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Weary TE, Pappas T, Tusiime P, Tuhaise S, Otali E, Emery Thompson M, Ross E, Gern JE, Goldberg TL. Common cold viruses circulating in children threaten wild chimpanzees through asymptomatic adult carriers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10431. [PMID: 38714841 PMCID: PMC11076286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Reverse zoonotic respiratory diseases threaten great apes across Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies of wild chimpanzees have identified the causative agents of most respiratory disease outbreaks as "common cold" paediatric human pathogens, but reverse zoonotic transmission pathways have remained unclear. Between May 2019 and August 2021, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 234 children aged 3-11 years in communities bordering Kibale National Park, Uganda, and 30 adults who were forest workers and regularly entered the park. We collected 2047 respiratory symptoms surveys to quantify clinical severity and simultaneously collected 1989 nasopharyngeal swabs approximately monthly for multiplex viral diagnostics. Throughout the course of the study, we also collected 445 faecal samples from 55 wild chimpanzees living nearby in Kibale in social groups that have experienced repeated, and sometimes lethal, epidemics of human-origin respiratory viral disease. We characterized respiratory pathogens in each cohort and examined statistical associations between PCR positivity for detected pathogens and potential risk factors. Children exhibited high incidence rates of respiratory infections, whereas incidence rates in adults were far lower. COVID-19 lockdown in 2020-2021 significantly decreased respiratory disease incidence in both people and chimpanzees. Human respiratory infections peaked in June and September, corresponding to when children returned to school. Rhinovirus, which caused a 2013 outbreak that killed 10% of chimpanzees in a Kibale community, was the most prevalent human pathogen throughout the study and the only pathogen present at each monthly sampling, even during COVID-19 lockdown. Rhinovirus was also most likely to be carried asymptomatically by adults. Although we did not detect human respiratory pathogens in the chimpanzees during the cohort study, we detected human metapneumovirus in two chimpanzees from a February 2023 outbreak that were genetically similar to viruses detected in study participants in 2019. Our data suggest that respiratory pathogens circulate in children and that adults become asymptomatically infected during high-transmission times of year. These asymptomatic adults may then unknowingly carry the pathogens into forest and infect chimpanzees. This conclusion, in turn, implies that intervention strategies based on respiratory symptoms in adults are unlikely to be effective for reducing reverse zoonotic transmission of respiratory viruses to chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Weary
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tressa Pappas
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Otali
- The Kasiisi Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - James E Gern
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA.
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Brownell J, Lee KE, Chasman D, Gangnon R, Bendixsen CG, Barnes K, Grindle K, Pappas T, Bochkov YA, Dresen A, Hou C, Haslam DB, Seroogy CM, Ong IM, Gern JE. Farm animal exposure, respiratory illnesses, and nasal cell gene expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00122-2. [PMID: 38309597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farm exposures in early life reduce the risks for childhood allergic diseases and asthma. There is less information about how farm exposures relate to respiratory illnesses and mucosal immune development. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that children raised in farm environments have a lower incidence of respiratory illnesses over the first 2 years of life than nonfarm children. We also analyzed whether farm exposures or respiratory illnesses were related to patterns of nasal cell gene expression. METHODS The Wisconsin Infant Study Cohort included farm (n = 156) and nonfarm (n = 155) families with children followed to age 2 years. Parents reported prenatal farm and other environmental exposures. Illness frequency and severity were assessed using illness diaries and periodic surveys. Nasopharyngeal cell gene expression in a subset of 64 children at age 2 years was compared to farm exposure and respiratory illness history. RESULTS Farm versus nonfarm children had nominally lower rates of respiratory illnesses (rate ratio 0.82 [95% CI, 0.69, 0.97]) with a stepwise reduction in illness rates in children exposed to 0, 1, or ≥2 animal species, but these trends were nonsignificant in a multivariable model. Farm exposures and preceding respiratory illnesses were positively related to nasal cell gene signatures for mononuclear cells and innate and antimicrobial responses. CONCLUSIONS Maternal and infant exposure to farms and farm animals was associated with nonsignificant trends for reduced respiratory illnesses. Nasal cell gene expression in a subset of children suggests that farm exposures and respiratory illnesses in early life are associated with distinct patterns of mucosal immune expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Brownell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Deborah Chasman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Ronald Gangnon
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Casper G Bendixsen
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wis
| | - Katherine Barnes
- National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wis
| | - Kristine Grindle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Tressa Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Amy Dresen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Christine Hou
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison
| | - David B Haslam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
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Bochkov YA, Devries M, Tetreault K, Gangnon R, Lee S, Bacharier LB, Busse WW, Camargo CA, Choi T, Cohen R, De R, DeMuri GP, Fitzpatrick AM, Gergen PJ, Grindle K, Gruchalla R, Hartert T, Hasegawa K, Khurana Hershey GK, Holt P, Homil K, Jartti T, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, Kim H, Laing IA, Le Souëf PN, Liu AH, Mauger DT, Pappas T, Patel SJ, Phipatanakul W, Pongracic J, Seroogy C, Sly PD, Tisler C, Wald ER, Wood R, Lemanske RF, Jackson DJ, Gern JE. Rhinoviruses A and C elicit long-lasting antibody responses with limited cross-neutralization. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29058. [PMID: 37638498 PMCID: PMC10484091 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) can cause severe wheezing illnesses in young children and patients with asthma. Vaccine development has been hampered by the multitude of RV types with little information about cross-neutralization. We previously showed that neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to RV-C are detected twofold to threefold more often than those to RV-A throughout childhood. Based on those findings, we hypothesized that RV-C infections are more likely to induce either cross-neutralizing or longer-lasting antibody responses compared with RV-A infections. We pooled RV diagnostic data from multiple studies of children with respiratory illnesses and compared the expected versus observed frequencies of sequential infections with RV-A or RV-C types using log-linear regression models. We tested longitudinally collected plasma samples from children to compare the duration of RV-A versus RV-C nAb responses. Our models identified limited reciprocal cross-neutralizing relationships for RV-A (A12-A75, A12-A78, A20-A78, and A75-A78) and only one for RV-C (C2-C40). Serologic analysis using reference mouse sera and banked human plasma samples confirmed that C40 infections induced nAb responses with modest heterotypic activity against RV-C2. Mixed-effects regression modeling of longitudinal human plasma samples collected from ages 2 to 18 years demonstrated that RV-A and RV-C illnesses induced nAb responses of similar duration. These results indicate that both RV-A and RV-C nAb responses have only modest cross-reactivity that is limited to genetically similar types. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, RV-C species may include even fewer cross-neutralizing types than RV-A, whereas the duration of nAb responses during childhood is similar between the two species. The modest heterotypic responses suggest that RV vaccines must have a broad representation of prevalent types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Devries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ronald Gangnon
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Camargo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robyn Cohen
- Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ramyani De
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for ViroScience and Cure, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Anne M. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter J. Gergen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tina Hartert
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kiara Homil
- University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Meyer Kattan
- Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Haejin Kim
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | | | - Andrew H. Liu
- Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | - Tressa Pappas
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter D. Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Ellen R. Wald
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert Wood
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - James E. Gern
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Choi T, Devries M, Bacharier LB, Busse W, Camargo CA, Cohen R, Demuri GP, Evans MD, Fitzpatrick AM, Gergen PJ, Grindle K, Gruchalla R, Hartert T, Hasegawa K, Khurana Hershey GK, Holt P, Homil K, Jartti T, Kattan M, Kercsmar C, Kim H, Laing IA, LeBeau P, Lee KE, Le Souëf PN, Liu A, Mauger DT, Ober C, Pappas T, Patel SJ, Phipatanakul W, Pongracic J, Seroogy C, Sly PD, Tisler C, Wald ER, Wood R, Gangnon R, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Gern JE, Bochkov YA. Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rhinovirus C and Age-Dependent Patterns of Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:822-830. [PMID: 33357024 PMCID: PMC8017585 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3753oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Rhinovirus (RV) C can cause asymptomatic infection and respiratory illnesses ranging from the common cold to severe wheezing.Objectives: To identify how age and other individual-level factors are associated with susceptibility to RV-C illnesses.Methods: Longitudinal data from the COAST (Childhood Origins of Asthma) birth cohort study were analyzed to determine relationships between age and RV-C infections. Neutralizing antibodies specific for RV-A and RV-C (three types each) were determined using a novel PCR-based assay. Data were pooled from 14 study cohorts in the United States, Finland, and Australia, and mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors related to the proportion of RV-C versus RV-A detection.Measurements and Main Results: In COAST, RV-A and RV-C infections were similarly common in infancy, whereas RV-C was detected much less often than RV-A during both respiratory illnesses and scheduled surveillance visits (P < 0.001, χ2) in older children. The prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to RV-A or RV-C types was low (5-27%) at the age of 2 years, but by the age of 16 years, RV-C seropositivity was more prevalent (78% vs. 18% for RV-A; P < 0.0001). In the pooled analysis, the RV-C to RV-A detection ratio during illnesses was significantly related to age (P < 0.0001), CDHR3 genotype (P < 0.05), and wheezing illnesses (P < 0.05). Furthermore, certain RV types (e.g., C2, C11, A78, and A12) were consistently more virulent and prevalent over time.Conclusions: Knowledge of prevalent RV types, antibody responses, and populations at risk based on age and genetics may guide the development of vaccines or other novel therapies against this important respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Choi
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Devries
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter J Gergen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tuomas Jartti
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Universities of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Haejin Kim
- Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter N Le Souëf
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Liu
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | | | - Ellen R Wald
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Wood
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - James E Gern
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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5
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Bashir H, Grindle K, Vrtis R, Vang F, Kang T, Salazar L, Anderson E, Pappas T, Gangnon R, Evans MD, Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF, Bochkov YA, Gern JE. Association of rhinovirus species with common cold and asthma symptoms and bacterial pathogens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:822-824.e9. [PMID: 29111214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Bashir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Kristine Grindle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Rose Vrtis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Fue Vang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Teresa Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Lisa Salazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | | | - Tressa Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Ronald Gangnon
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Michael D Evans
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wis.
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Anderson HM, Lemanske RF, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Pappas T, Grindle K, Bochkov YA, Gern JE, Jackson DJ. Assessment of wheezing frequency and viral etiology on childhood and adolescent asthma risk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:692-694. [PMID: 27609657 PMCID: PMC5026309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halie M Anderson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis.
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Michael D Evans
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Ronald E Gangnon
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Tressa Pappas
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Kris Grindle
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - James E Gern
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wis
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Berry AW, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, Guilbert TW, Martinez FD, Grindle K, Pappas T, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Jackson DJ. Rhinovirus C Infections Are Associated with Treatment Failure in Preschool Children with Recurrent Wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016. [PMCID: PMC7172248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coleman A, Grindle K, Pappas T, Vang F, Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Lemanske RF, Gern JE. Rhinovirus A and C Wheezing Illness in Infancy and the Development of Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee WM, Grindle K, Vrtis R, Pappas T, Vang F, Lee I, Gern JE. Molecular identification and quantification of human rhinoviruses in respiratory samples. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1221:25-38. [PMID: 25261304 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PCR-based molecular assays have become standard diagnostic procedures for the identification and quantification of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and other respiratory pathogens in most, if not all, clinical microbiology laboratories. Molecular assays are significantly more sensitive than traditional culture-based and serological methods. This advantage has led to the recognition that HRV infections are common causes for not only upper airway symptoms but also more severe lower respiratory illnesses. In addition, molecular assays improve turnaround time, can be performed by technicians with ordinary skills, and can easily be automated. This chapter describes two highly sensitive and specific PCR-based methods for identifying and quantifying HRVs. The first is a two-step PCR method for the detection and typing of HRV. The second is a pan-HRV real-time quantitative (q) PCR method for measuring viral loads in respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Lee
- Biological Mimetics Inc., 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA,
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Agee N, De La Fuente S, Arnoletti J, Eubanks S, Blazer D, Pappas T, Scarborough J. Ascites Is A Risk Factor for Increased Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality in Patients That Undergo Pancreatic Necrosectomy for Acute Pancreatic Necrosis. J Surg Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kloepfer K, Poroyko V, Vrtis R, Pappas T, Kang T, Lee WM, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Bochkov Y, Lemanske RF, Gern JE. Rhinovirus Infection Is Associated With Changes In The Airway Microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kloepfer K, Vrtis R, Pappas T, Kang T, Salazar L, Anderson EL, Bochkov Y, Lee WM, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Lemanske RF, Gern J. Detection of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Human Rhinovirus Is Associated with Loss of Asthma Control. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Singh AM, Dahlberg P, Burmeister K, Evans MD, Gangnon R, Roberg KA, Tisler C, DaSilva D, Pappas T, Salazar L, Lemanske RF, Gern JE, Seroogy CM. Inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with increased circulating T regulatory cells in children with asthma. Clin Mol Allergy 2013; 11:1. [PMID: 23347774 PMCID: PMC3598778 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T regulatory (Treg) cells are important in balancing immune responses and dysregulation of Treg cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states including asthma. In this study, our primary aim was to determine Treg cell frequency in the peripheral blood of children with and without asthma. The secondary aim was to explore the association between Treg cell frequency with allergen sensitization, disease severity and medication use. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy control subjects (N = 93) and asthmatic children of varying disease severity (N = 66) were characterized by multi-parameter flow cytometry. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that children with asthma had a significantly increased frequency of Treg cells compared to children without asthma. Using a multivariate model, increased Treg cell frequency in children with asthma was most directly associated with inhaled corticosteroid use, and not asthma severity, allergic sensitization, or atopic status of the asthma. CONCLUSION We conclude that low dose, local airway administration of corticosteroids is sufficient to impact the frequency of Treg cells in the peripheral blood. These data highlight the importance of considering medication exposure when studying Treg cells and suggest inhaled corticosteroid use in asthmatics may improve disease control through increased Treg cell frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Singh
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Dahlberg
- Departments of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Michael D Evans
- Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald Gangnon
- Departments of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Departments of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathy A Roberg
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Christopher Tisler
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Douglas DaSilva
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Tressa Pappas
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Lisa Salazar
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
- Departments of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
- Departments of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christine M Seroogy
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4139 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA
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Gern JE, Pappas T, Visness CM, Jaffee KF, Lemanske RF, Togias A, Bloomberg GR, Cruikshank WW, Lamm C, Tuzova M, Wood RA, Lee WM. Comparison of the etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in inner-city and suburban infants. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1342-9. [PMID: 23014674 PMCID: PMC3466995 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The risk of developing childhood asthma has been linked to the severity and etiology of viral respiratory illnesses in early childhood. Since inner-city infants have unique environmental exposures, we hypothesized that patterns of respiratory viral infections would also be distinct. Methods. We compared the viral etiology of respiratory illnesses in 2 groups: a cohort of 515 infants from 4 inner-city areas and a cohort of 285 infants from mainly suburban Madison, Wisconsin. Nasal secretions were sampled during periods of respiratory illness and at 1 year of age and were analyzed for viral pathogens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results. Overall, inner-city infants had lower rates of viral detection. Considering specific viruses, sick urban infants had lower rates of detectable rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus infection and higher rates of adenovirus infection. Every urban site had a higher proportion of adenovirus-positive samples associated with illnesses (10%–21%), compared with Madison (6%). Conclusions. These findings provide evidence that inner-city babies have different patterns of viral respiratory illnesses than babies who grow up in a more suburban location. These findings raise important questions about the etiology of virus-negative illnesses in urban infants and the possibility of long-term consequences of early life infections with adenovirus in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lee WM, Lemanske RF, Evans MD, Vang F, Pappas T, Gangnon R, Jackson DJ, Gern JE. Human rhinovirus species and season of infection determine illness severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:886-91. [PMID: 22923659 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0330oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) consist of approximately 160 types that cause a wide range of clinical outcomes, including asymptomatic infections, common colds, and severe lower respiratory illnesses. OBJECTIVES To identify factors that influence the severity of HRV illnesses. METHODS HRV species and types were determined in 1,445 nasal lavages that were prospectively collected from 209 infants participating in a birth cohort who had at least one HRV infection. Questionnaires were used during each illness to identify moderate to severe illnesses (MSI). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Altogether, 670 HRV infections were identified, and 519 of them were solitary infections (only one HRV type). These 519 viruses belonged to 93 different types of three species: 49 A, 9 B, and 35 C types. HRV-A (odds ratio, 8.2) and HRV-C (odds ratio, 7.6) were more likely to cause MSI compared with HRV-B. In addition, HRV infections were 5- to 10-fold more likely to cause MSI in the winter months (P < 0.0001) compared with summer, in contrast to peak seasonal prevalence in spring and fall. When significant differences in host susceptibility to MSI (P = 0.004) were considered, strain-specific rates of HRV MSI ranged from less than 1% to more than 20%. CONCLUSIONS Factors related to HRV species and type, season, and host susceptibility determine the risk of more severe HRV illness in infancy. These findings suggest that anti-HRV strategies should focus on HRV-A and -C species and identify the need for additional studies to determine mechanisms for seasonal increases of HRV severity, independent of viral prevalence, in cold weather months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Lee
- Biological Mimetics Inc., 124 Byte Drive, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Ali SA, Gern JE, Hartert TV, Edwards KM, Griffin MR, Miller EK, Gebretsadik T, Pappas T, Lee WM, Williams JV. Real-world comparison of two molecular methods for detection of respiratory viruses. Virol J 2011; 8:332. [PMID: 21714915 PMCID: PMC3154182 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays are increasingly used to diagnose viral respiratory infections and conduct epidemiology studies. Molecular assays have generally been evaluated by comparing them to conventional direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) or viral culture techniques, with few published direct comparisons between molecular methods or between institutions. We sought to perform a real-world comparison of two molecular respiratory viral diagnostic methods between two experienced respiratory virus research laboratories. METHODS We tested nasal and throat swab specimens obtained from 225 infants with respiratory illness for 11 common respiratory viruses using both a multiplex assay (Respiratory MultiCode-PLx Assay [RMA]) and individual real-time RT-PCR (RT-rtPCR). RESULTS Both assays detected viruses in more than 70% of specimens, but there was discordance. The RMA assay detected significantly more human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), while RT-rtPCR detected significantly more influenza A. We speculated that primer differences accounted for these discrepancies and redesigned the primers and probes for influenza A in the RMA assay, and for HMPV and RSV in the RT-rtPCR assay. The tests were then repeated and again compared. The new primers led to improved detection of HMPV and RSV by RT-rtPCR assay, but the RMA assay remained similar in terms of influenza detection. CONCLUSIONS Given the absence of a gold standard, clinical and research laboratories should regularly correlate the results of molecular assays with other PCR based assays, other laboratories, and with standard virologic methods to ensure consistency and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asad Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Marie R Griffin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - E Kathryn Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Tressa Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Wai- ming Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Bizzintino J, Lee WM, Laing IA, Vang F, Pappas T, Zhang G, Martin AC, Khoo SK, Cox DW, Geelhoed GC, McMinn PC, Goldblatt J, Gern JE, Le Souëf PN. Association between human rhinovirus C and severity of acute asthma in children. Eur Respir J 2010; 37:1037-42. [PMID: 20693244 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00092410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new and potentially more pathogenic group of human rhinovirus (HRV), group C (HRVC), has recently been discovered. We hypothesised that HRVC would be present in children with acute asthma and cause more severe attacks than other viruses or HRV groups. Children with acute asthma (n = 128; age 2-16 yrs) were recruited on presentation to an emergency department. Asthma exacerbation severity was assessed, and respiratory viruses and HRV strains were identified in a nasal aspirate. The majority of the children studied had moderate-to-severe asthma (85.2%) and 98.9% were admitted to hospital. HRV was detected in 87.5% and other respiratory viruses in 14.8% of children, most of whom also had HRV. HRVC was present in the majority of children with acute asthma (59.4%) and associated with more severe asthma. Children with HRVC (n = 76) had higher asthma severity scores than children whose HRV infection was HRVA or HRVB only (n = 34; p = 0.018), and all other children (n = 50; p = 0.016). Of the 19 children with a non-HRV virus, 13 had HRV co-infections, seven of these being HRVC. HRVC accounts for the majority of asthma attacks in children presenting to hospital and causes more severe attacks than previously known HRV groups and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bizzintino
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6840, Australia.
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Singh A, Burmeister K, Evans M, Gangnon R, Roberg K, Tisler C, DaSilva D, Pappas T, Pleiss L, Lemanske R, Gern J, Seroogy C. Characterization of Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Atopic Eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McAviney J, Pappas T. Treating adult scoliosis and back pain with the SpineCor Pain Relief Back Brace. Scoliosis 2009. [PMCID: PMC2793497 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-4-s2-o67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Singh A, Burmeister K, Gangnon R, Evans M, Roberg K, Tisler C, DaSilva D, Pappas T, Pleiss L, Lemanske Jr. R. Characterization of Regulatory T Cells in the Persistence of Atopic Dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Czito B, Clough R, Pappas T, Tyler D, White R, Hurwitz H, Morse M, Uronis H, Clary B, Willett C. Carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: Patterns of Failure after Resection and Possible Benefit of Adjuvant Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jartti T, Lee WM, Pappas T, Evans M, Lemanske RF, Gern JE. Serial viral infections in infants with recurrent respiratory illnesses. Eur Respir J 2008; 32:314-20. [PMID: 18448489 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00161907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the viral aetiology of recurrent and prolonged illnesses, nasal secretions were prospectively collected from 285 infants at increased risk of developing asthma. Of these, 27 infants had recurrent (at least five) moderate-to-severe respiratory illnesses (MSIs). The viral aetiology of the 150 MSIs and 86 scheduled visits was analysed by molecular diagnostics. The demographic and clinical data were compared with infants who had 0-4 MSIs. Frequently ill infants had higher exposure to other children and more wheezing illnesses than less symptomatic children. Viruses were detected in 136 (91%) out of 150 MSIs, 14 (67%) out of 21 mild illnesses and 29 (45%) out of 65 asymptomatic visits. Human rhinovirus was the most common aetiological agent (61, 43 and 35% in MSIs, mild illnesses and asymptomatic visits, respectively). Mixed viral infections were generally associated with more severe illnesses (27, 0 and 5%, respectively). Among the 27 frequently ill infants, only eight (5.3%) out of 150 MSIs were prolonged (> or =2 weeks duration). Considering all samples, detection of the same virus strain > or =2 weeks apart was unusual (5.3% of all 244 positive findings). Human rhinovirus infections occur early, pervasively and repetitively in these high-risk infants. Infants with prolonged or recurrent respiratory illnesses most often have a series of infections rather than persistent infection with one virus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jartti
- Dept of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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23
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Lee WM, Kiesner C, Pappas T, Lee I, Grindle K, Jartti T, Jakiela B, Lemanske RF, Shult PA, Gern JE. A diverse group of previously unrecognized human rhinoviruses are common causes of respiratory illnesses in infants. PLoS One 2007; 2:e966. [PMID: 17912345 PMCID: PMC1989136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most prevalent human pathogens, and consist of 101 serotypes that are classified into groups A and B according to sequence variations. HRV infections cause a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe lower respiratory symptoms. Defining the role of specific strains in various HRV illnesses has been difficult because traditional serology, which requires viral culture and neutralization tests using 101 serotype-specific antisera, is insensitive and laborious. Methods and Findings To directly type HRVs in nasal secretions of infants with frequent respiratory illnesses, we developed a sensitive molecular typing assay based on phylogenetic comparisons of a 260-bp variable sequence in the 5' noncoding region with homologous sequences of the 101 known serotypes. Nasal samples from 26 infants were first tested with a multiplex PCR assay for respiratory viruses, and HRV was the most common virus found (108 of 181 samples). Typing was completed for 101 samples and 103 HRVs were identified. Surprisingly, 54 (52.4%) HRVs did not match any of the known serotypes and had 12–35% nucleotide divergence from the nearest reference HRVs. Of these novel viruses, 9 strains (17 HRVs) segregated from HRVA, HRVB and human enterovirus into a distinct genetic group (“C”). None of these new strains could be cultured in traditional cell lines. Conclusions By molecular analysis, over 50% of HRV detected in sick infants were previously unrecognized strains, including 9 strains that may represent a new HRV group. These findings indicate that the number of HRV strains is considerably larger than the 101 serotypes identified with traditional diagnostic techniques, and provide evidence of a new HRV group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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Lee WM, Grindle K, Pappas T, Marshall DJ, Moser MJ, Beaty EL, Shult PA, Prudent JR, Gern JE. High-throughput, sensitive, and accurate multiplex PCR-microsphere flow cytometry system for large-scale comprehensive detection of respiratory viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2626-34. [PMID: 17537928 PMCID: PMC1951217 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02501-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory viruses are a diverse group of pathogens composed of hundreds of virus strains, and this presents a major challenge for diagnostic laboratories. To efficiently detect numerous viruses in a large epidemiologic study, we developed a fast, multitarget, sensitive, and specific assay named the Respiratory MultiCode-PLx Assay (RMA). The RMA utilizes improved multiplex PCR chemistry (EraGen MultiCode-PLx technology) coupled with high-throughput microsphere flow cytometry (Luminex). Eighteen sets of virus-specific multiplex PCR primers were developed based on the conserved sequences of all available respiratory-virus sequences for eight distinct groups: human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus (InfV), metapneumovirus, adenovirus (Ad), coronavirus, and enterovirus. Each primer set detected 20 cDNA copies of the intended target per sample and had no reaction with 60,000 copies of human genomic DNA. The accuracy and sensitivity of the RMA for detecting respiratory viruses in human samples were tested with two sets of clinical specimens. First, 101 nasal-wash specimens that were positive for HRV, RSV, InfV, PIV, or Ad by traditional techniques were reanalyzed by RMA, and all target viruses were detected with an overall sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 99%. Second, 103 nasal-wash samples from 5-year-old children with asthma and respiratory symptoms were analyzed; RMA detected viruses in 74 specimens (71.8%) compared to only 24 (23.3%) by traditional culture and immunofluorescent-staining techniques. These results show that RMA is an accurate, sensitive, and practical test for respiratory-virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ming Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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25
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Czito B, Willett C, Bendell J, Morse M, Dyler D, Fernando N, Mantyh C, Blobe G, Honeycutt W, Yu D, Clary B, Pappas T, Ludwig K, Hurwitz H. 158 Increased toxicity with gefitinib, capecitabine and radiation in pancreatic and rectal cancer: phase I trial results. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Tisler C, Evans M, Roberg K, Anderson E, Pleiss L, DaSilva D, Pappas T, Gangnon R, Gern J, Lemanske R. Agreement Between Results of an In Vitro Assay for Plasma Allergen-Specific IgE and Skin Testing in a High-Risk Birth Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Singh A, Gangnon R, Evans M, Roberg K, Tisler C, DaSilva D, Pappas T, Pleiss L, Gern J, Lemanske R. Risk Factors for the Persistent Expression of Atopic Dermatitis in a High-Risk Birth Cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Czito B, Clough R, Pappas T, Tyler D, White R, Hurwitz H, Morse M, Fernando N, Clary B, Willett C. Carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater: Patterns of Failure After Resection and Possible Benefit of Adjuvant Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.07.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Czito B, Clough R, Tyler D, Hurwitz H, Lee C, Clary B, Morse M, Blobe J, Pappas T. Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy following resection of primary gallbladder carcinoma: a 23-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(03)01309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Joachimiak A, Zhang R, Pappas T, Brace J, Miller P, Bashkin J, Winans S. Structure of a bacterial quorum-sensing transcription factor complexed with autoinducer-type pheromone and DNA. Acta Crystallogr A 2002. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767302095934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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White R, Lee C, Anscher M, Gottfried M, Wolff R, Keogan M, Pappas T, Hurwitz H, Tyler D. Preoperative chemoradiation for patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6:38-45. [PMID: 10030414 DOI: 10.1007/s10434-999-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved resectability is a major theoretical benefit of preoperative chemoradiation for pancreatic cancer. Since 1994, patients at Duke University Medical Center with locally advanced pancreatic cancer have been treated with multimodality preoperative therapy. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with preoperative therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer and determine if an aggressive neoadjuvant regimen would not only downstage these tumors pathologically but also improve the odds of complete surgical resection. METHODS The charts of 25 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation at Duke University Medical Center with biopsy-proven, locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were reviewed. Tumors were defined as locally advanced based on radiographic or intraoperative evidence of disease that abuts the superior mesenteric artery or vein (n = 22) or involves lymph nodes that are within the proposed radiation field (n = 3). All 25 patients received external beam radiotherapy (median dose 4500 cGy) in daily fractions of 180 cGy over 5 weeks. All patients concurrently received 5-fluorouracil (FU), and many also received mitomycin C or cisplatin, or both. Patients were given a 3- to 4-week break before a restaging computed tomographic (CT) scan was performed. Three patients were not restaged: one died from metastatic disease; one was reclassified as having a neuroendocrine tumor; and one was lost to follow-up. RESULTS On restaging after neoadjuvant therapy, 64% of patients had stable or decreased primary tumor size. Radiographically, two patients appeared potentially resectable, and seven others developed evidence of metastatic disease. Eight patients underwent exploration, but only five could be resected. Of the five patients resected, only one had negative margins and negative lymph nodes. This patient had significant pancreatitis on initial exploration. After neoadjuvant therapy, he had a complete response radiographically, and there was no residual cancer in his resection specimen. Pathologic examination of the other resection specimens suggested that despite significant tumor fibrosis, malignant cells persist even at the periphery of the lesions. CONCLUSION Although neoadjuvant chemoradiation has many theoretical advantages in managing pancreatic malignancy, true pathologic downstaging of locally advanced lesions into tumors that can be removed with negative nodes and margins appears to be a rare event with currently used therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R White
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Herbein G, Mahlknecht U, Batliwalla F, Gregersen P, Pappas T, Butler J, O'Brien WA, Verdin E. Apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is mediated by macrophages through interaction of HIV gp120 with chemokine receptor CXCR4. Nature 1998; 395:189-94. [PMID: 9744279 DOI: 10.1038/26026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD8-positive T cells are thought to play an important role in the control of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a result of their cytotoxic activity and by releasing soluble factors. In AIDS patients, the absolute number of CD8+ T lymphocytes is decreased in peripheral blood and their turnover rate is increased, suggesting that there is more cell renewal and cell death occurring. Anti-retroviral therapy raises CD8+ T-cell counts in HIV-infected patients. Here we report that the death rate of CD8+ T cells by apoptosis increased markedly during HIV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Apoptosis is induced in a dose-dependent manner by recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120 from HIV strain X4, or by stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), the physiological ligand of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Apoptosis is mediated by the interaction between tumour-necrosis factor-alpha bound to the membrane of macrophages (mbTNF) and a receptor on CD8+ T cells (TNF-receptor II, or TNFRII). The expression of both of these cell-surface proteins is upregulated by HIV infection or by treatment with recombinant gp120 or SDF-1. Apoptosis of CD8+ T cells isolated from HIV-infected patients is also mediated by macrophages through the interaction between mbTNF and TNFRII. These results indicate that the increased turnover of CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected subjects is mediated by the HIV envelope protein through the CXCR4 chemokine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herbein
- The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11010, USA
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Abstract
Dopamine (DA), at concentrations greater than 100 microM, has previously been demonstrated to be toxic to mesencephalic, striatal and dorsal root ganglion cell cultures. Pharmacological experiments suggest that DA also may play a role in the cortical neurotoxicity caused by systemic administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine and MK-801. In this study, the potential toxicity of DA in primary cortical cell cultures was determined in vitro. Using calcein and ethidium homodimer fluorescence as a marker for live and dead cells, respectively, we observed that a 24 h treatment with 10-100 microM DA produced a concentration-dependent increase in the number of ethidium homodimer-labelled cells. The cell death induced by 10 microM DA was dramatically reduced by co-administration of either superoxide dismutase and catalase or deferoxamine mesylate, an iron chelator. To verify this observation, the effects of 10 microM DA on the release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured. DA increased LDH release in a manner that was inhibited by both superoxide dismutase/catalase and deferoxamine. Nomifensine potentiated the effect of DA on LDH release, suggesting a protective role for DA uptake in this system. On the other hand, neither D1 nor D2 antagonists were able to prevent DA-induced LDH release. These data suggest that relatively low concentrations of DA can be injurious to cortical neurons through a mechanism that likely involves DA autooxidation and the formation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical. This mechanism may be important in the toxic effects of psychomotor stimulants such as amphetamine. However, the failure of DA receptor antagonists to affect DA-induced injury argues that the effect of DA on cortical neurons in culture does not model the toxic effect of phencyclidine and MK-801 observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alagarsamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1031, USA
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Abstract
Body-size distortion has been considered a central symptom of eating disorders. We studied 35 female eating-disordered patients and 85 controls using a computer-based body-size estimation technique. We have found almost identical linear relationships between body-size distortion and weight:height ratios in both groups. In the clinical group, distortion scores were not correlated with scores on the Eating Attitudes Test or Beck Depression Inventory but were negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction as measured on the Eating Disorder Inventory. These results raise further questions about the role of body-size distortion both as a diagnostic criterion and as a complicating phenomenon in eating disorders.
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Gray DS, Fujioka K, Colletti PM, Kim H, Devine W, Cuyegkeng T, Pappas T. Magnetic-resonance imaging used for determining fat distribution in obesity and diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54:623-7. [PMID: 1897468 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.4.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed-tomography scanning and magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) have been used to quantify intraabdominal and subcutaneous fat depots. In this study MRI was used to define fat-distribution patterns in 24 obese females with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and 12 females with simple obesity. Subjects had anthropometric measurements and single-slice abdominal scans performed at the umbilicus. In addition, in 10 of the nondiabetic females, measurements were repeated after 10 wk of a very-low-calorie diet. Nondiabetic females had significantly less intraabdominal fat (P less than 0.01) than did the diabetics but had equivalent subcutaneous fat. There was no significant relationship between waist-to-hip ratio and intraabdominal fat, subcutaneous fat, or their ratio. After a weight loss of 10.6 +/- 3.8 kg there were significant decreases in both intraabdominal and subcutaneous fat (P less than 0.01). Weight loss is associated with decreases in fat in both depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Gray
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center
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Gustavson CR, Gustavson JC, Pumariega AJ, Reinarz DE, Dameron R, Gustavson AR, Pappas T, McCaul K. Body-image distortion among male and female college and high school students, and eating-disordered patients. Percept Mot Skills 1990; 71:1003-10. [PMID: 2293172 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For 179 male and female college and high school students, and 26 female eating-disordered patients body-image distortion was measured using a computer-based image-analysis of redrawn images of standardized human figures. Statistical analysis indicated that body-image distortion was the same for all groups. Body-image distortion was significantly and negatively related to weight:height ratio as a function of a simple polynomial. These results suggest this evaluation of distortion of body-image yields a quantitative measure reliably related to weight status but also suggests the technique, and possibly measurement of body-image distortion in general, may not be a valid discriminator between eating-disordered and normal persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gustavson
- Center for Environmental Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1201
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Croxdale JG, Pappas T. Activity of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-NADP in Developing Leaves of Light-Grown Dianthus chinensis L. Plant Physiol 1987; 84:1427-30. [PMID: 16665621 PMCID: PMC1056790 DOI: 10.1104/pp.84.4.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative histochemical methods were used to measure glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-NADP activity in developing and mature leaves of Dianthus chinensis L. The activity values were compared on the basis of illumination of developing leaves, the maturity of stomata, and the activity of enzymes concerned with carbohydrate oxidation. Activity on a kilogram dry weight per hour basis increased from the youngest primordia (50 mmol) to fully expanded leaves (1900 mmol) and then declined in older, senescing leaves. Enzymic activity increased from leaf base (400 mmol) to tip (1000 mmol) in leaf pair four, the tip of which was exposed to light, while activity of enzymes of carbohydrate oxidation decline. We propose that this leaf is beginning the transition to autotrophy, but does not fix significant amounts of atmospheric carbon because the stomata are not functional until leaf pair six.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Croxdale
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Latimer JG, Pappas T, Mitchell CA. Growth reponses of eggplant and soybean seedlings to mechanical stress in greenhouse and outdoor environments. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 1986; 111:694-8. [PMID: 11539764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum 'Burpee's Black Beauty') and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Wells II'] seedlings were assigned to a greenhouse or a windless or windy outdoor environment. Plants within each environment received either periodic seismic (shaking) or thigmic (flexing or rubbing) treatment, or were left undisturbed. Productivity (dry weight) and dimensional (leaf area and stem length) growth parameters generally were reduced more by mechanical stress in the greenhouse (soybean) or outdoor-windless environment (eggplant) than in the outdoor windy environment. Outdoor exposure enhanced both stem and leaf specific weights, whereas mechanical stress enhanced only leaf specific weight. Although both forms of controlled mechanical stress tended to reduce node and internode diameters of soybean, outdoor exposure increased stem diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Latimer
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Pappas T, Debas HT, Walsh JH, Rivier J, Taché Y. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced selective inhibition of gastric acid secretion in dogs. Am J Physiol 1986; 250:G127-33. [PMID: 2867682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.1.g127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-residue peptide recently characterized in the brain and found in high concentrations in the gut, particularly in the stomach and pancreas. The effects of intravenous infusion of human and rat CGRP (260 pmol . kg-1 . h-1) on gastric secretion and emptying and pancreatic exocrine secretion were studied in conscious dogs. CGRP inhibited by 60-75% gastric acid secretion stimulated by a meal, sham feeding, or step doses of bombesin but did not modify acid response to step doses of histamine or bethanechol. The inhibitory effect of CGRP is not due to blockage of postprandial or bombesin-stimulated gastrin release. CGRP did not influence basal or meal-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion or the rate of gastric emptying of a saline meal. These results indicate that CGRP is a potent and selective inhibitor of gastrin-mediated acid secretion in dogs and, under these conditions, did not alter other gastrointestinal functions such as gastric emptying or pancreatic exocrine secretion.
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Abstract
Spantide ([d-Arg1, d-Trp7,9, Leu11] substance P) was shown to function not only as a substance P receptor antagonist but also as a bombesin receptor antagonist. This study examined the effects of spantide on intravenous bombesin-induced stimulation of gastrin and acid secretion. Dogs were infused with spantide (1 or 10 nmol kg 1 hr 1) or saline and bombesin (60 pmol kg-1 hr-1), and the gastric acid and plasma gastrin responses were monitored. Spantide did not significantly modify gastrin or gastric acid secretion induced by bombesin. It is concluded that spantide may not be a useful bombesin antagonist for in vivo studies.
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Abstract
Bolus injections of bombesin into a lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious beagle dogs inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion from both the innervated stomach (gastric fistula) and the vagally denervated Heidenhain pouch in a dose dependent manner. Bombesin (300 ng/kg), injected into the lateral ventricle, inhibited acid secretion from the gastric fistula and Heidenhain pouch by 66% +/- 5% and 93% +/- 4%, respectively. Central administration of bombesin also suppressed acid secretion in response to a meal by 52% +/- 15%; postprandial gastrin response was not affected. By contrast, intravenous infusion of bombesin stimulated both gastrin release and acid secretion without affecting the acid response to a submaximal dose of pentagastrin. The opposing effects of central and peripheral bombesin on acid secretion indicate that the gastric response to intracerebrally administered bombesin is mediated by the central nervous system. Furthermore, the inhibitory action of bombesin injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle is independent of the vagus and is not mediated by the inhibition of gastrin release. These observations demonstrate that bombesin-like peptides may act centrally to alter gastric secretion.
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on the gastric emptying of a saline meal in conscious dogs. Intravenous infusion of CRF (220-880 pmol . kg-1 . h-1), induced a significant linear dose dependent inhibition of gastric emptying (16-71%). CRF action was not modified by naloxone and not associated with vomiting or other side effects. Intravenous infusion of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 50-200 pmol . kg-1 . h-1) inhibited gastric emptying by 29-52%. The relative potency of CRF with respect to CCK-8 is 4 times less. These studies demonstrated that CRF given intravenously in picomolar amount inhibits gastric emptying of a liquid meal in dogs through a mechanism unrelated to opiates. The role of endogenous CRF in stress-induced inhibition of gastric emptying needs to be investigated.
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Pappas T, Mitchell CA. Influence of seismic stress on photosynthetic productivity, gas exchange, and leaf diffusive resistance of Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv Wells II. Plant Physiol 1985; 79:285-9. [PMID: 11540834 PMCID: PMC1074867 DOI: 10.1104/pp.79.1.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Relative growth rate (RGR), leaf water potential (psi w), transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal and mesophyll resistances to CO2 exchange were measured or calculated to determine how periodic seismic (shaking) stress decreased dry weight accumulation by soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill cv Wells II). Seismic stress was applied with a gyratory shaker at 240 to 280 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes three times daily at 0930, 1430, and 1930 hours. Fifteen days of treatment decreased stem length 21%, leaf area 17%, and plant dry weight 18% relative to undisturbed plants. Seismic stress also decreased RGR 4%, which was due entirely to decreased net assimilation rate. Transpiration decreased 17% and leaf psi w increased 39% 30 minutes after treatment. A reduction in Pn began within seconds after the onset of treatment and had declined 16% after 20 minutes, at which time gradual recovery began. Assimilation rate recovered fully before the next seismic treatment 5 hours later. Resistance analysis and calculation of leaf internal CO2 levels indicated that the transitory decrease in Pn caused by periodic seismic stress was due to increased stomatal resistance on the abaxial leaf surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pappas
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Abstract
Vegetative plants of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Wells II] grown in a greenhouse and agitated periodically on a gyratory shaker had shorter stems, less leaf area, and lower leaf and plant dry weight than did undisturbed greenhouse-grown (GG) plants after 16 d of treatment. Outdoor-grown (OG) plants, which were subject to additional environmental stresses including ultraviolet radiation, wind loading, and uncontrolled temperature and humidity fluctuations, were smaller and had less dry weight than GG controls, but growth was not inhibited further by gyratory shaking. Periodic shaking of GG soybeans resulted in the same plant and leaf dry weight as for the OG soybeans. Response of GG plants to mechanical stress depended on light intensity, with minimum growth reduction occurring under full light (FL) level, and maximum growth reduction occurring under lower light levels (24-45% FL). Reduction in dry weight gain due to mechanical stress corresponded to a decrease in relative growth rate (RGR). Decreases in net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio contributed equally to the lower RGR of shaken plants, indicating that seismic stress inhibits dry weight accumulation by decreasing both the photosynthetic efficiency and the assimilatory surface of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pappas
- Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Taché Y, Pappas T, Lauffenburger M, Goto Y, Walsh JH, Debas H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: potent peripheral inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs. Gastroenterology 1984; 87:344-9. [PMID: 6145652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a 37-residue peptide recently characterized in central and peripheral nervous system. The pharmacologic or physiologic importance of this peptide is not known. We studied the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide on exogenously stimulated gastric acid secretion (pentagastrin, histamine, bethanechol, and intracisternal thyrotropin-releasing hormone) in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (2.6 nmol/kg X h) caused a 63%-78% inhibition of gastric acid secretion with all secretagogues tested. The inhibition of gastric acid response to pentagastrin was dose-dependent (2.6-2630 pmol/kg X h), rapid in onset, quickly reversible upon cessation of calcitonin gene-related peptide infusion, and not modified by acute vagotomy or indomethacin pretreatment. In conscious dogs, gastric fistula acid response to pentagastrin was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by calcitonin gene-related peptide (2.6-260 pmol/kg X h). The acid response of the Heidenhain pouch to pentagastrin was also inhibited by calcitonin gene-related peptide (260 pmol/kg X h). These results show that calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in the rat as well as in the dog. Its inhibitory action could be demonstrated against various stimuli and appears to be independent of prostaglandin or vagal pathways.
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Mitchell CA, Knight SL, Pappas T. Photosynthetic productivity and vibration/acceleration stress considerations for higher plants in bioregenerative systems. Physiologist 1984; 27:S29-30. [PMID: 11539009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Mitchell
- Department of Horitculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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