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Tietze LF, Behrendt F, Pestel GF, Schuberth I, Mitkovski M. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and live cell imaging of novel fluorescent duocarmycin analogs. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:2559-70. [PMID: 23161634 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For a better understanding of the mode of action of duocarmycin and its analogs, the novel fluorescent duocarmycin derivatives 13-15 and 17b-19b were synthesized, and their bioactivity as well as their cellular uptake investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in live-cell imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Legigan T, Clarhaut J, Tranoy-Opalinski I, Monvoisin A, Renoux B, Thomas M, Le Pape A, Lerondel S, Papot S. The First Generation of β-Galactosidase-Responsive Prodrugs Designed for the Selective Treatment of Solid Tumors in Prodrug Monotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11606-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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53
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The First Generation of β-Galactosidase-Responsive Prodrugs Designed for the Selective Treatment of Solid Tumors in Prodrug Monotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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54
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Abstract
The advent of modern antibody engineering has led to numerous successes in the application of these proteins for cancer therapy in the 13 years since the first Food and Drug Administration approval, which has stimulated active interest in developing more and better drugs based on these molecules. A wide range of tools for discovering and engineering antibodies has been brought to bear on this challenge in the past two decades. Here, we summarize mechanisms of monoclonal antibody therapeutic activity, challenges to effective antibody-based treatment, existing technologies for antibody engineering, and current concepts for engineering new antibody formats and antibody alternatives as next generation biopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Boder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200, USA.
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55
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Andrady C, Sharma SK, Chester KA. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:193-211. [PMID: 21322759 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomolecular technology have allowed the development of genetically fused antibody-enzymes. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used to target tumors for cancer therapy in two ways. In one system, an antibody-enzyme is pretargeted to the tumor followed by administration of an inactive prodrug that is converted to its active form by the pretargeted enzyme. This system has been described as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The other system uses antibody-enzyme fusion proteins as direct therapeutics, where the enzyme is toxic in its own right. The key feature in this approach is that the antibody is used to internalize the toxic enzyme into the tumor cell, which activates cell-death processes. This antibody-enzyme system has been largely applied to deliver ribonucleases. This article addresses these two antibody-enzyme targeting strategies for cancer therapy from concept to (pre)clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carima Andrady
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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56
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Chen KC, Wu SY, Leu YL, Prijovich ZM, Chen BM, Wang HE, Cheng TL, Roffler SR. A Humanized Immunoenzyme with Enhanced Activity for Glucuronide Prodrug Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:938-48. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1005784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Sciences, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan
| | | | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- School of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
During the development cycle of a new antibody therapy, the therapeutic agent will be tested on subsequently more biologically complex models. New experiments' designs are based upon data gathered from prior models. New researchers who inherit the data and researchers from groups with different cultures or expertise are often called upon to interpret these data. Experiments which are not recorded consistently or employ ambiguous terminology can make interpreting these results difficult. The researcher who had originally collected the data may not be at hand to correct any misunderstanding or offer clarification and data can be unknowingly misused. This introduces an element of risk into the therapy development process. We have developed a reporting guideline for recording therapy experiments. This guideline consists of a checklist of data to be recorded from antibody therapy experiments performed in molecular, cellular, animal and clinical model.
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Kojima M, Iwai H, Dong J, Lim SL, Ito S, Okumura K, Ihara M, Ueda H. Activation of Circularly Permutated β-Lactamase Tethered to Antibody Domains by Specific Small Molecules. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:633-41. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1004125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shigekazu Ito
- Horiba Ltd., 2 Miyanohigashi, Kisshoin, Minami-ku Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
| | - Koichi Okumura
- Horiba Ltd., 2 Miyanohigashi, Kisshoin, Minami-ku Kyoto 601-8510, Japan
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59
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Müller M, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Glycosidic prodrugs of highly potent bifunctional duocarmycin derivatives for selective treatment of cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:7336-9. [PMID: 20799305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Tietze LF, Schmuck K, Schuster HJ, Müller M, Schuberth I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of prodrugs based on the natural antibiotic duocarmycin for use in ADEPT and PMT. Chemistry 2011; 17:1922-9. [PMID: 21274943 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy of malign tumors is usually associated with serious side effects as common anticancer drugs lack selectivity. An approach to deal with this problem is the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) and the prodrug monotherapy (PMT). Herein, the synthesis and biological evaluation of new glycosidic prodrugs suitable for both concepts are described. All prodrugs but one are stable in human serum and show QIC(50) values (IC(50) of prodrug/IC(50) of prodrug in the presence of the appropriate glycohydrolase) of up to 6500. This is the best value found so far for compounds interacting with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Tietze LF, Behrendt F, Major F, Krewer B, von Hof JM. Synthesis of Fluorescence-Labelled Glycosidic Prodrugs Based on the Cytotoxic Antibiotic Duocarmycin. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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62
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Müller M, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Glycosidische Prodrugs hochpotenter difunktioneller Duocarmycin-Derivate für eine selektive Tumortherapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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63
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Shukla GS, Krag DN. Developing bifunctional beta-lactamase molecules with built-in target-recognizing module for prodrug therapy: identification of Enterobacter Cloacae P99 cephalosporinase loops suitable for randomization and phage-display selection. J Mol Recognit 2010; 22:425-36. [PMID: 19437416 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was focused on developing catalytically active beta-lactamase enzyme molecules that have target-recognizing sites built within their scaffold. Using phage-display approach, nine libraries were constructed by inserting the randomized linear or cysteine-constrained heptapeptides in the five different loops on the outer surface of P99 beta-lactamase molecule. The pIII signal peptide of Sec-pathway was employed for a periplasmic translocation of the beta-lactamase fusion protein, which we found more efficient than the DsbA signal peptide of SRP-pathway. The randomized heptapeptide loops replaced native amino acids between positions (34)Y-(37)K, (238)M-(246)A, (275)N-(280)A, (305)A-(311)S, or (329)I-(334)I of the P99 beta-lactamase molecules for generating the loop-1 to -5 libraries, respectively. The diversity of each loop library was judged by counting the primary and beta-lactamase-active clones. The linear peptide inserts in the loop-2 library showed the maximum number of the beta-lactamase-active clones, followed by the loop-5, loop-3, and loop-4. The insertion of the cysteine-constrained loops exhibited a dramatic loss of the enzyme-active beta-lactamase clones. The complexity of the loop-2 linear library, as determined by the frequency and diversity of amino acid distributions in the randomized region, appears consistent with the standards of other types of phage display library systems. The selection of the loop-2 linear library on streptavidin protein as a test target identified several beta-lactamase clones that specifically bound to streptavidin. In conclusion, this study identified the suitability of the loop-2 of P99 beta-lactamase for constructing a phage-display library of the beta-lactamase enzyme-active molecules that can be selected against a target. This is an enabling step in our long-term goal of developing bifunctional beta-lactamase molecules against cancer-specific targets for enzyme prodrug therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girja S Shukla
- Department of Surgery and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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64
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Tietze LF, Krewer B, Major F, Schuberth I. CD-spectroscopy as a powerful tool for investigating the mode of action of unmodified drugs in live cells. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:13031-6. [PMID: 19697908 DOI: 10.1021/ja902767f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a well-known method for the analysis of chiral chemical compounds and is often used for studying the structure and interaction of proteins, DNA and bioactive compounds in solution. Here we demonstrate that CD spectroscopy is also a powerful tool for investigating the cellular uptake and mode of action of drugs in live cells. By means of CD spectroscopy, we identified DNA as the cellular target of several novel anticancer agents based on the highly cytotoxic natural antibiotic CC-1065. Furthermore, time-dependent changes in the CD spectra of drug-treated cells enabled us to rationalize differences in drug cytotoxicity. The anticancer agents rapidly penetrate the cell membrane and bind to cellular DNA as their intracellular target. Thereby, the formation of a reversible noncovalent complex with the DNA is followed by a covalent binding of the drugs to the DNA and the more toxic compounds show a higher stability and a lower alkylation rate. Since no drug manipulation is necessary for this kind of investigation and achiral compounds bound to chiral biomolecules may also show induced CD signals, CD spectroscopy of live cells is not limited to the study of analogues of CC-1065. Thus, it constitutes a general approach for studying the mode of action of bioactive compounds on the cellular and molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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65
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Schuster HJ, Krewer B, von Hof JM, Schmuck K, Schuberth I, Alves F, Tietze LF. Synthesis of the first spacer containing prodrug of a duocarmycin analogue and determination of its biological activity. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1833-42. [DOI: 10.1039/b925070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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66
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Orcutt KD, Ackerman ME, Cieslewicz M, Quiroz E, Slusarczyk AL, Frangioni JV, Wittrup KD. A modular IgG-scFv bispecific antibody topology. Protein Eng Des Sel 2009; 23:221-8. [PMID: 20019028 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzp077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a bispecific antibody (bsAb) format in which a disulfide-stabilized scFv is fused to the C-terminus of the light chain of an IgG to create an IgG-scFv bifunctional antibody. When expressed in mammalian cells and purified by one-step protein A chromatography, the bsAb retains parental affinities of each binding domain, exhibits IgG-like stability and demonstrates in vivo IgG-like tumor targeting and blood clearance. The extension of the C-terminus of the light chain of an IgG with an scFv or even a smaller peptide does appear to disrupt disulfide bond formation between the light and heavy chains; however, this does not appear to affect binding, stability or in vivo properties of the IgG. Thus, we demonstrate here that the light chain of an IgG can be extended with an scFv without affecting IgG function and stability. This format serves as a standardized platform for the construction of functional bsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Davis Orcutt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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67
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Therapy of murine pulmonary aspergillosis with antibody-alliinase conjugates and alliin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:898-906. [PMID: 19949059 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01267-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. The high morbidity and mortality rates as well as the poor efficacy of antifungal agents remain major clinical concerns. Allicin (diallyl-dithiosulfinate), which is produced by the garlic enzyme alliinase from the harmless substrate alliin, has been shown to have wide-range antifungal specificity. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against A. fumigatus was produced and chemically ligated to the enzyme alliinase. The purified antibody-alliinase conjugate bound to conidia and hyphae of A. fumigatus at nanomolar concentrations. In the presence of alliin, the conjugate produced cytotoxic allicin molecules, which killed the fungus. In vivo testing of the therapeutical potential of the conjugate was carried out in immunosuppressed mice infected intranasally with conidia of A. fumigatus. Intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of the conjugate and alliin (four treatments) resulted in 80 to 85% animal survival (36 days), with almost complete fungal clearance. Repetitive intratracheal administration of the conjugate and alliin was also effective when treatments were initiated at a more advanced stage of infection (50 h). The fungi were killed specifically without causing damage to the lung tissue or overt discomfort to the animals. Intratracheal instillation of the conjugate without alliin or of the unconjugated monoclonal antibody significantly delayed the death of the infected mice, but only 20% of the animals survived. A limitation of this study is that the demonstration was achieved in a constrained setting. Other routes of drug delivery will be investigated for the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary aspergillosis.
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68
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Fernandes A, Viterisi A, Coutrot F, Potok S, Leigh DA, Aucagne V, Papot S. Rotaxane-based propeptides: protection and enzymatic release of a bioactive pentapeptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6443-7. [PMID: 19637268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fernandes
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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69
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Tietze LF, Krewer B. Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy: A Promising Approach for a Selective Treatment of Cancer Based on Prodrugs and Monoclonal Antibodies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:205-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Fernandes A, Viterisi A, Coutrot F, Potok S, Leigh D, Aucagne V, Papot S. Rotaxane-Based Propeptides: Protection and Enzymatic Release of a Bioactive Pentapeptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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71
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Tietze LF, Krewer B, Frauendorf H. Investigation of the transformations of a novel anti-cancer agent combining HPLC, HPLC-MS and direct ESI-HRMS analyses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:437-48. [PMID: 19641906 PMCID: PMC2727581 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the main problems of anti-cancer therapy is an insufficient differentiation between normal and malignant cells by the known anti-proliferant agents. The antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a promising approach for a selective treatment of cancer, in which a non-toxic prodrug is enzymatically converted into a highly cytotoxic drug at the surface of malignant cells by a targeted antibody-enzyme conjugate. The transformations and the stability of a very promising novel prodrug and its corresponding cytotoxic derivative were now investigated in detail by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS). In order to determine the time-dependent DNA alkylation efficiency and the sequence selectivity of the novel compounds, DNA binding studies using direct electrospray-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-MS (ESI-FTICR-MS) have been performed. These measurements were accompanied by HPLC analyses followed by MS of the separated species to confirm the results of the direct ESI-FTICR-MS measurements. The sites of DNA alkylation could be identified unambiguously by the mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern of the alkylated oligodeoxynucleotides as well as by the results of HPLC followed by MS. A combination of all techniques applied led to a better understanding of the mode of action of the new therapeutics and might be used for an estimation of the cytotoxicity of different prodrugs and drugs since the alkylation efficiency correlates with the bioactivity of the compounds in cell culture investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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72
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Alves F, Dullin C, Napp J, Missbach-Guentner J, Jannasch K, Mathejczyk J, Pardo LA, Stühmer W, Tietze LF. Concept of a selective tumour therapy and its evaluation by near-infrared fluorescence imaging and flat-panel volume computed tomography in mice. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70:286-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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73
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Tietze LF, von Hof JM, Krewer B, Müller M, Major F, Schuster HJ, Schuberth I, Alves F. Asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation of glycosidic prodrugs for a selective cancer therapy. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1946-55. [PMID: 19021160 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A severe limitation in cancer therapy is the often insufficient differentiation between malign and benign tissue using known chemotherapeutics. One approach to decrease side effects is antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). We have developed new glycosidic prodrugs such as (-)-(1S)-26 b based on the antibiotic (+)-duocarmycin SA ((+)-1) with a QIC(50) value of 3500 (QIC(50)=IC(50) of prodrug/IC(50) of prodrug+enzyme) and an IC(50) value for the corresponding drug (prodrug+enzyme) of 16 pM. The asymmetric synthesis of the precursor (-)-(1S)-19 was performed by arylation of the enantiomerically pure epoxide (+)-(S)-29 (> or = 98 % ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F Tietze
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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74
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Thorne SH, Barak Y, Liang W, Bachmann MH, Rao J, Contag CH, Matin A. CNOB/ChrR6, a new prodrug enzyme cancer chemotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:333-41. [PMID: 19190118 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a new prodrug, 6-chloro-9-nitro-5-oxo-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine (CNOB). This prodrug is efficiently activated by ChrR6, the highly active prodrug activating bacterial enzyme we have previously developed. The CNOB/ChrR6 therapy was effective in killing several cancer cell lines in vitro. It also efficiently treated tumors in mice with up to 40% complete remission. 9-Amino-6-chloro-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine-5-one (MCHB) was the only product of CNOB reduction by ChrR6. MCHB binds DNA; at nonlethal concentration, it causes cell accumulation in the S phase, and at lethal dose, it induces cell surface Annexin V and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. Further, MCHB colocalizes with mitochondria and disrupts their electrochemical potential. Thus, killing by CNOB involves MCHB, which likely induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. An attractive feature of the CNOB/ChrR6 regimen is that its toxic product, MCHB, is fluorescent. This feature proved helpful in in vitro studies because simple fluorescence measurements provided information on the kinetics of CNOB activation within the cells, MCHB killing mechanism, its generally efficient bystander effect in cells and cell spheroids, and its biodistribution. The emission wavelength of MCHB also permitted its visualization in live animals, allowing noninvasive qualitative imaging of MCHB in mice and the tumor microenvironment. This feature may simplify exploration of barriers to the penetration of MCHB in tumors and their amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H Thorne
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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75
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Fernandes R, Bentley WE. AI-2 biosynthesis module in a magnetic nanofactory alters bacterial response via localized synthesis and delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:390-9. [PMID: 18949758 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanofactories are nano-dimensioned and comprised of modules serving various functions that alter the response of targeted cells when deployed by locally synthesizing and delivering cargo to the surfaces of the targeted cells. In its basic form, a nanofactory consists of a minimum of two functional modules: a cell capture module and a synthesis module. In this work, magnetic nanofactories that alter the response of targeted bacteria by the localized synthesis and delivery of the "universal" bacterial quorum sensing signal molecule autoinducer AI-2 are demonstrated. The magnetic nanofactories consist of a cell capture module (chitosan-mag nanoparticles) and an AI-2 biosynthesis module that contains both AI-2 biosynthetic enzymes Pfs and LuxS on a fusion protein (His-LuxS-Pfs-Tyr, HLPT) assembled together. HLPT is hypothesized to be more efficient than its constituent enzymes (used separately) at conversion of the substrate SAH to product AI-2 on account of the proximity of the two enzymes within the fusion protein. HLPT is demonstrated to be more active than the constituent enzymes, Pfs and LuxS, over a wide range of experimental conditions. The magnetic nanofactories (containing bound HLPT) are also demonstrated to be more active than free, unbound HLPT. They are also shown to elicit an increased response in targeted Escherichia coli cells, due to the localized synthesis and delivery of AI-2, when compared to the response produced by the addition of AI-2 directly to the cells. Studies investigating the universality of AI-2 and unraveling AI-2 based quorum sensing in bacteria using magnetic nanofactories are envisioned. The prospects of using such multi-modular nanofactories in developing the next generation of antimicrobials based on intercepting and interrupting quorum sensing based signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Fernandes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 5115 Plant Sciences Building #036, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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76
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Tietze LF, Schuster HJ, Krewer B, Schuberth I. Synthesis and Biological Studies of Different Duocarmycin Based Glycosidic Prodrugs for Their Use in the Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. J Med Chem 2008; 52:537-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8009102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz F. Tietze
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heiko J. Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Krewer
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Schuberth
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Kamal A, Tekumalla V, Krishnan A, Pal-Bhadra M, Bhadra U. Development of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine beta-galactoside prodrugs for selective therapy of cancer by ADEPT and PMT. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:794-802. [PMID: 18247436 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) are a class of well-studied DNA-interactive agents with a potential for use in the treatment of cancer. The clinical utility of these molecules is limited because of the lack of selectivity for tumor tissues, high reactivity of the pharmacophoric imine functionality, low water solubility, and stability. To address the shortcomings, especially the lack of selectivity, associated with the molecules, two new beta-galactoside prodrugs of PBDs have been synthesized and evaluated for their potential use in selective therapy of solid tumors by ADEPT and PMT protocols. The preliminary studies reveal the prodrugs to be much less toxic compared to the parent moieties. These prodrugs are activated by E. coli beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) to form the active cytotoxic moiety signifying their utility in ADEPT of cancer. One of the significant outcomes of the present study is the toxification of the prodrug 1 a by the endogenous beta-galactosidase of human liver cancer cells (Hep G2) to form the cytotoxic moiety, enabling selective therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Another important property of these molecules is their enhanced water solubility and stability, which are essential for a molecule to be an effective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Kamal A, Tekumalla V, Raju P, Naidu V, Diwan PV, Sistla R. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-β-glucuronide prodrugs with a potential for selective therapy of solid tumors by PMT and ADEPT strategies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3769-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Brakel R, Vulders RCM, Bokdam RJ, Grüll H, Robillard MS. A doxorubicin prodrug activated by the staudinger reaction. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:714-8. [PMID: 18271515 DOI: 10.1021/bc700394s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much effort has been devoted to prodrug systems that effect drug release at the tumor through enzymatic action. To widen the scope of prodrug therapy, the use of the selective Staudinger reaction as prodrug activator, instead of relying on enzymatic action, was investigated. Doxorubicin was conjugated to a p-azidobenzyl trigger that is cleaved after reacting with the chemical activator, triphenylphosphine. The prodrug activation was confirmed in water, cell growth medium, and serum, using HPLC and LCMS. Next, this approach was tested in a cell proliferation assay with A431 human vulvar skin squamous carcinoma cells. The doxorubicin prodrug was shown to exhibit a 176-fold higher IC50 of 15.1 microM vs 0.086 microM for the parent drug, doxorubicin. Addition of triphenylphosphine (5 x 60 microM in 72 h) to the prodrug in cell culture effected the complete recovery of the activity of the parent drug as evidenced by an IC50 value of 0.074 microM. Furthermore, high levels of triphenylphosphine were tolerated well by the cells. The demonstrated usefulness of the Staudinger reaction in cell culture and its in vivo potential opens up new avenues for prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco van Brakel
- Department of Bio-Molecular Engineering, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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80
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Kratz F, Müller I, Ryppa C, Warnecke A. Prodrug Strategies in Anticancer Chemotherapy. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:20-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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81
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Hida K, Hanes J, Ostermeier M. Directed evolution for drug and nucleic acid delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1562-78. [PMID: 17933418 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution is a term used to describe a variety of related techniques to rapidly evolve peptides and proteins into new forms that exhibit improved properties for specific applications. In this process, molecular biology techniques allow the creation of up to billions of mutants in a single experiment, which are then subjected to high-throughput screening to identify those with enhanced activity. Applications of directed evolution to drug and gene delivery have been recently described, including those that improve the effectiveness of therapeutic enzymes, targeting peptides and antibodies, and the effectiveness or tropism of viral vectors for use in gene therapy. This review first introduces fundamental concepts of directed evolution, and then discusses emerging applications in the field of drug and gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Hida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore MD, 21218, USA
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Geddie ML, Matsumura I. Antibody-induced oligomerization and activation of an engineered reporter enzyme. J Mol Biol 2007; 369:1052-9. [PMID: 17467736 PMCID: PMC1995550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our objective is to produce a protein biosensor (or molecular switch) that is specifically activated in solution by a monoclonal antibody. Many effector-dependent enzymes have evolved in nature, but the introduction of a novel regulatory mechanism into a normally unregulated enzyme poses a difficult design problem. We used site-saturation mutagenesis and screening to generate effector-activated variants of the reporter enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS). The specific activity of the purified epitope-tagged GUS variant was increased by up to approximately 500-fold by the addition of an equimolar concentration of a monoclonal antibody. This molecular switch is modular in design, so it can easily be re-engineered for the detection of other peptide-specific antibodies. Such antibody-activated reporters could someday enable point-of-care serological assays for the rapid detection of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ichiro Matsumura
- *Corresponding author: (e-mail address: ), tele: (404) 727-5625, FAX: (404) 727-3231
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