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Bojahr J, Jörres RA, Kronseder A, Weber F, Ledderhos C, Roiu I, Karrasch S, Nowak D, Teupser D, Königer C. Effects of training flights of combat jet pilots on parameters of airway function, diffusing capacity and systemic oxidative stress, and their association with flight parameters. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:100. [PMID: 38317201 PMCID: PMC10840181 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fighter aircraft pilots are regularly exposed to physiological challenges from high acceleration (Gz) forces, as well as increased breathing pressure and oxygen supply in the support systems. We studied whether effects on the lung and systemic oxidative stress were detectable after real training flights comprising of a wide variety of exposure conditions, and their combinations. METHODS Thirty-five pilots of the German Air Force performed 145 flights with the Eurofighter Typhoon. Prior to and after flight lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO), alveolar volume (VA), and diffusing capacities per volume (KCO, KNO) were assessed. In addition, the fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was determined, and urine samples for the analysis of molecular species related to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were taken. For statistical analysis, mixed ANOVA models were used. RESULTS DLNO, DLCO, KNO, KCO and VA were reduced (p < 0.001) after flights, mean ± SD changes being 2.9 ± 5.0, 3.2 ± 5.2, 1.5 ± 3.7, 1.9 ± 3.7 and 1.4 ± 3.1%, respectively, while FeNO decreased by 11.1% and the ratio of 8-OHdG to creatinine increased by 15.7 ± 37.8%. The reductions of DLNO (DLCO) were smaller (p < 0.001) than those of KNO (KCO). In repeated flights on different days, baseline values were restored. Amongst various flight parameters comprising Gz-forces and/or being indicative of positive pressure breathing and oxygenation support, the combination of long flight duration and high altitude appeared to be linked to greater changes in DLNO and DLCO. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of reductions in diffusing capacities suggests effects arising from atelectasis and increased diffusion barrier, without changes in capillary blood volume. The decrease in exhaled endogenous NO suggests bronchial mucosal irritation and/or local oxidative stress, and the increase in urinary oxidized guanosine species suggests systemic oxidative stress. Although changes were small and not clinically relevant, their presence demonstrated physiological effects of real training flights in a modern 4th generation fighter jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bojahr
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Lesserstr. 180, 22049, Hamburg, Germany.
- Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Fuerstenfeldbruck, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Rudolf A Jörres
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Kronseder
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Fuerstenfeldbruck, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carla Ledderhos
- Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Fuerstenfeldbruck, Cologne, Germany
| | - Immanuel Roiu
- 74th Tactical Air Wing of the German Air Force, Neuburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Königer
- Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, Fuerstenfeldbruck, Cologne, Germany
- Occupational Medicine Department, Medical Support Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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Faust V, van Alen TA, Op den Camp HJ, Vlaeminck SE, Ganigué R, Boon N, Udert KM. Ammonia oxidation by novel " Candidatus Nitrosacidococcus urinae" is sensitive to process disturbances at low pH and to iron limitation at neutral pH. Water Res X 2022; 17:100157. [PMID: 36262799 PMCID: PMC9574496 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2022.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Acid-tolerant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can open the door to new applications, such as partial nitritation at low pH. However, they can also be problematic because chemical nitrite oxidation occurs at low pH, leading to the release of harmful nitrogen oxide gases. In this publication, the role of acid-tolerant AOB in urine treatment was explored. On the one hand, the technical feasibility of ammonia oxidation under acidic conditions for source-separated urine with total nitrogen concentrations up to 3.5 g-N L-1 was investigated. On the other hand, the abundance and growth of acid-tolerant AOB at more neutral pH was explored. Under acidic conditions (pH of 5), ammonia oxidation rates of 500 mg-N L-1 d-1 and 10 g-N g-VSS-1 d-1 were observed, despite high concentrations of 15 mg-N L-1 of the AOB-inhibiting compound nitrous acid and low concentration of 0.04 mg-N L-1 of the substrate ammonia. However, ammonia oxidation under acidic conditions was very sensitive to process disturbances. Even short periods of less than 12 h without oxygen or without influent resulted in a complete cessation of ammonia oxidation with a recovery time of up to two months, which is a problem for low maintenance applications such as decentralized treatment. Furthermore, undesirable nitrogen losses of about 10% were observed. Under acidic conditions, a novel AOB strain was enriched with a relative abundance of up to 80%, for which the name "Candidatus (Ca.) Nitrosacidococcus urinae" is proposed. While Nitrosacidococcus members were present only to a small extent (0.004%) in urine nitrification reactors operated at pH values between 5.8 and 7, acid-tolerant AOB were always enriched during long periods without influent, resulting in an uncontrolled drop in pH to as low as 2.5. Long-term experiments at different pH values showed that the activity of "Ca. Nitrosacidococcus urinae" decreased strongly at a pH of 7, where they were also outcompeted by the acid-sensitive AOB Nitrosomonas halophila. The experiment results showed that the decreased activity of "Ca. Nitrosacidococcus urinae" correlated with the limited availability of dissolved iron at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Faust
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Theo A. van Alen
- Department of Microbiology, RIBES, Radboud University Nijmegen, 0268 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J.M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, RIBES, Radboud University Nijmegen, 0268 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Siegfried E. Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ramon Ganigué
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kai M. Udert
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author at: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Zeidler C, Woeckner G, Schöning J, Vrakking V, Zabel P, Dorn M, Schubert D, Steckelberg B, Stakemann J. Crew time and workload in the EDEN ISS greenhouse in Antarctica. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2021; 31:131-149. [PMID: 34689945 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the EDEN ISS project is to research technologies for future greenhouses as a substantial part of planetary surface habitats. In this paper, we investigate crew time and workload needed to operate the space analogue EDEN ISS greenhouse on-site and remotely from the Mission Control Center. Within the almost three years of operation in Antarctica, different vegetable crops were cultivated, which yielded an edible biomass of 646 kg during the experiment phase 2018 and 2019. Operating in such a remote environment, analogue to future planetary missions, both greenhouse systems and remote support capabilities must be carefully developed and assessed to guarantee a reliable and efficient workflow. The investigation of crew time and workload is crucial to optimize processes within the operation of the greenhouse. For the Antarctic winter seasons, 2019 and 2020, as well as the summer season 2019/2020, the workload of the EDEN ISS greenhouse operators was assessed using the NASA Task Load Index. In addition, crew time was measured for the winter season 2019. The participants consisted of on-site operators, who worked inside the EDEN ISS greenhouse in Antarctica and the DLR remote support team, who worked in the Mission Control Center at the DLR Institute of Space Systems in Bremen (Germany). The crew time results show that crew time for the whole experiment phase 2019 required by the on-site operator team 2019 is approximately four times higher than the crew time of the corresponding remote support team without considering planning activities for the next mission. The total crew time for the experiment phase 2019 amounts to 694.5 CM-h or 6.31 CM-h/kg. With the measurements of the experiment phase 2019 it was possible to develop a methodology for crew time categorization for the remote support activities, which facilitates the analysis and increases the comparability of crew time values. In addition, the development of weekly and monthly crew time demand over the experiment phase is presented. The workload investigations indicate that the highest workload is perceived by the remote support team 2019 + 2020, followed by the summer maintenance team 2019/2020. The on-site operator team 2019 and on-site operator team 2020 showed the lowest values. The values presented in this paper indicate the need to minimize crew time as well as workload demands of the operators involved in the operation of future planetary surface greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Zeidler
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany.
| | - Gerrit Woeckner
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Space Systems, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | | | - Vincent Vrakking
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany.
| | - Paul Zabel
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany.
| | - Markus Dorn
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Schubert
- EDEN Research Group, Institute of Space Systems, Department of System Analysis Space Segment, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany.
| | - Birgit Steckelberg
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Josefine Stakemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Janiak K, Jurga A, Kuźma J, Breś W, Muszyński-Huhajło M. Surfactants effect on aeroponics and important mass balances of regenerative life support system - Lettuce case study. Sci Total Environ 2020; 718:137324. [PMID: 32092517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to be able to permanently settle other celestial bodies, it is necessary to create an efficient and closed life support system. Such a system will allow high autonomy and significantly reduce operating costs in a future colony. Grey water is a major waste stream in terms of the water volume generated by colonists, and its reuse is necessary. One possibility is to reuse it in aeroponic cultivation without treatment, which will in turn reduce its transported mass. The article focuses on water, carbon and other elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) that are included in the mass balance of part of a life support system containing the aeroponic cultivation of lettuce that is supplied with clean water and water contaminated with one surfactant, crewmembers and a urine nitrification reactor. Three surfactants (Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES), Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS), Sodium Methyl Cocoyl Taurate (SMCT)) in two concentrations, reflecting concentrated and diluted grey water, were tested. The growth of lettuce exposed to low concentrations (ca. 0.07 g·L-1) of surfactants has a moderate (SLES, SMCT) or no (SDBS) impact on the mass of grown plant. Exposition to high concentrations (>1.0 g·L-1) led to the complete failure of cultivation (SDBS, SMCT) or to very limited growth (SLES). In all cases, exposition to surfactants in low concentrations causes differences in the mineral composition of lettuce. In most cases, crops cultivated on water containing surfactants were characterized by a decreased harvest index (the ratio of edible biomass to total biomass). For the most cultivations the relative mass balances of water, C, N, P and K were generally unaffected by surfactants, while for Ca, Mg and Na, noticeable differences occurred. The data provided in the paper gives clues about which surfactant could be used in a future extraterrestrial colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Janiak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Jurga
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kuźma
- Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Breś
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Zgorzelecka 4, 60-198 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mateusz Muszyński-Huhajło
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Jurga A, Janiak K, Ratkiewicz K, Podstawczyk D. An overview of blackwater data collection from space life support systems and its comparison to a terrestrial wastewater dataset. J Environ Manage 2019; 241:198-210. [PMID: 31004997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extraterrestrial colonization is a certain eventuality that would be nearly impossible without the efficient and robust resources of recovering life support systems. Knowledge of inputs is necessary for the development of such systems, especially for the first stages of design such as mass balancing and the selection of unitary processes. One of the most important inputs is blackwater, as this stream is the most polluted and rich in resources and needs to be treated and reused. In the paper, data from space missions and terrestrial sources concerning the flows, concentrations and loads in urine and feces are compared and analyzed. It is shown that results obtained during space missions are scarce and for many parameters no information is available. It is also shown how gravity influences the elemental composition of urine and feces. In contrast, data from terrestrial sources are abundant. The presented analysis shows that data from space and terrestrial systems are convergent for many parameters and that the available terrestrial data for those parameters can be used for mass balancing and unitary process selection without a high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jurga
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Janiak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ratkiewicz
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Podstawczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373, Wroclaw, Poland
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Maggi F, Tang FHM, Pallud C, Gu C. A urine-fuelled soil-based bioregenerative life support system for long-term and long-distance manned space missions. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2018; 17:1-14. [PMID: 29753408 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A soil-based cropping unit fuelled with human urine for long-term manned space missions was investigated with the aim to analyze whether a closed-loop nutrient cycle from human liquid wastes was achievable. Its ecohydrology and biogeochemistry were analysed in microgravity with the use of an advanced computational tool. Urine from the crew was used to supply primary (N, P, and K) and secondary (S, Ca and Mg) nutrients to wheat and soybean plants in the controlled cropping unit. Breakdown of urine compounds into primary and secondary nutrients as well as byproduct gases, adsorbed, and uptake fractions were tracked over a period of 20 years. Results suggested that human urine could satisfy the demand of at least 3 to 4 out of 6 nutrients with an offset in pH and salinity tolerable by plants. It was therefore inferred that a urine-fuelled life support system can introduce a number of advantages including: (1) recycling of liquids wastes and production of food; (2) forgiveness of neglect as compared to engineered electro-mechanical systems that may fail under unexpected or unplanned conditions; and (3) reduction of supply and waste loads during space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maggi
- Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, Bld. J05, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Fiona H M Tang
- Laboratory for Advanced Environmental Engineering Research, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, Bld. J05, Sydney 2006, Australia.
| | - Céline Pallud
- Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Chuanhui Gu
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, North Carolina, NC, USA.
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Trifonov SV, Kudenko YA, Tikhomirov AA. Prospects for using a full-scale installation for wet combustion of organic wastes in closed life support systems. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 7:15-21. [PMID: 26553633 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The issue of recycling organic wastes in closed life support systems (CLSS) includes both fundamental aspects of environmental safety of the recycled products and their effective involvement in material cycles and technical aspects related to the structure of the system and the crew's demands. This study estimates the effectiveness of wet combustion of different amounts of organic wastes in hydrogen peroxide under application of an alternating current electric field. The study also addresses the possibility of controlling the process automatically. The results show that processing of greater amounts of wastes reduces specific power consumption and shortens the duration of the process, without significantly affecting the level of oxidation of the products. An automatic control system for a semi-commercial installation has been constructed and tested experimentally. The solution of mineralized human wastes prepared in the automatically controlled process in this installation was successfully used to grow radish plants, with the main production parameters being similar to those of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Trifonov
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/50, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - Yurii A Kudenko
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/50, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Morozov Y, Kudenko Y, Trifonov S, Tikhomirov A. The effects of the frequency and waveform of the activating current on physicochemical oxidation of organic wastes. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 5:53-56. [PMID: 26177850 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study describes the process of organic waste mineralization in an H2O2 aqueous medium activated by alternating current, which is intended to enhance the cycling rates in closed life support systems (CLSS) for space missions. The focus of this study is the relationship between the energy consumption and duration of the process and oxidation level of organic wastes on the one hand and the frequency and waveform of the electric current activating H2O2 decomposition, on the other. Energy consumption and duration of the complete waste mineralization process have been reduced by about 17-18%. A physical model of the process and the applicability of the results for both space and terrestrial purposes have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor Morozov
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia; Departement of Closed Ecological Systems, Siberian State Aerospace University, Russia
| | - Yurii Kudenko
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia
| | - Sergey Trifonov
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia; Departement of Closed Ecological Systems, Siberian State Aerospace University, Russia
| | - Alexander Tikhomirov
- Laboratory of Controlled Biosynthesis of Phototrophic Organisms, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Russia; Departement of Closed Ecological Systems, Siberian State Aerospace University, Russia.
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