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Alfaleh KM, Al Luwaimi E, Alkharfi TM, Al-Alaiyan SA. A decision aid for considering indomethacin prophylaxis vs. symptomatic treatment of PDA for extreme low birth weight infants. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:78. [PMID: 21888665 PMCID: PMC3175452 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decision Aids (DA) are well established in various fields of medicine. It can improve the quality of decision-making and reduce decisional conflict. In neonatal care, and due to scientific equipoise, neonatologists caring for extreme low birth weight (ELBW) infants are in need to elicit parents' preferences with regard to the use of indomethacin therapy in ELBW infants. We aimed to develop a DA that elicits parents' preferences with regard to indomethacin therapy in ELBW infants. METHODS We developed a DA for the use of the indomethacin therapy in ELBW infants according to the Ottawa Decision Support Framework. The development process involved parents, neonatologists, DA developers and decision making experts. A pilot testing with healthy volunteers was conducted through an evaluation questionnaire, a knowledge scale, and a validated decisional conflict scale. RESULTS The DA is a computer-based interactive tool. In the first part, the DA provides information about patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as a disease, the different treatment options, and the benefits and downsides of using indomethacin therapy in preterm infants. In the second part, it coaches the parent in the decision making process through clarifying values and preferences. Volunteers rated 10 out of 13 items of the DA positively and showed significant improvement on both the knowledge scale (p = 0.008) and the decisional conflict scale (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION We have developed a computer based DA to assess parental preferences with regard to indomethacin therapy in preterm infants. Future research will involve measurement of parental preferences to guide and augment the clinical decisions in current neonatal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Alfaleh
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Mosalli R, Alfaleh K, Paes B. Role of prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants: Systematic review and implications for clinical practice. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 2:120-6. [PMID: 20808624 PMCID: PMC2922659 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2069.58313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) on mortality and morbidity of preterm infants weighing less than 1000 g at birth. Materials and Methods: The study conducted a systematic search of available database from 1996-2008. Retrieved articles were assessed for eligibility and data was abstracted independently by two reviewers. Decisions to include studies for review and the methodological quality of included studies were asssessed in duplicate based on predetermined criteria. No language restrictions were applied. Results: Only one eligible study that enrolled 84 extremely low birth weight infants was identified. Prophylactic surgical ligation of PDA resulted in a statistically significant reduction of severe stage II or III necrotizing enterocolitis, [RR 0.25, 95% CI (0.08, 0.83), P value 0.02, number needed to treat 5]. The study, however, found no statistically significant difference in mortality, intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: Current evidence does not support the use of prophylactic surgical ligation of PDA in the management of the preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Mosalli
- Departments of Pediatrics, Omm Al-Qura University, Mecca
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Anabrees J, Alfaleh K. Fluid restriction and prophylactic indomethacin versus prophylactic indomethacin alone for prevention of morbidity and mortality in extremely low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD007604. [PMID: 21735414 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007604.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although survival of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants has dramatically improved over the last decades, the rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has not changed. The use of indomethacin prophylaxis in ELBW infants results in improved short-term outcomes with no effect on long-term outcomes. The addition of fluid restriction to the indomethacin prophylaxis policy could result in a reduction of BPD and improve long-term survival without neurosensory impairment at eighteen months corrected age. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of a policy of fluid restriction compared with a policy of no fluid restriction on morbidity and mortality in ELBW infants receiving indomethacin prophylaxis. SEARCH STRATEGY We used the standard search strategy for the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group (CNRG). This included searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) ( The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to December 2010), and EMBASE (1980 to December 2010). Additional searches included conference proceedings, references in articles and unpublished data. SELECTION CRITERIA We planned to include all randomized or quasi-randomized trials that compared fluid restriction and indomethacin prophylaxis versus indomethacin prophylaxis alone in ELBW infants. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS If we had identified any eligible studies, we would have assessed the methodological quality of the trials using the standard methods of the CNRG. We planned to use Review Manager 5 software for statistical analysis. MAIN RESULTS We did not identify any eligible trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no randomized controlled trials to investigate the possible interaction between fluid restriction and indomethacin prophylaxis versus indomethacin prophylaxis alone in ELBW infants. A well-designed randomized trial is needed to address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasim Anabrees
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Arrayan Hospital, Riyadh 11635, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O.Box 100266
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Important short-term intermediate outcomes such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), severe intraventricular haemorrhage, surgical ligation of PDA and serious pulmonary haemorrhage correlate with worse neurosensory outcomes in extreme low birth weight infants. Indomethacin prophylaxis has been shown to significantly prevent such outcomes. However, this positive effect did not translate into neither prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia nor long-term neurosensory outcome. The indomethacin prophylaxis story is indeed a puzzling one to neonatal practitioners. We present a summary of evidence and possible explanations to the lack of appreciated long-term effect of indomethacin prophylaxis. As the trial of indomethacin prophylaxis for preterms trial is a major contributor to current evidence, a detailed critical analysis of its methodology is presented. Methodological concerns such as the use of a composite outcome, statistical power, anticipated side effects of indomethacin prophylaxis and lack of predictive validity of cognitive delay measurements are presented. CONCLUSION Conclusive evidence of indomethacin prophylaxis use in extreme low birth weight infants is still lacking. Future research should put more emphasis on parental preferences, synergistic effect of indomethacin prophylaxis and fluid restriction and early targeted approach to PDA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K AlFaleh
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Fanos V, Pusceddu M, Dessì A, Marcialis MA. Should we definitively abandon prophylaxis for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm new-borns? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:2141-9. [PMID: 22189742 PMCID: PMC3226612 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prophylactic administration of indomethacin in extremely low-birth weight infants reduces the frequency of patent ductus arteriosus and severe intraventricular hemorrhage, it does not appear to provide any long-term benefit in terms of survival without neurosensory and cognitive outcomes. Considering the increased drug-induced reduction in renal, intestinal, and cerebral blood flow, the use of prophylaxis cannot be routinely recommended in preterm neonates. However, a better understanding of the genetic background of each infant may allow for individualized prophylaxis using NSAIDs and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute And Neonatal Section, AOU University of Cagliari, Italy
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Chen S, Tacy T, Clyman R. How useful are B-type natriuretic peptide measurements for monitoring changes in patent ductus arteriosus shunt magnitude? J Perinatol 2010; 30:780-5. [PMID: 20376057 PMCID: PMC9948640 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2010.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations seem to be useful for detecting the presence of patent ductus arteriosus, there is no information about their usefulness for monitoring changes in PDA shunt magnitude. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective analysis of paired BNP-echocardiogram measurements (obtained from infants (24 to 32 weeks gestation) with clinical suspicion of PDA). RESULT Individual BNP concentrations (n=146, from 88 infants) were significantly related to shunt magnitude at the time of measurement and had good discriminating power for detecting a moderate-or-large shunt (area under receiver-operator characteristic curves (ROC-AUC)=0.85). In total, 36 infants had serial BNP-echocardiogram pairs (n=91) measured during their hospitalization. Changes (either increases or decreases) in BNP concentrations over time had only fair discriminating power (ROC-AUC=0.76) for detecting increases or decreases, respectively, in shunt magnitude. CONCLUSION The high degree of variability in the BNP measurements made them less useful for monitoring changes in magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Theresa Tacy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald Clyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA,Department of Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Jhaveri N, Moon-Grady A, Clyman RI. Early surgical ligation versus a conservative approach for management of patent ductus arteriosus that fails to close after indomethacin treatment. J Pediatr 2010; 157:381-7, 387.e1. [PMID: 20434168 PMCID: PMC2926149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether a more conservative approach to treating patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with an increase or decrease in morbidity compared with an approach involving early PDA ligation. STUDY DESIGN In January 2005, we changed our approach to infants born at age RESULTS The 2 periods had similar rates of perinatal/neonatal risk factors and indomethacin failure (24%), as well as ventilator management and feeding advance protocols. The conservative approach (period 2) was associated with decreased rates of duct ligation (72% vs 100%; P<.05). Even though infants subjected to this approach were exposed to larger PDA shunts for longer durations, the rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, neurologic injury, and death were similar to those in period 1. The overall rate of necrotizing enterocolitis was significantly lower in period 2 compared with period 1. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the need for new controlled, randomized trials to reexamine the benefits and risks of different approaches to PDA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Jhaveri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0544, USA
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Benitz WE. Treatment of persistent patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: time to accept the null hypothesis? J Perinatol 2010; 30:241-52. [PMID: 20182439 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2010.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Medical and surgical interventions are widely used to close a persistently patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Objective evidence to support these practices is lacking, causing some to question their usage. Emerging evidence suggests that treatments that close the patent ductus may be detrimental. This review examines the history of and evidence underlying these treatments. Neither individual trials, pooled data from groups of randomized-controlled trials, nor critical examination of the immediate consequences of treatment provide evidence that medical or surgical closure of the ductus is beneficial in preterm infants. These conclusions are supported by sufficient evidence. Neither continued routine use of these treatments nor additional clinical trials using similar designs seems to be justified. A definitive trial, comparing current standard management with novel strategies not primarily intended to achieve ductal closure, may be necessary to resolve doubts regarding the quality or conduct of prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Benitz
- Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1510, USA.
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Poralla C, Hertfelder HJ, Oldenburg J, Müller A, Bartmann P, Heep A. Treatment of acute pulmonary haemorrhage in extremely preterm infants with recombinant activated factor VII. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:298-300. [PMID: 19839953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stanworth SJ, Clarke P, Watts T, Ballard S, Choo L, Morris T, Murphy MF, Roberts I. Prospective, observational study of outcomes in neonates with severe thrombocytopenia. Pediatrics 2009; 124:e826-34. [PMID: 19841111 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A cross-sectional, observational study of outcomes for neonates with severe neonatal thrombocytopenia (SNT; platelet count of <60 x 10(9) platelets per L) was performed to examine hemorrhage and use of platelet transfusions. METHODS Neonates who were admitted to 7 NICUs and developed SNT were enrolled for daily data collection. RESULTS Among 3652 neonatal admissions, 194 neonates (5%) developed SNT. The median gestational age of 169 enrolled neonates was 27 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 24-32 weeks), and the median birth weight was 822 g (IQR: 670-1300 g). Platelet count nadirs were <20 x 10(9), 20 to 39 x 10(9), and 40 to 59 x 10(9) platelets per L for 58 (34%), 64 (39%), and 47 (28%) of all enrolled infants, respectively. During the study, 31 infants (18%) had no recorded hemorrhage, 123 (73%) developed minor hemorrhage, and 15 (9%) developed major hemorrhage. Thirteen (87%) of 15 episodes of major hemorrhage occurred in neonates with gestational ages of <28 weeks. Platelet transfusions (n = 415) were administered to 116 infants (69%); for 338 (81%) transfusions, the main recorded reason was low platelet count. Transfusions increased the platelet count from a median of 27 x 10(9) platelets per L (IQR: 19-36 x 10(9) platelets per L) to 79 x 10(9) platelets per L (IQR: 47.5-127 x 10(9) platelets per L). CONCLUSIONS Although one third of neonates enrolled in this study developed thrombocytopenia of <20 x 10(9) platelets per L, 91% did not develop major hemorrhage. Most platelet transfusions were given to neonates with thrombocytopenia with no bleeding or minor bleeding only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Stanworth
- National Blood Service, Level 2, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9BQ, England.
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Clyman R, Cassady G, Kirklin JK, Collins M, Philips JB. The role of patent ductus arteriosus ligation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: reexamining a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2009; 154:873-6. [PMID: 19324366 PMCID: PMC2709418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reexamine data from a randomized controlled trial of prophylactic ductus ligation to determine whether ligation contributes directly to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely low birth weight infants. STUDY DESIGN The control group underwent ligation only if they had development of a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The Prophylactic Ligation group underwent ligation within 24 hours of birth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms of a PDA. We hypothesized that the incidence of BPD would be higher in the prophylactic ligation group because more ligations were performed than in the control group. RESULTS Prophylactic ligation significantly increased the incidence of BPD (defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age) and the incidence of mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks. The groups were statistically similar in gestation, sex, race, fluid administration, intraventricular hemorrhage, pulmonary air leaks, and survival to 36 weeks. The lower incidence of BPD in the control group occurred despite the fact that the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (a known risk factor for BPD) was significantly elevated in the control group. Only infants who had previously undergone a PDA ligation had development of BPD in the control group. CONCLUSION Prophylactic ligation, while eliminating the PDA, increases the risk for BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Clyman
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0544, USA.
| | - George Cassady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - James K. Kirklin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Monica Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | - Joseph B. Philips
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:272-80. [PMID: 19307901 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32832ad5c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li L, Yu J, Wang J, Zhang X, Shen H, Yuan X, Zhang H. A prediction score model for risk factors of mortality in neonate with pulmonary hemorrhage: the experience of single neonatal intensive care unit in Southwest China. Pediatr Pulmonol 2008; 43:997-1003. [PMID: 18785623 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.20897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To establish a prediction score model for mortality of neonates with pulmonary hemorrhage (PH). METHODS Mortality risk factors of PH were analyzed by logistic regression analysis in 244 neonates retrospectively. A prediction score model was developed according to regression coefficients of risk factors. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was also constructed and the cutoff was determined. RESULTS The overall mortality rate of PH was 74.59% (182/244). More patients from multiple pregnancies were found in the death group than in the survivor group (20.1% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.023). The survivor group infants had higher birth weight in average than death group infants (2,787 g vs. 2,339 g, P = 0.000). Significant differences were found between survivor and death groups in the rates of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (25.8% vs. 53.8%, P = 0.000), heart failure (22.6% vs. 48.9%, P = 0.000) and sepsis (3.2% vs. 16.5%, P = 0.008). Birth weight, IVH, heart failure and sepsis were identified as independent mortality risk factors by logistic regression analysis. A score model predicting death was developed according to the regression coefficients, with a sensitivity of 0.846, a specificity of 0.661, a positive predictive value of 0.88 and a negative predictive value of 0.594 at a cutoff of 9 points. The low risk group, with a score of 9 or less, had a lower mortality rate as compared with the high risk group (40.6% vs. 88%, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS Low birth weight, IVH, heart failure and sepsis were the risk factors for mortality of PH. Those infants with a predictive score of more than 9 were at high risk for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luquan Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Factors affecting successful closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus with indomethacin in extremely low birth weight infants. World J Pediatr 2008; 4:91-6. [PMID: 18661761 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-008-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is high in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Indomethacin has been widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of hemodynamically significant PDA. This retrospective study was undertaken to identify factors such as birth weight, gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, ductal size, timing of the first dose of indomethacin and side effects of indomethacin, which may affect the successful closure of the PDA with indomethacin in ELBW infants. METHODS A cohort of 139 ELBW infants who had received indomethacin treatment for PDA during a consecutive period of more than three years (September 2000 to December 2003) was retrospectively analyzed. Administration RESULTS of indomethacin was associated with closure of PDA in 108 (77.7%) of 139 ELBW infants, and only 19.4% of infants required surgical ligation of the ductus eventually. There was no significant relationship between closure of PDA with gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, and ductal size. A higher birth weight and early use of indomethacin after birth could significantly increase the closure rate of PDA (P<0.05). Side effects of indomethacin such as transient oliguria and hyponatremia during indomethacin therapy did not affect PDA closure. CONCLUSIONS Indomethacin is effective for the treatment of PDA in ELBW infants. A higher rate of ductal closure is related to the increase of birth weight. PDA closure with indomethacin is age-related, and early administration of indomethacin could increase PDA closure and reduce the incidence of hyponatremia. There is no significant difference in major morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after early treatment. Early screening for hemodynamically significant PDA in ELBW infants and early treatment with indomethacin are recommended.
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