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Shin JM, Han MS, Park JH, Lee SH, Kim TH, Lee SH. The EphA1 and EphA2 Signaling Modulates the Epithelial Permeability in Human Sinonasal Epithelial Cells and the Rhinovirus Infection Induces Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction via EphA2 Receptor Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043629. [PMID: 36835041 PMCID: PMC9962399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in epithelial barrier integrity are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aimed to investigate the role of ephrinA1/ephA2 signaling on sinonasal epithelial permeability and rhinovirus-induced epithelial permeability. This role in the process of epithelial permeability was evaluated by stimulating ephA2 with ephrinA1 and inactivating ephA2 with ephA2 siRNA or inhibitor in cells exposed to rhinovirus infection. EphrinA1 treatment increased epithelial permeability, which was associated with decreased expression of ZO-1, ZO-2, and occludin. These effects of ephrinA1 were attenuated by blocking the action of ephA2 with ephA2 siRNA or inhibitor. Furthermore, rhinovirus infection upregulated the expression levels of ephrinA1 and ephA2, increasing epithelial permeability, which was suppressed in ephA2-deficient cells. These results suggest a novel role of ephrinA1/ephA2 signaling in epithelial barrier integrity in the sinonasal epithelium, suggesting their participation in rhinovirus-induced epithelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sang Hag Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-920-5486; Fax: +82-2-925-5233
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Lee SH, Kang SH, Han MS, Kwak JW, Kim HG, Lee TH, Lee DB, Kim TH. The Expression of ephrinA1/ephA2 Receptor Increases in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and ephrinA1/ephA2 Signaling Affects Rhinovirus-Induced Innate Immunity in Human Sinonasal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793517. [PMID: 34975898 PMCID: PMC8716742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EphA2 receptor and its ephrin ligands are involved in virus infection, epithelial permeability, and chemokine secretion. We hypothesized that ephrinA1/ephA2 signaling participates in rhinovirus (RV)-induced antiviral immune response in sinonasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Therefore, we investigated the expression of ephrinA1/ephA2 in normal and inflamed sinonasal mucosa and evaluated whether they regulate chemokine secretion and the production of antiviral immune mediators including interferons (IFNs) in RV-infected human primary sinonasal epithelial cells. For this purpose, the expression and distribution of ephrinA1/ephA2 in sinonasal mucosa were evaluated with RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and western blot. Their roles in chemokine secretion and the production of antiviral immune mediators such as type I and III IFNs, and interferon stimulated genes were evaluated by stimulating ephA2 with ephrinA1 and inactivating ephA2 with ephA2 siRNA or inhibitor in cells exposed to RV and poly(I:C). We found that ephrinA1/ephA2 were expressed in normal mucosa and their levels increased in inflamed sinonasal mucosa of CRS patients. RV infection or poly(I:C) treatment induced chemokine secretion which were attenuated by blocking the action of ephA2 with ephA2 siRNA or inhibitor. The production of antiviral immune mediators enhanced by rhinovirus or poly (I:C) is increased by blocking ephA2 compared with that of cells stimulated by either rhinovirus or poly(I:C) alone. In addition, blocking ephA2 attenuated RV replication in cultured cells. Taken together, these results describe a novel role of ephrinA1/ephA2 signaling in antiviral innate immune response in sinonasal epithelium, suggesting their participation in RV-induced development and exacerbations of CRS.
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Haddad-Boubaker S, Ben Hamda C, Ghedira K, Mefteh K, Bouafsoun A, Boutiba-Ben Boubaker I, Slim A, Menif K, Triki H, Ben Hadj Kacem MA, Smaoui H. Phylogeography and phylogeny of Rhinoviruses collected from Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) cases over successive epidemic periods in Tunisia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259859. [PMID: 34807924 PMCID: PMC8608298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) are a major cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) in children, with high genotypic diversity in different regions. However, RV type diversity remains unknown in several regions of the world. In this study, the genetic variability of the frequently circulating RV types in Northern Tunisia was investigated, using phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses with a specific focus on the most frequent RV types: RV-A101 and RV-C45. This study concerned 13 RV types frequently circulating in Northern Tunisia. They were obtained from respiratory samples collected in 271 pediatric SARI cases, between September 2015 and November 2017. A total of 37 RV VP4-VP2 sequences, selected among a total of 49 generated sequences, was compared to 359 sequences from different regions of the world. Evolutionary analysis of RV-A101 and RV-C45 showed high genetic relationship between different Tunisian strains and Malaysian strains. RV-A101 and C45 progenitor viruses’ dates were estimated in 1981 and 1995, respectively. Since the early 2000s, the two types had a wide spread throughout the world. Phylogenetic analyses of other frequently circulating strains showed significant homology of Tunisian strains from the same epidemic period, in contrast with earlier strains. The genetic relatedness of RV-A101 and RV-C45 might result from an introduction of viruses from different clades followed by local dissemination rather than a local persistence of an endemic clades along seasons. International traffic may play a key role in the spread of RV-A101, RV-C45, and other RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital, Bab-Saadoun Square, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cherif Ben Hamda
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Mefteh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital, Bab-Saadoun Square, Tunis, Tunisia
- Microbiology of Children and Immunocompromised, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aida Bouafsoun
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital, Bab-Saadoun Square, Tunis, Tunisia
- Microbiology of Children and Immunocompromised, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ilhem Boutiba-Ben Boubaker
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory Research ‘‘Antimicrobial Resistance”, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amin Slim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Menif
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital in Tunis, Bab-Saadoun Square, Tunis Tunisia
| | | | - Mohamed Ali Ben Hadj Kacem
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital in Tunis, Bab-Saadoun Square, Tunis Tunisia
| | - Hanen Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital, Bab-Saadoun Square, Tunis, Tunisia
- Microbiology of Children and Immunocompromised, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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4
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Müller L, Usemann J, Alves MP, Latzin P. Diesel exposure increases susceptibility of primary human nasal epithelial cells to rhinovirus infection. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14994. [PMID: 34542243 PMCID: PMC8451029 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal epithelial cells (NECs) are among the first cells to be exposed to air pollutants and respiratory viruses. Although it is known that air pollution exposure and rhinovirus infections increase the risk for asthma development independently, it is unclear how these risk factors interact on a cellular level. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) modifies the response of primary NECs to rhinovirus (RV) infection in vitro. Exposure of re-differentiated, primary NECs (49 healthy children [0-7 years], 12 adults) to DPM modified the mRNA expression of viral cell-surface receptors, pattern recognition receptors, and pro-inflammatory response (also protein levels). After exposure to DPM, we additionally infected the NECs with RV-1b and RV-16. Viral loads (assessed by titration assays) were significantly higher in DPM-exposed compared with non-exposed NECs. Exposure to DPM prior to RV infection resulted in a significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (mRNA and protein level) and β-defensins mRNA, and significant downregulation of pattern recognition receptors mRNA and CXCL10 (mRNA and protein levels). There was no difference between all outcomes of NECs from children and adults. We can conclude that exposure to DPM prior to RV infection increases viral loads by downregulation of viral defense receptors and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate a strong interaction between air pollution and the antiviral response to RV infection in NECs. We provide mechanistic evidence that exposure to air pollution increases susceptibility to RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Müller
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyDepartment of Paediatrics, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jakob Usemann
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyDepartment of Paediatrics, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
- Division of Respiratory MedicineUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Marco P. Alves
- Institute of Virology and ImmunologyBernSwitzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and PathobiologyVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and AllergologyDepartment of Paediatrics, InselspitalBern University HospitalUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB)BaselSwitzerland
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Baillie VL, Moore DP, Mathunjwa A, Baggett HC, Brooks A, Feikin DR, Hammitt LL, Howie SRC, Knoll MD, Kotloff KL, Levine OS, O’Brien KL, Scott AG, Thea DM, Antonio M, Awori JO, Driscoll AJ, Fancourt NSS, Higdon MM, Karron RA, Morpeth SC, Mulindwa JM, Murdoch DR, Park DE, Prosperi C, Rahman MZ, Rahman M, Salaudeen RA, Sawatwong P, Somwe SW, Sow SO, Tapia MD, Simões EAF, Madhi SA. Epidemiology of the Rhinovirus (RV) in African and Southeast Asian Children: A Case-Control Pneumonia Etiology Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071249. [PMID: 34198998 PMCID: PMC8310211 DOI: 10.3390/v13071249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (RV) is commonly detected in asymptomatic children; hence, its pathogenicity during childhood pneumonia remains controversial. We evaluated RV epidemiology in HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with clinical pneumonia and among community controls. PERCH was a case-control study that enrolled children (1–59 months) hospitalized with severe and very severe pneumonia per World Health Organization clinical criteria and age-frequency-matched community controls in seven countries. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs were collected for all participants, combined, and tested for RV and 18 other respiratory viruses using the Fast Track multiplex real-time PCR assay. RV detection was more common among cases (24%) than controls (21%) (aOR = 1.5, 95%CI:1.3–1.6). This association was driven by the children aged 12–59 months, where 28% of cases vs. 18% of controls were RV-positive (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI:1.8–2.5). Wheezing was 1.8-fold (aOR 95%CI:1.4–2.2) more prevalent among pneumonia cases who were RV-positive vs. RV-negative. Of the RV-positive cases, 13% had a higher probability (>75%) that RV was the cause of their pneumonia based on the PERCH integrated etiology analysis; 99% of these cases occurred in children over 12 months in Bangladesh. RV was commonly identified in both cases and controls and was significantly associated with severe pneumonia status among children over 12 months of age, particularly those in Bangladesh. RV-positive pneumonia was associated with wheezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky L. Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (A.M.); (E.A.F.S.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-(11)-9834283
| | - David P. Moore
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (A.M.); (E.A.F.S.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
| | - Azwifarwi Mathunjwa
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (A.M.); (E.A.F.S.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
| | - Henry C. Baggett
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health–U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (H.C.B.); (P.S.)
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Abdullah Brooks
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh; (M.Z.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Daniel R. Feikin
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Laura L. Hammitt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (A.G.S.); (J.O.A.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Stephen R. C. Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Basse 273, The Gambia; (S.R.C.H.); (M.A.); (R.A.S.)
- Department of Paediatrics: Child & Youth Health, University of Auckland, Park Rd, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Orin S. Levine
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Katherine L. O’Brien
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Anthony G. Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (A.G.S.); (J.O.A.); (S.C.M.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Donald M. Thea
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Basse 273, The Gambia; (S.R.C.H.); (M.A.); (R.A.S.)
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7JJ, UK
| | - Juliet O. Awori
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (A.G.S.); (J.O.A.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Amanda J. Driscoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas S. S. Fancourt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Melissa M. Higdon
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Ruth A. Karron
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Susan C. Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; (A.G.S.); (J.O.A.); (S.C.M.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
- Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland 1640, New Zealand
| | - Justin M. Mulindwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 50110, Zambia; (J.M.M.); (S.W.S.)
| | - David R. Murdoch
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand;
- Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Daniel E. Park
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.R.F.); (L.L.H.); (M.D.K.); (O.S.L.); (K.L.O.); (A.J.D.); (N.S.S.F.); (M.M.H.); (D.E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh; (M.Z.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab, Bangladesh; (M.Z.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Rasheed A. Salaudeen
- Medical Research Council Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Basse 273, The Gambia; (S.R.C.H.); (M.A.); (R.A.S.)
- Medical Microbiology Department, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos 100254, Nigeria
| | - Pongpun Sawatwong
- Division of Global Health Protection, Thailand Ministry of Public Health–U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; (H.C.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Somwe Wa Somwe
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 50110, Zambia; (J.M.M.); (S.W.S.)
| | - Samba O. Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako 198, Mali;
| | - Milagritos D. Tapia
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Eric A. F. Simões
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (A.M.); (E.A.F.S.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shabir A. Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; (D.P.M.); (A.M.); (E.A.F.S.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 1864, South Africa
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Karimzadeh S, Bhopal R, Nguyen Tien H. Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: comparison with other respiratory viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e96. [PMID: 33849679 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202007.0613.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is pandemic. Prevention and control strategies require an improved understanding of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics. We did a rapid review of the literature on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics with a focus on infective dose. We sought comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We examined laboratory animal and human studies. The literature on infective dose, transmission and routes of exposure was limited specially in humans, and varying endpoints were used for measurement of infection. Despite variability in animal studies, there was some evidence that increased dose at exposure correlated with higher viral load clinically, and severe symptoms. Higher viral load measures did not reflect coronavirus disease 2019 severity. Aerosol transmission seemed to raise the risk of more severe respiratory complications in animals. An accurate quantitative estimate of the infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in humans is not currently feasible and needs further research. Our review suggests that it is small, perhaps about 100 particles. Further work is also required on the relationship between routes of transmission, infective dose, co-infection and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Karimzadeh
- School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH3 9AG, UK
| | - Huy Nguyen Tien
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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7
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Karimzadeh S, Bhopal R, Nguyen Tien H. Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: comparison with other respiratory viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e96. [PMID: 33849679 PMCID: PMC8082124 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is pandemic. Prevention and control strategies require an improved understanding of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics. We did a rapid review of the literature on SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics with a focus on infective dose. We sought comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 with other respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We examined laboratory animal and human studies. The literature on infective dose, transmission and routes of exposure was limited specially in humans, and varying endpoints were used for measurement of infection. Despite variability in animal studies, there was some evidence that increased dose at exposure correlated with higher viral load clinically, and severe symptoms. Higher viral load measures did not reflect coronavirus disease 2019 severity. Aerosol transmission seemed to raise the risk of more severe respiratory complications in animals. An accurate quantitative estimate of the infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in humans is not currently feasible and needs further research. Our review suggests that it is small, perhaps about 100 particles. Further work is also required on the relationship between routes of transmission, infective dose, co-infection and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Karimzadeh
- School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Raj Bhopal
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH3 9AG, UK
| | - Huy Nguyen Tien
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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8
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Choi T, Devries M, Bacharier LB, Busse W, Camargo CA, Cohen R, Demuri GP, Evans MD, Fitzpatrick AM, Gergen PJ, Grindle K, Gruchalla R, Hartert T, Hasegawa K, Khurana Hershey GK, Holt P, Homil K, Jartti T, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, Kim H, Laing IA, LeBeau P, Lee KE, Le Souëf PN, Liu A, Mauger DT, Ober C, Pappas T, Patel SJ, Phipatanakul W, Pongracic J, Seroogy C, Sly PD, Tisler C, Wald ER, Wood R, Gangnon R, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE, Bochkov YA. Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rhinovirus C and Age-Dependent Patterns of Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:822-830. [PMID: 33357024 PMCID: PMC8017585 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3753oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Rhinovirus (RV) C can cause asymptomatic infection and respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe wheezing.Objectives: To identify how age and other individual-level factors are associated with susceptibility to RV-C illnesses.Methods: Longitudinal data from the COAST (Childhood Origins of Asthma) birth cohort study were analyzed to determine relationships between age and RV-C infections. Neutralizing antibodies specific for RV-A and RV-C (three types each) were determined using a novel PCR-based assay. Data were pooled from 14 study cohorts in the United States, Finland, and Australia, and mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors related to the proportion of RV-C versus RV-A detection.Measurements and Main Results: In COAST, RV-A and RV-C infections were similarly common in infancy, whereas RV-C was detected much less often than RV-A during both respiratory illnesses and scheduled surveillance visits (P < 0.001, χ2) in older children. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to RV-A or RV-C types was low (5-27%) at the age of 2 years, but by the age of 16 years, RV-C seropositivity was more prevalent (78% vs. 18% for RV-A; P < 0.0001). In the pooled analysis, the RV-C to RV-A detection ratio during illnesses was significantly related to age (P < 0.0001), CDHR3 genotype (P < 0.05), and wheezing illnesses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, certain RV types (e.g., C2, C11, A78, and A12) were consistently more virulent and prevalent over time.Conclusions: Knowledge of prevalent RV types, antibody responses, and populations at risk based on age and genetics may guide the development of vaccines or other novel therapies against this important respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Devries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter J Gergen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tuomas Jartti
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Universities of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Haejin Kim
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter N Le Souëf
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Liu
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | | | - Ellen R Wald
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Wood
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James E Gern
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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9
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Abstract
The seasonal cycle of respiratory viral diseases has been widely recognized for thousands of years, as annual epidemics of the common cold and influenza disease hit the human population like clockwork in the winter season in temperate regions. Moreover, epidemics caused by viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 occur during the winter months. The mechanisms underlying the seasonal nature of respiratory viral infections have been examined and debated for many years. The two major contributing factors are the changes in environmental parameters and human behavior. Studies have revealed the effect of temperature and humidity on respiratory virus stability and transmission rates. More recent research highlights the importance of the environmental factors, especially temperature and humidity, in modulating host intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses to viral infections in the respiratory tract. Here we review evidence of how outdoor and indoor climates are linked to the seasonality of viral respiratory infections. We further discuss determinants of host response in the seasonality of respiratory viruses by highlighting recent studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Moriyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Walter J Hugentobler
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich and University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland CH-8091
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06512, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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10
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Ramesh A, Nakielny S, Hsu J, Kyohere M, Byaruhanga O, de Bourcy C, Egger R, Dimitrov B, Juan YF, Sheu J, Wang J, Kalantar K, Langelier C, Ruel T, Mpimbaza A, Wilson MR, Rosenthal PJ, DeRisi JL. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of samples from pediatric febrile illness in Tororo, Uganda. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218318. [PMID: 31220115 PMCID: PMC6586300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Febrile illness is a major burden in African children, and non-malarial causes of fever are uncertain. In this retrospective exploratory study, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to evaluate serum, nasopharyngeal, and stool specimens from 94 children (aged 2–54 months) with febrile illness admitted to Tororo District Hospital, Uganda. The most common microbes identified were Plasmodium falciparum (51.1% of samples) and parvovirus B19 (4.4%) from serum; human rhinoviruses A and C (40%), respiratory syncytial virus (10%), and human herpesvirus 5 (10%) from nasopharyngeal swabs; and rotavirus A (50% of those with diarrhea) from stool. We also report the near complete genome of a highly divergent orthobunyavirus, tentatively named Nyangole virus, identified from the serum of a child diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia, a Bwamba orthobunyavirus in the nasopharynx of a child with rash and sepsis, and the genomes of two novel human rhinovirus C species. In this retrospective exploratory study, mNGS identified multiple potential pathogens, including 3 new viral species, associated with fever in Ugandan children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Ramesh
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (JLD)
| | - Sara Nakielny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Kyohere
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Charles de Bourcy
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Egger
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Boris Dimitrov
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yun-Fang Juan
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Sheu
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Wang
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katrina Kalantar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Ruel
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AR); (JLD)
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11
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Rudge JW, Inthalaphone N, Pavlicek R, Paboriboune P, Flaissier B, Monidarin C, Steenkeste N, Davong V, Vongsouvath M, Bonath KA, Messaoudi M, Saadatian-Elahi M, Newton P, Endtz H, Dance D, Paranhos Baccala G, Sanchez Picot V. "Epidemiology and aetiology of influenza-like illness among households in metropolitan Vientiane, Lao PDR": A prospective, community-based cohort study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214207. [PMID: 30951544 PMCID: PMC6450629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in many tropical countries, including Lao PDR. However, little has been published regarding viral or bacterial pathogens that can contribute to influenza-like illness (ILI) in a community setting. We report on the results of a community-based surveillance that prospectively monitored the incidence of ILI and its causative pathogens in Vientiane capital in Lao PDR. A cohort of 995 households, including 4885 study participants, were followed-up between May 2015 and May 2016. Nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs, and sputum specimens were collected from ILI cases identified through active case-finding. Real-Time PCR was used to test nasopharyngeal swabs for 21 respiratory pathogens, while throat and sputum samples were subjected to bacterial culture. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess potential risk factors for associations with ILI. In total, 548 episodes of ILI were reported among 476 (9.7%) of the study participants and 330 (33.2%) of the study households. The adjusted estimated incidence of ILI within the study area was 10.7 (95%CI: 9.4-11.9) episodes per 100 person-years. ILI was significantly associated with age group (p<0.001), sex (p<0.001), and number of bedrooms (p = 0.04) in multivariate analysis. In 548 nasopharyngeal swabs, the most commonly detected potential pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae (17.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.3%), influenza A (11.1%; mostly subtype H3N2), rhinovirus (7.5%), and influenza B (8.0%). Streptococci were isolated from 42 (8.6%) of 536 throat swabs, most (27) of which were Lancefield Group G. Co-infections were observed in 132 (24.1%) of the 548 ILI episodes. Our study generated valuable data on respiratory disease burden and patterns of etiologies associated with community-acquired acute respiratory illness Laos. Establishment of a surveillance strategy in Laos to monitor trends in the epidemiology and burden of acute respiratory infections is required to minimize their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Rudge
- Communicable Diseases Policy Research Group, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nui Inthalaphone
- Center of Infectiology Christophe Mérieux of Laos, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Viengmon Davong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - K. A. Bonath
- University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Paul Newton
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - David Dance
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos
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12
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Han M, Rajput C, Ishikawa T, Jarman CR, Lee J, Hershenson MB. Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma. Viruses 2018; 10:E682. [PMID: 30513770 PMCID: PMC6316391 DOI: 10.3390/v10120682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Caitlin R Jarman
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julie Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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13
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Fourati S, Talla A, Mahmoudian M, Burkhart JG, Klén R, Henao R, Yu T, Aydın Z, Yeung KY, Ahsen ME, Almugbel R, Jahandideh S, Liang X, Nordling TEM, Shiga M, Stanescu A, Vogel R, Pandey G, Chiu C, McClain MT, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS, Elo LL, Tsalik EL, Mangravite LM, Sieberts SK. A crowdsourced analysis to identify ab initio molecular signatures predictive of susceptibility to viral infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4418. [PMID: 30356117 PMCID: PMC6200745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to respiratory viruses varies substantially between individuals, and there are currently no known molecular predictors from the early stages of infection. Here we conduct a community-based analysis to determine whether pre- or early post-exposure molecular factors could predict physiologic responses to viral exposure. Using peripheral blood gene expression profiles collected from healthy subjects prior to exposure to one of four respiratory viruses (H1N1, H3N2, Rhinovirus, and RSV), as well as up to 24 h following exposure, we find that it is possible to construct models predictive of symptomatic response using profiles even prior to viral exposure. Analysis of predictive gene features reveal little overlap among models; however, in aggregate, these genes are enriched for common pathways. Heme metabolism, the most significantly enriched pathway, is associated with a higher risk of developing symptoms following viral exposure. This study demonstrates that pre-exposure molecular predictors can be identified and improves our understanding of the mechanisms of response to respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mehrad Mahmoudian
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Joshua G Burkhart
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Riku Klén
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Thomas Yu
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Zafer Aydın
- Department of Computer Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey
| | - Ka Yee Yeung
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Mehmet Eren Ahsen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Reem Almugbel
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | | | - Xiao Liang
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, 98402, USA
| | - Torbjörn E M Nordling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Motoki Shiga
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ana Stanescu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of West Georgia, Carrolton, GA, 30116, USA
| | - Robert Vogel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Micah T McClain
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Medical Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Elo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Emergency Medicine Service, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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14
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Turi KN, Romick-Rosendale L, Gebretsadik T, Watanabe M, Brunwasser S, Anderson LJ, Moore ML, Larkin EK, Peebles RS, Hartert TV. Using urine metabolomics to understand the pathogenesis of infant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and its role in childhood wheezing. Metabolomics 2018; 14:135. [PMID: 30830453 PMCID: PMC6557166 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants causes significant morbidity and is the strongest risk factor associated with asthma. Metabolites, which reflect the interactions between host cell and virus, provide an opportunity to identify the pathways that underlie severe infections and asthma development. OBJECTIVE To study metabolic profile differences between infants with RSV infection, and human rhinovirus (HRV) infection, and healthy infants. To compare infant metabolic differences between children who do and do not wheeze. METHODS In a term birth cohort, urine was collected while healthy and during acute viral respiratory infection with RSV and HRV. We used 1H-NMR to identify urinary metabolites. Multivariate and univariate statistics were used to discriminate metabolic profiles of infants with either RSV ARI, or HRV ARI, and healthy infants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of urine metabolites with 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-year recurrent wheezing. RESULTS Several metabolites in nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways were down-regulated in infants with RSV infection compared to healthy controls. There were no significant differences in metabolite profiles between infants with RSV infection and infants with HRV Infection. Alanine was strongly associated with reduced risk of 1st-year wheezing (OR 0.18[0.0, 0.46]) and 2nd-year wheezing (OR 0.31[0.13, 0.73]), while 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid was associated with increased 3rd-year wheezing (OR 5.02[1.49, 16.93]) only among the RSV infected subset. CONCLUSION The metabolites associated with infant RSV infection and recurrent-wheezing are indicative of viral takeover of the cellular machinery and resources to enhance virulence, replication, and subversion of the host immune-response, highlighting metabolic pathways important in the pathogenesis of RSV infection and wheeze development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedir N Turi
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Lindsey Romick-Rosendale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Steven Brunwasser
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | | | - Martin L Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emma K Larkin
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Ray Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 450, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
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15
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Morpeth SC, Munywoki P, Hammitt LL, Bett A, Bottomley C, Onyango CO, Murdoch DR, Nokes DJ, Scott JAG. Impact of viral upper respiratory tract infection on the concentration of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage among Kenyan children. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11030. [PMID: 30038420 PMCID: PMC6056465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) predisposes to bacterial pneumonia possibly by facilitating growth of bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae colonising the nasopharynx. We investigated whether viral URTI is temporally associated with an increase in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration. Episodes of symptomatic RSV or rhinovirus URTI among children <5 years were identified from a longitudinal household study in rural Kenya. lytA and alu PCR were performed on nasopharyngeal samples collected twice-weekly, to measure the pneumococcal concentration adjusted for the concentration of human DNA present. Pneumococcal concentration increased with a fold-change of 3.80 (95%CI 1.95-7.40), with acquisition of RSV or rhinovirus, during 51 URTI episodes among 42 children. In repeated swabs from the baseline period, in the two weeks before URTI developed, within-episode variation was broad; within +/-112-fold range of the geometric mean. We observed only a small increase in nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration during RSV or rhinovirus URTI, relative to natural variation. Other factors, such as host response to viral infection, may be more important than nasopharyngeal pneumococcal concentration in determining risk of invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Morpeth
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom.
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
- Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Private Bag 93311, Otahuhu, Auckland, 1640, New Zealand.
| | | | - Laura L Hammitt
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Anne Bett
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Clayton O Onyango
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Centre for Global Health Research; KEMRI - CGHR, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - D James Nokes
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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Kallvik E, Toivonen L, Peltola V, Kaljonen A, Simberg S. Respiratory Tract Infections and Voice Quality in 4-Year-old Children in the STEPS Study. J Voice 2018; 33:801.e21-801.e25. [PMID: 29506899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Health-related factors are part of the multifactorial background of dysphonia in children. Respiratory tract infections affect the same systems and structures that are used for voice production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the number of respiratory tract infections or the viral etiology were significant predictors for a more hoarse voice quality. METHODS The participants were 4-year-old children who participated in the multidisciplinary STEPS study (Steps to the Healthy Development and Well-being of Children) where they were followed up from pregnancy or birth to 4 years of age. Data were collected through questionnaires and a health diary filled in by the parents. Some of the children were followed up more intensively for respiratory tract infections during the first 2 years of life, and nasal swab samples were taken at the onset of respiratory symptoms. Our participants were 489 of these children who had participated in the follow-up for at least 1 year and for whom data on respiratory tract infections and data on voice quality were available. RESULTS The number of hospitalizations due to respiratory tract infections was a significant predictor for a more hoarse voice quality. Neither the number of rhinovirus infections nor the number of respiratory syncytial virus infections was statistically significant predictors for a more hoarse voice quality. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, we would suggest including questions on the presence of respiratory tract infections that have led to hospitalization in the pediatric voice anamnesis. Whether the viral etiology of respiratory tract infections is of importance or not requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kallvik
- Logopedics, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Abo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland.
| | - Laura Toivonen
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Åbo, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Åbo, Finland
| | - Anne Kaljonen
- Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland
| | - Susanna Simberg
- Logopedics, Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Abo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland; Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research (Cyri), University of Turku, Åbo, Finland; Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Koch RM, Kox M, van den Kieboom C, Ferwerda G, Gerretsen J, ten Bruggencate S, van der Hoeven JG, de Jonge MI, Pickkers P. Short-term repeated HRV-16 exposure results in an attenuated immune response in vivo in humans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191937. [PMID: 29447199 PMCID: PMC5813921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naturally, development of adaptive immunity following HRV infection affects the immune response. However, it is currently unclear whether or not HRV re-exposure within a short time frame leads to an altered innate immune response. The "experimental cold model" is used to investigate the pathogenesis of HRV infection and allows us to investigate the effects of repeated exposure on both local and systemic innate immunity. METHODS 40 healthy male and female (1:1) subjects were nasally inoculated with HRV-16 or placebo. One week later, all subjects received HRV-16. Baseline seronegative subjects (n = 18) were included for further analysis. RESULTS Infection rate was 82%. Primary HRV infection induced a marked increase in viral load and IP-10 levels in nasal wash, while a similar trend was observed for IL-6 and IL-10. Apart from an increase in IP-10 plasma levels, HRV infection did not induce systemic immune effects nor lower respiratory tract inflammation. With similar viral load present during the second HRV challenge, IP-10 and IL-6 in nasal wash showed no increase, but gradually declined, with a similar trend for IL-10. CONCLUSION Upon a second HRV challenge one week after the first, a less pronounced response for several innate immune parameters is observed. This could be the result of immunological tolerance and possibly increases vulnerability towards secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Koch
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Corné van den Kieboom
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Gerretsen
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes G. van der Hoeven
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I. de Jonge
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Radboudumc, HB, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Lötzerich M, Roulin PS, Boucke K, Witte R, Georgiev O, Greber UF. Rhinovirus 3C protease suppresses apoptosis and triggers caspase-independent cell death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:272. [PMID: 29449668 PMCID: PMC5833640 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and programmed necrosis (necroptosis) determine cell fate, and antagonize infection. Execution of these complementary death pathways involves the formation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) containing complexes. RIPK1 binds to adaptor proteins, such as TRIF (Toll-IL-1 receptor-domain-containing-adaptor-inducing interferon-beta factor), FADD (Fas-associated-protein with death domain), NEMO (NF-κB regulatory subunit IKKγ), SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1/p62), or RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3), which are involved in RNA sensing, NF-κB signaling, autophagosome formation, apoptosis, and necroptosis. We report that a range of rhinoviruses impair apoptosis and necroptosis in epithelial cells late in infection. Unlike the double-strand (ds) RNA mimetic poly I:C (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid), the exposure of dsRNA to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in rhinovirus-infected cells did not lead to apoptosis execution. Accordingly, necroptosis and the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) were not observed late in infection, when RIPK3 was absent. Instead, a virus-induced alternative necrotic cell death pathway proceeded, which led to membrane rupture, indicated by propidium iodide staining. The impairment of dsRNA-induced apoptosis late in infection was controlled by the viral 3C-protease (3Cpro), which disrupted RIPK1-TRIF/FADD /SQSTM1 immune-complexes. 3Cpro and 3C precursors were found to coimmuno-precipitate with RIPK1, cleaving the RIPK1 death-domain, and generating N-terminal RIPK1 fragments. The depletion of RIPK1 or chemical inhibition of its kinase at the N-terminus did not interfere with virus progeny formation or cell fate. The data show that rhinoviruses suppress apoptosis and necroptosis, and release progeny by an alternative cell death pathway, which is controlled by viral proteases modifying innate immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lötzerich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Pascal S Roulin
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Boucke
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Georgiev
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) are ubiquitous respiratory tract pathogens. They affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract and cause colds but have also been associated with wheezing, asthma exacerbations and pneumonia. New blood transcription profiling techniques of the host immune response are becoming available to characterise the pathogenesis of RV in humans. This review will outline the clinical impact of RVs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Level 2, Children's Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA and The Ohio State University, USA.
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Centre for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, USA and The Ohio State University, USA.
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20
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Brini I, Guerrero A, Hannachi N, Bouguila J, Orth-Höller D, Bouhlel A, Boughamoura L, Hetzer B, Borena W, Schiela B, Von Laer D, Boukadida J, Stoiber H. Epidemiology and clinical profile of pathogens responsible for the hospitalization of children in Sousse area, Tunisia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188325. [PMID: 29149199 PMCID: PMC5693464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify a broad spectrum of respiratory pathogens from hospitalized and not-preselected children with acute respiratory tract infections in the Farhat Hached University-hospital of Sousse, Tunisia. Between September 2013 and December 2014, samples from 372 children aged between 1 month and 5 years were collected, and tested using multiplex real-time RT-PCR by a commercial assay for 21 respiratory pathogens. In addition, samples were screened for the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae 16S rDNA using real-time PCR. The viral distribution and its association with clinical symptoms were statistically analyzed. Viral pathogens were detected in 342 (91.93%) of the samples of which 28.76% were single positive and 63.17% had multiple infections. The most frequent detected viruses were rhinovirus (55.64%), respiratory syncytial virus A/B (33.06%), adenovirus (25.00%), coronavirus NL63, HKU1, OC43, and 229E (21.50%), and metapneumovirus A/B (16.12%). Children in the youngest age group (1–3 months) exhibited the highest frequencies of infection. Related to their frequency of detection, RSV A/B was the most associated pathogen with patient’s demographic situation and clinical manifestations (p<0.05). Parainfluenza virus 1–4 and parechovirus were found to increase the risk of death (p<0.05). Adenovirus was statistically associated to the manifestation of gastroenteritis (p = 0.004). Rhinovirus infection increases the duration of oxygen support (p = 0.042). Coronavirus group was statistically associated with the manifestation of bronchiolitis (p = 0.009) and laryngitis (p = 0.017). Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA was detected in 143 (38.44%) of tested samples. However, only 53 samples had a concentration of C-reactive protein from equal to higher than 20 milligrams per liter, and 6 of them were single positive for Streptocuccus pneumoniae. This study confirms the high incidence of respiratory viruses in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in the Sousse area, Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Brini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Unit for Genomic Characterization of Infectious Agents UR12SP34, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (IB); (HS)
| | - Aida Guerrero
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Naila Hannachi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Unit for Genomic Characterization of Infectious Agents UR12SP34, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Bouguila
- Pediatric Service, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Dorothea Orth-Höller
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Amira Bouhlel
- Pediatric Service, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Boughamoura
- Pediatric Service, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Wegene Borena
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Britta Schiela
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee Von Laer
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jalel Boukadida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Unit for Genomic Characterization of Infectious Agents UR12SP34, University-Hospital of Farhat Hached of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (IB); (HS)
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21
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Sousa FH, Casanova V, Findlay F, Stevens C, Svoboda P, Pohl J, Proudfoot L, Barlow PG. Cathelicidins display conserved direct antiviral activity towards rhinovirus. Peptides 2017; 95:76-83. [PMID: 28764966 PMCID: PMC5577862 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral respiratory tract infections, and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals and patients with pre-existing pulmonary conditions. The therapeutic options available are extremely limited and therefore novel therapeutics for HRV infections are of significant interest. Cathelicidins have been shown to have potent antiviral activity against a range of pathogens and are known to be key immunomodulatory mediators during infection. We therefore assessed the antiviral potential of cathelicidins from humans and other mammalian species against HRV, together with the potential for the human cathelicidin to modulate apoptotic pathways and alter cell viability during HRV infection. We demonstrate that LL-37, the porcine cathelicidin Protegrin-1, and the ovine cathelicidin SMAP-29 display potent antiviral activity towards HRV and that this activity is visible when either the virus is exposed to the peptides prior to cell infection or after cells have been infected. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to established findings with bacterial infection models, LL-37 does not induce apoptosis or necrosis in HRV-infected lung epithelial cells at physiological or superphysiological concentrations, but does reduce the metabolic activity of infected cells compared to uninfected cells treated with similar peptide concentrations. Collectively, the findings from this study demonstrate that the mechanism of action of cathelicidins against rhinovirus is by directly affecting the virus and we propose that the delivery of exogenous cathelicidins, or novel synthetic analogues, represent an exciting and novel therapeutic strategy for rhinovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Casanova
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Fern Findlay
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jan Pohl
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lorna Proudfoot
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, United Kingdom.
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22
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Liu H, Tan J, Feng H, Pan D. [Human rhinovirus infection promotes mast cell apoptosis and increases the release of inflammatory cytokines]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 33:886-889. [PMID: 28712394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the regulation of innate immune response of HMC-1 mast cells to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. Methods Virus replication in HMC-1 cells was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon α (IFN-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 produced by HMC-1 cells were measured using ELISA. Results After HRV infected HMC-1 cells, the copy numbers of virus RNA and apoptotic cells increased obviously over time, what's more, the release of TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6 and IL-8 from HMC-1 cells ascended significantly compared with control groups. Conclusion HRV infection can promote mast cell apoptosis and enhance the release of inflammatory cytokines from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jingyu Tan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Huiquan Feng
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Dianzhu Pan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China. *Corresponding author, E-mail:
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23
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VanLeuven JT, Ridenhour BJ, Gonzalez AJ, Miller CR, Miura TA. Lung epithelial cells have virus-specific and shared gene expression responses to infection by diverse respiratory viruses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178408. [PMID: 28575086 PMCID: PMC5456070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of respiratory viral infections is partially determined by the cellular response mounted by infected lung epithelial cells. Disease prevention and treatment is dependent on our understanding of the shared and unique responses elicited by diverse viruses, yet few studies compare host responses to viruses from different families while controlling other experimental parameters. Murine models are commonly used to study the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections, and in vitro studies using murine cells provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis observed in vivo. We used microarray analysis to compare changes in gene expression of murine lung epithelial cells infected individually by three respiratory viruses causing mild (rhinovirus, RV1B), moderate (coronavirus, MHV-1), and severe (influenza A virus, PR8) disease in mice. RV1B infection caused numerous gene expression changes, but the differential effect peaked at 12 hours post-infection. PR8 altered an intermediate number of genes whose expression continued to change through 24 hours. MHV-1 had comparatively few effects on host gene expression. The viruses elicited highly overlapping responses in antiviral genes, though MHV-1 induced a lower type I interferon response than the other two viruses. Signature genes were identified for each virus and included host defense genes for PR8, tissue remodeling genes for RV1B, and transcription factors for MHV-1. Our comparative approach identified universal and specific transcriptional signatures of virus infection that can be used to distinguish shared and virus-specific mechanisms of pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. VanLeuven
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ridenhour
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Andres J. Gonzalez
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Craig R. Miller
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Tanya A. Miura
- Center for Modeling Complex Interactions, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Reza Etemadi M, Ling KH, Zainal Abidin S, Chee HY, Sekawi Z. Gene expression patterns induced at different stages of rhinovirus infection in human alveolar epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176947. [PMID: 28558071 PMCID: PMC5448745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the common virus that causes acute respiratory infection (ARI) and is frequently associated with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). We aimed to investigate whether HRV infection induces a specific gene expression pattern in airway epithelial cells. Alveolar epithelial cell monolayers were infected with HRV species B (HRV-B). RNA was extracted from both supernatants and infected monolayer cells at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post infection (hpi) and transcriptional profile was analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip and the results were subsequently validated using quantitative Real-time PCR method. HRV-B infects alveolar epithelial cells which supports implication of the virus with LRTIs. In total 991 genes were found differentially expressed during the course of infection. Of these, 459 genes were up-regulated whereas 532 genes were down-regulated. Differential gene expression at 6 hpi (187 genes up-regulated vs. 156 down-regulated) were significantly represented by gene ontologies related to the chemokines and inflammatory molecules indicating characteristic of viral infection. The 75 up-regulated genes surpassed the down-regulated genes (35) at 12 hpi and their enriched ontologies fell into discrete functional entities such as regulation of apoptosis, anti-apoptosis, and wound healing. At later time points of 24 and 48 hpi, predominated down-regulated genes were enriched for extracellular matrix proteins and airway remodeling events. Our data provides a comprehensive image of host response to HRV infection. The study suggests the underlying molecular regulatory networks genes which might be involved in pathogenicity of the HRV-B and potential targets for further validations and development of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Etemadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahidee Zainal Abidin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Heymann PW, Nguyen HT, Steinke JW, Turner RB, Woodfolk JA, Platts-Mills TAE, Martin L, He H, Biagini Myers J, Lindsey M, Sivaprasad U, Medvedovic M, Mahi N, Carper H, Murphy DD, Patrie J, Khurana Hershey GK. Rhinovirus infection results in stronger and more persistent genomic dysregulation: Evidence for altered innate immune response in asthmatics at baseline, early in infection, and during convalescence. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178096. [PMID: 28552993 PMCID: PMC5446117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhinovirus (HRV) is associated with the large majority of virus-induced asthma exacerbations in children and young adults, but the mechanisms remain poorly defined. Methods Asthmatics and non-asthmatic controls were inoculated with HRV-A16, and nasal epithelial samples were obtained 7 days before, 36 hours after, and 7 days after viral inoculation. RNA was extracted and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. Results At baseline, 57 genes were differentially expressed between asthmatics and controls, and the asthmatics had decreased expression of viral replication inhibitors and increased expression of genes involved in inflammation. At 36 hours (before the emergence of peak symptoms), 1329 genes were significantly altered from baseline in the asthmatics compared to 62 genes in the controls. At this time point, asthmatics lacked an increase in IL-10 signaling observed in the controls. At 7 days following HRV inoculation, 222 genes were significantly dysregulated in the asthmatics, whereas only 4 genes were dysregulated among controls. At this time point, the controls but not asthmatics demonstrated upregulation of SPINK5. Conclusions As judged by the magnitude and persistence of dysregulated genes, asthmatics have a substantially different host response to HRV-A16 infection compared with non-asthmatic controls. Gene expression differences illuminate biologically plausible mechanisms that contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HRV-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Heymann
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Huyen-Tran Nguyen
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John W. Steinke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Woodfolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lisa Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hua He
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Lindsey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Umasundari Sivaprasad
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Naim Mahi
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Holliday Carper
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deborah D. Murphy
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shah Mahmud R, Müller C, Romanova Y, Mostafa A, Ulyanova V, Pleschka S, Ilinskaya O. Ribonuclease from Bacillus Acts as an Antiviral Agent against Negative- and Positive-Sense Single Stranded Human Respiratory RNA Viruses. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:5279065. [PMID: 28546965 PMCID: PMC5435908 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5279065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus pumilus ribonuclease (binase) was shown to be a promising antiviral agent in animal models and cell cultures. However, the mode of its antiviral action remains unknown. To assess the binase effect on intracellular viral RNA we have selected single stranded negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses, influenza virus, and rhinovirus, respectively, which annually cause respiratory illnesses and are characterized by high contagious nature, mutation rate, and antigen variability. We have shown that binase exerts an antiviral effect on both viruses at the same concentration, which does not alter the spectrum of A549 cellular proteins and expression of housekeeping genes. The titers of influenza A (H1N1pdm) virus and human rhinovirus serotype 1A were reduced by 40% and 65%, respectively. A preincubation of influenza virus with binase before infection significantly reduced viral titer after single-cycle replication of the virus. Using influenza A virus mini genome system we showed that binase reduced GFP reporter signaling indicating a binase action on the expression of viral mRNA. Binase reduced the level of H1N1pdm viral NP mRNA accumulation in A549 cells by 20%. Since the viral mRNA is a possible target for binase this agent could be potentially applied in the antiviral therapy against both negative- and positive-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan Shah Mahmud
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yulia Romanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Buhouth Street 87, Dokki, Cairo 12311, Egypt
| | - Vera Ulyanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubert Street 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Olga Ilinskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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Burke TW, Henao R, Soderblom E, Tsalik EL, Thompson JW, McClain MT, Nichols M, Nicholson BP, Veldman T, Lucas JE, Moseley MA, Turner RB, Lambkin-Williams R, Hero AO, Woods CW, Ginsburg GS. Nasopharyngeal Protein Biomarkers of Acute Respiratory Virus Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:172-181. [PMID: 28238698 PMCID: PMC5360578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of respiratory mucosa with viral pathogens triggers complex immunologic events in the affected host. We sought to characterize this response through proteomic analysis of nasopharyngeal lavage in human subjects experimentally challenged with influenza A/H3N2 or human rhinovirus, and to develop targeted assays measuring peptides involved in this host response allowing classification of acute respiratory virus infection. Unbiased proteomic discovery analysis identified 3285 peptides corresponding to 438 unique proteins, and revealed that infection with H3N2 induces significant alterations in protein expression. These include proteins involved in acute inflammatory response, innate immune response, and the complement cascade. These data provide insights into the nature of the biological response to viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, and the proteins that are dysregulated by viral infection form the basis of signature that accurately classifies the infected state. Verification of this signature using targeted mass spectrometry in independent cohorts of subjects challenged with influenza or rhinovirus demonstrates that it performs with high accuracy (0.8623 AUROC, 75% TPR, 97.46% TNR). With further development as a clinical diagnostic, this signature may have utility in rapid screening for emerging infections, avoidance of inappropriate antibacterial therapy, and more rapid implementation of appropriate therapeutic and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ricardo Henao
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Erik Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ephraim L Tsalik
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Section for Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Marshall Nichols
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Timothy Veldman
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph E Lucas
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ronald B Turner
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Alfred O Hero
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Section for Infectious Diseases, Medicine Service, Durham Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Radovic M, Ghalwash M, Filipovic N, Obradovic Z. Minimum redundancy maximum relevance feature selection approach for temporal gene expression data. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:9. [PMID: 28049413 PMCID: PMC5209828 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feature selection, aiming to identify a subset of features among a possibly large set of features that are relevant for predicting a response, is an important preprocessing step in machine learning. In gene expression studies this is not a trivial task for several reasons, including potential temporal character of data. However, most feature selection approaches developed for microarray data cannot handle multivariate temporal data without previous data flattening, which results in loss of temporal information. We propose a temporal minimum redundancy - maximum relevance (TMRMR) feature selection approach, which is able to handle multivariate temporal data without previous data flattening. In the proposed approach we compute relevance of a gene by averaging F-statistic values calculated across individual time steps, and we compute redundancy between genes by using a dynamical time warping approach. RESULTS The proposed method is evaluated on three temporal gene expression datasets from human viral challenge studies. Obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms alternatives widely used in gene expression studies. In particular, the proposed method achieved improvement in accuracy in 34 out of 54 experiments, while the other methods outperformed it in no more than 4 experiments. CONCLUSION We developed a filter-based feature selection method for temporal gene expression data based on maximum relevance and minimum redundancy criteria. The proposed method incorporates temporal information by combining relevance, which is calculated as an average F-statistic value across different time steps, with redundancy, which is calculated by employing dynamical time warping approach. As evident in our experiments, incorporating the temporal information into the feature selection process leads to selection of more discriminative features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Radovic
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, North 12th Street, Philadelphia, 19122 PA USA
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center - BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Mohamed Ghalwash
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, North 12th Street, Philadelphia, 19122 PA USA
- Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11331 Egypt
- Center for Computational Health, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Nenad Filipovic
- Bioengineering Research and Development Center - BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Sestre Janjic 6, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Zoran Obradovic
- Center for Data Analytics and Biomedical Informatics, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, North 12th Street, Philadelphia, 19122 PA USA
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Bassetti S, Bischoff WE, Walter M, Bassetti-Wyss BA, Mason L, Reboussin BA, D'Agostino RB, Gwaltney JM, Pfaller MA, Sherertz RJ. Dispersal ofStaphylococcus aureusInto the Air Associated With a Rhinovirus Infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 26:196-203. [PMID: 15756892 DOI: 10.1086/502526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:To determine whether healthy adult nasal carriers ofStaphylococcus aureuscan disperseS. aureusinto the air after rhinovirus infection.Design:We investigated the “cloud” phenomenon among adult nasal carriers ofS. aureusexperimentally infected with a rhinovirus. Eleven volunteers were studied for 16 days in an airtight chamber wearing street clothes, sterile garb, or sterile garb plus surgical mask; rhinovirus inoculation occurred on day 2. Daily quantitative air, nasal, and skin cultures forS. aureus; cold symptom assessment; and nasal rhinovirus cultures were performed.Setting:Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.Participants:Wake Forest University undergraduate or graduate students who had persistent nasal carriage ofS. aureusfor 4 or 8 weeks.Results:After rhinovirus inoculation, dispersal ofS. aureusinto the air increased 2-fold with peak increases up to 34-fold. Independent predictors ofS. aureusdispersal included the time period after rhinovirus infection and wearing street clothes (P< .05). Wearing barrier garb but not a mask decreased dispersal ofS. aureusinto the air (P< .05).Conclusion:Virus-induced dispersal ofS. aureusinto the air may have an important role in the transmission ofS. aureusand other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bassetti
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Dauletbaev N, Das M, Cammisano M, Chen H, Singh S, Kooi C, Leigh R, Beaudoin T, Rousseau S, Lands LC. Rhinovirus Load Is High despite Preserved Interferon-β Response in Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143129. [PMID: 26599098 PMCID: PMC4658124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) is often exacerbated following acute upper respiratory tract infections caused by the human rhinovirus (HRV). Pathophysiology of these exacerbations is presently unclear and may involve deficient innate antiviral or exaggerated inflammatory responses in CF airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, responses of CF cells to HRV may be adversely affected by pre-exposure to virulence factors of Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa, the microorganism that frequently colonizes CF airways. Here we examined production of antiviral cytokine interferon-β and inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8, expression of the interferon-responsive antiviral gene 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), and intracellular virus RNA load in primary CF (delF508 CFTR) and healthy airway epithelial cells following inoculation with HRV16. Parallel cells were exposed to virulence factors of P. aeruginosa prior to and during HRV16 inoculation. CF cells exhibited production of interferon-β and interleukin-8, and expression of OAS1 at levels comparable to those in healthy cells, yet significantly higher HRV16 RNA load during early hours post-inoculation with HRV16. In line with this, HRV16 RNA load was higher in the CFBE41o- dF cell line overexpessing delF508 CFTR, compared with the isogenic control CFBE41o- WT (wild-type CFTR). Pre-exposure to virulence factors of P. aeruginosa did not affect OAS1 expression or HRV16 RNA load, but potentiated interleukin-8 production. In conclusion, CF cells demonstrate elevated HRV RNA load despite preserved interferon-β and OAS1 responses. High HRV load in CF airway epithelial cells appears to be due to deficiencies manifesting early during HRV infection, and may not be related to interferon-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Dauletbaev
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Mithun Das
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Cammisano
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - He Chen
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sareen Singh
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Department of Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trevor Beaudoin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larry C. Lands
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Respiratory Division, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Bischoff WE, Bassetti S, Bassetti-Wyss BA, Wallis ML, Tucker BK, Reboussin BA, D'Agostino RB, Pfaller MA, Gwaltney JM, Sherertz RJ. Airborne Dispersal as a Novel Transmission Route of Coagulase-Negatwe Staphylococci Interaction Between Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Rhinovirus Infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 25:504-11. [PMID: 15242200 DOI: 10.1086/502430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:To investigate whether rhinovirus infection leads to increased airborne dispersal of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).Design:Prospective nonrandomized intervention trial.Setting:Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.Participants:Twelve nasalStaphylococcus aureus-CoNS carriers among 685 students screened forS. aureusnasal carriage.Interventions:Participants were studied for airborne dispersal of CoNS in a chamber under three conditions (street clothes, sterile gown with a mask, and sterile gown without a mask). After 2 days of pre-exposure measurements, volunteers were inoculated with a rhinovirus and observed for 14 days. Daily quantitative nasal and skin cultures for CoNS and nasal cultures for rhinovirus were performed. In addition, assessment of cold symptoms was performed daily, mucous samples were collected, and serum titers before and after rhinovirus inoculation were obtained. Sneezing, coughing, and talking events were recorded during chamber sessions.Results:All participants had at least one nasal wash positive for rhinovirus and 10 developed a symptomatic cold. Postexposure, there was a twofold increase in airborne CoNS (P= .0004), peaking at day 12. CoNS dispersal was reduced by wearing a gown (57% reduction,P< .0001), but not a mask (P= .7). Nasal and skin CoNS colonization increased after rhinovirus infection (P<.05).Conclusions:We believe this is the first demonstration that a viral pathogen in the upper airways can increase airborne dispersal of CoNS in nasalS. aureuscarriers. Gowns, gloves, and caps had a protective effect, whereas wearing a mask did not further reduce airborne spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E Bischoff
- Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 27157-1042, USA
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Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the major etiological agents of the common cold and asthma exacerbations, with significant worldwide health and economic impact. Although large-scale population vaccination has proved successful in limiting or even eradicating many viruses, the more than 100 distinct serotypes mean that conventional vaccination is not a feasible strategy to combat HRV. An alternative strategy is to target conserved viral proteins such as the HRV proteases, 2A(pro) and 3C(pro), the focus of this review. Necessary for host cell shutoff, virus replication, and pathogenesis, 2A(pro) and 3C(pro) are clearly viable drug targets, and indeed, 3C(pro) has been successfully targeted for treating the common cold in experimental infection. 2A(pro) and 3C(pro) are crucial for virus replication due to their role in polyprotein processing as well as cleavage of key cellular proteins to inhibit cellular transcription and translation. Intriguingly, the action of the HRV proteases also disrupts nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, contributing to HRV cytopathic effects. Improved understanding of the protease-cell interactions should enable new therapeutic approaches to be identified for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora M Jensen
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, University of Canberra, 1 Kirinari Street, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Lee WM, Grindle K, Vrtis R, Pappas T, Vang F, Lee I, Gern JE. Molecular identification and quantification of human rhinoviruses in respiratory samples. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1221:25-38. [PMID: 25261304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PCR-based molecular assays have become standard diagnostic procedures for the identification and quantification of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and other respiratory pathogens in most, if not all, clinical microbiology laboratories. Molecular assays are significantly more sensitive than traditional culture-based and serological methods. This advantage has led to the recognition that HRV infections are common causes for not only upper airway symptoms but also more severe lower respiratory illnesses. In addition, molecular assays improve turnaround time, can be performed by technicians with ordinary skills, and can easily be automated. This chapter describes two highly sensitive and specific PCR-based methods for identifying and quantifying HRVs. The first is a two-step PCR method for the detection and typing of HRV. The second is a pan-HRV real-time quantitative (q) PCR method for measuring viral loads in respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Lee
- Biological Mimetics Inc., 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA,
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Jans DA, Ghildyal R. Preface. Rhinoviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1221:v-vii. [PMID: 25383405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Abstract
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) allows determining diffusion and relaxation properties of fluorescent molecules. It requires only extremely small amounts of sample, down to picomolar concentrations, in an effective analysis volume of a few femtoliters. In essence, FCS determines the autocorrelation of fluorescence fluctuations caused by single labeled molecules passing through the confocal volume of a microscope equipped with a suitable detector; it permits investigating interactions of (macro)molecules, even in single cells. We present an FCS protocol for exploring, under in vitro conditions, the dynamic processes that take place during the early steps of virus infection. We cover two important issues of rhinovirus research, the kinetics of directional RNA release, and virus-receptor interactions exemplified by using human rhinovirus type A2 (HRV-A2) as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Harutyunyan
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Panjwani A, Strauss M, Gold S, Wenham H, Jackson T, Chou JJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Hogle JM, Tuthill TJ. Capsid protein VP4 of human rhinovirus induces membrane permeability by the formation of a size-selective multimeric pore. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004294. [PMID: 25102288 PMCID: PMC4125281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses must deliver their viral genome across a cell membrane without the advantage of membrane fusion. The mechanisms used to achieve this remain poorly understood. Human rhinovirus, a frequent cause of the common cold, is a non-enveloped virus of the picornavirus family, which includes other significant pathogens such as poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. During picornavirus cell entry, the small myristoylated capsid protein VP4 is released from the virus, interacts with the cell membrane and is implicated in the delivery of the viral RNA genome into the cytoplasm to initiate replication. In this study, we have produced recombinant C-terminal histidine-tagged human rhinovirus VP4 and shown it can induce membrane permeability in liposome model membranes. Dextran size-exclusion studies, chemical crosslinking and electron microscopy demonstrated that VP4 forms a multimeric membrane pore, with a channel size consistent with transfer of the single-stranded RNA genome. The membrane permeability induced by recombinant VP4 was influenced by pH and was comparable to permeability induced by infectious virions. These findings present a molecular mechanism for the involvement of VP4 in cell entry and provide a model system which will facilitate exploration of VP4 as a novel antiviral target for the picornavirus family. Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a non-enveloped virus of the picornavirus family and is responsible for respiratory infections (common colds) costing billions of dollars ($) annually. There remains no vaccine or licensed drug to prevent or reduce infection. Related members of the picornavirus family include significant pathogens such as poliovirus, enterovirus 71 and foot-and-mouth disease virus, for which improved control measures are also required. A fundamental step in virus infection is the delivery of the viral genetic material through the barrier of the cellular membrane. Viruses such as HIV and influenza are enveloped in an outer membrane which can fuse with the host cell membrane to allow the viral genome to penetrate into the cytoplasm. However, non-enveloped viruses such as picornaviruses lack a membrane and the mechanisms for penetration of the membrane by these viruses remain poorly understood. The capsid protein VP4 has previously been implicated in the delivery of the picornavirus genome. In this study we demonstrate that HRV VP4 interacts with membranes to make them permeable by the formation of multimeric, size-selective membrane pores with properties consistent with the transport of viral genome through the membrane. This function of VP4 provides a novel antiviral target for this family of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Panjwani
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Strauss
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wenham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Hogle
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Karta MR, Gavala ML, Curran CS, Wickert LE, Keely PJ, Gern JE, Bertics PJ. LPS modulates rhinovirus-induced chemokine secretion in monocytes and macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:125-34. [PMID: 24498897 PMCID: PMC4091859 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0404oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that both bacteria and rhinoviruses (RVs) contribute to asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that bacteria might alter antiviral responses early in the course of infection by modifying monocyte-lineage chemokine responses to RV infection. To test this hypothesis, human blood monocytes or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages were treated with RV types A016, B014, A001, and/or A002 in the presence or absence of LPS, and secretion of chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8) and IFN-α was measured by ELISA. Treatment with RV alone induced blood monocytes and BAL macrophages to secrete CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8. Pretreatment with LPS significantly attenuated RV-induced CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL8 secretion by 68-99.9% on average (P < 0.0001, P < 0.004, and P < 0.002, respectively), but did not inhibit RV-induced CCL2 from blood monocytes. Similarly, LPS inhibited RV-induced CXCL10 and CXCL11 secretion by over 88% on average from BAL macrophages (P < 0.002 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, LPS inhibited RV-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), as determined by immunoblotting, yet augmented RV-induced IFN-α secretion (P < 0.05), and did not diminish expression of RV target receptors, as measured by flow cytometry. In summary, major and minor group RVs strongly induce chemokine expression and IFN-α from monocytic cells. The bacterial product, LPS, specifically inhibits monocyte and macrophage secretion of RV-induced CXCL10 and CXCL11, but not other highly induced chemokines or IFN-α. These effects suggest that airway bacteria could modulate the pattern of virus-induced cell recruitment and inflammation in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R. Karta
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
- Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry
| | | | | | | | - Patricia J. Keely
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, and
- Cellular and Regenerative Biology, and
| | - James E. Gern
- Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Liu YC, Kuo RL, Lin JY, Huang PN, Huang Y, Liu H, Arnold JJ, Chen SJ, Wang RYL, Cameron CE, Shih SR. Cytoplasmic viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase disrupts the intracellular splicing machinery by entering the nucleus and interfering with Prp8. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004199. [PMID: 24968230 PMCID: PMC4072778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary role of cytoplasmic viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is viral genome replication in the cellular cytoplasm. However, picornaviral RdRp denoted 3D polymerase (3Dpol) also enters the host nucleus, where its function remains unclear. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of viral attack in which 3Dpol enters the nucleus through the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and targets the pre-mRNA processing factor 8 (Prp8) to block pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA synthesis. The fingers domain of 3Dpol associates with the C-terminal region of Prp8, which contains the Jab1/MPN domain, and interferes in the second catalytic step, resulting in the accumulation of the lariat form of the splicing intermediate. Endogenous pre-mRNAs trapped by the Prp8-3Dpol complex in enterovirus-infected cells were identified and classed into groups associated with cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Our results suggest that picornaviral RdRp disrupts pre-mRNA splicing processes, that differs from viral protease shutting off cellular transcription and translation which contributes to the pathogenesis of viral infection. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication from an RNA template and is encoded in the genomes of all RNA viruses. RNA viruses in general replicate in cytoplasm and interfere host cellular gene expression by utilizing proteolytic destruction of cellular targets as the primary mechanism. However, several cytoplasmic RNA viral proteins have been found in the nucleus. What do they do in the nucleus? This study utilized picornaviral polymerase to probe the function of RdRp in the nucleus. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of viruses attacking hosts whereby picornaviral 3D polymerase (3Dpol) enters the nucleus and targets the central pre-mRNA processing factor 8 (Prp8) to block pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA synthesis. The 3Dpol inhibits the second catalytic step of the splicing process, resulting in the accumulation of the lariat-form and the reduction of the mRNA. These results provide new insights into the strategy of a cytoplasmic RNA virus attacking host cell, that differs from viral shutting off cellular transcription and translation which contributes to the viral pathogenesis. To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that a cytoplasmic RNA virus uses its polymerase to alter cellular gene expression by hijacking the splicing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chin Liu
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Lin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yi Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Nien Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi Huang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jamine J. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Robert Yung-Liang Wang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Zhang N, Jiang M, Huang T, Cai YD. Identification of Influenza A/H7N9 virus infection-related human genes based on shortest paths in a virus-human protein interaction network. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:239462. [PMID: 24955349 PMCID: PMC4052153 DOI: 10.1155/2014/239462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recently emerging Influenza A/H7N9 virus is reported to be able to infect humans and cause mortality. However, viral and host factors associated with the infection are poorly understood. It is suggested by the "guilt by association" rule that interacting proteins share the same or similar functions and hence may be involved in the same pathway. In this study, we developed a computational method to identify Influenza A/H7N9 virus infection-related human genes based on this rule from the shortest paths in a virus-human protein interaction network. Finally, we screened out the most significant 20 human genes, which could be the potential infection related genes, providing guidelines for further experimental validation. Analysis of the 20 genes showed that they were enriched in protein binding, saccharide or polysaccharide metabolism related pathways and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. We also compared the results with those from human rhinovirus (HRV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by the same method. It was indicated that saccharide or polysaccharide metabolism related pathways might be especially associated with the H7N9 infection. These results could shed some light on the understanding of the virus infection mechanism, providing basis for future experimental biology studies and for the development of effective strategies for H7N9 clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin Key Lab of BME Measurement, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to elucidate the role of respiratory viruses in etiology of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) in the children and adolescents. We analysed the results of a microbiologial study of 50 aspirates from the paranasl sinuses. It was shown that acute rhinosinusitis had bacterial and viral-bacterial etiology in 8% and 24% of the cases respectively. In 42% of the cases the pathogen could not be identified by any of the methods used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Iu Radtsig
- Kafedra otorinolaringologii pediatricheskogo fakul'teta Rossiĭskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo meditsinskogo univesiteta im. N.I. Pirogova Minzdrava Rossii, Moskva, Rossiia, 117997
| | - E P Sel'kova
- Moskovskiĭ nauchno-issledovatel'skiĭ institut épidemiologii i mikrobiologii im G.N. Gabrichevskogo Rospotrebnadzora, Moskva, Rossiia, 125212
| | - L V Malygina
- Kafedra otorinolaringologii pediatricheskogo fakul'teta Rossiĭskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo meditsinskogo univesiteta im. N.I. Pirogova Minzdrava Rossii, Moskva, Rossiia, 117997; Morozovskaia detskaia gorodskaia klinicheskaia bol'nitsa Departamenta zdravookhraneniia Moskvy, Moskva, Rossiia, 119049
| | - A S Lapitskaia
- Moskovskiĭ nauchno-issledovatel'skiĭ institut épidemiologii i mikrobiologii im G.N. Gabrichevskogo Rospotrebnadzora, Moskva, Rossiia, 125212
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Sun Y, Zhu R, Zhao L, Deng J, Wang F, Ding Y, Yuan Y, Qu D, Qian Y. Effect of human rhinovirus infection in pediatric patients with influenza-like illness on the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127:1656-1660. [PMID: 24791870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some research groups have hypothesized that human rhinoviruses (HRVs) delayed the circulation of the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A(H1N1)pdm09) at the beginning of Autumn 2009 in France. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between HRV and A(H1N1)pdm09 in pediatric patients with influenza-like illness in Beijing, China. METHODS A systematic analysis to detect A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal influenza A virus (FLU A) was performed on 4 349 clinical samples from pediatric patients with influenza-like illness during the period June 1, 2009 to February 28, 2010, while a one-step real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay was used to detect HRV in 1 146 clinical specimens selected from those 4 349 specimens. RESULTS During the survey period, only one wave of A(H1N1)pdm09 was observed. The percentage of positive cases for A(H1N1)pdm09 increased sharply in September with a peak in November 2009 and then declined in February 2010. Data on the monthly distribution of HRVs indicated that more HRV-positive samples were detected in September (2.2%) and October (3.3%), revealing that the peak of HRV infection in 2009 was similar to that of other years. Among the 1 146 specimens examined for HRVs, 21 (1.8%) were HRV-positive, which was significantly lower than that reported previously in Beijing (15.4% to 19.2%) (P < 0.01). Overall, 6 samples were positive for both A(H1N1)pdm09 and HRV, which represented a positive relative frequency of 1.60% and 2.08% HRV, considering the A(H1N1)pdm09-positive and -negative specimens, respectively. The odds ratio was 0.87 (95% CI 0.32; 2.44, P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS HRVs and A (H1N1)pdm09 co-circulated in this Chinese population during September and October 2009, and the HRV epidemic in 2009 did not affect A(H1N1)pdm09 infection rates in Beijing, China as suggested by other studies. However, the presence of A(H1N1)pdm09 might explain the unexpected reduction in the percentage of HRV positive cases during the period studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ru'nan Zhu
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Jie Deng
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yaxin Ding
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Affiliated Children's Hospital to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Dong Qu
- Affiliated Children's Hospital to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
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Zhu R, Song Q, Qian Y, Zhao L, Deng J, Wang F, Sun Y. Virus profile in children with acute respiratory infections with various severities in Beijing, China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014; 127:3706-3711. [PMID: 25382323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the most common infectious diseases in infants and young children globally. This study aimed to determine the virus profile in children with ARI presenting with different severities. METHODS Clinical specimens collected from children with ARI in Beijing from September 2010 to March 2011 were investigated for 18 respiratory viruses using an xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel Fast (RVP Fast) assay. The Pearson chi-square analysis was used to identify statistical significance. RESULTS Of 270 cases from three groups of ARI patients, including Out-patients, In-patients and patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), viruses were detected in 176 (65.2%) specimens with the RVP Fast assay. The viral detection rate from the Out-patients group (50.0%) was significantly lower than that from the In-patients (71.1%) and ICU-patients (74.4%) groups. The virus distribution was different between the Out-patients group and the other hospitalized groups, while the virus detection rate and distribution characteristics were similar between the In-patients and ICU-patients groups. The co-infection rates of the Out-patients group, the In-patients group, and the ICU-patients group were 15.6%, 50.0% and 35.8%, respectively. In addition to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus (ADV), human rhinovirus (HRV) was frequently detected from children with serious illnesses, followed by human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human bocavirus (HBoV) and coronaviruses. Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) was detected in children with lower respiratory illness, but rarely from those with serious illnesses in the ICU-patient group. CONCLUSION In addition to so-called common respiratory viruses, virus detection in children with ARI should include those thought to be uncommon respiratory viruses, especially when there are severe ARI-related clinical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Zhu
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Qinwei Song
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
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Cathcart AL, Rozovics JM, Semler BL. Cellular mRNA decay protein AUF1 negatively regulates enterovirus and human rhinovirus infections. J Virol 2013; 87:10423-34. [PMID: 23903828 PMCID: PMC3807403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01049-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully complete their replication cycles, picornaviruses modify several host proteins to alter the cellular environment to favor virus production. One such target of viral proteinase cleavage is AU-rich binding factor 1 (AUF1), a cellular protein that binds to AU-rich elements, or AREs, in the 3' noncoding regions (NCRs) of mRNAs to affect the stability of the RNA. Previous studies found that, during poliovirus or human rhinovirus infection, AUF1 is cleaved by the viral proteinase 3CD and that AUF1 can interact with the long 5' NCR of these viruses in vitro. Here, we expand on these initial findings to demonstrate that all four isoforms of AUF1 bind directly to stem-loop IV of the poliovirus 5' NCR, an interaction that is inhibited through proteolytic cleavage of AUF1 by the viral proteinase 3CD. Endogenous AUF1 was observed to relocalize to the cytoplasm of infected cells in a viral protein 2A-driven manner and to partially colocalize with the viral protein 3CD. We identify a negative role for AUF1 in poliovirus infection, as AUF1 inhibited viral translation and, ultimately, overall viral titers. Our findings also demonstrate that AUF1 functions as an antiviral factor during infection by coxsackievirus or human rhinovirus, suggesting a common mechanism that targets these related picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Cathcart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Allen EK, Pitkäranta A, Mäki M, Hendley JO, Laakso S, Sale MM, Winther B. Bacteria in the nose of young adults during wellness and rhinovirus colds: detection by culture and microarray methods in 100 nasal lavage specimens. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3:731-9. [PMID: 23801660 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with viral respiratory infections/viral rhinitis/common colds are often treated with antibiotic; however, there is little information on whether or how bacterial microbiota in the nose and nasopharynx might influence the course of viral illnesses. METHODS To initiate investigation of possible interaction between viral respiratory illness and microbiota of the nose/nasopharynx, we used microarray technology to examine 100 nasal lavage fluid (NLF) samples for bacterial species and recorded the bacterial titer of culturable bacteria. Rhinovirus illnesses were induced by self-inoculation using the "finger to nose or eye natural transmission route" in 10 otherwise healthy young adults. NLF samples were collected during wellness and at specific time points following experimental rhinovirus inoculation. RESULTS The rhinovirus infection rate was 70%. There were no consistent changes in the prevalence of different bacterial species determined by microarray and bacterial titer by culture methods during rhinovirus infection. The bacterial profile in NLF samples showed high variability between volunteers but low variability in multiple NLFs obtained before and following infection from the same volunteer. Streptococcus epidermidis/coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) were identified in all 10 subjects. One or more bacterial sinus/otitis pathogens were identified by microarray in 6 of the 10 volunteers. The microarray identified a few bacteria not included in traditional bacterial cultures. CONCLUSION Our pilot study showed that each of the 10 volunteers had a unique bacterial profile in the nose by microarray analysis and that bacterial load did not change during experimental rhinovirus colds. Larger scale studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaitlynn Allen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Young adults with shorter telomeres have lower resistance to colds. BMJ 2013; 346:f1220. [PMID: 23447340 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), first discovered in the 1950s, are responsible for more than one-half of cold-like illnesses and cost billions of dollars annually in medical visits and missed days of work. Advances in molecular methods have enhanced our understanding of the genomic structure of HRV and have led to the characterization of three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated groups A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are traditionally associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. In recent years, the increasing implementation of PCR assays for respiratory virus detection in clinical laboratories has facilitated the recognition of HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen, particularly in patients with asthma, infants, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. Cultured isolates of HRV remain important for studies of viral characteristics and disease pathogenesis. Indeed, whether the clinical manifestations of HRV are related directly to viral pathogenicity or secondary to the host immune response is the subject of ongoing research. There are currently no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs, and treatment remains primarily supportive. This review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date assessment of the basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features of and treatment and prevention strategies for HRVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Jacobs
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daryl M. Lamson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Carroll KN, Hartert TV. Reply: To PMID 22336082. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:616-7. [PMID: 23273957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is a polymicrobial disease, which usually occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI). While respiratory viruses alone may cause viral AOM, they increase the risk of bacterial middle ear infection and worsen clinical outcomes of bacterial AOM. URI viruses alter Eustachian tube (ET) function via decreased mucociliary action, altered mucus secretion and increased expression of inflammatory mediators among other mechanisms. Transient reduction in protective functions of the ET allows colonizing bacteria of the nasopharynx to ascend into the middle ear and cause AOM. Advances in research help us to better understand the host responses to viral URI, the mechanisms of viral-bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx and the development of AOM. In this review, we present current knowledge regarding viral-bacterial interactions in the pathogenesis and clinical course of AOM. We focus on the common respiratory viruses and their established role in AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Marom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0371, USA
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Unger BL, Faris AN, Ganesan S, Comstock AT, Hershenson MB, Sajjan US. Rhinovirus attenuates non-typeable Hemophilus influenzae-stimulated IL-8 responses via TLR2-dependent degradation of IRAK-1. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002969. [PMID: 23055935 PMCID: PMC3464227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections following rhinovirus (RV), a common cold virus, are well documented, but pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. We developed animal and cell culture models to examine the effects of RV on subsequent infection with non-typeable Hemophilus influenzae (NTHi). We focused on NTHI-induced neutrophil chemoattractants expression that is essential for bacterial clearance. Mice infected with RV1B were superinfected with NTHi and lung bacterial density, chemokines and neutrophil counts determined. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) or mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S) were infected with RV and challenged with NHTi, TLR2 or TLR5 agonists. Chemokine levels were measured by ELISA and expression of IRAK-1, a component of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling, assessed by immunoblotting. While sham-infected mice cleared all NTHi from the lungs, RV-infected mice showed bacteria up to 72 h post-infection. However, animals in RV/NTHi cleared bacteria by day 7. Delayed bacterial clearance in RV/NTHi animals was associated with suppressed chemokine levels and neutrophil recruitment. RV-infected BEAS-2B and MH-S cells showed attenuated chemokine production after challenge with either NTHi or TLR agonists. Attenuated chemokine responses were associated with IRAK-1 protein degradation. Inhibition of RV-induced IRAK-1 degradation restored NTHi-stimulated IL-8 expression. Knockdown of TLR2, but not other MyD88-dependent TLRs, also restored IRAK-1, suggesting that TLR2 is required for RV-induced IRAK-1 degradation. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that RV infection delays bacterial clearance in vivo and suppresses NTHi-stimulated chemokine responses via degradation of IRAK-1. Based on these observations, we speculate that modulation of TLR-dependent innate immune responses by RV may predispose the host to secondary bacterial infection, particularly in patients with underlying chronic respiratory disorders. Rhinovirus (RV) is responsible for the majority of common colds. RV infection is also associated with hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illness, a significant proportion of which are accompanied by bacterial infections including acute otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. However, the mechanisms by which RV increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections are not understood. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that RV infection promotes bacterial persistence of non-typeable Hemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in vivo, which was associated with reduced expression of neutrophil-attracting chemokines and neutrophil infiltration into the lungs. Further, RV infection attenuated NTHi or TLR2 or −5 agonist-stimulated chemokine responses in cultured bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, suggesting that RV interferes with TLR-related innate immune responses. Next, we found that RV infection caused rapid degradation of IRAK-1, a key adaptor protein in the MyD88-dependent signaling. Inhibition of IRAK-1 degradation restored NTHi-stimulated chemokine responses in RV-infected bronchial epithelial cells. Finally, reductions in IRAK-1 were dependent on TLR2. Together, our results suggest that RV may increase the risk of acquiring secondary bacterial infection by attenuating TLR-dependent innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Unger
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Faris
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam T. Comstock
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Umadevi S. Sajjan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A newly discovered group of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) has been classified as the HRV-C species based on distinct genomic features. HRV-Cs circulate worldwide, and are important causes of upper and lower respiratory illnesses. Methods to culture and produce these viruses have recently been developed, and should enable identification of unique features of HRV-C replication and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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