1
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Frossard E, Crain G, Giménez de Azcárate Bordóns I, Hirschvogel C, Oberson A, Paille C, Pellegri G, Udert KM. Recycling nutrients from organic waste for growing higher plants in the Micro Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) loop during long-term space missions. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2024; 40:176-185. [PMID: 38245343 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Space agencies are developing Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) in view of upcoming long-term crewed space missions. Most of these BLSS plan to include various crops to produce different types of foods, clean water, and O2 while capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. However, growing these plants will require the appropriate addition of nutrients in forms that are available. As shipping fertilizers from Earth would be too costly, it will be necessary to use waste-derived nutrients. Using the example of the MELiSSA (Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative) loop of the European Space Agency, this paper reviews what should be considered so that nutrients recycled from waste streams could be used by plants grown in a hydroponic system. Whereas substantial research has been conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus recovery from human urine, much work remains to be done on recovering nutrients from other liquid and solid organic waste. It is essential to continue to study ways to efficiently remove sodium and chloride from urine and other organic waste to prevent the spread of these elements to the rest of the MELiSSA loop. A full nitrogen balance at habitat level will have to be achieved; on one hand, sufficient N2 will be needed to maintain atmospheric pressure at a proper level and on the other, enough mineral nitrogen will have to be provided to the plants to ensure biomass production. From a plant nutrition point of view, we will need to evaluate whether the flux of nutrients reaching the hydroponic system will enable the production of nutrient solutions able to sustain a wide variety of crops. We will also have to assess the nutrient use efficiency of these crops and how that efficiency might be increased. Techniques and sensors will have to be developed to grow the plants, considering low levels or the total absence of gravity, the limited volume available to plant growth systems, variations in plant needs, the recycling of nutrient solutions, and eventually the ultimate disposal of waste that can no longer be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Frossard
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland.
| | - Grace Crain
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Astrid Oberson
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | | | - Geremia Pellegri
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 8315, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Kai M Udert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Romano LE, van Loon JJWA, Izzo LG, Iovane M, Aronne G. Effects of altered gravity on growth and morphology in Wolffia globosa implications for bioregenerative life support systems and space-based agriculture. Sci Rep 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38172193 PMCID: PMC10764921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response of plants to varied gravitational conditions is vital for developing effective food production in space bioregenerative life support systems. This study examines the impact of altered gravity conditions on the growth and morphological responses of Wolffia globosa (commonly known as "water lentils" or "duckweed"), assessing its potential as a space crop. Although an experiment testing the effect of simulated microgravity on Wolffia globosa has been previously conducted, for the first time, we investigated the effect of multiple gravity levels on the growth and morphological traits of Wolffia globosa plants. The plant responses to simulated microgravity, simulated partial gravity (Moon), and hypergravity environments were evaluated using random positioning machines and the large-diameter centrifuge. As hypothesized, we observed a slight reaction to different gravitational levels in the growth and morphological traits of Wolffia globosa. The relative growth rates (RGR) of plants subjected to simulated microgravity and partial gravity were reduced when compared to those in other gravity levels. The morphological analysis revealed differences in plant dimensions and frond length-to-width ratios under diverse gravity conditions. Our findings showed that Wolffia globosa is responsive to gravitational changes, with its growth and morphological adaptations being slightly influenced by varying gravitational environments. As for other crop species, growth was reduced by the microgravity conditions; however, RGR remained substantial at 0.33 a day. In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of Wolffia globosa as a space crop and its adaptability to diverse gravitational conditions, contributing to the development of sustainable food production and bioregenerative life support systems for future space exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leone Ermes Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
| | - Jack J W A van Loon
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Amsterdam Bone Center (ABC), Amsterdam University Medical Center Location VUmc and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TEC-MMG-LIS Lab, European Space Agency (ESA) Technology Center (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Maurizio Iovane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giovanna Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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3
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Verrips M, van Haren JS, Oei SG, Moser A, der Hout-van der Jagt MBV. Clinical aspects of umbilical cord cannulation during transfer from the uterus to a liquid-based perinatal life support system for extremely premature infants a qualitative generic study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290659. [PMID: 38127930 PMCID: PMC10734990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A liquid-based perinatal life support system (PLS) for extremely premature infants (born before 28 week of gestational age) envisions a connection between the infant's native umbilical cord and an artificial placenta system through cannulation. This system mimics a natural mothers' womb to achieve better organ maturations. The objective of this study is to gain insight into the clinical focus points of umbilical cord cannulation and how cannulation should be addressed in extremely premature infants during the transfer from the uterus to an in-utero simulating liquid-based PLS system. We performed an explorative qualitative study. Twelve medical specialists with knowledge of vessel cannulation participated. We collected data through twelve interviews and two focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using inductive content and constant comparison analysis via open and axial coding. Results were derived on the following topics: (1) cannulation technique, (2) cannula fixation, (3) local and systemic anticoagulation, and (4) vasospasm. A side-entry technique is preferred as this may decrease wall damage, stabilizes the vessel better and ensures continuous blood flow. Sutures, especially via an automatic microsurgery instrument, are favored above glue, stents, or balloons as these may be firmer and faster. Medication possibilities for both vasospasm and anticoagulation should function locally since there were uncertainties regarding the systemic effects. According to the findings of this research, the needed umbilical cord cannulation method should include minimal wall damage, improved vascular stability, blood flow maintenance, a strong fixation connection, and local anticoagulation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Verrips
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - J. S van Haren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S. G Oei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
| | - A Moser
- Department of Family Practice, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - M. B. Van der Hout-van der Jagt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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4
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Zheng L, Zhang C, Gao R, Zhang L, Ai W, Ulbricht M, Wei Y. Anaerobic membrane bioreactor for hygiene wastewater treatment in controlled ecological life support systems: Degradation of surfactants and microbial community succession. Bioresour Technol 2023; 386:129517. [PMID: 37468015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and reuse of hygiene wastewater is crucial to "close the loop" in the controlled ecological life support system (CELSS), and to guarantee longer space missions or planetary habitation. In this work, anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was applied for hygiene wastewater treatment, focused on surfactant degradation and microbial community succession. The removal efficiency of COD and surfactants was 90%∼97% and 80% with a urine source-separation strategy. The microbial community gradually shifted from methanogens to sulfur-metabolizing and surfactant-degradation bacteria, such as Aeromonas. Sulfate was a surfactant degradation product, which triggered sulfate reduction and methane inhibition. The activated carbohydrate and sulfur metabolism were the key mechanism of the microbial process for the excellent performance of AnMBR. This study analyzed the degradation mechanism from the perspective of microbial mechanism, offers a solution for CELSS hygiene wastewater treatment, and supports the future improvement and refinement of AnMBR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Chun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Liangchang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094 Beijing, China
| | - Weidang Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, 100094 Beijing, China
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; Department of Water Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China.
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5
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Hashii K, Hasegawa J, Yamashita T, Tanaka H, Sakurai A, Samura O, Sekizawa A, Ikeda T, Ishiwata I. Activities of the Japan Council for Implementation of the Maternal Emergency Life Support System reduced direct causes of maternal deaths in Japan. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:2252-2266. [PMID: 37381694 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aimed to provide an overview of Japan Council for the Implementation of the Maternal Emergency Life-Saving System (J-CIMELS) and its simulation program, which has reduced maternal mortality due to direct causes in Japan. The Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG), Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and Maternal Death Exploratory Committee (JMDEC) launched the Maternal Death Reporting Project in 2010. The project analyzed obstetricians' tendency to delay their initial response to sudden maternal deterioration. Obstetricians can predict small changes before deterioration by monitoring vital signs. In 2015, the J-CIMELS was established to provide practical education. J-CIMELS developed a simulation program (J-MELS; Japan Maternal Emergency Life Support) to ensure that the obstetricians acquire the latest knowledge of emergency physicians, anesthesiologists, and other general practitioners and apply it in clinical situations. In the last 7 years, the J-MELS basic course has been conducted 1000 times with a total attendance of 19 890 people. As a result, the incidence of obstetric hemorrhage progressively decreased from 29% in 2010 to 7% in 2020. We believe that the activities of J-CIMELS are improving obstetric care providers' medical practices in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junichi Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamashita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakurai
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Department of Acute Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Samura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University school of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sekizawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Isamu Ishiwata
- Ishiwata Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Mito, Japan
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6
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Maffei FA, Lambert RL, Azar JM. Should the Pediatric Advanced Life Support DOPE Mnemonic Be Revised? Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:462. [PMID: 37195632 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Maffei
- Janet Weis Children's Hospital, Geisinger Medical Center, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA.
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7
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Metelli G, Lampazzi E, Pagliarello R, Garegnani M, Nardi L, Calvitti M, Gugliermetti L, Restivo Alessi R, Benvenuto E, Desiderio A. Design of a modular controlled unit for the study of bioprocesses: Towards solutions for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems in space. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2023; 36:8-17. [PMID: 36682833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Space exploration beyond the Low Earth Orbit requires the establishment of Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs), which, through bioprocesses for primary resource recycling, ensure crew survival. However, the introduction of new organisms in confined space habitats must be carefully evaluated in advance to avoid unforeseen events that could compromise the mission. In this work, we have designed and built an experimental chamber, named Growing/Rearing Module (GRM), completely isolated and equipped with micro-environmental monitoring and control systems. This unit is specially intended for the study of single bioprocesses, which can be composed to design functional BLSSs. GRM can be implemented with specific devices for the biological system under study and the control of environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, lighting and if required, pressure of gaseous components. GRM was validated in experiments of both microgreen cultivation, as a source of fresh food for astronauts, and rearing of the decomposer insect Hermetia illucens for bioconversion of organic waste. During the study of each bioprocess, the environmental and biological data were recorded, allowing to make preliminary assessments of the system efficiency. The GRM, as a completely confined environment, represents the first self-consistent unit that allows to fine-tune the optimal parameters for the operability of different bioprocesses. Furthermore, the upgradability according to the mission needs and the functional integrability of modules differently equipped are the keys to GRM versatility, representing a valuable tool for BLSSs' design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Metelli
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy; University of Tuscia, DAFNE - Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elena Lampazzi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pagliarello
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy; University of Tuscia, DAFNE - Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Garegnani
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy; DAER - Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Nardi
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Calvitti
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Gugliermetti
- Sapienza University of Rome, CITERA - Interdepartmental research Center for Territory, Building, Environment and Restoration, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Restivo Alessi
- Sapienza University of Rome, DIAEE-Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Benvenuto
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Angiola Desiderio
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Heinicke C, Verseux C. The MaMBA facility as a testbed for bioregenerative life support systems. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2023; 36:86-89. [PMID: 36682834 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Moon and Mars Base Analog (MaMBA) is a concept for an extraterrestrial habitat developed at the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) in Bremen, Germany. The long-term goal of the associated project is to create a technologically functioning prototype for a base on the Moon and on Mars. One key aspect of developing such a prototype base is the integration of a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) and its testing under realistic conditions. A long-duration mission to Mars, in particular, will require BLSS with a reliability that can hardly be reached without extensive testing, starting well in advance of the mission. Standards exist for comparing the capabilities of various BLSS, which strongly focus on technological aspects. These, we argue, should be complemented with the use of facilities that enable investigations and optimization of BLSS prototypes with regard to their requirements on logistics, training, recovery from failure and contamination, and other constraints imposed when humans are in the loop. Such facilities, however, are lacking. The purpose of this paper is to present the MaMBA facility and its potential usages that may help close this gap. We describe how a BLSS (or parts of a BLSS) can be integrated into the current existing mock-up at the ZARM for relatively low-cost investigations of human factors affecting the BLSS. The MaMBA facility is available through collaborations as a test platform for characterizing, benchmarking, and testing BLSS under nominal and off-nominal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Heinicke
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity - ZARM, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Cyprien Verseux
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity - ZARM, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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9
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Kovalev VS, Grandl W, Manukovsky NS, Tikhomirov AA, Bӧck C. Modeling a lunar base mushroom farm. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2022; 33:1-6. [PMID: 35491024 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To calculate the equivalent system mass of mushrooms, a conceptual configuration of a mushroom farm as part of a bioregenerative life support system on an inhabited lunar base was designed. The mushroom farm consists of two connected modules. Each module is a double-shell rigid pipe-in-pipe aluminum structure. The first module is used to prepare and sterilize the substrate, while the mushrooms are sown and grown in the second module. Planned productivity of the mushroom farm is 28 kg of fresh mushrooms per one process cycle lasting 66 days for 14 consumers. Mushroom production can be increased using additional modules. The calculated equivalent system masses of the mushroom farm and the mushrooms produced therein is 88,432 kg and 31,550 kg per 1 kg of dry mushrooms in one process cycle, respectively. At that, the biggest contributor to the equivalent system mass of mushrooms is the total pressurized volume of the farm - 68%. The results obtained may be a prerequisite for performing trade-off studies between different configurations of mushroom farm and calculating a space diet using the equivalent system mass of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Kovalev
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation.
| | - W Grandl
- Architect and civil engineer, Tulln, Austria
| | - N S Manukovsky
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation; Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology Russian Federation
| | - A A Tikhomirov
- Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Russian Federation; Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology Russian Federation
| | - C Bӧck
- Mechanical engineer, Tulln, Austria
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10
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Liu H, Yao Z, Fu Y, Feng J. Review of research into bioregenerative life support system(s) which can support humans living in space. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 31:113-120. [PMID: 34689943 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To travel beyond the Earth and realize long-term survival in deep space, humans need to construct Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS), which reduces the requirement for supplies from the Earth by in situ regenerating oxygen, water and food needed by astronauts, and prevents pollution to extraterrestrial bodies by recycling waste. Since the 1960s, the USSR/Russia, the United States, Europe, Japan, and China carried out a number of studies with abundant achievements in BLSS systematic theories, plants/animals/microorganisms unit technologies, design/construction, and long-term operation/regulation. China's "Lunar Palace 365″ experiment realized Earth-based closed human survival for a year, with a material closure of >98%. However, a lot of research work is still needed to ultimately realize BLSS application in space, especially given the space experiment of BLSS never carried out, and the overall impact of space environment on BLSS unknown. Lunar exploration projects such as lunar village and lunar research station are successively proceeding. Therefore, future BLSS research will focus on lunar probe payload carrying experiments to study mechanisms of small uncrewed closed ecosystem in space and clarify the impact of space environmental conditions on the ecosystem, so as to correct the design and operation parameters of Earth-based BLSS. Such research will provide theoretical and technological support for BLSS application in crewed deep space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhikai Yao
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuming Fu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiajie Feng
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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11
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Boeken U, Ensminger S, Assmann A, Schmid C, Werdan K, Michels G, Miera O, Schmidt F, Klotz S, Starck C, Pilarczyk K, Rastan A, Burckhardt M, Nothacker M, Muellenbach R, Zausig Y, Haake N, Groesdonk H, Ferrari M, Buerke M, Hennersdorf M, Rosenberg M, Schaible T, Köditz H, Kluge S, Janssens U, Lubnow M, Flemmer A, Herber-Jonat S, Wessel L, Buchwald D, Maier S, Krüger L, Fründ A, Jaksties R, Fischer S, Wiebe K, Hartog C, Dzemali O, Zimpfer D, Ruttmann-Ulmer E, Schlensak C, Kelm M, Beckmann A. [Use of extracorporeal circulation (ECLS/ECMO) for cardiac and circulatory failure : Short version of the S3 guideline]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2021; 116:678-686. [PMID: 34665281 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-021-00868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In Germany, a remarkable increase regarding the usage of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) systems has been observed in recent years with approximately 3000 ECLS/ECMO implantations annually since 2015. Despite the widespread use of ECLS/ECMO, evidence-based recommendations or guidelines are still lacking regarding indications, contraindications, limitations and management of ECMO/ECLS patients. Therefore in 2015, the German Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (GSTCVS) registered the multidisciplinary S3 guideline "Use of extracorporeal circulation (ECLS/ECMO) for cardiac and circulatory failure" to develop evidence-based recommendations for ECMO/ECLS systems according to the requirements of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF). Although the clinical application of ECMO/ECLS represents the main focus, the presented guideline also addresses structural and economic issues. Experts from 17 German, Austrian and Swiss scientific societies and a patients' organization, guided by the GSTCVS, completed the project in February 2021. In this report, we present a summary of the methodological concept and tables displaying the recommendations for each chapter of the guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Boeken
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Medical School, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| | - Stephan Ensminger
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Assmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Medical School, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Christof Schmid
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Karl Werdan
- Clinic for Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle-Wittenberg, Deutschland
| | - Guido Michels
- Department of Acute and Emergency Care, St Antonius Hospital Eschweiler, Eschweiler, Deutschland
| | - Oliver Miera
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease-Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Segeberger Kliniken, Bad Segeberg, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Starck
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kevin Pilarczyk
- Imland Hospital Rendsburg, Department for Intensive Care Medicine, Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Deutschland
| | - Ardawan Rastan
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Thoracic Surgery, Philipps University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Marion Burckhardt
- Department of Health Sciences and Management, Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University (DHBW)-Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Monika Nothacker
- Institute for Medical Knowledge Management, Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF), Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Ralf Muellenbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Campus Kassel of the University of Southampton, Kassel, Deutschland
| | - York Zausig
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Aschaffenburg-Alzenau Hospital, Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, Deutschland
| | - Nils Haake
- Imland Hospital Rendsburg, Department for Intensive Care Medicine, Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Deutschland
| | - Heinrich Groesdonk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Helios Clinic Erfurt, 99089, Erfurt, Deutschland
| | - Markus Ferrari
- HSK, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Helios-Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - Michael Buerke
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, St. Marienkrankenhaus Siegen, Siegen, Deutschland
| | - Marcus Hennersdorf
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, SLK-Kliniken Heilbronn, Heilbronn, Deutschland
| | - Mark Rosenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Schaible
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Deutschland
| | - Harald Köditz
- Medical University Children's Hospital, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Uwe Janssens
- Medical Clinic and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, St Antonius Hospital, Eschweiler, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Lubnow
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Flemmer
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital and Perinatal Center Munich-Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Deutschland
| | - Susanne Herber-Jonat
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital and Perinatal Center Munich-Grosshadern, LMU Munich, Munich, Deutschland
| | - Lucas Wessel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Dirk Buchwald
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Sven Maier
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg University, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - Lars Krüger
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr University, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Fründ
- Department of Physiotherapy, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr University, Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Rolf Jaksties
- German Heart Foundation, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Support, Ibbenbueren General Hospital, Ibbenbueren, Deutschland
| | - Karsten Wiebe
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Christiane Hartog
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Omer Dzemali
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Triemli City Hospital Zurich, Birmensdorferstraße 497, 8063, Zurich, Schweiz
| | - Daniel Zimpfer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Österreich
| | - Elfriede Ruttmann-Ulmer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Christian Schlensak
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Medical School, Moorenstraße 5, Duesseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Beckmann
- German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, Luisenstraße 58/59, Berlin, Deutschland
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12
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Kaschubek D. Optimized crop growth area composition for long duration spaceflight. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 30:55-65. [PMID: 34281665 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an optimized composition of crop growth areas for biological life support systems with respect to nutrition and equivalent system mass. For this purpose, crop growth area compositions from literature are compared with compositions derived from an optimization algorithm. The optimization algorithm uses literature data for crop growth rates and crop nutrient content to minimize the required crop growth area required to supply all nutrients for a human. The algorithm derives the required crop growth area per crew member under different dietary boundary conditions and the resulting nutrient supply is compared to reported diets from crops for spaceflight. The primary goal of this optimization is to find the minimal area required to supply all relevant macronutrients. The minimal area for the exact desired composition of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) was 106.86 m² using chard, lettuce, peanut, bell pepper, snap beans and spinach. If a deviation in the macronutrient composition is allowed the required area can be reduced to 39.88 m² of wheat and white potatoes. Since the variety of crops is a relevant factor for long term food supply, a limit of the maximum growth area per crop was introduced to derive a diet with more variety, which resulted in a minimal area of 57.04 m² using drybean, rice, snap beans, sweet potato, wheat and white potato. Based on this result, a further manual adjustment of the crop growth areas was performed to also introduce lettuce and tomato in the crops provided and adjust the remaining crop compositions to receive better macro- and micronutrient conformity while maintaining a crop growth area of 57 m². One major result of this analysis is that soybeans are not the most favorable crop with regard to protein and fat productivity and the focus of NASA crop selection for full nutrient supply on soybean results in exceedingly large required crop areas of 164.15 m². The resulting crop growth areas from both the optimization and literature are then analyzed as plant growth chambers (PGC) in the Life Support Trade-Off Tool (LiSTOT) of the institute of astronautic from the Technical University of Munich (TUM). LiSTOT calculates the impact of the PGC on an ISS based environmental control and life support system (ECLSS) using averaged steady state values for the plants from literature. Based on this result LiSTOT scales the physical chemical systems and calculates the resulting equivalent system mass (ESM) of the different cases. This approach allows the consideration of not only the PGC ESM, but also the impacts the PGC has on other ECLSS systems and their ESM. The ESM values for PGC were updated to assume LEDs instead of high pressure sodium lamps resulting in a new logistic mass of the PGC of 1.28 kg/(y m²) and a lower specific system mass of 87.7 kg/m². The mass balance analysis of carbon within the overall ECLSS lead to a reduction of the plant growth area to 50.6 m² and the break-even time with the ISS ECLSS was calculated to 87.2 years. With more optimistic assumptions for the LED and using urine as nutrient supply this time can be reduced to 14.6 years. The analysis also showed that the derived crop composition is not only favorable regarding nutrient supply but also with regard to the ESM and break-even time compared to previously reported crop compositions. Only the PGC with only wheat and white potatoes has a lower ESM but also provides a less balanced nutrient supply. This PGC is downscaled to 37.55 m² to achieve carbon balance and a break-even time of 38.4 years or 10.3 years with the optimistic assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kaschubek
- Institute of Astronautics, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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13
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Jin X, Ai W, Li C, Zhang L, Yu Q, Tang Y, Dong W. Operation overview of a biological waste treatment system during the 4-crew 180-day integrated experiment in the controlled ecological life support system (CELSS). Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 29:15-21. [PMID: 33888283 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste management and treatment is vital to health care and material circulation, especially in the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) with finite resources for long-duration manned space missions. A closed ecological-cycle integrated 4-crew 180-day experiment platform was established to investigate the key technologies such as effective cultivation of higher plant, water treatment and recycling, waste management and treatment. In this study, generated waste during the integrated experiment was classified as renewable and non-renewable waste. The renewable waste including all crew feces and part of inedible plant biomass were treated in a biological system where the aerobic composting technology was utilized. The performance in relation to degradation effect, phytotoxicity and nutrient evaluation was examined during the continuous 180 days. The long-term operation results displayed that 96.26 kg feces and 74.4 kg wheat straw were treated, and 90.6 kg compost product was discharged in nine batches. The microbial community variation was analyzed and Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria enriched in the compost. The phytotoxicity of compost was examined by seed germination index (GI) and GI of Chinese cabbage ranged from 88% to 132% for all batches. Compared to grown in vermiculite only, the lettuce yield increased 19% when grown in a mixture of vermiculite and processed compost. The summary of this work will be helpful to facilitate future applications of aerobic composting technology as the bio-based waste treatment technology in CELSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Jin
- Space Science and Technology Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518117, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weidang Ai
- Space Science and Technology Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518117, China; National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training center, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Chengxian Li
- Space Science and Technology Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518117, China
| | - Liangchang Zhang
- Space Science and Technology Institute (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518117, China; National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qingni Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yongkang Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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14
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Kordyum E, Hasenstein KH. Plant biology for space exploration - Building on the past, preparing for the future. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 29:1-7. [PMID: 33888282 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A review of past insights of space experiments with plants outlines basic space and gravity effects as well as gene expression. Efforts to grow plants in space gradually incorporated basic question on plant productivity, stress response and cultivation. The prospect of extended space missions as well as colonization of the Moon and Mars require better understanding and therefore research efforts on biomass productivity, substrate and water relations, atmospheric composition, pressure and temperature and substrate and volume (growth space) requirements. The essential combination of using plants not only for food production but also for regeneration of waste, and recycling of carbon and oxygen production requires integration of complex biological and engineering aspects. We combine a historical account of plant space research with considerations for future research on plant cultivation, selection, and productivity based on space-related environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kordyum
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Botany NASU, Tereschenkivska Str. 2, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine, United States
| | - Karl H Hasenstein
- Biology Department, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504-3602, United States.
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15
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De Pascale S, Arena C, Aronne G, De Micco V, Pannico A, Paradiso R, Rouphael Y. Biology and crop production in Space environments: Challenges and opportunities. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 29:30-37. [PMID: 33888285 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term manned space-exploration missions and the permanence of human colonies on orbital stations or planetary habitats will require the regeneration of resources onboard or in-situ. Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs) are artificial environments where different compartments, involving both living organisms and physical-chemical processes, are integrated to achieve a safe, self-regulating, and chemically balanced Earth-like environment to support human life. Higher plants are key elements of such systems and Space greenhouses represent the producers' compartment. Growing plants in Space requires the knowledge of their growth responses not only to all environmental factors acting on Earth, but also to specific Space constraints such as altered gravity, ionizing radiations and confined volume. Moreover, cultivation techniques need to be adjusted considering such limitations. The type and intensity of environmental factors to be taken into account depend on the mission scenarios. Here, we summarize constraints and opportunities of cultivating higher plants in Space to regenerate resources and produce fresh food onboard. Both biological and agro-technological issues are considered briefly going through experiments both ground-based on Earth and in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - C Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - G Aronne
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - V De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - A Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - R Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Y Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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Liu D, Xie B, Liu H, Yao Z, Liu H. Effect of solid waste fermentation substrate on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth in closed artificial ecosystem. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2020; 26:163-172. [PMID: 32718682 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) is a closed artificial ecosystem and could provide oxygen, food, water and other substrates for long-term deep space survival. The treatment and recycle of the solid waste are crucial and rate-limiting steps in BLSS, and it's reported that the solid waste such as the inedible plants and human feces could be fermented aerobically and then reused as fertilizer for growing plants in BLSS, which may be an effective way to improve the solid waste recycling rate. However, the recycling performance and the effect on the system need to be evaluated. In this study, the fermented and decomposed solid waste product from the 365d BLSS experiment with human involved in Lunar Palace 1 was utilized, and was added to the Hoagland nutrient solution as a supplementary fertilizer in the weight proportion of 5% and 10%, respectively, for the cultivation of wheat (Group-5% and Group-10%). Then, the effects on wheat germination, morphology, photosynthesis, biomass, the conductivity of the cultured substrates and microorganisms were detected and compared with those of the CK group cultured using only Hoagland nutrient solution. The results showed that this planting method had no inhibitory effect on the wheat germination, root length and yield, and might even promote the vegetative growth of wheat in terms of Vigor index, plant height, leaf area and net photosynthesis rate to some extent. The added solid waste fermentation substrate as well as the planting environment in Lunar Palace 1 both had significant influences on the rhizosphere microorganisms of wheat. The bacteria diversity was more abundant than fungi at phylum level, and the relative abundance varied along with the wheat growth period. The relative abundance of the cellulose degrading microorganisms including Actinobacteria and Ascomycota increased in Group-5% and Group-10% compared with CK group along with the growth of wheat. Moreover, the proper reuse of the fermentation substrate could reduce the use of inorganic salts by 9.8%-11.9% and save 40L•m - 2 of water for wheat cultivation. This research has considerable application significance in future deep space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlei Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Beizhen Xie
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhikai Yao
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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17
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Caporale AG, Vingiani S, Palladino M, El-Nakhel C, Duri LG, Pannico A, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S, Adamo P. Geo-mineralogical characterisation of Mars simulant MMS-1 and appraisal of substrate physico-chemical properties and crop performance obtained with variable green compost amendment rates. Sci Total Environ 2020; 720:137543. [PMID: 32135285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The configuration of a biologically fertile substrate for edible plant growth during long-term manned missions to Mars constitutes one of the main challenges in space research. Mars regolith amendment with compost derived from crew and crop waste in bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) may generate a substrate able to extend crew autonomy and long-term survival in space. In this context, the aim of our work was threefold: first, to study the geochemistry and mineralogy of Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS-1) and the physico-chemical and hydraulic properties of mixtures obtained by mixing MMS-1 and green compost at varying rates (0:100, 30:70, 70:30, 100:0; v:v); secondly, to evaluate the potential use of MMS-1 as a growing medium of two lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars; thirdly, to assess how compost addition may impact on sustainability of space agriculture by exploiting in situ resources. MMS-1 is a coarse-textured alkaline substrate consisting mostly of plagioclase, amorphous material and secondarily of zeolite, hematite and smectites. Although it can be a source of nutrients, it lacks organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur, which may be supplied by compost. Both cultivars grew well on all mixtures for 19 days under fertigation. Red Salanova lettuce produced a statistically higher dry biomass, leaf number and area than Green Salanova. Leaf area and plant dry biomass were the highest on 30:70 simulant:compost mixture. Nevertheless, the 70:30 mixture was the best substrate in terms of pore-size distribution for water-plant relationship and the best compromise for plant growth and sustainable use of compost, a limited resource in BLSS. Many remaining issues warrant further investigation concerning the dynamics of compost production, standardisation of supply during space missions and representativeness of simulants to real Mars regolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Caporale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Simona Vingiani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre on the 'Earth Critical Zone' for Supporting the Landscape and Agroenvironment Management (CRISP), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy.
| | - Mario Palladino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi G Duri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre on the 'Earth Critical Zone' for Supporting the Landscape and Agroenvironment Management (CRISP), University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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18
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Liu D, Xie B, Dong Y, Liu H. Semi-continuous fermentation of solid waste in closed artificial ecosystem: Microbial diversity, function genes evaluation. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2020; 25:136-142. [PMID: 32414487 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) is a closed artificial ecosystem and could provide oxygen, food, water and other substances for space survival. Solid waste treatment is a key rate-limiting step in BLSS. In this study, solid wastes including wheat straw, human and yellow mealworm feces were disposed in a semi-continuous bio-convertor for 105 days in a ground-based experimental BLSS platform (Lunar Palace 1). Solid wastes at different periods were sampled and the microbial community variation, functional genes and metabolic pathways were analyzed. The results showed phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria predominated in all samples. While microbial community structures at genus level were significantly different, indicating selective enrichment during the 105-day process. The abundance of functional gene related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism was predicted higher on 45-day and 70-day. The metabolic pathway analysis revealed the degradation mechanisms and provided evidence for metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianlei Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Beizhen Xie
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yingying Dong
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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19
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Zhang D, Luther AK, Clauwaert P, Ciccioli P, Ronsse F. Assessment of carbon recovery from solid organic wastes by supercritical water oxidation for a regenerative life support system. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:8260-8270. [PMID: 31897988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The carbon recovery from organic space waste by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) was studied to support resource recovery in a regenerative life support system. Resource recovery is of utmost importance in such systems which only have a limited total amount of mass. However, the practical waste treatment strategies for solid space wastes employed today are only storing and disposal without further recovery. This work assesses the performance of SCWO at recovering organic wastes as CO2 and water, to discuss the superiority of SCWO over most present strategies, and to evaluate the different SCWO reactor systems for space application. Experiments were carried out with a batch and a continuous reactor at different reaction conditions. The liquid and gas products distribution were analyzed to understand the conversion of organics in SCWO. Up to 97% and 93% of the feed carbon were recovered as CO2 in the continuous and the batch reactor, respectively. Residual carbon was mostly found as soluble organics in the effluent. Compared with the batch reactor, the continuous reactor system demonstrated a ten times higher capacity within the same reactor volume, while the batch reactor system was capable of handling feeds that contained particulate matter though suffering from poor heat integration (hence low-energy efficiency) and inter-batch variability. It was concluded that SCWO could be a promising technology to treat solid wastes for space applications. A continuous reactor would be more suitable for a regenerative life support system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amanda K Luther
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Clauwaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- IMC Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Area della Ricerca RM 1, 00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Frederik Ronsse
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Chen J, Wang Q, Hao Z, Li Z, Sahu SK, Liu H, Xiao L. Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Energy/Nutrient Intake in a Confined Bioregenerative Life Support System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02465-19. [PMID: 31811045 PMCID: PMC6997737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02465-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome is modified in space analogs and that human health can be affected during actual spaceflight. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome and dietary intake in simulator subjects and astronauts remains unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are confined and self-sufficient ecosystems that enable exploration of this issue. Here, we correlate changes in gut microbes to the nutrient types present in controlled diets within subjects cohabitating in a BLSS. A metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) was performed on 55 shotgun-sequenced fecal samples longitudinally obtained from healthy Chinese subjects (n = 4 in total, n = 2 per sex) subjected to a 60-day BLSS stay and a specialized diet. Each food item was categorized based on nutrient type according to the Chinese Food Ingredients List (https://wenku.baidu.com/view/3f2b628488eb172ded630b1c59eef8c75fbf9514.html?from=search). The physical parameters of each subject fluctuated within normal medical ranges. Sex- and individual-specific differences and a trend of individual convergence of the gut microbiome in the BLSS were observed. Depletion of bacterial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium longum, and Escherichia coli and functional modules such as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, as well as an increase in an unidentified Lachnospiraceae and glutamate/tryptophan synthesis, were observed in the BLSS. Correlation analysis showed that these compositional and functional changes were associated with energy/nutrient intake during the BLSS stay. Our findings suggest that the gut microbiota is a useful indicator for monitoring health and that individual nutritive diets should be considered according to sex and individual differences in simulations or in spaceflight.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome shows individual specificity and is affected by sex, environment, and diet; gut microbiome imbalance is related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Astronauts are faced with a challenging environment and limited diet in outer space. Recent studies indicate that the gut microbiome is altered in space simulators and space, but what happens to intestinal microorganisms when astronauts cohabitate in a self-sufficient ecosystem in which they plant and cook food is unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are ideal devices to investigate the above issues because they are closed and self-sufficient. Four healthy Chinese subjects cohabitated in a confined BLSS for 60 days, during which their physical parameters and energy/nutrient intake were recorded. We performed a metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) on 55 shotgun-sequenced fecal samples longitudinally obtained from the subjects. Alterations occurred in the gut microbial composition and function, and their relationships with energy/nutrient intake were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zikai Hao
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Arena C, Vitale E, Hay Mele B, Cataletto PR, Turano M, Simoniello P, De Micco V. Suitability of Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Microtom' for growth in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems: exploring the effect of high-LET ionising radiation on photosynthesis, leaf structure and fruit traits. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:615-626. [PMID: 30585676 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The realisation of manned space exploration requires the development of Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS). In such self-sufficient closed habitats, higher plants have a fundamental role in air regeneration, water recovery, food production and waste recycling. In the space environment, ionising radiation represents one of the main constraints to plant growth. In this study, we explore whether low doses of heavy ions, namely Ca 25 Gy, delivered at the seed stage, may induce positive outcomes on growth and functional traits in plants of Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Microtom'. After irradiation of seed, plant growth was monitored during the whole plant life cycle, from germination to fruit ripening. Morphological parameters, photosynthetic efficiency, leaf anatomical functional traits and antioxidant production in leaves and fruits were analysed. Our data demonstrate that irradiation of seeds with 25 Gy Ca ions does not prevent achievement of the seed-to-seed cycle in 'Microtom', and induces a more compact plant size compared to the control. Plants germinated from irradiated seeds show better photochemical efficiency than controls, likely due to the higher amount of D1 protein and photosynthetic pigment content. Leaves of these plants also had smaller cells with a lower number of chloroplasts. The dose of 25 Gy Ca ions is also responsible for positive outcomes in fruits: although developing a lower number of berries, plants germinated from irradiated seeds produce larger berries, richer in carotenoids, ascorbic acid and anthocyanins than controls. These specific traits may be useful for 'Microtom' cultivation in BLSS in space, in so far as the crew members could benefit from fresh food richer in functional compounds that can be directly produced on board.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - E Vitale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - B Hay Mele
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - P R Cataletto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Turano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - P Simoniello
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Pathenope, Centro Direzionale Isola C4, Naples, Italy
| | - V De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (Naples), Italy
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Jurga A, Janiak K, Ratkiewicz K, Podstawczyk D. An overview of blackwater data collection from space life support systems and its comparison to a terrestrial wastewater dataset. J Environ Manage 2019; 241:198-210. [PMID: 31004997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extraterrestrial colonization is a certain eventuality that would be nearly impossible without the efficient and robust resources of recovering life support systems. Knowledge of inputs is necessary for the development of such systems, especially for the first stages of design such as mass balancing and the selection of unitary processes. One of the most important inputs is blackwater, as this stream is the most polluted and rich in resources and needs to be treated and reused. In the paper, data from space missions and terrestrial sources concerning the flows, concentrations and loads in urine and feces are compared and analyzed. It is shown that results obtained during space missions are scarce and for many parameters no information is available. It is also shown how gravity influences the elemental composition of urine and feces. In contrast, data from terrestrial sources are abundant. The presented analysis shows that data from space and terrestrial systems are convergent for many parameters and that the available terrestrial data for those parameters can be used for mass balancing and unitary process selection without a high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurga
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Janiak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ratkiewicz
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Podstawczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373, Wroclaw, Poland
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23
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Recent progress in the field of artificial organs. Artif Organs 2019; 43:524-5. [PMID: 31050024 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trifonov SV, Morozov YA, Kozlova TA. Processing of household waste in the BTLSS using the wet combustion method. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 21:22-24. [PMID: 31101152 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study discusses physicochemical methods of organic waste processing in closed biotechnical life support systems (BTLSS). Sanitary and household cotton wastes were processed by the method of wet combustion in hydrogen peroxide using an alternating current electric field - a promising physicochemical method for organic waste processing in the BTLSS. The highest efficiency of the process (in terms of power consumption, duration of the process, and oxidation rate) was achieved in experiments with oxidation of a combination of cotton fabrics and urea-containing wastes such as human urine and feces. The reason for this must be that urea is a reactive aqueous solvent of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Trifonov
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russian Federation.
| | - Ye A Morozov
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russian Federation
| | - T A Kozlova
- Institute of Biophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russian Federation
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Graham T, Yorio N, Zhang P, Massa G, Wheeler R. Early seedling response of six candidate crop species to increasing levels of blue light. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 21:40-48. [PMID: 31101154 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light emitting diode (LED) lighting technology for crop production is advancing at a rapid pace, both in terms of the technology itself (e.g., spectral composition and efficiency), and the research that the technological advances have enabled. The application of LED technology for crop production was first explored as a tool for improving the safety and reliability of plant-based bioregenerative life-support systems for long duration human space exploration. Developing and optimizing the lighting environment (spectral quality and quantity) for bioregenerative life-support applications and other controlled environment plant production applications, such as microgreens and sprout production, continues to be an active area of research and LED technology development. This study examines the influence of monochromatic and dichromatic red and blue light on the early development of six food crop species; Cucumis sativa, Solanum lycopersicum, Glycine max, Raphanus sativus, Pisum sativum, and Capsicum annum. Results support previous findings that light responses are often species specific. The results also support the assertion that monochromatic light can interfere with the normal interaction of various photoreceptors (co-action disruption) resulting in intermediate and sometimes unpredictable responses to a given light environment. The nature of the responses reported inform both bioregenerative life-support designs as well as light quality selection for the production of controlled environment crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Graham
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, United States; University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada.
| | - Neil Yorio
- BIOS: Biological Innovation & Optimization Systems, 907 E. Strawbridge Avenue, Suite 201, Melbourne, FL 32901, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Gioia Massa
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, United States
| | - Raymond Wheeler
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, United States
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Taub FB. Why did carbon become the pseudo-limiting factor in aquatic closed ecological systems? Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 20:30-34. [PMID: 30797432 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Closure from the earth's atmosphere is a critical test of an ecosystem's ability to function. In our earlier testing of autotrophic Closed Ecological Systems (CESs), a C:N ratio of 26.4 (3.3 mM NaHCO3 and 0.125 mM NaNO3) supported algal and Daphnia populations for months, but developed extreme pH values (∼11 ungrazed, >10, grazed), suggesting that the systems were carbon-limited. Only approximately half the HCO3- (bicarbonate) would be expected to be available to green algae, the other portion becoming CO3-2 (carbonate). In an experiment described here, CESs were developed to explore a greater range of C:N ratios. To keep the medium from becoming too osmotically concentrated, NaNO3 was reduced to 0.0312 mM and NaHCO3 tested at 3.3, 13.2, and 26.4 mM, resulting in nominal C:N ratios of 105, 422, and 845. However, additional carbon was not beneficial to long-term survival of the organisms. The algal abundance was relatively insensitive to C:N ratio; greater concentrations of C were not beneficial. Daphnia populations were sensitive to C:N ratio and persisted longer at the lowest C:N ratio of 105. All of the C:N ratios tested in these CESs are outside of the expected range suggested from ecological studies, which is based on the Redfield Ratio of 6.625 C:N, the expected chemical composition of algae. Two potential explanations for the apparent high C demand in our CESs are suggested by the literature. The first is production of fatty algal cells, e.g., one of the algal species, Scenedesmus obliquus, is reported to produce high-lipid cells that could have a higher C:N ratio than the Redfield Ratio. The second is "carbon overconsumption," which has been suggested for N-limited marine phytoplankton communities dominated by diatoms or nutrient deficient algal communities dominated by small cells that are under-represented by chlorophyll a measurements. The unexpected C dynamics found in our CES tests could be relevant to the design of biological life support systems that must be provisioned with adequate elements for long-term ecosystem functionality. If the actual demand for C is underestimated, its storage may be inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieda B Taub
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
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27
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Tikhomirova NA, Trifonov SV, Ushakova SA, Morozov EA, Anischenko OV, Tikhomirov AA. Incorporation of mineralized human waste and fish waste as a source of higher plant mineral nutrition in the BTLSS mass exchange. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2019; 20:53-61. [PMID: 30797434 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the development of the principles and conditions of fish waste mineralization using the method of wet combustion with hydrogen peroxide in alternating electromagnetic field and describes testing mineralized human waste and fish waste as sources of nutrients for plants in the biotechnical human life support system (BTLSS). The study shows that mineralization of fish waste in the wet combustion reactor should be performed in the presence of readily oxidized organic matter, represented by human waste, as an activator of oxidation. Re-mineralization of the sediment in the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid in the wet combustion reactor converts mineral elements bound in the sediment into the form available to plants. Using mineralized fish waste as an additional source of mineral elements in the nutrient solutions for growing plants based on mineralized human waste is a way to reduce the amounts of mineral elements added to the solution to replenish it, enabling fuller closure of material loops in the BTLSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Tikhomirova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - S V Trifonov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - S A Ushakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - E A Morozov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - O V Anischenko
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - A A Tikhomirov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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Fu Y, Guo R, Liu H. An optimized 4-day diet meal plan for 'Lunar Palace 1'. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:696-702. [PMID: 29974474 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) provide self-sufficient food ingredients to support long-term manned missions. It is crucial to transform raw food ingredients that are regenerated in situ in BLSS into nutritional and delectable meals for spacecraft crews. It is in our interest to develop a dietary menu with Chinese characteristics that comprises biomass produced in situ with BLSS regenerated ingredients. RESULTS Here we report an optimized Chinese 4-day diet meal plan for 'Lunar Palace 1' that is nutritionally balanced and highly acceptable. The 2900 cal diet menu not only meets the requirements of a balanced diet for crews but also exceeds the recommended levels for most nutrients. Specifically, daily fresh food consumption in our meal plan is 1267 g day-1 , of which 78% is provided by crops and insects regenerated in situ in the BLSS. The meal plan is highly favored by Chinese crews, with acceptability as high as 7.8-8.2 on a 9-point hedonic scale. We further confirmed that our meal plan satisfies crews' basic nutritional needs through a 105-day closed habitation experiment. CONCLUSION In brief, the findings provide new insights for dietary meal plan design in future long-term manned missions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Fu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Tikhomirov AA, Ushakova SA, Velichko VV, Trifonov SV, Tikhomirova NA, Kalacheva GS. A small closed ecosystem with an estimated portion of human metabolism. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 19:63-67. [PMID: 30482284 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study describes a small closed ecosystem used to test technologies to be further employed in full-scale manned closed ecosystems. The experimental ecosystem is designed to use a certain portion of human metabolism, which is included in the gas, water, and organic waste loops of the system. In this experimental ecosystem, gas and water loops are fully closed, and the model enables processing of human waste and plant inedible biomass. A physicochemical method is used to remove pollutants from the air in the system. A human takes part in the gas exchange of the system through its respiration loop. This experimental ecosystem can be used for testing and improving new technologies to be further used in the future space stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tikhomirov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - Sofya A Ushakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Velichko
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Sergey V Trifonov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Natalia A Tikhomirova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Galina S Kalacheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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Morozov YA, Trifonov SV, Ushakova SA, Anishchenko OV, Tikhomirov AA. Feasibility of incorporating all products of human waste processing into material cycling in the BTLSS. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 18:29-34. [PMID: 30100145 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study addresses the ways to increase the closure of biotechnical life support systems (BTLSS) for space applications. A promising method of organic waste processing based on "wet combustion" in hydrogen peroxide developed at the IBP SB RAS to produce fertilizers for higher plants is discussed. The method is relatively compact, energy efficient, productive, and eco-friendly. However, about 4-6 g/L of recalcitrant sediment containing such essential nutrients as Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn precipitates after the initial process. These elements are unavailable to plants grown hydroponically and, thus, drop out of the cycling as dead-end products. Possible methods of dissolving that sediment have been studied. Results of experiments show that the most promising method is additional oxidation of the sediment in HNO3 + H2O2. By using the new technological process, which only involves substances synthesized inside the BTLSS material flows, more than 90% of each nutrient can be converted into the form available to plants in irrigation solutions, thus returning them into the material cycling. The results obtained in this study show the efficacy of supplementing the irrigation solutions with the mineral nutrients after sediment dissolution. Lettuce plants grown as the test object on the newly prepared irrigation solutions produced the yield that was more than twice higher than the yield produced on the nutrient solutions prepared without the sediment conversion into a soluble form. Composition of the gases emitted during this process has been analyzed. Dynamics of oxidation of the small fractions of a wax-like sediment remaining after the initial sediment dissolution in HNO3 + H2O2 in the BTLSS soil-like substrate has been studied. The entire technological scheme aimed at the full inclusion of all human wastes into the BTLSS cycling has been suggested and discussed. A process scheme of including products of human waste processing in the biotic cycle of the BTLSS is discussed in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye A Morozov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, 31 "Krasnoyarskiy Rabochiy" Ave., Krasnoyarsk 660037, Russia.
| | - S V Trifonov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - S A Ushakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - O V Anishchenko
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - A A Tikhomirov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center" SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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31
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Velichko VV, Tikhomirov AA, Ushakova SA. Estimating CO 2 gas exchange in mixed age vegetable plant communities grown on soil-like substrates for life support systems. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 16:47-51. [PMID: 29475519 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
If soil-like substrate (SLS) is to be used in human life support systems with a high degree of mass closure, the rate of its gas exchange as a compartment for mineralization of plant biomass should be understood. The purpose of this study was to compare variations in CO2 gas exchange of vegetable plant communities grown on the soil-like substrate using a number of plant age groups, which determined the so-called conveyor interval. Two experimental plant communities were grown as plant conveyors with different conveyor intervals. The first plant community consisted of conveyors with intervals of 7 days for carrot and beet and 14 days for chufa sedge. The conveyor intervals in the second plant community were 14 days for carrot and beet and 28 days for chufa sedge. This study showed that increasing the number of age groups in the conveyor and, thus, increasing the frequency of adding plant waste to the SLS, decreased the range of variations in CO2 concentration in the "plant-soil-like substrate" system. However, the resultant CO2 gas exchange was shifted towards CO2 release to the atmosphere of the plant community with short conveyor intervals. The duration of the conveyor interval did not significantly affect productivity and mineral composition of plants grown on the SLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Velichko
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
| | - A A Tikhomirov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - S A Ushakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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Dai K, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang X. Non-methane hydrocarbons in a controlled ecological life support system. Chemosphere 2018; 193:207-212. [PMID: 29131979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are vital to people's health and plants' growth, especially inside a controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) built for long-term space explorations. In this study, we measured 54 kinds of NMHCs to study their changing trends in concentration levels during a 4-person-180-day integrated experiment inside a CELSS with four cabins for plants growing and other two cabins for human daily activities and resources management. During the experiment, the total mixing ratio of measured NMHCs was 423 ± 283 ppbv at the first day and it approached 2961 ± 323 ppbv ultimately. Ethane and propane were the most abundant alkanes and their mixing ratios kept growing from 27.5 ± 19.4 and 31.0 ± 33.6 ppbv to 2423 ± 449 ppbv and 290 ± 10 ppbv in the end. For alkenes, ethylene and isoprene presented continuously fluctuating states during the experimental period with average mixing ratios of 30.4 ± 19.3 ppbv, 7.4 ± 5.8 ppbv. For aromatic hydrocarbons, the total mixing ratios of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes declined from 48.0 ± 44 ppbv initially to 3.8 ± 1.1 ppbv ultimately. Biomass burning, sewage treatment, construction materials and plants all contributed to NMHCs inside CELSS. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the changing trends of NMHCs in a long-term closed ecological environment's atmosphere which provides valuable information for both the atmosphere management of CELSS and the exploration of interactions between humans and the total environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Human Engineering, Astronaut Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingni Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Engineering, Astronaut Center of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Space Institute of Southern China (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
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Niederwieser T, Kociolek P, Klaus D. Spacecraft cabin environment effects on the growth and behavior of Chlorella vulgaris for life support applications. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 16:8-17. [PMID: 29475523 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) is necessary for humans to survive in the hostile environment of space. As future missions move beyond Earth orbit for extended durations, reclaiming human metabolic waste streams for recycled use becomes increasingly important. Historically, these functions have been accomplished using a variety of physical and chemical processes with limited recycling capabilities. In contrast, biological systems can also be incorporated into a spacecraft to essentially mimic the balance of photosynthesis and respiration that occurs in Earth's ecosystem, along with increasing the reuse of biomass throughout the food chain. In particular, algal photobioreactors that use Chlorella vulgaris have been identified as potential multifunctional components for use as part of such a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). However, a connection between the biological research examining C. vulgaris behavior and the engineered spacecraft cabin environmental conditions has not yet been thoroughly established. This review article characterizes the ranges of prior and expected cabin parameters (e.g. temperature, lighting, carbon dioxide, pH, oxygen, pressure, growth media, contamination, gravity, and radiation) and reviews algal metabolic response (e.g. growth rate, composition, carbon dioxide fixation rates, and oxygen evolution rates) to changes in those parameters that have been reported in prior space research and from related Earth-based experimental observations. Based on our findings, it appears that C. vulgaris offers many promising advantages for use in a BLSS. Typical atmospheric conditions found in spacecraft such as elevated carbon dioxide levels are, in fact, beneficial for algal cultivation. Other spacecraft cabin parameters, however, introduce unique environmental factors, such as reduced total pressure with elevated oxygen concentration, increased radiation, and altered gravity, whose effects on the biological responses of C. vulgaris are not yet well understood. A summary of optimum growth parameter ranges for C. vulgaris is presented in this article as a guideline for designing and integrating an algal photobioreactor into a spacecraft life support system. Additional research challenges for evaluating as of yet uncharacterized parameters are also identified in this article that have the potential for improving spaceflight applications as well as terrestrial aquatic algal cultivation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Niederwieser
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder,429 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Patrick Kociolek
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder,1900 Pleasant Street, 334 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - David Klaus
- Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder,429 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Krivobok AS, Berkovich YA, Shcherbakova VA, Chuvilskaya NA. Developing a technique to enhance durability of fibrous ion-exchange resin substrate for space greenhouses. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 16:1-7. [PMID: 29475514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One way to cut consumables for space plant growth facilities (PGF) with artificial soil in the form of fibrous ion-exchange resin substrate (FIERS) is on-board regeneration of the used medium. After crop harvest the procedure includes removal of the roots from the fibrous media with preservation of the exchanger properties and capillary structure. One type of FIERS, namely BIONA-V3ۛ, has been used in Russian prototypes of space conveyors. We describe a two-stage treatment of BIONA-V3ۛ including primary microwave heating of the used FIERS until (90 ± 5) °C in alkali-peroxide solution during 3.5 hrs. The second stage of the treatment is decomposition of root vestiges inside pores of BIONA-V3ۛ by using thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic bacteria Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium cellulolyticum and Cellulosilyticum lentocellum during 7-10 days at 55 °C. The two-stage procedure allows extraction of 90% dead roots from the FIERS' pores and the preservation of root zone hydro-physical properties. A posterior enrichment of the FIERS by minerals makes BIONA- V3ۛ reusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Krivobok
- State Scientific Center - Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yu A Berkovich
- State Scientific Center - Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V A Shcherbakova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - N A Chuvilskaya
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Dai K, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang X. Aromatic hydrocarbons in a controlled ecological life support system during a 4-person-180-day integrated experiment. Sci Total Environ 2018; 610-611:905-911. [PMID: 28830050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is vital to the health and comfort of people who live inside a controlled ecological life support system (CELSS) built for long-term space explorations. Here we measured aromatic hydrocarbons to assess their sources and health risks during a 4-person-180-day integrated experiment inside a CELSS with four cabins for growing crops, vegetables and fruits and other two cabins for working, accommodations and resources management. During the experiment, the average concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylenes and o-xylene were found to decrease exponentially from 7.91±3.72, 37.2±35.2, 100.8±111.7 and 46.8±44.1μg/m3 to 0.39±0.34, 1.4±0.5, 2.8±0.7 and 2.1±0.9μg/m3, with half-lives of 25.3, 44.8, 44.7 and 69.3days, respectively. Toluene to benzene ratios indicated emission from construction materials or furniture to be a dominant source for toluene, and concentrations of toluene fluctuated during the experiment largely due to the changing sorption by growing plants. The cancer and no-cancer risks based on exposure pattern of the crews were insignificant in the end of the experiment. This study also suggested that using low-emitting materials/furniture, growing plants and purifying air actively would all help to lower hazardous air pollutants inside CELSS. Broadly, the results would benefit not only the development of safe and comfort life support systems for space exploration but also the understanding of interactions between human and the total environment in closed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Human Engineering, Astronaut Center of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingni Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Engineering, Astronaut Center of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Space Institute of Southern China (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
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36
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Villani ME, Massa S, Lopresto V, Pinto R, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Benvenuto E, Desiderio A. Effects of high-intensity static magnetic fields on a root-based bioreactor system for space applications. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2017; 15:79-87. [PMID: 29198317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic fields created by superconducting magnets have been proposed as an effective solution to protect spacecrafts and planetary stations from cosmic radiations. This shield can deflect high-energy particles exerting injurious effects on living organisms, including plants. In fact, plant systems are becoming increasingly interesting for space adaptation studies, being useful not only as food source but also as sink of bioactive molecules in future bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS). However, the application of protective magnetic shields would generate inside space habitats residual magnetic fields, of the order of few hundreds milli Tesla, whose effect on plant systems is poorly known. To simulate the exposure conditions of these residual magnetic fields in shielded environment, devices generating high-intensity static magnetic field (SMF) were comparatively evaluated in blind exposure experiments (250 mT, 500 mT and sham -no SMF-). The effects of these SMFs were assayed on tomato cultures (hairy roots) previously engineered to produce anthocyanins, known for their anti-oxidant properties and possibly useful in the setting of BLSS. Hairy roots exposed for periods ranging from 24 h to 11 days were morphometrically analyzed to measure their growth and corresponding molecular changes were assessed by a differential proteomic approach. After disclosing blind exposure protocol, a stringent statistical elaboration revealed the absence of significant differences in the soluble proteome, perfectly matching phenotypic results. These experimental evidences demonstrate that the identified plant system well tolerates the exposure to these magnetic fields. Results hereby described reinforce the notion of using this plant organ culture as a tool in ground-based experiments simulating space and planetary environments, in a perspective of using tomato 'hairy root' cultures as bioreactor of ready-to-use bioactive molecules during future long-term space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Villani
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Silvia Massa
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Vanni Lopresto
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Health Protection Technologies Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Rosanna Pinto
- ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Health Protection Technologies Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- CNR - National Research Council, ISPAAM, Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Naples Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- CNR - National Research Council, ISPAAM, Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Naples Italy
| | - Eugenio Benvenuto
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy.
| | - Angiola Desiderio
- ENEA - National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development, Casaccia Research Center, Biotechnology and Agro-Industry Division, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy.
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Fu Y, Li L, Xie B, Dong C, Wang M, Jia B, Shao L, Dong Y, Deng S, Liu H, Liu G, Liu B, Hu D, Liu H. How to Establish a Bioregenerative Life Support System for Long-Term Crewed Missions to the Moon or Mars. Astrobiology 2016; 16:925-936. [PMID: 27912029 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To conduct crewed simulation experiments of bioregenerative life support systems on the ground is a critical step for human life support in deep-space exploration. An artificial closed ecosystem named Lunar Palace 1 was built through integrating efficient higher plant cultivation, animal protein production, urine nitrogen recycling, and bioconversion of solid waste. Subsequently, a 105-day, multicrew, closed integrative bioregenerative life support systems experiment in Lunar Palace 1 was carried out from February through May 2014. The results show that environmental conditions as well as the gas balance between O2 and CO2 in the system were well maintained during the 105-day experiment. A total of 21 plant species in this system kept a harmonious coexistent relationship, and 20.5% nitrogen recovery from urine, 41% solid waste degradation, and a small amount of insect in situ production were achieved. During the 105-day experiment, oxygen and water were recycled, and 55% of the food was regenerated. Key Words: Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS)-Space agriculture-Space life support-Waste recycle-Water recycle. Astrobiology 16, 925-936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Fu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Leyuan Li
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Beizhen Xie
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Mingjuan Wang
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Jia
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Shao
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Dong
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Shengda Deng
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Bojie Liu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- 1 School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 2 Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, Beihang University , Beijing, China
- 3 International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing, China
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Abstract
Mechanical circulatory support has become an increasingly used management strategy for patients with both acute and chronic ventricular failure. This article briefly reviews the current state of mechanical circulatory support with a focus on indications, contraindications, and complications of currently available devices. Perioperative considerations for ventricular assist device implantation are discussed, including the decision-making process underlying the use of univentricular versus biventricular support, specific anesthetic considerations, and the role of transesophageal echocardiography where ventricular assist devices are concerned. The anesthetic considerations for the patient already supported by a ventricular assist device presenting for noncardiac surgery are also reviewed. The work concludes with a discussion of the rationale behind the next generation of continuous flow devices currently in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc E Stone
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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Graham T, Wheeler R. Root restriction: A tool for improving volume utilization efficiency in bioregenerative life-support systems. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2016; 9:62-68. [PMID: 27345202 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate root restriction as a tool to increase volume utilization efficiency in spaceflight crop production systems. Bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder) were grown under restricted rooting volume conditions in controlled environment chambers. The rooting volume was restricted to 500ml and 60ml in a preliminary trial, and 1500ml (large), 500ml (medium), and 250ml (small) for a full fruiting trial. To reduce the possible confounding effects of water and nutrient restrictions, care was taken to ensure an even and consistent soil moisture throughout the study, with plants being watered/fertilized several times daily with a low concentration soluble fertilizer solution. Root restriction resulted in a general reduction in biomass production, height, leaf area, and transpiration rate; however, the fruit production was not significantly reduced in the root restricted plants under the employed environmental and horticultural conditions. There was a 21% reduction in total height and a 23% reduction in overall crown diameter between the large and small pot size in the fruiting study. Data from the fruiting trial were used to estimate potential volume utilization efficiency improvements for edible biomass in a fixed production volume. For fixed lighting and rooting hardware situations, the majority of improvement from root restriction was in the reduction of canopy area per plant, while height reductions could also improve volume utilization efficiency in high stacked or vertical agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Graham
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON. Canada; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center, FL, United States .
| | - Raymond Wheeler
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kennedy Space Center, FL, United States
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40
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Bhalala US, Hemani M, Shah M, Kim B, Gu B, Cruz A, Arunachalam P, Tian E, Yu C, Punnoose J, Chen S, Petrillo C, Brown A, Munoz K, Kitchen G, Lam T, Bosemani T, Huisman TAGM, Allen RH, Acharya S. Defining Optimal Head-Tilt Position of Resuscitation in Neonates and Young Infants Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151789. [PMID: 27003759 PMCID: PMC4803247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head-tilt maneuver assists with achieving airway patency during resuscitation. However, the relationship between angle of head-tilt and airway patency has not been defined. Our objective was to define an optimal head-tilt position for airway patency in neonates (age: 0-28 days) and young infants (age: 29 days-4 months). We performed a retrospective study of head and neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of neonates and infants to define the angle of head-tilt for airway patency. We excluded those with an artificial airway or an airway malformation. We defined head-tilt angle a priori as the angle between occipito-ophisthion line and ophisthion-C7 spinous process line on the sagittal MR images. We evaluated medical records for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and exposure to sedation during MRI. We analyzed MRI of head and neck regions of 63 children (53 neonates and 10 young infants). Of these 63 children, 17 had evidence of airway obstruction and 46 had a patent airway on MRI. Also, 16/63 had underlying HIE and 47/63 newborn infants had exposure to sedative medications during MRI. In spontaneously breathing and neurologically depressed newborn infants, the head-tilt angle (median ± SD) associated with patent airway (125.3° ± 11.9°) was significantly different from that of blocked airway (108.2° ± 17.1°) (Mann Whitney U-test, p = 0.0045). The logistic regression analysis showed that the proportion of patent airways progressively increased with an increasing head-tilt angle, with > 95% probability of a patent airway at head-tilt angle 144-150°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal S. Bhalala
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Malvi Hemani
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Meehir Shah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara Kim
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Gu
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angelo Cruz
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Priya Arunachalam
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elli Tian
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine Yu
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Punnoose
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Chen
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher Petrillo
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alisa Brown
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karina Munoz
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Grant Kitchen
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Taylor Lam
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thangamadhan Bosemani
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thierry A. G. M. Huisman
- Division of Pediatric Radiology and Pediatric Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Allen
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Soumyadipta Acharya
- Center for Biomedical Innovations and Design, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Laurino M, Guerriero L, Allegrini P, Menicucci D, Mastorci F, Magrin D, Allotta B, Bedini R, Gemignani A. Psycho-physiological tele-monitoring of human operators in commercial diving: The Life Support System in the SUONO project. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2015:194-7. [PMID: 26736233 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sea-diving operations for monitoring or intervention are carried out by highly-specialized divers called Certified Commercial Divers (CCD). CCDs operate under highly demanding working conditions in extreme and hazardous environments. Every day consists of an 8 hours' shift. To avoid decompression problems the remaining 16 hours are spent in a hyperbaric environment located aboard the surface vessel or on the platform. These operating conditions require the design of a technologically-advanced device for tele-monitoring, to maximize CCDs' safety. Here we describe a proposal for monitoring and supporting CCDs during operations. We design a dedicated Life Support System (LSS), that captures real-time, vital (heart rate, respiratory rate, accelerometry, etc) and stress-related (heart-rate variability) signals from operators to transmit them to dedicated servers via telematic protocols. LSS is equipped with protocols for tele-medicine/tele-consultation. Our system is being developed within the research project SUONO (Safe Underwater OperatioNs in Oceans).
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de Schoutheete JC, Hachimi Idrissi S, Watelet JB. Pre-hospital interventions: introduction to life support systems. B-ENT 2016; Suppl 26:41-54. [PMID: 29461733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-hospital interventions: introduction to life support systems. Crucial decisions in pre-hospital emergency care are often made; therefore, a tactical emergency medical support team (TEMS) should maintain the capacity to capture the situation instantaneously and in all circumstances. However, low exposure to severe trauma cases can be a weakness for emergency specialists, which makes pre-hospital assessment more difficult. Pre-hospital interventions (PHI) are usually classified in Western countries into BLS (basic life support) and ALS (ad- vanced life support) levels, according to the methods used. This review introduces tactical combat casualty care for medical personnel (TCCC) guidelines, designed for basic care management under fire or in a hostile environment. The phases of TCCC are: (1) care under fire (or in an unstable environment); (2) tactical field care; and (3) tactical evacuation care, and are mainly dependent on the different hazard zones (hot, warm or cold). In a mass casualty situation due to disaster or cataclysm, standardized protocol and triage are unquestionably required for identifying the environmental risks, for categorizing the casualties in accordance with medical care priorities, and for the initial management of casualty care. When considering conflict situations, or chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) events, processes always start at the local level. Even before the detection and analysis of agents can be undertaken, zoning, triage, decontamination, and treatment should be initiated promptly. Otorhinolaryngologists should be aware of PHI procedures for completing preliminary assessment and management together with emergency specialists or TEMS.
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Trifonov SV, Kudenko YA, Tikhomirov AA. Prospects for using a full-scale installation for wet combustion of organic wastes in closed life support systems. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 7:15-21. [PMID: 26553633 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The issue of recycling organic wastes in closed life support systems (CLSS) includes both fundamental aspects of environmental safety of the recycled products and their effective involvement in material cycles and technical aspects related to the structure of the system and the crew's demands. This study estimates the effectiveness of wet combustion of different amounts of organic wastes in hydrogen peroxide under application of an alternating current electric field. The study also addresses the possibility of controlling the process automatically. The results show that processing of greater amounts of wastes reduces specific power consumption and shortens the duration of the process, without significantly affecting the level of oxidation of the products. An automatic control system for a semi-commercial installation has been constructed and tested experimentally. The solution of mineralized human wastes prepared in the automatically controlled process in this installation was successfully used to grow radish plants, with the main production parameters being similar to those of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Trifonov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/50, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - Yurii A Kudenko
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/50, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Bornemann G, Waßer K, Tonat T, Moeller R, Bohmeier M, Hauslage J. Natural microbial populations in a water-based biowaste management system for space life support. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 7:39-52. [PMID: 26553636 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The reutilization of wastewater is a key issue with regard to long-term space missions and planetary habitation. This study reports the design, test runs and microbiological analyses of a fixed bed biofiltration system which applies pumice grain (16-25 mm grain size, 90 m(2)/m(3) active surface) as matrix and calcium carbonate as buffer. For activation, the pumice was inoculated with garden soil known to contain a diverse community of microorganisms, thus enabling the filtration system to potentially degrade all kinds of organic matter. Current experiments over 194 days with diluted synthetic urine (7% and 20%) showed that the 7% filter units produced nitrate slowly but steadily (max. 2191 mg NO3-N/day). In the 20% units nitrate production was slower and less stable (max. 1411 mg NO3-N/day). 84% and 76% of the contained nitrogen was converted into nitrate. The low conversion rate is assumed to be due to the high flow rate, which keeps the biofilm on the pumice thin. At the same time the thin biofilm seems to prevent the activity of denitrifiers implicating the existence of a trade off between rate and the amount of nitrogen loss. Microbiological analyses identified a comparatively low number of species (26 in the filter material, 12 in the filtrate) indicating that urine serves as a strongly selective medium and filter units for the degradation of mixed feedstock have to be pre-conditioned on the intended substrates from the beginning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Bornemann
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kai Waßer
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Tonat
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Bohmeier
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Hauslage
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Gravitational Biology, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany
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Hahne K, Horstmann C, Fischer D, Köck R, Peters G, Lebiedz P. Cannula-related infection in adult medical intensive care unit patients undergoing extracorporeal life support and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91:372-4. [PMID: 26518270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Hahne
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany
| | - C Horstmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany
| | - D Fischer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany
| | - R Köck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany
| | - G Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany
| | - P Lebiedz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital of Muenster, Germany.
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Nelson M, Gray K, Allen JP. Group dynamics challenges: Insights from Biosphere 2 experiments. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 6:79-86. [PMID: 26256631 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Successfully managing group dynamics of small, physically isolated groups is vital for long duration space exploration/habitation and for terrestrial CELSS (Controlled Environmental Life Support System) facilities with human participants. Biosphere 2 had important differences and shares some key commonalities with both Antarctic and space environments. There were a multitude of stress factors during the first two year closure experiment as well as mitigating factors. A helpful tool used at Biosphere 2 was the work of W.R. Bion who identified two competing modalities of behavior in small groups. Task-oriented groups are governed by conscious acceptance of goals, reality-thinking in relation to time and resources, and intelligent management of challenges. The opposing unconscious mode, the "basic-assumption" ("group animal") group, manifests through Dependency/Kill the Leader, Fight/Flight and Pairing. These unconscious dynamics undermine and can defeat the task group's goal. The biospherians experienced some dynamics seen in other isolated teams: factions developing reflecting personal chemistry and disagreements on overall mission procedures. These conflicts were exacerbated by external power struggles which enlisted support of those inside. Nevertheless, the crew evolved a coherent, creative life style to deal with some of the deprivations of isolation. The experience of the first two year closure of Biosphere 2 vividly illustrates both vicissitudes and management of group dynamics. The crew overrode inevitable frictions to creatively manage both operational and research demands and opportunities of the facility, thus staying 'on task' in Bion's group dynamics terminology. The understanding that Biosphere 2 was their life support system may also have helped the mission to succeed. Insights from the Biosphere 2 experience can help space and remote missions cope successfully with the inherent challenges of small, isolated crews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nelson
- Institute of Ecotechnics, London, UK; Institute of Ecotechnics, Santa Fe, NM, United States; Biospheric Design Division, Global Ecotechnics Corporation, Santa Fe, NM, United States.
| | - Kathelin Gray
- Institute of Ecotechnics, London, UK; Institute of Ecotechnics, Santa Fe, NM, United States; Biospheric Design Division, Global Ecotechnics Corporation, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - John P Allen
- Institute of Ecotechnics, London, UK; Institute of Ecotechnics, Santa Fe, NM, United States; Biospheric Design Division, Global Ecotechnics Corporation, Santa Fe, NM, United States
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Kovalev VS, Manukovsky NS, Tikhomirov AA, Kolmakova AA. Modeling snail breeding in a bioregenerative life support system. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 6:44-50. [PMID: 26256627 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discrete-time model of snail breeding consists of two sequentially linked submodels: "Stoichiometry" and "Population". In both submodels, a snail population is split up into twelve age groups within one year of age. The first submodel is used to simulate the metabolism of a single snail in each age group via the stoichiometric equation; the second submodel is used to optimize the age structure and the size of the snail population. Daily intake of snail meat by crewmen is a guideline which specifies the population productivity. The mass exchange of the snail unit inhabited by land snails of Achatina fulica is given as an outcome of step-by-step modeling. All simulations are performed using Solver Add-In of Excel 2007.
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Smith BD. Delivering ALS care on the fire line. How Kern County, CA, developed an ALS fire line paramedic program. EMS World 2015; 44:22-26. [PMID: 25946781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Morozov Y, Kudenko Y, Trifonov S, Tikhomirov A. The effects of the frequency and waveform of the activating current on physicochemical oxidation of organic wastes. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 5:53-56. [PMID: 26177850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study describes the process of organic waste mineralization in an H2O2 aqueous medium activated by alternating current, which is intended to enhance the cycling rates in closed life support systems (CLSS) for space missions. The focus of this study is the relationship between the energy consumption and duration of the process and oxidation level of organic wastes on the one hand and the frequency and waveform of the electric current activating H2O2 decomposition, on the other. Energy consumption and duration of the complete waste mineralization process have been reduced by about 17-18%. A physical model of the process and the applicability of the results for both space and terrestrial purposes have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor Morozov
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia; Departement of Closed Ecological Systems, Siberian State Aerospace University, Russia
| | - Yurii Kudenko
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia
| | - Sergey Trifonov
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia; Departement of Closed Ecological Systems, Siberian State Aerospace University, Russia
| | - Alexander Tikhomirov
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia; Departement of Closed Ecological Systems, Siberian State Aerospace University, Russia.
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Massa GD, Chase E, Santini JB, Mitchell CA. Temperature affects long-term productivity and quality attributes of day-neutral strawberry for a space life-support system. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 5:39-46. [PMID: 26177848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa L.) is a promising candidate crop for space life-support systems with desirable sensory quality and health attributes. Day-neutral cultivars such as 'Seascape' are adaptable to a range of photoperiods, including short days that would save considerable energy for crop lighting without reductions in productivity or yield. Since photoperiod and temperature interact to affect strawberry growth and development, several diurnal temperature regimes were tested under a short photoperiod of 10 h per day for effects on yield and quality attributes of 'Seascape' strawberry during production cycles longer than 270 days. The coolest day/night temperature regime, 16°/8 °C, tended to produce smaller numbers of larger fruit than did the intermediate temperature range of 18°/10 °C or the warmest regime, 20°/12 °C, both of which produced similar larger numbers of smaller fruit. The intermediate temperature regime produced the highest total fresh mass of berries over an entire production cycle. Independent experiments examined either organoleptic or physicochemical quality attributes. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that fruit grown under the coolest temperature regime tended to score the highest for both hedonic preference and descriptive evaluation of sensory attributes related to sweetness, texture, aftertaste, and overall approval. The physicochemical quality attributes Brix, pH, and sugar/acid ratio were highest for fruits harvested from the coolest temperature regime and lower for those from the warmer temperature regimes. The cool-regime fruits also were lowest in titratable acidity. The yield parameters fruit number and size oscillated over the course of a production cycle, with a gradual decline in fruit size under all three temperature regimes. Brix and titratable acidity both decreased over time for all three temperature treatments, but sugar/acid ratio remained highest for the cool temperature regime over the entire production period. Periodic rejuvenation or replacement of strawberry propagules may be needed to maintain both quality and quantity of strawberry yield in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia D Massa
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, United States.
| | - Elaine Chase
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, United States
| | - Judith B Santini
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Cary A Mitchell
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, United States
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