2.12, I2: 95.1%), (2) patients with uncomplicated malaria than in those with asymptomatic malaria (p: 0.001, SMD: 1.65, 95% CI: 0.67-2.62, I2: 96.7%), (3) patients with uncomplicated malaria compared with febrile/healthy controls (p < 0.001, SMD: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.37-3.40, I2: 98.5%), and (4) patients with asymptomatic malaria compared with febrile/healthy controls (p < 0.001, SMD: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.60-3.50, I2: 99.2%). This study demonstrated CRP levels are a biomarker for the early detection and monitoring of malaria severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Praphassorn Mahannop
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Thanita Tussato
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - I-Mee Hayeedoloh
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Rachasak Boonhok
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wanida Mala
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
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12
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Lefebvre MN, Surette FA, Anthony SM, Vijay R, Jensen IJ, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, van de Wall S, Urban SL, Mix MR, Kurup SP, Badovinac VP, Butler NS, Harty JT. Expeditious recruitment of circulating memory CD8 T cells to the liver facilitates control of malaria. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109956. [PMID: 34731605 PMCID: PMC8628427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating memory CD8 T cell trafficking and protective capacity during liver-stage malaria infection remains undefined. We find that effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem) infiltrate the liver within 6 hours after malarial or bacterial infections and mediate pathogen clearance. Tem recruitment coincides with rapid transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in Plasmodium-infected livers. Recruitment requires CD8 T cell-intrinsic LFA-1 expression and the presence of liver phagocytes. Rapid Tem liver infiltration is distinct from recruitment to other non-lymphoid tissues in that it occurs both in the absence of liver tissue resident memory "sensing-and-alarm" function and ∼42 hours earlier than in lung infection by influenza virus. These data demonstrate relevance for Tem in protection against malaria and provide generalizable mechanistic insights germane to control of liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
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13
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Kamiya T, Davis NM, Greischar MA, Schneider D, Mideo N. Linking functional and molecular mechanisms of host resilience to malaria infection. eLife 2021; 10:e65846. [PMID: 34636723 PMCID: PMC8510579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains challenging to understand why some hosts suffer severe illnesses, while others are unscathed by the same infection. We fitted a mathematical model to longitudinal measurements of parasite and red blood cell density in murine hosts from diverse genetic backgrounds to identify aspects of within-host interactions that explain variation in host resilience and survival during acute malaria infection. Among eight mouse strains that collectively span 90% of the common genetic diversity of laboratory mice, we found that high host mortality was associated with either weak parasite clearance, or a strong, yet imprecise response that inadvertently removes uninfected cells in excess. Subsequent cross-sectional cytokine assays revealed that the two distinct functional mechanisms of poor survival were underpinned by low expression of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. By combining mathematical modelling and molecular immunology assays, our study uncovered proximate mechanisms of diverse infection outcomes across multiple host strains and biological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukushi Kamiya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Nicole M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Megan A Greischar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - David Schneider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
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14
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Nundu SS, Culleton R, Simpson SV, Arima H, Muyembe JJ, Mita T, Ahuka S, Yamamoto T. Malaria parasite species composition of Plasmodium infections among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in rural and urban areas of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 2021; 20:389. [PMID: 34600558 PMCID: PMC8487491 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major public health concern in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and school-age children are relatively neglected in malaria prevalence surveys and may constitute a significant reservoir of transmission. This study aimed to understand the burden of malaria infections in school-age children in Kinshasa/DRC. METHODS A total of 634 (427 asymptomatic and 207 symptomatic) blood samples collected from school-age children aged 6 to 14 years were analysed by microscopy, RDT and Nested-PCR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Plasmodium spp. by microscopy, RDT and PCR was 33%, 42% and 62% among asymptomatic children and 59%, 64% and 95% in symptomatic children, respectively. The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. by PCR was 58%, 20% and 11% among asymptomatic and 93%, 13% and 16% in symptomatic children, respectively. Among P. ovale spp., P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri and mixed P. ovale curtisi + P. ovale wallikeri accounted for 75%, 24% and 1% of infections, respectively. All Plasmodium species infections were significantly more prevalent in the rural area compared to the urban area in asymptomatic infections (p < 0.001). Living in a rural as opposed to an urban area was associated with a five-fold greater risk of asymptomatic malaria parasite carriage (p < 0.001). Amongst asymptomatic malaria parasite carriers, 43% and 16% of children harboured mixed Plasmodium with P. falciparum infections in the rural and the urban areas, respectively, whereas in symptomatic malaria infections, it was 22% and 26%, respectively. Few children carried single infections of P. malariae (2.2%) and P. ovale spp. (1.9%). CONCLUSION School-age children are at significant risk from both asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria infections. Continuous systematic screening and treatment of school-age children in high-transmission settings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin S Nundu
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Shirley V Simpson
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Arima
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Toshihiro Mita
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Steve Ahuka
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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15
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Villegas-Mendez A, Stafford N, Haley MJ, Pravitasari NE, Baudoin F, Ali A, Asih PBS, Siregar JE, Baena E, Syafruddin D, Couper KN, Oceandy D. The plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 does not influence parasite levels but partially promotes experimental cerebral malaria during murine blood stage malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:297. [PMID: 34215257 PMCID: PMC8252299 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome wide analysis studies have identified a strong association between single nucleotide variations within the human ATP2B4 gene and susceptibility to severe malaria. The ATP2B4 gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 (PMCA4), which is responsible for controlling the physiological level of intracellular calcium in many cell types, including red blood cells (RBCs). It is, therefore, postulated that genetic differences in the activity or expression level of PMCA4 alters intracellular Ca2+ levels and affects RBC hydration, modulating the invasion and growth of the Plasmodium parasite within its target host cell. METHODS In this study the course of three different Plasmodium spp. infections were examined in mice with systemic knockout of Pmca4 expression. RESULTS Ablation of PMCA4 reduced the size of RBCs and their haemoglobin content but did not affect RBC maturation and reticulocyte count. Surprisingly, knockout of PMCA4 did not significantly alter peripheral parasite burdens or the dynamics of blood stage Plasmodium chabaudi infection or reticulocyte-restricted Plasmodium yoelii infection. Interestingly, although ablation of PMCA4 did not affect peripheral parasite levels during Plasmodium berghei infection, it did promote slight protection against experimental cerebral malaria, associated with a minor reduction in antigen-experienced T cell accumulation in the brain. CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that PMCA4 may play a minor role in the development of severe malarial complications, but that this appears independent of direct effects on parasite invasion, growth or survival within RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villegas-Mendez
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nicholas Stafford
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Florence Baudoin
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Adnan Ali
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Esther Baena
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Manchester, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Kevin N Couper
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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16
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Raacke M, Kerr A, Dörpinghaus M, Brehmer J, Wu Y, Lorenzen S, Fink C, Jacobs T, Roeder T, Sellau J, Bachmann A, Metwally NG, Bruchhaus I. Altered Cytokine Response of Human Brain Endothelial Cells after Stimulation with Malaria Patient Plasma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071656. [PMID: 34359826 PMCID: PMC8303479 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the deadliest malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, are accompanied by a strong immunological response of the human host. To date, more than 30 cytokines have been detected in elevated levels in plasma of malaria patients compared to healthy controls. Endothelial cells (ECs) are a potential source of these cytokines, but so far it is not known if their cytokine secretion depends on the direct contact of the P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) with ECs in terms of cytoadhesion. Culturing ECs with plasma from malaria patients (27 returning travellers) resulted in significantly increased secretion of IL-11, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) if compared to matching controls (22 healthy individuals). The accompanying transcriptome study of the ECs identified 43 genes that were significantly increased in expression (≥1.7 fold) after co-incubation with malaria patient plasma, including cxcl5 and angptl4. Further bioinformatic analyses revealed that biological processes such as cell migration, cell proliferation and tube development were particularly affected in these ECs. It can thus be postulated that not only the cytoadhesion of IEs, but also molecules in the plasma of malaria patients exerts an influence on ECs, and that not only the immunological response but also other processes, such as angiogenesis, are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Raacke
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Amy Kerr
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Michael Dörpinghaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Jana Brehmer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Yifan Wu
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Christine Fink
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.F.); (T.R.)
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julie Sellau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.K.); (M.D.); (J.B.); (Y.W.); (S.L.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (N.G.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-404-281-8472
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17
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Galani BRT, Mapouokam DW, Simo FBN, Mohamadou H, Chuisseu PDD, Njintang NY, Moundipa PF. Investigation of dengue-malaria coinfection among febrile patients consulting at Ngaoundere Regional Hospital, Cameroon. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3350-3361. [PMID: 33325045 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of dengue among malarious patients consulting at the Ngaoundere Regional Hospital. During 2 months and a half, 174 participants were recruited and their blood samples were screened for Plasmodium spp and then for Dengue virus (DENV) infection using rapid diagnostic tests. Also, hematological asparameters were measured using a hematology autoanalyzer. Among patients tested, 134 (77.01%) were malaria-positive, and 12/134 (8.95%) were coinfected. In this population, 8/12 (66.67%) were only anti-DENV IgM-positive, 3/12 (25%) were both NS1 and anti-DENV IgM positive, and 1/12 (8.33%) were anti-DENV IgG-positive. Furthermore, women were more affected (58.3%) than men (41.7%). The most affected age groups were young people aged less than or equal to 15 years (33.3%) and adults aged between 30 and 45 years (33.3%). A significant association (p < .05; odds ratio [OR] = 5.16) was found between the age range (30-45) and dengue-malaria coinfection. Similarly, we noted a significant association between the coinfection, and joint pain (p < .05; OR = 6.15), fatigue (p < .01; OR = 5.74), and chills (p < .05; OR = 0). Analysis of hematologic parameters showed a significant decrease (p < .001) in platelets in coinfected patients compared with monoinfected patients. In conclusion, dengue-malaria coinfection is a reality in Ngaoundere city and associated with the appearance of clinical features which predict the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borris R T Galani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Danielle W Mapouokam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Fredy B N Simo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Pascal D D Chuisseu
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Y Njintang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Paul F Moundipa
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
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18
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Choi JH, Chin LK, Woo BM, Song Y, Seol MJ, Hong Y, Liu AQ, Jang S, Ploegh H, Im H, Lee D. Hydrogel-Based Stamping Technology for Solution-Free Blood Cell Staining. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:22124-22130. [PMID: 33870697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An accurate microscopical analysis of blood smears requires a reproducible and convenient method of staining. Solution-based staining procedures can be cumbersome. Especially in low- and middle-income countries, the lack of skilled technicians and adequate laboratory facilities, as well as insufficient water and reagent quality, often become confounding factors. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a new cell staining method based on sequential stamping of agarose gel patches that contain eosin, methylene blue/oxidized methylene blue, Azure B, and buffer, respectively. Our method, termed "hydrogel staining", provides a simple, reproducible, solution-free, and inexpensive approach to stain blood cells. We have optimized incubation times to achieve the optimal transfer of dyes to fixed blood cells on a glass slide, with outcomes comparable to conventional solution-based methods for white blood cells and malaria-infected red blood cells. This hydrogel staining method does not require special skills to produce excellent quality stained blood film slides. The new method could enhance the accuracy of microscopical examination of blood smears, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeok Choi
- Noul Co. Limited, B-10F, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Bo Mee Woo
- Noul Co. Limited, B-10F, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Song
- Noul Co. Limited, B-10F, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Seol
- Noul Co. Limited, B-10F, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoontaik Hong
- Noul Co. Limited, B-10F, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 88 Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hidde Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Dongyoung Lee
- Noul Co. Limited, B-10F, 338, Gwanggyojungang-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16942, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review outlines recent discoveries on the infection of erythroid cells by Plasmodium parasites, focusing on the molecular interactions governing the tropism of parasites for their host cell and the implications of this tropism for parasite biology and erythroid cell maturation. RECENT FINDINGS Although most studies about the interactions of Plasmodium parasites and their host cell focused on the deadliest human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the erythrocyte, there is increasing evidence that several Plasmodium species, including P. falciparum, also develop within erythroid precursors. These interactions likely modify the remodeling of the host cell by the parasite and affect the maturation of erythroblast and reticulocytes. SUMMARY A better understanding of the remodeling of immature erythroid cells by Plasmodium parasites will have important implications for the development of antimalarial drugs or vaccines. In addition, deciphering how Plasmodium parasites interfere with erythropoiesis will provide new insights on how these parasites contribute to anemia in malaria patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Neveu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, Institut Cochin
- Laboratoire d'excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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Guha R, Mathioudaki A, Doumbo S, Doumtabe D, Skinner J, Arora G, Siddiqui S, Li S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Zaugg J, Traore B, Crompton PD. Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives epigenetic reprogramming of human monocytes toward a regulatory phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009430. [PMID: 33822828 PMCID: PMC8023468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In malaria-naïve children and adults, Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) trigger fever and other symptoms of systemic inflammation. However, in endemic areas where individuals experience repeated Pf infections over many years, the risk of Pf-iRBC-triggered inflammatory symptoms decreases with cumulative Pf exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations remain unclear. Age-stratified analyses of uninfected, asymptomatic Malian individuals before the malaria season revealed that monocytes of adults produced lower levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF) in response to Pf-iRBC stimulation compared to monocytes of Malian children and malaria-naïve U.S. adults. Moreover, monocytes of Malian children produced lower levels of IL-1β and IL-6 following Pf-iRBC stimulation compared to 4-6-month-old infants. Accordingly, monocytes of Malian adults produced more IL-10 and expressed higher levels of the regulatory molecules CD163, CD206, Arginase-1 and TGM2. These observations were recapitulated in an in vitro system of monocyte to macrophage differentiation wherein macrophages re-exposed to Pf-iRBCs exhibited attenuated inflammatory cytokine responses and a corresponding decrease in the epigenetic marker of active gene transcription, H3K4me3, at inflammatory cytokine gene loci. Together these data indicate that Pf induces epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses during subsequent Pf exposure. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01322581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Guha
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RG); (PDC)
| | - Anna Mathioudaki
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Doumtabe
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shafiuddin Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shanping Li
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Judith Zaugg
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, The European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter D. Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RG); (PDC)
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Iwasaki-Hozumi H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Ashino Y, Hattori T. Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030430. [PMID: 33804076 PMCID: PMC7998537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki-Hozumi
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Mongolian Psychosomatic Medicine Department, International Mongolian Medicine Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sendai City Hospital, Sendai 982-8502, Japan;
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan; (H.I.-H.); (H.C.-Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-866-22-9454
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Abdurahman F, Fante KA, Aliy M. Malaria parasite detection in thick blood smear microscopic images using modified YOLOV3 and YOLOV4 models. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:112. [PMID: 33685401 PMCID: PMC7938584 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manual microscopic examination of Leishman/Giemsa stained thin and thick blood smear is still the "gold standard" for malaria diagnosis. One of the drawbacks of this method is that its accuracy, consistency, and diagnosis speed depend on microscopists' diagnostic and technical skills. It is difficult to get highly skilled microscopists in remote areas of developing countries. To alleviate this problem, in this paper, we propose to investigate state-of-the-art one-stage and two-stage object detection algorithms for automated malaria parasite screening from microscopic image of thick blood slides. RESULTS YOLOV3 and YOLOV4 models, which are state-of-the-art object detectors in accuracy and speed, are not optimized for detecting small objects such as malaria parasites in microscopic images. We modify these models by increasing feature scale and adding more detection layers to enhance their capability of detecting small objects without notably decreasing detection speed. We propose one modified YOLOV4 model, called YOLOV4-MOD and two modified models of YOLOV3, which are called YOLOV3-MOD1 and YOLOV3-MOD2. Besides, new anchor box sizes are generated using K-means clustering algorithm to exploit the potential of these models in small object detection. The performance of the modified YOLOV3 and YOLOV4 models were evaluated on a publicly available malaria dataset. These models have achieved state-of-the-art accuracy by exceeding performance of their original versions, Faster R-CNN, and SSD in terms of mean average precision (mAP), recall, precision, F1 score, and average IOU. YOLOV4-MOD has achieved the best detection accuracy among all the other models with a mAP of 96.32%. YOLOV3-MOD2 and YOLOV3-MOD1 have achieved mAP of 96.14% and 95.46%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The experimental results of this study demonstrate that performance of modified YOLOV3 and YOLOV4 models are highly promising for detecting malaria parasites from images captured by a smartphone camera over the microscope eyepiece. The proposed system is suitable for deployment in low-resource setting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fetulhak Abdurahman
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kinde Anlay Fante
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Aliy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Kumatia EK, Ayertey F, Appiah-Opong R, Bagyour GK, Asare KO, Mbatcho VC, Dabo J. Intervention of standardized ethanol leaf extract of Annickia polycarpa, (DC.) Setten and Maas ex I.M. Turner. (Annonaceae), in Plasmodium berghei infested mice produced anti-malaria action and normalized gross hematological indices. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 267:113449. [PMID: 33129949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is a global public health burden due to large number of annual infections and casualties caused by its hematological complications. The bark of Annickia polycarpa is an effective anti-malaria agent in African traditional medicine. However, there is no standardization parameters for A. polycarpa. The anti-malaria properties of its leaf are also not known. AIM OF THE STUDY To standardize the ethanol leaf extract of A. polycarpa (APLE) and investigate its anti-malaria properties and the effect of its treatment on hematological indices in Plasmodium berghei infected mice in the Rane's test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Malaria was induced by inoculating female ICR mice with 1.0 × 107P. berghei-infected RBCs in 0.2 mL (i.p.) of blood. Treatment was commenced 3 days later with APLE 50, 200, 400 mg/kg p.o., Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. (Standard drug) or sterile water (Negative control) once daily per group for 4 successive days. Anti-malarial activity and gross malaria indices such as hyperparasitemia, mean change in body weight and mean survival time (MST) were determined for each group. Changes in white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets (PLT) counts, hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were also measured in the healthy mice before infection as baseline and on day 3 and 8 after inoculation using complete blood count. Standardization was achieved by UHPLC-MS chemical fingerprint analysis and quantitative phytochemical tests. RESULTS APLE, standardized to its total alkaloids, phenolics and saponin contents, produced significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent clearance of mean hyperparasitemia of 22.78 ± 0.93% with the minimum parasitemia level of 2.01 ± 0.25% achieved at 400 mg/kg p.o. on day 8. Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. achieved a minimum parasitemia level of 6.15 ± 0.92%. Moreover, APLE (50-400 mg/kg p.o.) evoked very significant anti-malaria activity of 89.22-95.50%. Anti-malaria activity of Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. was 86.22%. APLE also inverse dose-dependently promotes weight gain with the effect being significant (P < 0.05) at 50 mg/kg p.o. Moreover, APLE dose-dependently increased the MST of malaria infested mice with 100% survival at 400 mg/kg p.o. Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. also produce 100% survival rate but did not promote (P > 0.05) weight gain. Hematological studies revealed the development of leukocytopenia, erythrocytosis, microcytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in the malaria infected mice which were reverted with the treatment of APLE 50-400 mg/kg p.o. or Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. but persisted in the negative control. The UHPLC-MS fingerprint analysis of APLE led to identification of one oxoaporphine and two aporphine alkaloids (1-3). Alkaloids 1 and 3 are being reported in this plant for the first time. CONCLUSION These results indicate that APLE possessed significant anti-malaria, immunomodulatory, erythropoietic and hematinic actions against malaria infection. APLE also has the ability to revoke deleterious physiological alteration produced by malaria and hence, promote clinical cure. These properties of APLE are due to its constituents especially, aporphine and oxoaporphine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia
- Phytochemistry Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana.
| | - Frederick Ayertey
- Phytochemistry Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Chemical Pathology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfrey Kyaakyile Bagyour
- Chemistry and Applied Biochemistry Department, University of Development Studies, Navrongo-Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Opare Asare
- Clinical Resaerch Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Valentine Chi Mbatcho
- Chemistry and Applied Biochemistry Department, University of Development Studies, Navrongo-Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Dabo
- Biodiversity Conservation and Ecoservices Division, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
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Kaboré B, Post A, Berendsen MLT, Diallo S, Lompo P, Derra K, Rouamba E, Jacobs J, Tinto H, de Mast Q, van der Ven AJ. Red blood cell homeostasis in children and adults with and without asymptomatic malaria infection in Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242507. [PMID: 33253198 PMCID: PMC7703889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic malaria infections may affect red blood cell (RBC) homeostasis. Reports indicate a role for chronic hemolysis and splenomegaly, however, the underlying processes are incompletely understood. New hematology analysers provide parameters for a more comprehensive analysis of RBC hemostasis. Complete blood counts were analysed in subjects from all age groups (n = 1118) living in a malaria hyperendemic area and cytokines and iron biomarkers were also measured. Subjects were divided into age groups (<2 years, 2–4, 5–14 and ≥15 years old) and clinical categories (smear-negative healthy subjects, asymptomatic malaria and clinical malaria). We found that hemoglobin levels were similar in smear-negative healthy children and asymptomatic malaria children but significantly lower in clinical malaria with a maximum difference of 2.2 g/dl in children <2 years decreasing to 0.1 g/dl in those aged ≥15 years. Delta-He, presenting different hemoglobinization of reticulocytes and RBC, levels were lower in asymptomatic and clinial malaria, indicating a recent effect of malaria on erythropoiesis. Reticulocyte counts and reticulocyte production index (RPI), indicating the erythropoietic capacity of the bone marrow, were higher in young children with malaria compared to smear-negative subjects. A negative correlation between reticulocyte counts and Hb levels was found in asymptomatic malaria (ρ = -0.32, p<0.001) unlike in clinical malaria (ρ = -0.008, p = 0.92). Free-Hb levels, indicating hemolysis, were only higher in clinical malaria. Phagocytozing monocytes, indicating erythophagocytosis, were highest in clinical malaria, followed by asymptomatic malaria and smear-negative subjects. Circulating cytokines and iron biomarkers (hepcidin, ferritin) showed similar patterns. Pro/anti-inflammatory (IL-6/IL-10) ratio was higher in clinical than asymptomatic malaria. Cytokine production capacity of ex-vivo whole blood stimulation with LPS was lower in children with asymptomatic malaria compared to smear-negative healthy children. Bone marrow response can compensate the increased red blood cell loss in asymptomatic malaria, unlike in clinical malaria, possibly because of limited level and length of inflammation. Trial registration: Prospective diagnostic study: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02669823. Explorative cross-sectional field study: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03176719.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenger Kaboré
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail: (BK); (AJV)
| | - Annelies Post
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike L. T. Berendsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Salou Diallo
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Karim Derra
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Eli Rouamba
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Halidou Tinto
- IRSS/Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
- Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andre J. van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (BK); (AJV)
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Woodford J, Collins KA, Odedra A, Wang C, Jang IK, Domingo GJ, Watts R, Marquart L, Berriman M, Otto TD, McCarthy JS. An Experimental Human Blood-Stage Model for Studying Plasmodium malariae Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:948-955. [PMID: 30852586 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium malariae is considered a minor malaria parasite, although its global disease burden is underappreciated. The aim of this study was to develop an induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) model of P. malariae to study parasite biology, diagnostic assays, and treatment. METHODS This clinical trial involved 2 healthy subjects who were intravenously inoculated with cryopreserved P. malariae-infected erythrocytes. Subjects were treated with artemether-lumefantrine after development of clinical symptoms. Prior to antimalarial therapy, mosquito-feeding assays were performed to investigate transmission, and blood samples were collected for rapid diagnostic testing and parasite transcription profiling. Serial blood samples were collected for biomarker analysis. RESULTS Both subjects experienced symptoms and signs typical of early malaria. Parasitemia was detected 7 days after inoculation, and parasite concentrations increased until antimalarial treatment was initiated 25 and 21 days after inoculation for subjects 1 and 2 respectively (peak parasitemia levels, 174 182 and 50 291 parasites/mL, respectively). The parasite clearance half-life following artemether-lumefantrine treatment was 6.7 hours. Mosquito transmission was observed for 1 subject, while in vivo parasite transcription and biomarkers were successfully profiled. CONCLUSIONS An IBSM model of P. malariae has been successfully developed and may be used to study the biology of, diagnostic testing for, and treatment of this neglected malaria species. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ACTRN12617000048381.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Woodford
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- The University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Claire Wang
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- The University of Queensland
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Kiyonga Aimeé K, Lengu TB, Nsibu CN, Umesumbu SE, Ngoyi DM, Chen T. Molecular detection and species identification of Plasmodium spp. infection in adults in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A population-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242713. [PMID: 33227017 PMCID: PMC7682816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In efforts to control malaria infection, the Democratic Republic of Congo has implemented several strategies. Studies assessing their efficiency mainly involved at-risk groups, especially children under five years of age. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with Plasmodium spp. infection. Methods From October 2014 to March 2015, individuals aged at least 15 years were selected randomly and enrolled in a cross-sectional study conducted throughout the country. Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were used for the detection of Plasmodium ssp. Results From 2286 individuals recruited, 1870 with valid laboratory results were included in the study for further analysis. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection assessed by microscopy (355/ 1870 (19%) was lower than that estimated by PCR (580/1870 (31%). In addition, the difference between the two results was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The most prevalent Plasmodium species was P. falciparum, either as mono-infection (96.3%; 95% C.I. 93.9–98.1) or combined with P. malariae (3.7%; 95% C.I. 2.8–5.9). The mean parasite density was 3272739 trophozoites/μL of blood. Women had higher risks of being infected than men (OR 2.03, 95% C.I.: 1.96. 2.62, P = 0.041)]. Conclusion In this study, the molecular detection and species identification of Plasmodium spp. showed that, despite all efforts for malaria control, malaria remains a public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The high prevalence and parasite density of Plasmodium spp. in adults make this age group a potential parasitic infectious reservoir for the at-risk groups and supports the need to include this age group in further programs for malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahindo Kiyonga Aimeé
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tropical Medicine Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- * E-mail:
| | - Thierry Bobanga Lengu
- Department of Tropical Medicine Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Célestin Ndosimao Nsibu
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Solange Efundu Umesumbu
- Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Tropical Medicine Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Farrington LA, Callaway PC, Vance HM, Baskevitch K, Lutz E, Warrier L, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Jagannathan P, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Opsonized antigen activates Vδ2+ T cells via CD16/FCγRIIIa in individuals with chronic malaria exposure. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008997. [PMID: 33085728 PMCID: PMC7605717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly respond to phosphoantigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum in an innate-like manner, without prior antigen exposure or processing. Vδ2 T cells have been shown to inhibit parasite replication in vitro and are associated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in vivo. Although a marked expansion of Vδ2 T cells is seen after acute malaria infection in naïve individuals, repeated malaria causes Vδ2 T cells to decline both in frequency and in malaria-responsiveness, and to exhibit numerous transcriptional and phenotypic changes, including upregulation of the Fc receptor CD16. Here we investigate the functional role of CD16 on Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to malaria. We show that CD16+ Vδ2 T cells possess more cytolytic potential than their CD16- counterparts, and bear many of the hallmarks of mature NK cells, including KIR expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Vδ2 T cells from heavily malaria-exposed individuals are able to respond to opsonized P.falciparum-infected red blood cells through CD16, representing a second, distinct pathway by which Vδ2 T cells may contribute to anti-parasite effector functions. This response was independent of TCR engagement, as demonstrated by blockade of the phosphoantigen presenting molecule Butyrophilin 3A1. Together these results indicate that Vδ2 T cells in heavily malaria-exposed individuals retain the capacity for antimalarial effector function, and demonstrate their activation by opsonized parasite antigen. This represents a new role both for Vδ2 T cells and for opsonizing antibodies in parasite clearance, emphasizing cooperation between the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Perri C. Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Baskevitch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Lutz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ester Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Cairns ME, Sagara I, Zongo I, Kuepfer I, Thera I, Nikiema F, Diarra M, Yerbanga SR, Barry A, Tapily A, Coumare S, Milligan P, Tinto H, Ouédraogo JB, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B, Djimde A, Dicko A. Evaluation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in two areas of intense seasonal malaria transmission: Secondary analysis of a household-randomised, placebo-controlled trial in Houndé District, Burkina Faso and Bougouni District, Mali. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003214. [PMID: 32822362 PMCID: PMC7442230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is now widely deployed in the Sahel, including several countries that are major contributors to the global burden of malaria. Consequently, it is important to understand whether SMC continues to provide a high level of protection and how SMC might be improved. SMC was evaluated using data from a large, household-randomised trial in Houndé, Burkina Faso and Bougouni, Mali. METHODS AND FINDINGS The parent trial evaluated monthly SMC plus either azithromycin (AZ) or placebo, administered as directly observed therapy 4 times per year between August and November (2014-2016). In July 2014, 19,578 children aged 3-59 months were randomised by household to study group. Children who remained within the age range 3-59 months in August each year, plus children born into study households or who moved into the study area, received study drugs in 2015 and 2016. These analyses focus on the approximately 10,000 children (5,000 per country) under observation each year in the SMC plus placebo group. Despite high coverage and high adherence to SMC, the incidence of hospitalisations or deaths due to malaria and uncomplicated clinical malaria remained high in the study areas (overall incidence rates 12.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2, 14.1] and 871.1 [95% CI: 852.3, 890.6] cases per 1,000 person-years, respectively) and peaked in July each year, before SMC delivery began in August. The incidence rate ratio comparing SMC within the past 28 days with SMC more than 35 days ago-adjusted for age, country, and household clustering-was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.20), P < 0.001 for malaria hospitalisations and deaths from malaria and 0.21 (95% CI 0.20, 0.23), P < 0.001 for uncomplicated malaria, indicating protective efficacy of 87.4% (95% CI: 79.6%, 92.2%) and 78.3% (95% CI: 76.8%, 79.6%), respectively. The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia at weekly surveys during the rainy season and at the end of the transmission season was several times higher in children who missed the SMC course preceding the survey contact, and the smallest prevalence ratio observed was 2.98 (95% CI: 1.95, 4.54), P < 0.001. The frequency of molecular markers of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) resistance did not increase markedly over the study period either amongst study children or amongst school-age children resident in the study areas. After 3 years of SMC deployment, the day 28 PCR-unadjusted adequate clinical and parasitological response rate of the SP + AQ regimen in children with asymptomatic malaria was 98.3% (95% CI: 88.6%, 99.8%) in Burkina Faso and 96.1% (95% CI: 91.5%, 98.2%) in Mali. Key limitations of this study are the potential overdiagnosis of uncomplicated malaria by rapid diagnostic tests and the potential for residual confounding from factors related to adherence to the monthly SMC schedule. CONCLUSION Despite strong evidence that SMC is providing a high level of protection, the burden of malaria remains substantial in the 2 study areas. These results emphasise the need for continuing support of SMC programmes. A fifth monthly SMC course is needed to adequately cover the whole transmission season in the study areas and in settings with similar epidemiology. TRIAL REGISTRATION The AZ-SMC trial in which these data were collected was registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02211729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Cairns
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Issaka Zongo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Irene Kuepfer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frederic Nikiema
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Serge R. Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Barry
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - Paul Milligan
- Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Daniel Chandramohan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Greenwood
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Kotepui M, Kotepui KU, Milanez GD, Masangkay FR. Reduction in total leukocytes in malaria patients compared to febrile controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233913. [PMID: 32574170 PMCID: PMC7310711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte alterations are a common hematological alteration among malaria patients. OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide data and evidence comparing alterations in total leukocyte counts in malaria patients compared to febrile/healthy subjects at baseline before treatment. A systematic review was conducted by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Medline. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS All published articles reporting a total leukocyte count of patients infected with malaria, non-malaria (febrile or healthy group) at baseline before treatment before August 27, 2019, were retrieved, and data were extracted by two main reviewers independently. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS We used a forest plot, heterogeneity test (Cochran's Q), and the degree of heterogeneity (I2) to test whether the included studies were heterogeneous. The quality of the included studies was determined by a quality assessment guide based on the quality assessment tool developed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Cochran's Q (Chi-square) and Moran's I2 were used to evaluate heterogeneity. Meta-regression using STATA software was conducted to find the source of heterogeneity. A funnel plot with Egger's test was used to examine the significance of publication bias among the included studies. The mean differences were estimated using a random-effects model. RESULTS Out of the 2,261 articles screened, 29 articles were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The heterogeneity test indicated that there was heterogeneity among the included studies with no publication bias. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the total leukocyte count was significantly lower in patients with malaria (n = 4,619) than in those without malaria (n = 10,056) (Z = 4.0, P-value < 0.00001, mean difference = -1.38, 95% CI = -2.06-(-0.71)). Leukocyte differential alterations, low lymphocyte counts (P-value <0.0001, mean difference = -1.03, 95% CI = -1.53-(-0.53)) and a high NL ratio were found in the malaria group (n = 1,579) compared to the non-malaria group (n = 4,991) (P-value <0.0001, mean difference = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.32-0.88). The subgroup analysis indicated that there was a significantly lower total leukocyte count in the malaria group (n = 3,545) than in the febrile group (n = 8,947) (Z = 1.33, P-value < 0.0001, mean difference = -1.76, 95% CI = -2.56-(-0.96)), but no significant difference was found between the malaria group (n = 1,232) and the healthy group (n = 1,679) (P-value > 0.05). LIMITATIONS As the specific diagnoses in the febrile groups were not reported in the included studies so that the results of the present study need to be carefully interpreted. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS This systematic review demonstrated that the total leukocyte count was affected by malarial infection at baseline despite the heterogeneity of the included studies. Future work must aim to understand the treatment-related total leukocyte reduction during follow-up or post-treatment outcomes in malaria-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Giovanni D. Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Frederick R. Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines
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Dibessa TT, Engidawork E, Nedi T, Teklehaymanot T. Antimalarial activity of the aqueous extract of the latex of Aloe pirottae Berger. (Aloaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 255:112763. [PMID: 32169423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In spite of worldwide efforts, malaria remains one of the most devastating illnesses in the world. The huge number of lives it takes and the resistance of malaria parasites to current drugs necessitate the search for new effective antimalarial drugs. Medicinal plants have been the major source of such drugs and A. pirottae is one of these plants used traditionally for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. AIM This study was aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity of the aqueous extract of A. pirottae against chloroquine sensitive P. berghei in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract was obtained by macerating the latex of A. pirottae with distilled water. To determine its antiplasmodial activity, a 4-day suppressive model was used by dividing 40 mice into five groups of 8 mice each and given 200, 400 & 600mg/kg of the extract, the standard drug (chloroquine 25mg/kg) and the vehicle (distilled water). Then parasite suppression by the extract, survival time and prevention of loss of body weight, rectal temperature and packed cell volume were assessed. All data were presented as the Mean ± SEM (Standard Error of the Mean) and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. RESULTS The extract showed moderate antimalarial activity by significantly (p < 0.001) suppressing parasitemia at all dose levels with maximum parasitemia suppression of 47.0% and significantly (p < 0.01) increasing survival time. Furthermore, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg doses showed significant (p < 0.01) prevention of loss in body weight, rectal temperature and packed cell volume. CONCLUSION Based to the results of this study, A. pirottae is endowed with a moderate antimalarial activity that is in agreement with the traditional claim of A. pirottae, hence may be used as a basis for further studies to be conducted on antimalarial activity of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfa Tekle Dibessa
- Wollega University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Ethiopia.
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Addis Ababa University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ethiopia.
| | - Teshome Nedi
- Addis Ababa University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Ethiopia.
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Staedke SG, Gonahasa S, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Maiteki-Sebuguzi C, Lynd A, Katureebe A, Kyohere M, Mutungi P, Kigozi SP, Opigo J, Hemingway J, Donnelly MJ. Effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets with and without piperonyl butoxide on malaria indicators in Uganda (LLINEUP): a pragmatic, cluster-randomised trial embedded in a national LLIN distribution campaign. Lancet 2020; 395:1292-1303. [PMID: 32305094 PMCID: PMC7181182 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the primary malaria prevention tool, but their effectiveness is threatened by pyrethroid resistance. We embedded a pragmatic cluster-randomised trial into Uganda's national LLIN campaign to compare conventional LLINs with those containing piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a synergist that can partially restore pyrethroid susceptibility in mosquito vectors. METHODS 104 health sub-districts, from 48 districts in Uganda, were randomly assigned to LLINs with PBO (PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus) and conventional LLINs (PermaNet 2.0 and Olyset Net) by proportionate randomisation using an iterative process. At baseline 6, 12, and 18 months after LLIN distribution, cross-sectional surveys were done in 50 randomly selected households per cluster (5200 per survey); a subset of ten households per cluster (1040 per survey) were randomly selected for entomological surveys. The primary outcome was parasite prevalence by microscopy in children aged 2-10 years, assessed in the as-treated population at 6, 12, and 18 months. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN17516395. FINDINGS LLINs were delivered to households from March 25, 2017, to March 18, 2018, 32 clusters were randomly assigned to PermaNet 3.0, 20 to Olyset Plus, 37 to PermaNet 2.0, and 15 to Olyset Net. In the as-treated analysis, three clusters were excluded because no dominant LLIN was received, and four clusters were reassigned, resulting in 49 PBO LLIN clusters (31 received PermaNet 3.0 and 18 received Olyset Plus) and 52 non-PBO LLIN clusters (39 received PermaNet 2.0 and 13 received Olyset Net). At 6 months, parasite prevalence was 11% (386/3614) in the PBO group compared with 15% (556/3844) in the non-PBO group (prevalence ratio [PR] adjusted for baseline values 0·74, 95% CI 0·62-0·87; p=0·0003). Parasite prevalence was similar at month 12 (11% vs 13%; PR 0·73, 95% CI 0·63-0·85; p=0·0001) and month 18 (12% vs 14%; PR 0·84, 95% CI 0·72-0·98; p=0·029). INTERPRETATION In Uganda, where pyrethroid resistance is high, PBO LLINs reduced parasite prevalence more effectively than did conventional LLINs for up to 18 months. This study provides evidence needed to support WHO's final recommendation on use of PBO LLINs. FUNDING The Against Malaria Foundation, UK Department for International Development, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Staedke
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Amy Lynd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Mary Kyohere
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Mutungi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon P Kigozi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jimmy Opigo
- National Malaria Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Janet Hemingway
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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Jin XU, Jun-Feng H, Chao H, Zhang BG. [Quality of malaria blood smears from fever patients in Zibo City, Shandong Province from 2011 to 2018]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 32:627-630. [PMID: 33325199 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the quality of malaria blood smears from fever patients in Zibo City from 2011 to 2018, so as to provide the scientific evidence for the development of the malaria post-elimination surveillance strategy. METHODS All negative malaria blood smears from fever patients reexamined in the municipal microscopic examination station and all positive blood smears in Zibo City during the period from 2011 to 2018 were reexamined, and the blood smear preparation, dyeing, cleanliness and reexamination results were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2 141 negative malaria blood smears and 39 positive blood smears were re-reviewed by the municipal microscopic examination station of Zibo City from 2011 to 2018, with a 99.44% qualification rate of negative blood smears preparation, a 97.62% qualification rate of dyeing, a 93.65% qualification rate of cleanliness, and a 100% consistence with the re-review, and no missing diagnosis was found. A total of 39 positive blood smears were re-reviewed, with a 46.15% qualification rate of blood smears preparation, a 61.54% qualification rate of dyeing, a 76.92% qualification rate of cleanliness, and a 97.44% consistence with the re-review, and a blood smear mistaking the Plasmodium species was found. There were significant differences in the qualification rate of blood smears preparation and dyeing among all districts (counties) in Zibo City (all P values < 0.05), and no significant difference was detected in the qualification rate of blood smear cleanliness (χ2 = 13.72, P >0.05), while significant differences were seen in the qualification rate of blood smears preparation, dyeing and cleanliness each year from 2011 to 2018 (all P values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The quality of malaria blood smears is high in all districts of Zibo City; however, the quality of city-level blood smears remains to be improved. Further actions to improve the training of grassroots microscopic examinations and quality control of malaria blood smears are required to ensure the capability of microscopic examinations of Plasmodium during the malaria post-elimination stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X U Jin
- Zibo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zibo City, Zibo 255026, China
| | - Hao Jun-Feng
- Zibo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zibo City, Zibo 255026, China
| | - Han Chao
- Zibo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zibo City, Zibo 255026, China
| | - B G Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, China
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Lumbala C, Matovu E, Sendagire H, Kazibwe AJN, Likwela JL, Muhindo Mavoko H, Kayembe S, Lutumba P, Biéler S, Van Geertruyden JP, Ndung’u JM. Performance evaluation of a prototype rapid diagnostic test for combined detection of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis and malaria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008168. [PMID: 32251426 PMCID: PMC7162526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is endemic in all regions where gambiense or rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is reported, and both diseases have similarities in their symptomatology. A combined test could be useful for both diseases and would facilitate integration of the screening for gambiense HAT (gHAT) and malaria diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate a combined prototype rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for gHAT and malaria. Methods Blood samples were collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Uganda to evaluate the performance of a prototype HAT/Malaria Combined RDT in comparison to an individual malaria RDT based on Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) Histidine Rich Protein II (HRP-II or HRP2) antigen (SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f. RDT) for malaria detection and an individual gHAT RDT based on recombinant antigens, the SD BIOLINE HAT 2.0 RDT for HAT screening. Due to the current low prevalence of gHAT in endemic regions, the set of blood samples that were collected was used to evaluate the specificity of the RDTs for gHAT, and additional archived plasma samples were used to complete the evaluation of the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT in comparison to the HAT 2.0 RDT. Results Frozen whole blood samples from a total of 486 malaria cases and 239 non-malaria controls, as well as archived plasma samples from 246 gHAT positive and 246 gHAT negative individuals were tested. For malaria, the sensitivity and specificity of the malaria band in the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT were 96.9% (95% CI: 95.0–98.3) and 97.1% (95% CI: 94.1–98.8) respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the SD BIOLINE malaria Ag P.f. RDT were 97.3% (95% CI: 95.5–98.6) and 97.1% (95% CI: 94.1–98.8) respectively. For gHAT, using archived plasma samples, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 89% (95% CI: 84.4–92.6) and 93.5% (95% CI: 89.7–96.2) with the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT, and 88.2% (95% CI: 83.5–92) and 94.7% (95% CI: 91.1–97.2) with the HAT 2.0 RDT. Using the whole blood samples that were collected during the study, the specificity of the HAT/Malaria Combined RDT for gHAT was 95.8% (95% CI: 94.3–97.0). Conclusion The HAT/Malaria Combined prototype RDT was as accurate as the individual malaria or gHAT RDTs. The HAT/Malaria Combined prototype RDT is therefore suitable for both malaria diagnosis and gHAT screening. However, there is a need to assess its accuracy using fresh samples in prospective clinical trials. The annual number of reported cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness (SS), is currently below 1,000 cases worldwide. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the most affected country, and Uganda, which shares a border with DRC, are both endemic for gambiense HAT (gHAT). The main strategy to control gHAT is screening of at-risk individuals, followed by diagnosis and treatment of confirmed cases. However, this strategy and even the passive screening as currently implemented become less efficient with declining incidence, justifying innovative strategies to efficiently detect the remaining cases. All areas where gHAT occurs are also endemic for malaria, presenting an opportunity to integrate gHAT screening activities within malaria control activities. This integration is warranted by the fact that in early disease stage, gHAT patients present with signs and symptoms strikingly similar to those of malaria. In order to use malaria diagnosis as an entry point to screen for gHAT, Standard Diagnostics (SD), Republic of Korea (now Abbott Diagnostics, Korea Inc–ADK) made a Combined prototype RDT for both malaria and gHAT, expected to be as accurate as the individual gHAT and malaria RDTs. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of the Combined prototype RDT using whole blood samples collected in Uganda and DRC, and archived plasma samples collected in DRC, Angola and Central African Republic. We found that the Combined prototype performs just as well as individual RDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lumbala
- Disease Control Directorate, Ministry of Public Health, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hakim Sendagire
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anne J. N. Kazibwe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joris L. Likwela
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Simon Kayembe
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Lutumba
- Kinshasa University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvain Biéler
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph M. Ndung’u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
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Leli C, Di Matteo L, Gotta F, Vay D, Cavallo V, Mazzeo R, Busso S, Carrabba L, Rocchetti A. Clinical Utility of Platelet Count for Screening of Malaria. New Microbiol 2020; 43:89-92. [PMID: 32510159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light microscopy, immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests and molecular methods are widely used to diagnose malaria. The aim of this study was to find variables among commonly available urgent blood tests to identify patients with low probability of having malaria in small-scale healthcare facilities in which none of the described methods is feasible within a short time. Diagnosis of malaria was made by examining both stained thick and thin blood films by light microscopy. Two hundred and eleven samples were included. Reduced platelet count and increased values of C-reactive protein (CRP) and total bilirubin were the variables most strongly associated with malaria (P<0.0001). The best screening cut-off values obtained by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for a negative result for malaria were: platelets ≥185,000 cells/μl; CRP ≤2 mg/dl; total bilirubin ≤0.28 mg/dl. The logistic regression model of log-transformed variables showed how platelet count was the only independent variable related to the odds of having a negative blood film result for malaria (odds ratio: 2.621; 95% confidence interval: 1.441-4.768; P=0.002). A platelet count of ≥185,000 cells/μl can be considered a screening value to identify patients with high-probability of a negative blood film result for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leli
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Luigi Di Matteo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Franca Gotta
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Daria Vay
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Valeria Cavallo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Roberta Mazzeo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Simone Busso
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Laura Carrabba
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
| | - Andrea Rocchetti
- Microbiology Laboratory, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy, EU
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Kuo PC, Cheng HY, Chen PF, Liu YL, Kang M, Kuo MC, Hsu SF, Lu HJ, Hong S, Su CH, Liu DP, Tu YC, Chuang JH. Assessment of Expert-Level Automated Detection of Plasmodium falciparum in Digitized Thin Blood Smear Images. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e200206. [PMID: 32108895 PMCID: PMC7049085 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Decades of effort have been devoted to establishing an automated microscopic diagnosis of malaria, but there are challenges in achieving expert-level performance in real-world clinical settings because publicly available annotated data for benchmark and validation are required. OBJECTIVE To assess an expert-level malaria detection algorithm using a publicly available benchmark image data set. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this diagnostic study, clinically validated malaria image data sets, the Taiwan Images for Malaria Eradication (TIME), were created by digitizing thin blood smears acquired from patients with malaria selected from the biobank of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2018. These smear images were annotated by 4 clinical laboratory scientists who worked in medical centers in Taiwan and trained for malaria microscopic diagnosis at the national reference laboratory of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. With TIME, a convolutional neural network-based object detection algorithm was developed for identification of malaria-infected red blood cells. A diagnostic challenge using another independent data set within TIME was performed to compare the algorithm performance against that of human experts as clinical validation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Performance on detecting Plasmodium falciparum-infected blood cells was measured by average precision, and performance on detecting P falciparum infection at the image level was measured using sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS The TIME data sets contained 8145 images of 36 blood smears from patients with suspected malaria (30 P falciparum-positive and 6 P falciparum-negative smears) that had reliable annotations. For clinical validation, the average precision was 0.885 for detecting P falciparum-infected blood cells and 0.838 for ring form. For detecting P falciparum infection on blood smear images, the algorithm had expert-level performance (sensitivity, 0.995; specificity, 0.900; AUC, 0.997 [95% CI, 0.993-0.999]), especially in detecting ring form (sensitivity, 0.968; specificity, 0.960; AUC, 0.995 [95% CI, 0.990-0.998]) compared with experienced microscopists (mean sensitivity, 0.995 [95% CI, 0.993-0.998]; mean specificity, 0.955 [95% CI, 0.885-1.000]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that a clinically validated expert-level malaria detection algorithm can be developed by using reliable data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pi-Fang Chen
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Liu
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Min-Chu Kuo
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Fen Hsu
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lu
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Ding-Ping Liu
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Jen-Hsiang Chuang
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Westwood ML, O'Donnell AJ, Schneider P, Albery GF, Prior KF, Reece SE. Testing possible causes of gametocyte reduction in temporally out-of-synch malaria infections. Malar J 2020; 19:17. [PMID: 31937300 PMCID: PMC6958767 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intraerythrocytic development cycle (IDC) of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi is coordinated with host circadian rhythms. When this coordination is disrupted, parasites suffer a 50% reduction in both asexual stages and sexual stage gametocytes over the acute phase of infection. Reduced gametocyte density may not simply follow from a loss of asexuals because investment into gametocytes ("conversion rate") is a plastic trait; furthermore, the densities of both asexuals and gametocytes are highly dynamic during infection. Hence, the reasons for the reduction of gametocytes in infections that are out-of-synch with host circadian rhythms remain unclear. Here, two explanations are tested: first, whether out-of-synch parasites reduce their conversion rate to prioritize asexual replication via reproductive restraint; second, whether out-of-synch gametocytes experience elevated clearance by the host's circadian immune responses. METHODS First, conversion rate data were analysed from a previous experiment comparing infections of P. chabaudi that were in-synch or 12 h out-of-synch with host circadian rhythms. Second, three new experiments examined whether the inflammatory cytokine TNF varies in its gametocytocidal efficacy according to host time-of-day and gametocyte age. RESULTS There was no evidence that parasites reduce conversion or that their gametocytes become more vulnerable to TNF when out-of-synch with host circadian rhythms. CONCLUSIONS The factors causing the reduction of gametocytes in out-of-synch infections remain mysterious. Candidates for future investigation include alternative rhythmic factors involved in innate immune responses and the rhythmicity in essential resources required for gametocyte development. Explaining why it matters for gametocytes to be synchronized to host circadian rhythms might suggest novel approaches to blocking transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Westwood
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Aidan J O'Donnell
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Petra Schneider
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kimberley F Prior
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Sarah E Reece
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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Jiang H, Wang J, Wang K, Gu J, Chen J, Wang Z. Interferents of Automated Reticulocyte Analysis Integrated with Relevant Clinical Cases. Clin Lab 2020; 65. [PMID: 31307160 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2019.181245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reticulocyte count (RET) has been used for many years to estimate the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow. Fully automated methods not only provide enhanced precision and accuracy, but also enable reliable measurements of mRNA content and cellular indices. However, problems still exist, such as interference. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interferents of Sysmex XN 9000 reticulocyte analysis and ensure the accuracy of the results. METHODS We collected a total of 510 specimens from normal control patients and patients with various diseases including anemias, leukemias, infectious diseases, immune diseases, kidney disease, etc. Correlation of the agreement for reticulocytes between the new methylene blue (NMB) visual microscopy method and automated reticulocyte counting was evaluated by paired sample method according to the CLSI-ICSH document H44-A2-Methods for Reticulocyte Count. Blood smear microscopic examination was carried out on the disturbed samples, and the interferents were analyzed with the medical history, flagging algorithms, the warning information, and the microscopic examination. RESULTS A total of 44 (8.6%) cases exhibited interference. The main interferents of spuriously high reticulocyte count were caused by parasites, such as malaria, as well as suspicious autofluorescence due to drugs, while the main interferents of spuriously low reticulocyte count were caused by RBC fragments. CONCLUSIONS Detection of potential interferences may be accomplished through alarm information and flagging algorithms incorporated into the instrument and by examination of a blood film to ensure absence of relevant interferences.
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Ekhoye EI, Aloamaka CP, Nwangwa EK. Alterations in Gonadal Oxidative Stress Markers and Reproductive Function of Balb/C Mice Infected with Plasmodium Berghei. Niger J Physiol Sci 2019; 34:131-139. [PMID: 32343264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is generally regarded as a major clinical problem, and it adversely affects people both psychologically and medically. In this study, the changes in gonadal oxidative stress markers and reproductive function of BALB/c mice were investigated. Forty-eight (48) BALB/c mice acquired for this study were randomly divided into four (4) groups of eight (8) mice each. Each group was further sub-divided into male and female groups with equal number of mice. The groups were represented as thus: Group A: normal mice; Group B: mice infected with Plasmodium berghei; Group C: Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine; Group D: Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with Vitamin E. The experimental mice were inoculated with the Plasmodium berghei, and the parasites were confirmed in the mice four days later before the commencement of the experiments. After the experimental procedures which lasted for fourteen (14) days, the mice were sacrificed, blood samples collected for serum testosterone, estrogen and progesterone assay; semen were collected for semen analysis; and testes and ovaries were harvested for histological analyses and oxidative stress marker determination. Result show that Plasmodium berghei significantly (p<0.05) decreased the sperm count, percentage of sperm with progressive motility and percentage of sperm with normal morphology. The parasites also decreased the serum concentrations of testosterone and progesterone. Plasmodium berghei, also caused significant (p<0.05) reductions in testicular and ovarian activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and peroxidase catalase while significantly (p<0.05) increasing the malonaldehyde level. The parasites also caused marked histological distortions in the testes and ovaries of the mice. Treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine and Vitamin E separately reversed the detrimental changes induced by the parasites by increasing the semen quality and hormonal concentrations. Treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine and Vitamin E also decreased the oxidative stress level of the gonads and improved the histological features of the testes and ovaries of the infected mice. This study therefore showed Plasmodium berghei infection posed anti-fertility threat while treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine and Vitamin E ameliorates the effect of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Ekhoye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, Edo University Iyamho, Nigeria.
| | - C P Aloamaka
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka. Nigeria..
| | - E K Nwangwa
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka. Nigeria..
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Punnath K, Dayanand KK, Chandrashekar VN, Achur RN, Kakkilaya SB, Ghosh SK, Mukhi B, Midya V, Kumari SN, Gowda DC. Clinical features and haematological parameters among malaria patients in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern coastal region of India. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:1043-1056. [PMID: 31754856 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the clinical profile, severity and complications of patients suffering from malaria in Mangaluru, a southwestern coastal city in India. A total of 579 patients, who were treated at the District Wenlock Hospital, Mangaluru, and 168 healthy controls were recruited in this study. The clinical profile, haematological and biochemical parameters, and disease complications were assessed. The majority of patients were treated as outpatients and patients who had severe clinical conditions were admitted to the hospital for treatment and supportive care. Among the total 579 patients recruited in this study, the distribution of P. vivax, P. falciparum and mixed infections were 364 (62.9%), 150 (25.9%) and 65 (11.2%), respectively. Among these, 506 (87.4%) had mild malaria, whereas 73 (12.6%) had severe malaria. Overall, the clinical features and severity of malaria in P. vivax and mixed infection patients were comparable to P. falciparum patients, albeit with some significant differences. The clinical complications in severe malaria cases included thrombocytopenia (50.7%), metabolic acidosis (30.1%), severe anaemia (26.0%), jaundice (21.9%), hepatic dysfunction (15.1%), acute renal failure (6.8%), haematuria (8.2%), hypotension (9.6%), cerebral malaria (1.4%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (1.4%). All the patients with severe malaria recruited in our study were successfully treated and discharged. Majority of patients had mild malaria, likely due to seeking treatment soon after experiencing symptoms and/or having preexisting immune protection. However, a significant number of patients had severe malaria and required hospital admission indicating that there is a substantial need for creating awareness among vulnerable immigrant population. Implementing effective surveillance and vector control measures in malaria hotspot locations in the city and educating people about preventive measures are likely to reduce the malaria burden in this endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Punnath
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran K Dayanand
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India
| | - Valleesha N Chandrashekar
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeshwara N Achur
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Susanta K Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Benudhar Mukhi
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Vishal Midya
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Suchetha N Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, India
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Yang F, Poostchi M, Yu H, Zhou Z, Silamut K, Yu J, Maude RJ, Jaeger S, Antani S. Deep Learning for Smartphone-Based Malaria Parasite Detection in Thick Blood Smears. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 24:1427-1438. [PMID: 31545747 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2019.2939121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work investigates the possibility of automated malaria parasite detection in thick blood smears with smartphones. METHODS We have developed the first deep learning method that can detect malaria parasites in thick blood smear images and can run on smartphones. Our method consists of two processing steps. First, we apply an intensity-based Iterative Global Minimum Screening (IGMS), which performs a fast screening of a thick smear image to find parasite candidates. Then, a customized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifies each candidate as either parasite or background. Together with this paper, we make a dataset of 1819 thick smear images from 150 patients publicly available to the research community. We used this dataset to train and test our deep learning method, as described in this paper. RESULTS A patient-level five-fold cross-evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the customized CNN model in discriminating between positive (parasitic) and negative image patches in terms of the following performance indicators: accuracy (93.46% ± 0.32%), AUC (98.39% ± 0.18%), sensitivity (92.59% ± 1.27%), specificity (94.33% ± 1.25%), precision (94.25% ± 1.13%), and negative predictive value (92.74% ± 1.09%). High correlation coefficients (>0.98) between automatically detected parasites and ground truth, on both image level and patient level, demonstrate the practicality of our method. CONCLUSION Promising results are obtained for parasite detection in thick blood smears for a smartphone application using deep learning methods. SIGNIFICANCE Automated parasite detection running on smartphones is a promising alternative to manual parasite counting for malaria diagnosis, especially in areas lacking experienced parasitologists.
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Abstract
This review focuses on pre- and post-natal iron supplementation in malaria endemic settings. Although iron supplementation can reduce iron deficiency, malaria infection may counteract this effect by the increase of hepcidin, and iron supplementation may further worsen malaria infection by providing additional iron for the parasites. However, most iron supplementation intervention studies in pregnant women with malaria have not shown a negative impact, although malaria treatment with iron supplementation may be beneficial in terms of improving birth outcomes. In infants and young children in malaria endemic settings, the adverse effects of iron supplementation has been well documented and malaria prevention and treatment with iron supplementation is recommended. Besides fostering the growth of malaria parasites, iron may also promote potential pathogens in the gut and cause an inflammatory response in young children. Overall, iron supplementation is beneficial for treating iron deficiency, but needs to be considered in the context of malaria prevention and treatment in pregnant women, infants and young children for safety and effectiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/prevention & control
- Child, Preschool
- Dietary Supplements/adverse effects
- Endemic Diseases
- Female
- Guidelines as Topic
- Hepcidins/blood
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Iron, Dietary/adverse effects
- Iron, Dietary/therapeutic use
- Malaria/blood
- Malaria/drug therapy
- Male
- Maternal Health
- Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/blood
- Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Avenue Box C225, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Avenue Box C225, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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Kraisin S, Verhenne S, Pham TT, Martinod K, Tersteeg C, Vandeputte N, Deckmyn H, Vanhoorelbeke K, Van den Steen PE, De Meyer SF. von Willebrand factor in experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:1372-1383. [PMID: 31099973 PMCID: PMC9906160 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is a lethal complication of severe malaria, characterized by marked pulmonary inflammation. Patient studies have suggested a link between von Willebrand factor (VWF) and malaria severity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of VWF in the pathogenesis of experimental MA-ARDS. METHODS Plasmodium berghei NK65-E (PbNK65) parasites were injected in Vwf+/+ and Vwf-/- mice. Pathological parameters were assessed following infection. RESULTS In accordance with patients with severe malaria, plasma VWF levels were increased and ADAMTS13 activity levels were reduced in experimental MA-ARDS. ADAMTS13- and plasmin-independent reductions of high molecular weight VWF multimers were observed at the end stage of disease. Thrombocytopenia was VWF-independent because it was observed in both Vwf+/+ and Vwf-/- mice. Interestingly, Vwf-/- mice had a shorter survival time compared with Vwf+/+ controls following PbNK65 infection. Lung edema could not explain this shortened survival because alveolar protein levels in Vwf-/- mice were approximately two times lower than in Vwf+/+ controls. Parasite load, on the other hand, was significantly increased in Vwf-/- mice compared with Vwf+/+ mice in both peripheral blood and lung tissue. In addition, anemia was only observed in PbNK65-infected Vwf-/- mice. Of note, Vwf-/- mice presented with two times more reticulocytes, a preferential target of the parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that parasite load together with malarial anemia, rather than alveolar leakage, might contribute to shortened survival in PbNK65-infected Vwf-/- mice. VWF deficiency is associated with early reticulocytosis following PbNK65 infection, which potentially explains the increase in parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Kraisin
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Verhenne
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Thao-Thy Pham
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Claudia Tersteeg
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Nele Vandeputte
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Elizardez YB, Fotoran WL, Junior AJG, Curado I, Junior NK, Monteiro EF, Romero Neto I, Wunderlich G, Kirchgatter K. Recombinant proteins of Plasmodium malariae merozoite surface protein 1 (PmMSP1): Testing immunogenicity in the BALB/c model and potential use as diagnostic tool. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219629. [PMID: 31344067 PMCID: PMC6657842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium malariae is the third most prevalent human malaria-causing species and has a patchy, but ample distribution in the world. Humans can host the parasite for years without presenting significant symptoms, turning its diagnosis and control into a difficult task. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of recombinant proteins of P. malariae MSP1. Methods Five regions of PmMSP1 were expressed in Escherichia coli as GST-fusion proteins and immunized in BALB/c mice. The specificity, subtyping, and affinity of raised antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cellular immune responses were analyzed by lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine levels produced by splenocytes were detected by cytometry. Results We found that N-terminal, central regions, and PmMSP119 are strongly immunogenic in mice. After three doses, the induced immune responses remained high for 70 days. While antibodies induced after immunization with N-terminal and central regions showed similar affinities to the target antigens, affinities of IgG against PmMSP119 were higher. All proteins induced similar antibody subclass patterns (predominantly IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b), characterizing a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Further, autologous stimulation of splenocytes from immunized mice led to the secretion of IL2 and IL4, independently of the antigen used. Importantly, IgG from P. malariae-exposed individuals reacted against PmMSP1 recombinant proteins with a high specificity. On the other hand, sera from P. vivax or P. falciparum-infected individuals did not react at all against recombinant PmMSP1 proteins. Conclusion Recombinant PmMSP1 proteins are very useful diagnostic markers of P. malariae in epidemiological studies or in the differential diagnosis of malaria caused by this species. Immunization with recombinant PmMSP1 proteins resulted in a significant humoral immune response, which may turn them potential component candidates for a vaccine against P. malariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelina B. Elizardez
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wesley L. Fotoran
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrés J. Galisteo Junior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Izilda Curado
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival Kesper Junior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana F. Monteiro
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Romero Neto
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Wunderlich
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Garrison A, Khoshnood B, Courtin D, Milet J, Garcia A, Massougbodji A, Ayotte P, Cot M, Bodeau-Livinec F. Blood lead level in infants and subsequent risk of malaria: A prospective cohort study in Benin, Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220023. [PMID: 31318954 PMCID: PMC6638975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead and malaria both present significant health risks to children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Previous studies have shown that high blood lead levels in children act as a protective factor against subsequent malaria incidence. The main objective of this study was to investigate associations between blood lead level and malaria outcomes prospectively in Beninese children from 12 to 24 months of age. Two-hundred and four children were assessed for lead at 12 months and closely followed until 24 months for malaria; when symptoms and parasite density were also recorded. Univariate and multivariate negative binomial and linear regression models tested associations between blood lead level quartile and total episodes of malaria (total symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes) and parasite density, respectively. Median blood lead level among children measured at 12 months was 56.50 (4.81-578) μg/L. During the 12-month follow-up, 172 (84.31%) children had at least one malaria episode. Univariate and multivariate negative binomial and linear regressions did not reveal significant associations between blood lead level quartile and malaria outcomes. Iron deficiency was not found to be an effect modifier. Results from this prospective child-cohort study investigating associations between blood lead level and malaria did not confirm results from previous cross-sectional studies. Further research is needed to further explore this relationship and other co-morbidities due to malaria and lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garrison
- INSERM UMR1153 Equipe de recherche en Epidémiologie Obstétricale, Périnatale, et Pédiatrique (EPOPé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), Saint Denis, France
| | - Babak Khoshnood
- INSERM UMR1153 Equipe de recherche en Epidémiologie Obstétricale, Périnatale, et Pédiatrique (EPOPé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - David Courtin
- Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT), l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Milet
- Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT), l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - André Garcia
- Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT), l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Ayotte
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec City, Canada
| | - Michel Cot
- Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales (MERIT), l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Bodeau-Livinec
- INSERM UMR1153 Equipe de recherche en Epidémiologie Obstétricale, Périnatale, et Pédiatrique (EPOPé), Center for Epidemiology and Statistics, Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS), Paris, France
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), Saint Denis, France
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Theint HT, Walsh JE, Wong ST, Voon K, Shitan M. Development of an optical biosensor for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi and Plasmodium berghei. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 218:348-358. [PMID: 31026712 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory prototype system that correlates murine blood absorbance with degree of infection for Plasmodium berghei and Trypanosoma avensi has been designed, constructed and tested. A population (n = 6) of control uninfected, Plasmodium infected and Trypanosoma infected BALB/c mice were developed and spectral absorption measurements pre and post infection were made every 3 days. A fibre optic spectrometer set-up was used as the basis of a laboratory prototype biosensor that uses the Beer Lambert Law to relate Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-infrared absorbance data to changes in murine blood chemistry post infection. Spectral absorption results indicate a statistically relevant correlation at a 650 nm with infection for Plasmodium from between 4 and 7 sampling days' post infection, in spite of significant standard deviations among the sample populations for control and infected mice. No significant spectral absorption change for Trypanosoma infection was been detected from the current data. Corresponding stained slides of control and infected blood at each sampling date were taken with related infected cell counts determined and these correlate well for Plasmodium absorbance at 650 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Theint
- Pathology Department, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - J E Walsh
- Centre for Pre-University Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S T Wong
- Pathology Department, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Voon
- Pathology Department, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Shitan
- School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Abstract
Navel DM. You're the flight surgeon: dengue fever. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(7):660-663.
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47
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Ramesh A, Nakielny S, Hsu J, Kyohere M, Byaruhanga O, de Bourcy C, Egger R, Dimitrov B, Juan YF, Sheu J, Wang J, Kalantar K, Langelier C, Ruel T, Mpimbaza A, Wilson MR, Rosenthal PJ, DeRisi JL. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of samples from pediatric febrile illness in Tororo, Uganda. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218318. [PMID: 31220115 PMCID: PMC6586300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile illness is a major burden in African children, and non-malarial causes of fever are uncertain. In this retrospective exploratory study, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to evaluate serum, nasopharyngeal, and stool specimens from 94 children (aged 2–54 months) with febrile illness admitted to Tororo District Hospital, Uganda. The most common microbes identified were Plasmodium falciparum (51.1% of samples) and parvovirus B19 (4.4%) from serum; human rhinoviruses A and C (40%), respiratory syncytial virus (10%), and human herpesvirus 5 (10%) from nasopharyngeal swabs; and rotavirus A (50% of those with diarrhea) from stool. We also report the near complete genome of a highly divergent orthobunyavirus, tentatively named Nyangole virus, identified from the serum of a child diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia, a Bwamba orthobunyavirus in the nasopharynx of a child with rash and sepsis, and the genomes of two novel human rhinovirus C species. In this retrospective exploratory study, mNGS identified multiple potential pathogens, including 3 new viral species, associated with fever in Ugandan children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Ramesh
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (JLD)
| | - Sara Nakielny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Kyohere
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Charles de Bourcy
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Egger
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Boris Dimitrov
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yun-Fang Juan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Sheu
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katrina Kalantar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Ruel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (JLD)
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Mwanga EP, Mapua SA, Siria DJ, Ngowo HS, Nangacha F, Mgando J, Baldini F, González Jiménez M, Ferguson HM, Wynne K, Selvaraj P, Babayan SA, Okumu FO. Using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine-learning to identify vertebrate blood meals in the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2019; 18:187. [PMID: 31146762 PMCID: PMC6543689 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The propensity of different Anopheles mosquitoes to bite humans instead of other vertebrates influences their capacity to transmit pathogens to humans. Unfortunately, determining proportions of mosquitoes that have fed on humans, i.e. Human Blood Index (HBI), currently requires expensive and time-consuming laboratory procedures involving enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Here, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and supervised machine learning are used to accurately distinguish between vertebrate blood meals in guts of malaria mosquitoes, without any molecular techniques. METHODS Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis females were fed on humans, chickens, goats or bovines, then held for 6 to 8 h, after which they were killed and preserved in silica. The sample size was 2000 mosquitoes (500 per host species). Five individuals of each host species were enrolled to ensure genotype variability, and 100 mosquitoes fed on each. Dried mosquito abdomens were individually scanned using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer to obtain high-resolution MIR spectra (4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1). The spectral data were cleaned to compensate atmospheric water and CO2 interference bands using Bruker-OPUS software, then transferred to Python™ for supervised machine-learning to predict host species. Seven classification algorithms were trained using 90% of the spectra through several combinations of 75-25% data splits. The best performing model was used to predict identities of the remaining 10% validation spectra, which had not been used for model training or testing. RESULTS The logistic regression (LR) model achieved the highest accuracy, correctly predicting true vertebrate blood meal sources with overall accuracy of 98.4%. The model correctly identified 96% goat blood meals, 97% of bovine blood meals, 100% of chicken blood meals and 100% of human blood meals. Three percent of bovine blood meals were misclassified as goat, and 2% of goat blood meals misclassified as human. CONCLUSION Mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with supervised machine learning can accurately identify multiple vertebrate blood meals in malaria vectors, thus potentially enabling rapid assessment of mosquito blood-feeding histories and vectorial capacities. The technique is cost-effective, fast, simple, and requires no reagents other than desiccants. However, scaling it up will require field validation of the findings and boosting relevant technical capacity in affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Salum A Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Doreen J Siria
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Halfan S Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francis Nangacha
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mgando
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Science Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Keys HM, Noland GS, De Rochars MB, Blount S, Gonzales M. Prevalence of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in bateyes of the Dominican Republic. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:39. [PMID: 31130142 PMCID: PMC6535845 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The island of Hispaniola, shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic (DR), is the only remaining malaria-endemic island in the Caribbean and accounts for 95% of the lymphatic filariasis (LF) burden in the Americas. Both countries aim to eliminate the diseases by 2020. Migration from Haiti, where both diseases are more prevalent, may promote transmission in the DR. Historically, Haitian migrant labourers live in rural Dominican agricultural 'company towns' called bateyes, many of which received mass drug administration (MDA) for LF elimination. This study sought to determine the prevalence of malaria and LF in bateyes of the DR and to describe related risk factors for disease. METHODS From March to April 2016, a cross-sectional, cluster survey was conducted across Dominican bateyes stratified into three regions: southwest, north and east. A household questionnaire (n = 776), captured demographics, ethnic origin, mobility patterns, malaria intervention coverage, and knowledge, and recent fever and treatment-seeking. Two individuals per household (n = 1418) were tested for malaria parasites by microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and LF antigen by filariasis test strip (FTS). Population-level estimates and confidence intervals (CI) were computed adjusting for the survey design. Two-sided t-tests compared differences in knowledge scores. RESULTS No (0%) blood sample was Plasmodium-positive by microscopy or RDT. Six individuals were FTS-positive (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.2-1.5), but none (0%) of these were microfilariae-positive. Most batey residents were born in the DR (57.8%), documented (85.0%), and permanent residents (85.1%). Very few respondents (9.4%) reported travel to Haiti in the past year. Overall, half (53.8%) of respondents owned a bed net, and 82.3% of net owners reported using it the previous night. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) differed by region (range: 4.7%-61.2%). Most of those with recent fever sought care (56.0%), yet only 30.5% of those seeking care were tested for malaria. Compared to Dominican-born populations, Haitian-born respondents more frequently reported recent fever, did not seek care for the fever, had not heard of malaria, and could not name symptoms or prevention methods. CONCLUSIONS Malaria and LF transmission appear absent or extremely low in Dominican bateyes, which are a mixture of Haitian and Dominican residents. Travel to Haiti is rare, meaning risk of malaria and LF importation is low. Addressing identified gaps in intervention coverage, malaria knowledge, treatment seeking and service delivery will improve the quality of surveillance for these diseases, particularly among marginalized populations and promote island-wide elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter M. Keys
- Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Building B-REC B 8.01, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Madsen Beau De Rochars
- Health Services Research, Management and Policy Department, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, HPNP 3101, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Stephen Blount
- The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- Center for Prevention and Control of Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, Av. Juan Pablo Duarte No. 269, 10301 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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Terças-Trettel ACP, Oliveira ECD, Fontes CJF, Melo AVGD, Oliveira RCD, Guterres A, Fernandes J, Silva RGD, Atanaka M, Espinosa MM, Lemos ERSD. Malaria and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in Gold Mining in the Amazon Region, Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16101852. [PMID: 31130600 PMCID: PMC6571568 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
People living in mining regions are exposed to numerous biological agents by several specific types of transmission mechanisms. This study is designed to describe fatal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases confirmed by serology and molecular analysis, where a seroprevalence survey was conducted in the gold mining regions of the state of Mato Grosso, in the official Amazon region, Brazil. Two fatal cases of HPS were confirmed in a mining area in the Legal Amazon, where malaria is one of the most important public health problems. A molecular analysis detected the presence of the genome of the Castelo dos Sonhos virus. Out of the 112 blood samples analyzed, five were positive for Plasmodium infection (four P. falciparum and one P. vivax), and four were seropositive for hantavirus, showing a seroprevalence of 3.57%. One of the four miners who was seroreactive for hantavirus concomitantly had P. falciparum infection, which was confirmed by thick blood smear. This manuscript highlights the importance of considering hantavirus pulmonary syndrome as a diagnostic possibility in febrile infection associated with pulmonary manifestations in mining areas where malaria cases are often identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Pereira Terças-Trettel
- Nursing Department, Mato Grosso State University Campus Tangará da Serra, Tangara da Serra (MT) 78300-000, Brazil.
- Department, Mato Grosso Federal University, Cuiaba (MT) 78000-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
- Hantaviruses and Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ Institute, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21000-000, Brazil.
| | - Alexandro Guterres
- Hantaviruses and Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ Institute, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21000-000, Brazil.
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Hantaviruses and Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ Institute, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21000-000, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Gomes da Silva
- Hantaviruses and Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ Institute, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21000-000, Brazil.
| | - Marina Atanaka
- Department, Mato Grosso Federal University, Cuiaba (MT) 78000-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Hantaviruses and Rickettsiosis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ Institute, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 21000-000, Brazil.
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